No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Evaluation of the Topical Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ginger Dry Extracts from Solutions and Plasters
Abstract
In this study the skin permeation and the topical anti-inflammatory properties of ginger extracts were investigated. A commercial ginger dry extract (DE) and a gingerols-enriched dry extract (EDE) were evaluated for their in vivo topical anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of Croton oil-induced ear oedema in mice. Furthermore, the feasibility of an anti-inflammatory plaster containing DE or EDE was evaluated. Since the in vivo activity was evaluated in mice, the ex vivo skin permeation study was performed by using mouse skin or human epidermis. The DE from the acetonic solution exerted a dose-dependent topical anti-inflammatory activity (ID (50) = 142 microg/cm (2)), not far from that of the potent reference substance indomethacin (ID (50) = 93 microg/cm (2)). Similarly, the EDE induced a dose-dependent oedema reduction though its potency (ID (50) = 181 microg/cm (2)) was slightly lower than that of DE. Increase of the 6-gingerol concentration in the extract did not improve the anti-inflammatory activity. The medicated plasters, containing 1 mg/cm (2) of the commercial DE or EDE, had good technological characteristics and exerted a significant antiphlogistic effect, too. By using the plaster containing EDE, the 6-gingerol amount that permeated through human epidermis was 6.9 microg/cm (2) while the amount that passed through mouse skin was 22.1 microg/cm (2). Nevertheless, the amounts of 6-gingerol permeated through human epidermis and mouse skin in the early period (8h) were comparable (p > 0.3). This preliminary result suggests that the anti-inflammatory effect observed in mice could also be exerted in humans.
... It could circumvent "first-pass" inactivation by the liver, reduce gastrointestinal irritation, and provide a steady absorption of the medication over long periods of time (Durand et al., 2012). Moreover, [6]-gingerol and its derivatives have appropriate physicochemical properties for dermal absorption such as a low molecularweight (less than 300 Da), a log P between 2.5 and 3.8 and a moderate solubility in water and in oil (Minghetti et al., 2007b). ...
... Ginger lipophilic extract containing 18 % [6]-gingerol was provided from Indena (Milan, Italy). The physicochemical properties of [6]-gingerol and diclofenac sodium, are reported in Fig. 2. Molecular weight (MW), Log P and pKa were extracted from (Haq et al. 2018) and (Minghetti et al., 2007b). Sodium chloride, sodium hydrogenphosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate were purchased from Carlo Erba (Milan, Italy). ...
Human skin remains the most reliable model for studying the transdermal permeation of active compounds. Due to the limited source, porcine skin has been used extensively for performing penetration tests. Performing penetration studies by using human and animal skin, however, would also involve a series of ethical issues and restrictions. For these reasons, new biomimetic artificial barriers are being developed as possible alternatives for transdermal testing. If appropriately optimized, such products can be cost-effective, easily standardized across laboratories, precisely controlled in specific experimental conditions, or even present additional properties compared to the human and animal skin models such as negligible variability between replicates. In this current work we use the skin mimicking barrier (SMB) for drug permeability tests. The aim was to evaluate the suitability of the new barrier for studying the percutaneous absorption of the lipophilic extract of the plant Zingiber officinale Roscoe in vitro and compare its permeability ability with the artificial membrane Permeapad® and porcine skin. Our results showed that the permeability values obtained through the SMB are comparable are comparable to those obtained by using the porcine skin, suggesting that the new barrier may be an acceptable in vitro model for conducting percutaneous penetration experiments.
... The use of topical red ginger in gel preparation is also in line with a previous study by Minghetti et al. [32], which concluded that the possibility of an anti-inflammatory effect of ginger with transdermal administration was very distinct. Minghetti et al. [32] also found that the gingerol extract in the plaster can be absorbed transdermally through the epidermis layer of the skin while having an effective anti-inflammatory response on the skin of mice. ...
... The use of topical red ginger in gel preparation is also in line with a previous study by Minghetti et al. [32], which concluded that the possibility of an anti-inflammatory effect of ginger with transdermal administration was very distinct. Minghetti et al. [32] also found that the gingerol extract in the plaster can be absorbed transdermally through the epidermis layer of the skin while having an effective anti-inflammatory response on the skin of mice. The active substances such as gingerols and shogaol compounds found in the essential oil contained in ginger have a molecular weight of 150-1990 Da, with a lipophilicity log P of 3.5 and moderate solubility in water and oil. ...
BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis is a disease that causes inflammation, injury, and loss of structure and function of cartilages. A nonpharmacological treatment that is considered to be effective and safe and has minimal side effects is red ginger. AIM: This study investigates the chemical constituents of red ginger extract and the effectiveness of red ginger gel in reducing knee joint pain in the elderly with osteoarthritis. METHODS: This research is a quasi-experimental study with pre- and post-test design. Samples were selected using a purposive sampling technique. The intensity of knee joint pain pre- and postadministration of 0% (control group) and 10% (intervention group) red ginger gel and the chemical components of red ginger extract were collected. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed four different components of essential oils that have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the red ginger extract. RESULTS: Results showed no difference in the pre- and post-test result in the control group (p = 0.16 > 0.05). Significant differences were found in the pre- and post-test results of the intervention group (p = 0.001 < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the decrease of knee joint pain after intervention between the two groups (p = 0.001 < 0.05). CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that 10% red ginger gel is effective in reducing knee joint pain in the elderly with osteoarthritis.
... This important medicinal plant contains essential oils such as gingerol and zingiberene, and the unpleasant and aromatic smell is from its constituents like the zingerone, gingerol and shogaol (Yamahara et al., 1985;Koh et al., 2009). The traditional herbal medicinal applications and uses include the treatment of nausea and vomiting (Borrelli et al., 2005), nervous disease (Der Marderosian and Beutler, 2006), headache (Young et al., 2005;Minghetti et al., 2007) and migraine headaches without side effects and has been prescribed as remedies for rheumatic disorders and muscular pain (Srivastava and Mustafa, 1992). Ginger has been considered to have broad-spectrum prophylactic and therapeutic functions (Ernst andPittler, 2000, Talpur et al., 2013). ...
... Literature data from several biological and clinical research findings reveal that the plant has analgesic and anti-inflammatory (Minghetti et al., 2007;Bode and Dong, 2011;Ueki et al., 2008;Black and Oconnor, 2008), antioxidant (Bode and Dong, 2011;El-Sharaky et al., 2009;Ahmed et al., 2008), anti-nausea (Bode and Dong, 2011;White, 2007;Qian et al., 2009), anti-carcinogenic (Bode and Dong, 2011;Aggarwal et al., 2008;Chen et al., 2009), antihypertensive (Bode and Dong, 2011;Nicoll and Henein, 2009), antimicrobial (Zadeh and Kor, 2014;Ody, 2000), blood clotting (Zadeh and Kor, 2014;Castleman and Emmaus, 2001), Antinociceptive (Yadav et al., 2016), weight loss (Yadav et al., 2016), radio protective (Yadav et al., 2016;Kim et al., 2007) and antigenotoxic (Yadav et al., 2016;Beg et al., 2008) activities. ...
ABSTRACT: Ginger (Zinger officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae) is mainly consumed as food condiments globally. It is one
of the most widely used natural products. Ginger has long been used as an important ingredient in cooking and traditional
herbal Medicine. It contains many bioactive constituents, which have notable pharmacological and physiological
properties. Ginger is employed in the treatment of several diseases. This review gives an overview of the chemical
composition of ginger and its many dietary and therapeutic uses.
Keywords: Ginger, pharmacological, physiological, rhizome, therapeutic, Zinger officinale.
... Matrix-forming polymer was prepared through a method reported by Minghetti 2007. Briefly, weighed amount of Eudragit ® RS100 was dissolved into a mixture of ethanol and dicholormethane (8:2). ...
... Briefly, weighed amount of Eudragit ® RS100 was dissolved into a mixture of ethanol and dicholormethane (8:2). The solution was then sonicated for 15 min and stored at room temperature (Minghetti 2007). ...
The drug-in-adhesive (DIA)-type matrix patches of lamotrigine are developed using variable permeation enhancers (oleic acid, PG, lemon oil and aloe vera), and drug in vitro release and its permeation are evaluated. Lamotrigine has been long used as an anti-epileptic, mood stabilizer, to treat bipolar disorder in adults and off label as an antidepressant. lamotrigine matrix patches comprising of Eudragit®RS100 (rate-controlling polymer) and DuroTak® 387-2510 (adhesive) were prepared by pouring the solution on backing membrane (3M-9720). The thickness of 120 µm was adjusted through micrometer film applicator. USP Apparatus V was used for the evaluation of release profile, which was fitted into various mathematical models. Quality characteristics of patches were determined through weight variation, moisture content, moisture uptake and drug content evaluation. FTIR studies were performed for drug-excipient compatibility; Franz diffusion cell was employed for studying in vitro permeation parameters such as flux, lag time, and ER. Skin sensitivity study of optimized patch was also performed. The release from patches comprising of PG and oleic acid was maximum, i.e., 96.24 ± 1.15% and 91.12 ± 1.11%, respectively. Formulations (A1–A5) exhibited Makoid–Banakar release profile. Formulation A3 consisting of oleic acid was optimized due to enhanced permeation of drug across skin compared to other enhancers with enhancement ratio of 3.55. Skin sensitivity study revealed patch as safe and non-allergenic. The study demonstrates that oleic acid can be used as a suitable permeation enhancer for transdermal delivery of lamotrigine from matrix-type patches.
... [6]-gingerol, a dried ginger extract, and a dried gingerolenriched extract (Minghetti et al. 2007) [7] were each reported to exhibit analgesic and potent anti-inflammatory effects. Earlier animal studies suggest that rat hind limbs perfused with [6]-gingerol showed increased heat production that was associated with increased oxygen consumption and lactate efflux (Eldershaw et al. 1992) [3] . ...
... [6]-gingerol, a dried ginger extract, and a dried gingerolenriched extract (Minghetti et al. 2007) [7] were each reported to exhibit analgesic and potent anti-inflammatory effects. Earlier animal studies suggest that rat hind limbs perfused with [6]-gingerol showed increased heat production that was associated with increased oxygen consumption and lactate efflux (Eldershaw et al. 1992) [3] . ...
The present review suggests the utilization of ginger in different pharmacological areas. This would be a benefit for human health in various remedies. This also is economically beneficial, cost effective and has no side effects as compared to general chemical medications. Ginger has been used for thousands of years for the treatment of numerous ailments, such as colds, nausea, arthritis, migraines, and hypertension. Over the last few years, interest in ginger or its various components as valid preventive or therapeutic agents has increased markedly, and scientific studies focusing on verification of ginger's pharmacological and physiological actions have likewise increased.
... The active ingredient in ginger are gingerol and shogaol which has a molecular weight of 150-190 Da, lipophilicity log P range of 3.5 and has medium solubility in water and oil that allows a good potential for penetration of the skin without causing irritation. Study on human skin using ginger extract prove that there was evidence of absorption which ginger extract is absorbed by the epithelial tissue and inhibit Cyclooxygenase (COX-2) (Mingetti et al., 2007). In addition, ginger also has a pharmacological effect such as hot and spicy taste where the heat can relieve pain, stiffness and muscle spasms as well as the occurrence of vasodilatation blood vessel. ...
... The use of ginger topically can influence the systemic absorption. Ginger extract is absorbed by the epithelial tissue that inhibit Cyclooxygenase (COX-2) (Mingetti et al., 2007). Moreover, ginger also has a pharmacological effect from its hot taste and spicy where the heat can relieve pain, stiffness and muscle spasms as well as the occurrence of vasodilatation blood vessel. ...
... Flavonoids are well known pro-inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of inflammation [35][36][37] and in inhibiting protein oxidation [38]. Various flavonoids, some of which are found in zingiber officinale and sygzium aromaticum, have been found to possess anti-inflammatory activity [39][40][41][42] by inhibiting cycloxygenase-2 (COX2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase [43], cytosolic and tyrosine kinase [44,45] and neutrophil degranulation [44,46] and others [47][48][49] also demonstrated the Connections between antioxidant activities of flavonoids to their anti-inflammatory activities. This study is carried out to investigate and compare the possible anti-inflammatory effects of aqueous extracts of zingiber officinale and sygzium aromaticum against the denaturation of protein in vitro. ...
... Both Zingiber officinale and Sygzium aromaticum contain varying amounts of polyphenols particularly flavonoids [39][40][41][42]50,52,[68][69][70] . In the present study, the high anti-inflammatory effect of both Zingiber officinale and Sygzium aromaticum may possibly be attributed to their high flavonoids contents. ...
Zingiber officinale and Sygzium aromaticum are well known and widely used herbs, which possesses health promoting properties as well as several other interesting bioactive constituents. The use of flavonoids and other natural antioxidants, as a therapeutic option, is found desirable and increasingly being practiced. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the anti-inflammatory effects of ethanolic extracts of Zingiber officinale and Sygzium aromaticum and a 1:1 blend of the two extracts against the denaturation of protein in vitro. The test extracts of varying concentrations were incubated with egg albumin under controlled experimental conditions and subjected to determination of absorbance to assess the anti-inflammatory property. A standard anti-inflammatory drug, Ibuprofen, was used as reference drug. The results obtained exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of protein (albumin) denaturation by both extracts, including the 1:1 blend of the extracts. From the present findings it can be concluded that both Zingiber officinale and Sygzium aromaticum possessed marked anti-inflammatory effect against the denaturation of protein, in vitro; with Zingiber officinale extract being more effective than the Sygzium aromaticum extract.
... Evidence from the previous studies suggests that one of the main pharmacological substances in the ginger is [6]-gingerol [11] which can reduce osteoarthritis pain by suppressing the stiffness, swelling, and inflammation of the joints [10]. Moreover, it shows the immuno-modulatory, antitumorigenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-lipidemic, anti-emetic, and analgesic actions [11] and can permeate the epidermis [12]. It is, therefore, considered as a safe herbal medicine with only few and insignificant adverse or side effects [13][14][15][16]. ...
... Although the topical use of [6]-gingerol was proven to be effective [12,[17][18][19], it is a sticky yellow oil, making it inconvenient to be used as a topical drug. In addition, without controlling its release, the amount of [6]-gingerol applied on the human skin could either be too much or too little to be used. ...
[6]-Gingerol (6 % w/v)-loaded cellulose acetate (12 % w/v CA; MW ~ 3 × 104 g/mol) fibers (375 ± 107 nm) were prepared by electrospinning at 7.5 kV. ATR-FTIR spectra indicated that the mixture was miscible at this composition. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that [6]-gingerol was uniformly dispersed in the CA matrix and interrupted the hydrogen bond formation among the CA chains. Controlled release study showed that ~97 % of the loaded [6]-gingerol could be released from the loaded fibers to the acetate buffer solution at 37 °C, whereas only ~74 % of it could be done from the corresponding films. About 92 % of [6]-gingerol in the fibers was dramatically released within 4 h. Release was mainly governed by a diffusion-controlled mechanism. The radical scavenging assay showed antioxidant activity of the loaded fibers. The in vitro cytotoxicity test revealed that the viability of L-929 mouse fibroblast cells to the loaded fibers was ~65 %.
... The bioactive constituents of GG, including gingerols and shogaols, exhibit potential antioxidant activity (Balestra et al., 2011) and are extensively used in treating a variety of diseases (Ali et al., 2008). Several studies have demonstrated that GG has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative properties (Akbarian et al., 2011;Akintobi et al., 2013;Chrubasik et al., 2005;Grzanna et al., 2005;Kim et al., 2007;Masuda et al., 2004;Minghetti et al., 2007) as well as the ability to influence immune function in fish (Ali et al., 2008;Tan & Vanitha, 2004). In rockfish, GG supplemented diets achieved improvement in weight gain, feed utilization, and survival rate in comparison to a diet without any additive against S. parauberis, S. iniae, and E. tarda Kim et al., 2018;. ...
Inclusion of various sources of additives in aquafeeds is practically helpful to elevate the growth performance and disease resistance of aquatic animals. An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the inclusion effects of phyto-additives (yacon, ginger, and blueberry) into diets on olive flounder growth, feed utilization, chemical composition , and plasma chemistry, and to challenge test against Edwardsiella tarda in comparison to a commercial probiotic SUP (Super lacto ®). Six hundred juvenile olive flounder were randomly allocated into 15, 50 L flow-through tanks (40 fish per tank). Five experimental diets were formulated. No additive was included in the control (Con) diet. One percent of yacon, ginger, and blueberry powders, and 0.5% Super Lacto ® were included at the expense of wheat flour and water in the Con diet, also referred to as the YCP (yacon powder), GGP (ginger powder), BBP (blueberry powder), and SUP diets, respectively. All experimental diets were hand-fed to triplicate groups of fish twice a day until they were visually satiated for a period of 8 weeks. Following
... Various herbs are documented for their therapeutic properties viz., antioxidative, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, etc., (Oraon et al. (2017). Herbs spices (turmeric, cinnamon and ginger root) are commonly used for flavours, colour, aroma, taste, preservation or anti-bacterial agents, as refreshing and invigorating agents of food (Minghetti et al. 2007, El-Ghorab,et al. 2010. Microorganisms are one of the main reasons for the alteration syrup of sweet sorghum; they are the primary cause of chemical, physical and sensory deterioration of the syrup because bacterial, moulds and yeasts metabolize carbohydrates into organic acids and alcohols (Khare et al. 2012). ...
... One of the health benefits of ginger is to reduce inflammation, swelling, and pain. [6] -gingerol (Jewell & Young 2003), dry ginger extract, and dry gingerol enriched extract (Minghetti et al. 2007) exhibited strong analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The data suggest that ginger may exhibit anti-inflammatory effects through modulation of calcium levels mediated via the potential of the transient subtype 1 vanilloid receptor (TRPV1), which is a heat and pain receptor that can interact with [6] -gingerol (Dedov et al. 2006). ...
... People in ancient Greece, China, and India have used ginger to treat various diseases (Haniadka et al., 2012). Ginger contains a variety of phenolic components that have been shown to possess biological activities, including antioxidation, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antiglycemic activities (Ali et al., 2008;Bode et al., 2001;Katiyar et al., 1996;Minghetti et al., 2007;Shukla & Singh, 2007). In our previous studies, we have demonstrated that 6-Gin, a component from ginger, protects against myocardial fibrosis (Han et al., 2020) and can significantly inhibit L-type Ca 2+ current and alleviate myocardial ischemia in vivo and in vitro . ...
10‐Gingerol (10‐Gin), an active ingredient extracted from ginger, has been reported to have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. However, 10‐Gin has not been proved to offer protection against cardiomyocyte injury induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of 10‐Gin against H/R‐induced injury and its potential mechanisms in cardiomyocytes. A H/R injury model of H9c2 cardiomyocytes was established using 600 μmol/L CoCl2 to induce hypoxia in the cells for 24 hr and then reoxygenated for 3 hr. 10‐Gin was pretreated with H9c2 cardiomyocytes for 24 hr to assess its cardiomyocyte protection. Our results showed that 10‐Gin improved the viability of H9c2 cardiomyocytes in the H/R model and decreased the activities of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and the generation of reactive oxygen species. By intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) fluorescence, we found that 10‐Gin could significantly reduce the [Ca2+]i concentration. 10‐Gin administration increased the activities of antioxidase and reduced malondialdehyde content and inflammatory cytokine levels. 10‐Gin also reduced the apoptosis levels. Importantly, 10‐Gin administration decreased the gene and protein expressions of Wnt5a and Frizzled‐2. In conclusion, 10‐Gin alleviates H/R‐induced cardiomyocyte injury, which is associated with the antioxidation, anti‐inflammation, antiapoptosis action, and reduction of [Ca2+]i overload by suppressing the Wnt5a/Frizzled‐2 pathway. 10‐Gingerol can attenuate the injury caused by hypoxia /reoxygenation reduce oxidative stress, Ca2+ overload, inflammation, and apoptosis, which is related to the inhibition of the Wnt5a/Frizzled‐2 pathway. Our research provides an experimental basis and new treatment strategies for MIRI. However, further research will be needed before these treatments can be used in clinics.
... 6-Shogaol has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects used as a therapeutic agent in gout as a rheumatic disease of joints [23]. Several researchers were reported that 6-gingerol extract of dried ginger has exhibit analgesic and potent anti-inflammatory effects [24,25]. Ginger is effective for the treatment of patients suffering from hypoalgesia. ...
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a common kitchen spice that belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. It is rich in phytochemistry that is promoting health benefits. It is used as a home remedy to support the common cold, headaches, and pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiemetic, antiulcer, and anti-cancer, antiplatelet, anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering activities. Gingerols are key ingredients found in ginger that convert into zingerone, shogaol, and parasols, giving flavor and odor. Zingerone and shogaol are present in limited quantities in fresh ginger and more in dried or extracted goods. Especially 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol are pharmacological properties that are effective in antipyretic, analgesic, and hypotensive. The present review is about different therapeutic properties of ginger, including antioxidant properties, anti-diabetic properties, anti-cancer properties etc.
... One of the many health claims attributed to ginger is its purported ability to decrease inflammation, swelling, and pain (Bode and Dong). Gingerol Young et al. (2005), a dried ginger extract, and a dried gingerol-enriched extract Minghetti et al. (2007) were each reported to exhibit analgesic and potent anti-inflammatory effects. Crushed leaf poultice is applied to cure headaches, neck gland sores, tubercular neck swellings and sinusitis (Bano et al, 2015). ...
The term Iltihaab Tajaveef Anf Muzmin has not been mentioned in the Unani classical texts, but the clinical features of
Nazla Baarid Muzmin resemble Iltihaab Tajaveef Anf Muzmin, which occurs as a result of the involvement of various factors. The
individuals with Baarid mizaj (cold temperament) are more prone to develop this condition as the maaddaah (matter) infiltrated
from the anterior part of the brain towards the nose or throat. This condition corresponds with chronic sinusitis in modern, which is
multifactorial in nature and often involve accompanying nasal airway inflammation called chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), which is
an inflammatory condition of the paranasal sinuses with at least two out of four cardinal symptoms for at least 12 consecutive
weeks. It prevalent among all age groups and is the fifth most common reason for an antibiotic prescription. The main objective of
this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Unani formulae in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis. It was conducted from
January to April 2016 in the outpatient department of the National Teaching Hospital of Ayurveda, Kotta Road, Borella, Sri Lanka.
Diagnosed (n= 10) patients with age group 25-55 years from both sexes were selected. The patients have received 30 ml of test
decoction two times a day after meal and oil massage of sinus areas for 10 minutes for 08 visits for 28 days. The pre and post- study
effects were assessed by using Total Nasal Symptom Severity scores (TNSS) in 4 follow ups. The data were analyzed by the
repeated measure of ANOVA with paired t-tests. There was a significant improvement in subjective parameters; facial pain,
hyposmia, postnasal drainage, nasal obstruction and headache. The study revealed that the test drugs are effective in reducing the
symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis without any adverse effects, therefore, they can be used effectively and safely in its
management. However, to make the study more comprehensive it could be conducted in large sample size on various parameters.
Keywords: Iltihaab Tajaveef Anf Muzmin, maaddaah, chronic rhinosinusitis, Unani formulae, TNSS.
... The up-regulation of C7A10 and TCMO was beneficial to the accumulation of coumaroyl-CoA, and increased the contents of starting substances in the biosynthesis of stilbenes, diarylheptanone and gingerol. 6-gingerol, the end product of this pathway, has a variety of physiological and biochemical activities, such as scavenging free radicals, antioxidant, inhibiting bacteria and mold (Ficker et al., 2010;Minghetti et al., 2007). Y. lipolytica can induce up-regulation of a large number of genes (HST, SALAT, C98A2, CAMT and CAMT1) in this pathway, which is conducive to the accumulation of feruloyl-CoA, the precursor of 6-gingerol synthesis, and indirectly promotes the production of 6-gingerol. ...
It has been reported that Yarrowia lipolytica can effectively control blue mold and green mold decay of mandarins (Citrus reticulata), and also the possible physiological mechanisms underlying this efficacy were studied in our previously research. However, the related molecular mechanisms were not clearly. In this study, the molecular mechanisms of disease-resistance in mandarins induced by Y. lipolytica were investigated. It was found that, after the treatment of Y. lipolytica, the related resistance enzyme activities of β-1,3-glucanase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase in mandarins were enhanced, while the malondialdehyde content was decreased. Interestingly, based on the transcriptome analysis, it was found that Y. lipolytica can induce the up-regulation of genes related to the synthesis of resistant substances; key genes in the pathway of plant-pathogen interaction; genes related to scavenging reactive oxygen species; genes related to jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and ethylene signal transduction pathway in mandarins. Furthermore, Y. lipolytica down-regulated the expression levels of genes encoding cell wall degrading enzymes. Definitively, this unravelling of the molecular mechanisms of Y. lipolytica will contribute to consolidate its potential to serve as an effective biocontrol agent against post-harvest diseases of mandarins.
... While these results are interesting, significantly more research is needed with larger more well controlled studies but there is molecular evidence to support these reported effects. Ginger root species can block the formation of inflammatory mediators such as thromboxane, leukotrienes and prostaglandins and inhibit COX and lipoxygenase in arachidonic acid metabolism [317][318][319][320][321][322][323][324][325] i.e. similar mechanisms to those presented in Figure 1. ...
Chronic pain is a considerable health concern worldwide, effecting almost 30% of all European adults. Osteoarthritis (OA), a progressive pro-inflammatory condition, is one of the leading causes of chronic pain (effecting 13% of all those over 50 years, globally) and is the most common cause of joint pain. The prevalence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) and analgesic use has been well studied and is abundant throughout the western world, with women being the greatest users and ibuprofen generally being the most reported NSAID. In the US, 65% of all OA patients are prescribed NSAIDs for pain management and form part of the current recommended strategy for OA clinical management. While some NSAIDs and analgesics are effective at improving pain and physical function, they come with significant and harmful side effects such as gastrointestinal complications, renal disturbances and severe cardiovascular events. Given these side-effects, any reduction in NSAID and analgesia use (and the resulting potentially harmful side effects) is of particular importance to OA public health. As such, a number of non-pharmaceutical alternatives (bioactive nutraceuticals) have been developed that may reduce NSAID and analgesia use while maintaining pain reduction and improvements in physical function. This chapter will discuss select nutraceuticals that are not currently in mainstream use but may have the potential to aid in the treatment of OA.
... Ginger contains several bioactive components that has antioxidant ( A e s c h b a c h e t a l . , 1 9 9 4 ) , a n t iinflammatory (Minghetti et al., 2007), 254 anticarcinogenic (Aggarwal et al., 2008) and antibacterial (Sudrashan et al., 2010) properties. Although Zhao et al. (2011) reported that feed intake and feed conversion ratio did not differ among laying hens fed dried ginger at 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg inclusion levels, Onu (2010) found that 0.25% inclusion of ginger in broiler diets improved FCR although feed intake did not change. ...
Recent concerns over the use of antibiotics in livestock feed production has generated interest in the use of phytobiotics to improve performance and meat quality of broilers. In this study the effect of dietary inclusion of ginger meal (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on performance, haematology, serum lipid profile and carcass quality of broilers were evaluated. One hundred and eighty day old broiler chicks (Cobb strain) were randomly allocated to 4 treatment group with 3 replicates each. Each group was fed an experimental diets containing air dried ginger rhizome meal at either 0%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% levels, at starter (0-4 weeks) and finisher (5-8 weeks) stages, in a completely randomized design. 5 birds per treatment were sacrificed and used to evaluate the haematology, performance, carcass characteristics, serum lipid profile and post mortem microbial load on the meat. Results showed no significant (P>0.05) effects of dietary ginger meal inclusion on performance parameters but improved carcass yield and quality. 0.4% inclusion of ginger meal significantly (P<0.05) increased the HDL cholesterol level (56.72 mg/dL) relative to those fed 0.2% (25.38 mg/dL) while the total lipid, cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL levels were not significantly affected (P>0.05). Birds fed diets containing 0.2% ginger meal had haemoglobin content (11.96 g/dl) and PCV (36.68%) values superior to the control (10.16 g/dl and 32.22% respectively) Post mortem microbial load were unaffected by dietary inclusion of ginger up to 0.6% in their diets. Meat tenderness was significantly higher (P<0.05) at 0.4% and 0.6% ginger meal levels (8.20) compared to the control (7.40). it is therefore concluded that 0.4 to 0.6 % dietary inclusion of ginger meal in broiler diets will have positive effects on serum lipoprotein level, carcass yield and organoleptic quality of meat.
... 44.9, (7) 5 1 RSE: relative standard error; 2 BSV: between subject variability, variability reported as % coefficient of variability with shrinkage in (parenthesis). 3 Logit transformed, variability reported as SD. CL/F: oral clearance; volume of distribution after oral administration; F 1 : fraction of the dose absorbed from compartment one; K a1 and K a2 : absorption rate constants from compartments one and two, respectively; t lag2 : absorption lag-time from the compartment two; F r : relative bioavailability of transdermal versus oral administration; K td1 : the-first-order absorption rate constant; and F td1 : the fraction of the bioavailable dose absorbed by the first order process. ...
Dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic isobutylamide (tetraene) is the main component of Echinacea angustifolia DC. lipophilic extract, the bioavailability and immunomodulatory effect after oral administration in soft gel capsules in healthy volunteers of which we have already demonstrated. In the present work, we assessed the transdermal administration as an alternative route of administration of such an alkamide. The first step, therefore, encompassed the preparation of a drug-in-adhesive patch with an area of 868 mm2 and containing a dose of 0.64 mg of tetraene. In vitro skin permeation studies in Franz-type diffusion chambers resulted in a tetraene flux of (103 ± 10) ng × cm−2 × h−1 with a very good linearity (r = 0.99). The relatively low lag time of just 13 min indicates low binding and the accumulation of tetraene in the skin. Finally, the patch was administered to six healthy volunteers, and the pharmacokinetic analysis was performed by nonlinear mixed effects modelling with soft gel oral capsules serving as the reference formulation. The in vivo results correlated well with the in vitro permeation and indicated an initial burst tetraene absorption from the patch that was in parallel with the zero-order kinetics of absorption. The rate of the latter process was in good agreement with the one estimated in vitro. The tetraene absorption rate was therefore slow and prolonged with time, resulting in a bioavailability of 39% relative to the soft gel capsules and a very flat plasma concentration profile.
... Ginger extract has been used as anti-inflammatory element due to its ability to decrease inflammation, swelling, and pain (Minghetti et al., 2007). So, it could be involved in treatment of stomach ulcer (Badreldin et al., 2008), and colitis which induced by intracolonic instillation of 2 mL of 4% (v/v) acetic acid in Wistar rat for five days. ...
AB S T RA C T Herbal plants have been used by a majority of people due to its pharmacological properties. Recently, herbal medicinal is got more attention by scientist due to appearance of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Ginger is a one of medicinal plant which used around the world as flavoring agent in food in both fresh and dried forms. Also, ginger has multiple therapeutic action such as anti-tumorigenic, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant activities which attributed to its active polyphenol compounds as gingerols and shogaols. Recently, ginger nanoparticles have been isolated from ginger extract and involved in drug delivery system without induction of side effects. This review paper briefly summarizes the pharmacological characterization and different therapeutic applications of ginger in both extract and nano-size form.
... Deriye herhangi bir kompres yapıldığında veya flaster sıkı yapıştırıldığında, nem ve sıcaklık o bölgede sıkışık kalarak derinin şişmesine, bu yolla da intraselüler alanların açılmasını sağlamaktadır. Zencefilli böbrek kompres uygulamasında yaklaşık 60-70 0 C sıcaklıkta uygulanan zencefilli kompresin deri üzerindeki etkisi de bu bilgilerle açıklanmaktadır 23,47,48 . ...
Pain is an increasingly prevalent health problem both globally and in our country. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a commonly seen and the most important symptom is pain. In Osteoarthritis pain with different severities may occur due to erosion in joint cartilage, osteophytic hypertrophy in bones near the joints, subchondral sclerosis, synovial membrane and a series of biochemical and structural changes in the joint capsule. In the treatment of Osteoarthritis, the main objective is to reduce pain, to increase joint range of motion and knee functional capacity, to prevent contractures, to protect and improve muscle strength, to prevent injuries, to treat concominant diseases, to prevent treatment complications and to increase the quality of life and to reduce dependency by educating the patient and family. One of the methods involved in complementary and integrative nursing practices in the control of pain in osteoarthritis is ginger kidney compress application. The studies undertaken determine that ginger kidney compress application have heat, stimulation, anti-inflammatory and analgesic are effected by the control of on OA-related developing pain. Furthermore, it is determined that with this application, gradual relaxation in pain, increased flexibility in the body, more comfortable and flexible joint mobility, relaxation in mind and stagnation, increasing the quality of life of the patients are provided and decrease in psychological disorders is observed. In this review, information is given on the effect of ginger kidney compress application on the control of pain in patients with OA diagnosis. ÖZET Ağrı, hem dünyada hem de ülkemizde yaygınlığı giderek artan bir sağlık problemidir. Osteoartrit (OA)'te de sıklıkla görülen ve en önemli olan semptom ağrıdır. Osteoartritte eklem kıkırdağında erozyon, eklem kenarındaki kemiklerde osteofitik hipertrofi, subkondral skleroz, sinoviyal membran ve eklem kapsülünde meydana gelen biyokimyasal ve yapısal değişiklikler nedeniyle eklem dejenerasyonuna bağlı olarak farklı şiddette ağrı oluşabilmektedir. Osteoartritin tedavisinde amaç, ağrıyı azaltmak, eklemin açıklığını ve dizin fonksiyonel kapasitesini arttırmak, kontraktürleri önlemek, kas gücünü korumak ve geliştirmek, sakatlıkları önlemek, eşlik eden hastalıkları tedavi etmek, tedavi komplikasyonlarını önlemek, hasta ve ailesini eğiterek yaşam kalitesini artırmak ve bağımlılığı azaltmaktır. Osteoartritte ağrının kontrolünde tamamlayıcı ve bütünleşik (integratif) hemşirelik uygulamaları içerisinde yer alan yöntemlerden biri de zencefilli böbrek kompres uygulamasıdır. Yapılan çalışmalarda zencefilli böbrek kompres uygulamasının; OA'ya bağlı gelişen ağrının kontrolünde ısı, stimülasyon, anti-inflamatuvar ve analjezik etkiler oluşturduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca bu uygulamayla ağrıda kademeli olarak rahatlama, vücut içinde esneklik artışı, daha rahat ve esnek eklem hareketliliği oluştuğu, düşüncede gevşeme ve durgunluk oluşarak hastaların yaşam kalitesini arttığı ve psikololojik rahatsızlıkların azaldığı belirtilmektedir. Bu derlemede, OA tanısı olan hastalarda oluşan ağrının kontrol altına alınmasında zencefilli böbrek kompres uygulamasının etkisine ilişkin bilgiler verilmiştir.
... It has been demonstrated that ginger juice cut off the suppressed T-cell activation, macrophage activation and also APC function [35]. One of main active compounds, [6]-gingerol and dried ginger extract both were showed antiinflammatory effects [36]. ...
... Author(s) agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License scientific studies have proven the biological properties of ginger such as antioxidant (Stoilova et al., 2007;Mošovskáa et al., 2015), anti-inflammatory (Minghetti et al., 2007;Barari, 2016), anticancer (Cheng et al., 2011) and anti-diabetic (Afshari et al., 2007) activities. The safety of Z. officinale has been investigated. ...
This study evaluated the effect of ginger rhizome and its callus as well as callus elicited by yeast extract, glycine and salicylic acid on the production of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and TGF-β) cytokines in vitro. Petroleum ether (PE) and chloroform; methanol (1:1) (CM) extracts of rhizome and callus were shown to significantly (P < 0.05) suppress in a dose-dependent manner the LPS-induced production of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6. Both callus extracts showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher ability than the rhizome extracts. CM extract of ginger callus treated with elicitors showed significant (p < 0.05) capacity to inhibit IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α secretion at highest concentration used (100 μg/mL) when compared to control (untreated callus). Elicitors improved significantly (P < 0.05) the callus capacity to produce the IL-10 and TGF-β anti-inflammatory cytokines. HPLC analysis showed that 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol were found in both extracts of rhizome, but were not detected in the callus extracts. Furthermore, gallic acid was found only in CM extracts of rhizome (34.05 ± 0.39 μg/mg) and callus (17.88 ± 0.01 μg/mg). Yeast extract, salicylic acid and glycine elicitors enhanced significantly (p < 0.05) the production of gallic acid in callus CM extract where the highest content was obtained from callus elicited with 100 mg/L of yeast extract followed by callus elicited with 50 mg/L of salicylic acid and 200 mg/L of glycine, respectively. Therefore, ginger callus could be included in nutraceutical formulations where it could provide valuable protection against inflammatory diseases.
... One of the many health claims attributed to ginger is its ability to decrease inflammation, swelling and pain. Young et al (2005) and Minghett, Sosa and Cilurzo (2007) have reported that 6-gingerol, a dried ginger extract and a dried gingerol-enriched extract exhibits some level of analgesic and potent anti-inflammatory effects. Aside from the anti-inflammatory effect of ginger, it is also effective against osteoarthritis and rheumatism (Reginster, Gillot, Bruyere & Henrotin, 2000). ...
This research analyses the influence and conduct of the parents of young footballers belonging to the 14-16 years old league in the Balearic Islands (Spain). This study is focused on management behaviours, pressure, support, understanding and parents’ active participation. The participants were 102 parents, including 63 fathers and 39 mothers who participated in the study voluntarily during the official competitions of the 2016-2017 season. These parents filled in a questionnaire entitled Análisis del Comportamiento y Actuación de Padres y Madres en el Deporte (ACAPMD). Furthermore, 176 young footballers, with an average age of 14.26 years, (SD= .48) participated voluntarily in this study during the 2016/17 season filling in a questionnaire entitled Parental Involvement in Sports Questionnaire (PISQ). The results show that, firstly, no significant differences between data obtained from fathers and mothers exist. Results also indicate that parents have high implication levels concerning their children’s sport. Moreover, parents are interested in maintaining a good parent-child relationship and they value their sons’ sports schools positively. On the other hand, parents don’t agree with spectators’ interventions from the grandstands during their children’s matches.
... Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae) is a medicinal plant that has been widely used in China and around the world as a spice in food. Recently, ginger has received increasing attention because of its pronounced anti-oxidant (El-Ghorab et al., 2010), anti-inflammatory (Minghetti et al., 2007), anti-diabetic (Afshari et al., 2007), and anti-cancer activities (Shukla and Singh, 2007). In order to increase Pangasius bocourti consumption, alternative food products, formulated with Pangasius bocourti, need to be developed. ...
This research presents a case study of applying soybean oil to emulsion sausage and supplementing it with ginger. In Experiment 1 Pangasius bocourti sausage, made by using of an appropriate amount of soybean oil, was studied. Five samples of sausage that contained different amounts of pork back fat and soybean oil were compared. Sample 1 (the control) contained only pork back fat. The pork back fat was replaced by soybean oil in the amounts of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by weight in Samples 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Sausages were evaluated by chemical, textural, sensory, and microbial analysis. In Experiment 2, the food composition of Pangasius bocourti sausage with use of ginger was investigated. The sample was selected from an appropriate amount of soybean oil in Experiment 1. Five samples of sausage that contained ginger in the amounts of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by weight were used. The sausages were evaluated for chemical, textural, sensory, and microbial analysis. In Experiment 1, it was shown that a 100% replacement of soybean oil for pork back fat could produce a low-cholesterol sausage that would be appropriate at this level since the lowest level of cholesterol had been found in Sample 5. In Experiment 2, the chemical properties indicated the following: 1) the fiber and fat contents had not been found to be significantly different (P>0.05); 2) the cholesterol levels, as well as the protein and carbohydrate content, had been significantly different (P<0.05); and 3) the moisture and ash contents, as well as the energy values, had been significantly different (P<0.01). The textural properties indicated the following: 1) the qualities of hardness, springiness, and gumminess had not been not significantly different (P>0.05); 2) the adhesiveness had not been significantly different (P<0.05); and 3) the cohesiveness had been significantly different (P<0.01). Sensory evaluation, carried out by the taste panels, had not been found to be significantly different (P>0.05). Almost all of the members of the taste panels had preferred Sample 3. Microbial analysis showed that a total plate count of Coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Salmonella spp. had been detected when tests were performed on standard fish sausage. From this research, it was concluded that soybean oil at 100% could be used to replace the pork back fat and supplementation with ginger at 4% could be used to produce low-cholesterol sausage that would be at an appropriate level.
... Ginger contains several bioactive components that has antioxidant ( A e s c h b a c h e t a l . , 1 9 9 4 ) , a n t iinflammatory (Minghetti et al., 2007), anticarcinogenic (Aggarwal et al., 2008) and antibacterial (Sudrashan et al., 2010) properties. Although Zhao et al. (2011) reported that feed intake and feed conversion ratio did not differ among laying hens fed dried ginger at 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg inclusion levels, Onu (2010) found that 0.25% inclusion of ginger in broiler diets improved FCR although feed intake did not change. ...
Recent concerns over the use of antibiotics in livestock feed production has generated interest in the use of phytobiotics to improve performance and meat quality of broilers. In this study the effect of dietary inclusion of ginger meal (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on performance, haematology, serum lipid profile and carcass quality of broilers were evaluated. One hundred and eighty day old broiler chicks (Cobb strain) were randomly allocated to 4 treatment group with 3 replicates each. Each group was fed an experimental diets containing air dried ginger rhizome meal at either 0%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% levels, at starter (0-4 weeks) and finisher (5-8 weeks) stages, in a completely randomized design. 5 birds per treatment were sacrificed and used to evaluate the haematology, performance, carcass characteristics, serum lipid profile and post mortem microbial load on the meat. Results showed no significant (P>0.05) effects of dietary ginger meal inclusion on performance parameters but improved carcass yield and quality. 0.4% inclusion of ginger meal significantly (P<0.05) increased the HDL cholesterol level (56.72 mg/dL) relative to those fed 0.2% (25.38 mg/dL) while the total lipid, cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL levels were not significantly affected (P>0.05). Birds fed diets containing 0.2% ginger meal had haemoglobin content (11.96 g/dl) and PCV (36.68%) values superior to the control (10.16 g/dl and 32.22% respectively) Post mortem microbial load were unaffected by dietary inclusion of ginger up to 0.6% in their diets. Meat tenderness was significantly higher (P<0.05) at 0.4% and 0.6% ginger meal levels (8.20) compared to the control (7.40). it is therefore concluded that 0.4 to 0.6 % dietary inclusion of ginger meal in broiler diets will have positive effects on serum lipoprotein level, carcass yield and organoleptic quality of meat.
... The rhizome of the plant has a wide range of prophylactic and therapeutic properties [13]. Ginger is reported to have antiinflammatory [14] and anti-diabetic [15] properties. Pharmacological studies also reveal that ginger has anti-cancer, chemopreventive, and chemotherapeutic effects on a variety of tumour cell lines and on animal models [16]. ...
This study evaluated the effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) as a feeding supplement on the growth, skin mucus immune parameters, and cytokine-related gene expression of Labeo rohita, and its susceptibility to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Diets containing six different concentrations of dried ginger (0% [basal diet], 0.2% [G2], 0.4% [G4], 0.6% [G6], 0.8% [G8], and 1.0% [G10] were fed to fish (average weight: 12.3 g) for 60 days. Growth parameters were examined at 30 and 60 days post-feeding. Skin mucosal immune responses and gene expression were examined 60 days post-feeding. Results showed that growth parameters such as final weight gain (93.47 ± 1.73 g) and specific growth rate (3.41 ± 0.14) were significantly higher in G8 than in the control. Among the skin mucosal immune parameters examined, lysozyme (46.5 ± 3.8 U mg(-1)), immunoglobulin level (8.9 ± 0.4 unit-mg mL(-1)), protein level (44.3 ± 2.2 mg mL(-1)) were significantly higher in G8. However, alkaline phosphatase activity (171.6 ± 10.2 IU L(-1)) was high (P < 0.05) in the G10 group. Skin mucus of G8 exhibited significantly higher inhibition zones when tested against pathogenic bacterial strains. For cytokine-related genes, anti-oxidant genes (zinc/copper superoxide dismutase [SOD1], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-10 [IL-10], transforming growth factor-beta [TGF-β]), signalling molecules nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 [Nrf2], and Inhibitor protein κBα [IκB-α]) were all up-regulated in the head kidney, intestine, and hepatopancreas of fish that were fed experimental diets. In addition, expression abundance was significantly higher in most tissues in G2 and/or G10, than in the control. Conversely, expression of genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]), signalling molecules Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), and nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κBp65) were down-regulated in treatment groups. Moreover, fish fed a 0.8% [G8] ginger supplemented diet exhibited significantly higher relative post-challenge survival (65.52%) against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Collectively, these results suggest that dietary supplements of ginger (at 0.8%) can promote growth performance, skin mucus immune parameters, and strengthen immunity of L. rohita. Therefore, ginger represents a promising food additive for carps in aquaculture.
... Studies have demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory and anodynal properties that can use useful in Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis and gouty arthritis. [24][25][26] Ginger has been shown to be excellent as a topical application for pain, 27 and can be ingested as well. 28 ...
... Ginger is associated with a number of health benefits which has led to its comprehensive use in a variety of commercial natural products offered in the emerging nutraceuticals and functional foods market. Medicinal properties include anticancer (Cheng, Liu, Peng, Qi, & Li, 2011;Karna et al., 2012;Shukla & Singh, 2007), antioxidant (El-Ghorab, Nauman, Anjum, Hussain, & Nadeem, 2010), anti-inflammatory ( Minghetti et al., 2007) ( Afshari et al., 2007) activities. Gingerols, paradols, shogaols and zingerones ( Fig. 1) are some of the known bioactive compounds present in fresh ginger, but the most important of them is 6- gingerol (Hiserodt, Franzblau, & Rosen, 1998). ...
... 51 Acetone extract of ginger exerted a dose-dependent topical anti-inflammatory activity in mice irrespective of the gingerol concentration in the extract. 52 Ginger at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight per day significantly suppressed the incidence and severity of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats by modulating the production of anti-inflammatory/proinflammatory cytokines and activating the antioxidant defense system. These effects are comparable with indomethacin, an NSAID. ...
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a globally known food and flavoring ingredient which is also reputed for its wide range of medicinal properties. The rhizome of ginger consists of a unique homologous series of compounds, gingerols, which are the major phenolic plant secondary metabolites responsible for its unique flavor and health benefits. Over the last 2 decades, extensive research has been conducted to identify bioactive constituents and medicinal potential of ginger. This review deliberates chemical composition as well as the most recent research findings on potential health benefits of ginger, including its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, blood pressure-lowering, cholesterol-lowering, antiplatelet aggregation, chemopreventive, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic properties.
... Its dried rhizomes are consumed as a spice and flavouring agent and are attributed to have many medicinal properties ( Gupta, 2008). Recently, ginger has received growing interest because of its anti-inflammatory ( Minghetti et al., 2007) and antidiabetic ( Afshari et al., 2007) properties. Pharmacological research also revealed that ginger has anticancer, chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects on a variety of tumor cell lines and on animal models ( Shukla and Singh, 2007;Cheng et al., 2011). ...
There are various products that can be obtained from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizomes, such as dried products, being difficult to choose the best option for antioxidant purposes. In this study, three different dried forms of ginger rhizomes (freshly dried, dried and powder dried) were characterized in terms of chemical composition including individual profiles in sugars, organic acids, fatty acids, tocopherols, and antioxidants (phenolics and flavonoids). The in vitro antioxidant properties (free radicals scavenging activity, reducing power and lipid peroxidation inhibition) of their methanolic extracts were also evaluated. The results of this study indicate that the ginger form has significant influence in chemical and antioxidant parameters of the plant; dried ginger (DG) proved to be the best choice. Overall, this study could help the consumer in the selection of the most suitable option regarding antioxidant purposes.
... However, the possibility of producing patches by directly adding a plasticizer to the Eudragit Ò NE 40D was also described, even if an increase of latex viscosity and decrease of surface tension were required for obtaining the adhesive matrices. This goal was achieved adding an 'anti-shrinkage agent,' which can be represented by a surfactant or the loaded active ingredient itself, as in the case of diclofenac potassium, nicotine [62] or ginger dry extract [63]. ...
Introduction:
Methyl methacrylate copolymers (Eudragit®) have been exploited to develop transdermal patches, medicated plasters (hereinafter patches) and, more recently, film-forming sprays, microsponges and nanoparticles intended to be applied on the skin.
Areas covered:
The article reviews the information regarding the application of Eudragits in the design and development of these dosage forms focusing on the impact of formulative variables on the skin drug penetration and the patch adhesive properties.
Expert opinion:
Eudragits combined with a large amount of plasticizers are used to design the pressure-sensitive adhesives, specialized materials used in the patch development. They have to assure the drug skin penetration and the contact with the skin. Most of the studies mainly deal with the former aspect. The authors used a Eudragit type opportunely plasticized to merely investigate the in vitro or in vivo skin permeability of a loaded drug. However, the summa of these data evidenced that a strict connection between the matrix hydrophilicity and drug penetration probably exists. The criticisms of adhesion are addressed in a limited number of papers reporting data on technological properties, namely tack, shear adhesion and peel adhesion, while the structural data of the Eudragit adhesives, rheology and surface free energy are not described, excepting the case of Eudragit E. Among other applications, micro- and nanosystems exploiting the ionizable nature of some Eudragits can offer novel opportunities to develop pH-sensitive drug delivery systems suitable for triggering its release onto the skin.
Background
Oral ulcers are frequent ulcerative conditions in the oral cavity that cause pain, recur often, and negatively impact quality of life.
Aim and Objective
This study aims to assess the effectiveness of herbal extracts containing saffron, Withania somnifera, dry ginger, and tulsi as anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic agents for treating oral ulcers.
Materials and Methods
A blend of 1 g each of tulsi, Withania somnifera, and dry ginger powders was mixed with 100 ml of distilled water and heated at 50 to 60 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes. The anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities were tested by adding 5 ml of the extract to a gel composed of 5 g of carboxylate methyl cellulose and carbopol. The anti-inflammatory properties of the herbs were assessed using the Membrane Stabilization Assay, BSA Assay, and EA Assay, while the cytotoxic effect was evaluated using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay.
Results
The Membrane Stabilization Assay at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 micrograms/ml showed values of 53, 64, 77, 79, and 85, respectively. The BSA Assay results were 42, 56, 67, 75, and 77, and the EA Assay results were 54, 61, 65, 69, and 78. The P values were 0.658 for the Membrane Stabilization Assay, 0.281 for the BSA Assay, and 0.647 for the EA Assay. These values indicate that the herbal ingredients’ cytotoxic activity is comparable to the standard.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates that the natural components of medicinal herbs can effectively treat oral ulcers, improving patients’ quality of life. Thus, herbal medicines can be used alongside commercially available allopathic drugs.
Agriculture and Food Science Book series aims to bring together leading academic scientists,
researchers and research scholars to publish their experiences and research results on all
aspects of Agriculture and Food Science. It also provides a premier interdisciplinary platform
for researchers, practitioners and educators to present and discuss the most recent
innovations, trends, and concerns as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions
adopted in the fields of Agriculture and Food Science. High quality research contributions
describing original and unpublished results of conceptual, constructive, empirical,
experimental, or theoretical work in all areas of Agriculture and Food Science are cordially
invited for publication. It also focuses on a range of issues but not limited to
1. Textile Engineering
2. Agronomy
3. Soil Science
4. Microbiology
5. Phsiology
6. Ecology
7. Epidemology
8. Genetics & Plant Breeding
9. Plant Pathology
10. Entomology
11. Agricultural Biotechnology
12. Environmental Sciences
13. Agricultural Engineering
14. Food Science
15. Waste Management
16. Animal Husbandry and Dairying
17. Agricultural Statistics
18. Food Storage and Preservation
19. Food Technology and Processing
20. Agricultural Sustainability
21. Irrigation
22. Root Morphology Sensing
23. Yield-Monitoring
24. Industrial Crops and Products
Engineering
25. Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture
26. Poultry Science
27. Forestry
28. Horticulture
29. Fisheries Science
30. Agriculture Equipments & Smart
Technologies
31. Veternary Sciences
32. Contract & Integrated Farming
33. Sericulture
Background:
Non-specific low back pain is a leading contributor to disease burden and works absenteeism worldwide with a lifetime prevalence of 60-70% in industrialized countries. This clinical study aimed to assess the efficacy of hot fomentation with half-baked medicated bread (khubz) compared to hot water bag fomentation to alleviate pain and disability in non-specific low back pain.
Methods:
In this randomized-controlled study, fifty-four patients with low back pain were randomly assigned into two groups to receive either hot fomentation (Takmīd-e-haar) with half-baked medicated bread in the test group or hot water bag fomentation in the control group, on the lumbosacral region daily for 30 min for 15 consecutive days. Patients were assessed statistically using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) at baseline, 7th and after treatment (15th day).
Results:
After the intervention, statistically significant improvements (p < 0.001) were observed in VAS and ODI scores in both the groups on the intragroup comparison. The test treatment showed better efficacy in comparison to the control treatment with a mean difference of 1.75 in VAS (p < 0.0001) and 8.20 in ODI (p = 0.001).
Conclusion:
The tested intervention showed significantly better efficacy in comparison to the hot water bag fomentation probably due to the analgesic (musakkin-i-alam), anti-inflammatory (muḥallil-i-awrām), and demulcent (mulaṭṭif) properties of the ingredients of tested Unani formulation in addition to the effects of heat. It may therefore be concluded that medicated fomentation is an effective, safer, feasible, and less expensive regimen for patients with non-specific low back pain.
Trial registration:
The Clinical Trials Registry-India (CTRI/2020/03/024107).
10-Gingerol (10-Gin), an active ingredient extracted from ginger, has been reported to have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. However, its protective effects on myocardial ischemia (MI) and the underlying cellular mechanisms are still unclear. To investigate the protection conferred by 10-Gin against MI injury and its potential mechanisms in cardiomyocytes via patch-clamp and molecular biology techniques. A rat MI model was established using the subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (85 mg/kg) administered on two consecutive days. 10-Gin was pre-administered to rats for seven days to assess its cardio-protection. The patch-clamp and IonOptix Myocam detection techniques were used to investigated 10-Gin’s effects on L-type Ca²⁺ channels (LTCCs), Ca²⁺ transients and cell contractility in isolated rat cardiomyocytes. 10-Gin administration alleviated MI injury, improved cardiac function and myocardial histopathology, reduced myocardial infarct area, downregulated oxidative stress and Ca²⁺ levels, and decreased the expression of apoptotic factors. Importantly, 10-Gin led to an increase in phosphorylated Janus kinase 2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2 and STAT3, respectively) expressions. Furthermore, 10-Gin inhibited LTCCs in a concentration-dependent manner with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 75.96 μM. Moreover, 10-Gin administration inhibited Ca²⁺ transients and cell contractility. Our results suggest that 10-Gin exerts cardioprotective effects on MI in vivo and in vitro in connection with the inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis via activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway, and regulation of Ca²⁺ homeostasis by LTCCs.
Ginger is an individual from a plant family that incorporates cardamom and turmeric. The medical
advantages of ginger are for the most part credited to its phenolic compounds, like gingerols and shogaols.
Collected examinations have shown that ginger has various natural exercises, including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective, cardiovascular defensive, respiratory defensive,
against corpulence, antidiabetic, antinausea, and antiemetic exercises.
A novel approach for graphene oxide reduction using γ-rays in the presence of natural antioxidants is revealed for biomedical applications.
Today world is facing an unprecedented pandemic COVID 19 caused by SARS COV 2. In present scenario it’s become more important to build our defense system more strong against it as no evidence-based treatment for COVID-19 is developed yet. Since time immemorial, traditional spices and herbs have played a vital role as immuno-boosters in Indian cuisine. Herbs and spices were well known from ancient times for their medicinal properties. More than 80 spices are grown in different parts of the world, particularly in Asia. India is home to several spices that are used extensively in traditional medicine. Spices like turmeric, saffron, cloves, cinnamon, carom seeds, ginger and garlic are known to have a plethora of beneficial properties. Herbs like mint, tulsi (Holy Basil), leaves of neem, ashwagandha, giloy are said to have several health benefits. Herbs and spices are wonderful because, unlike drugs, we don’t need to “take” them. Instead, we can add them to our favorite dishes for a kick of flavor and increased immunity.
Arthritis is a musculoskeletal system disorder which involves destabilization of normal mechanisms. Due to changing habits of living life, the number of arthritic people will increase rapidly. Currently, the existing anti-rheumatic drugs mostly show side effects like acne, blurred vision, high blood pressure and more effective to reduce pain and improve disease conditions but still, they do not treat the disease completely. Literature available indicates that most of the people seek complementary alternative treatments (CAM). Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has empirically explored its use as an anti-inflammatory agent. Amongst others, the Topical route of drug delivery has built up popularity because it avoids first-pass effects, metabolic breakdown associated with oral administration and gastrointestinal irritation. Also, they are less greasy and can be easily washed off from the skin surface. The current study aimed to formulate antiarthritic gel containing ginger extract and to evaluate its drug release activity. The topical ginger gels were prepared using Carbopol 934 as a gelling agent with varying concentrations, i.e., 0.5 %, 1 %, and 1.5 % w/w. The gel was assayed to determine percent purity and cumulative drug release. Results indicated that the 1.5 % w/w concentration of carbopol in ginger gel exhibited an adequate drug release. In conclusion, an antiarthritic gel containing 1.5 % w/w of carbopol had a good consistency, acceptable spreadability, and showed a good drug release profile. The topical prepared herbal ginger gel is a simple, easily formulated, convenient and economical alternative that needs to be weighed in the treatment of RA.
Introduction: Breast engorgement is considered as one of the most common postpartum problems and one of the main causes of stopping breast feeding. It may be involved in nipple pain, nipple injury, and breast infections. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to determine the effect of Ginger warm compression on the severity of breast engorgement.
Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on 76 lactating women with breast engorgement referred to the obstetrics clinic and gynecology department of Imam Reza Hospital (Mashhad) in 2018. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: Ginger warm compress and routine care. Severity of engorgement was determined by engorgement severity standard index. The treatment was performed three days a day for two days in both groups. Data related to the severity of engorgement before and after the intervention was analyzed by SPSS software (version 22) and Mann-Whitney, T-Paired, Independent T-test, Chi-square and ANOVA tests. P<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: Two groups were homogeneous in terms of the mean score of the severity of breast engorgement before the intervention. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the severity of right (p = 0.329) and left (p = 0.549) breast engorgement. The mean of total engorgement after intervention in right and left breast decreased in Ginger compression group and control group, but the effect of breast engorgement severity in Ginger compression group was significantly higher than control group(p<0.001).
Conclusion: Ginger compression is more effective than routine care in decreasing the severity of breast engorgement symptoms in lactating women
Ethnopharmacological importance:
Capsicum and ginger are used widely in human diets and in folklore medicines. Chemically, gingerol is a relative of capsaicin and both classes of compounds are notable for their spiciness and characteristic pungent aroma. Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds contain antimicrobial compounds with robust pharmacological importance.
Aim:
The present study evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activities of capsaicinoids and gingerols against a panel of clinical MRSA strains and their inhibitory effect on the conjugal transfer of R-plasmids harboured in E. coli.
Materials and methods:
Crude methanol extract of C. annum was fractionated using solid phase extraction (SPE) and screened for R-plasmid transfer inhibition: TP114, PUB 307, PKM 101, R6K and R7K. The bio-guided assay led to the isolation of bioactive compounds with strong R-plasmid transfer inhibition. The compounds were identified using Nuclear Magnetic resonance (NMR) and Mass spectroscopy (MS). Capsaicin analogues nonivamide, 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were screened for antimicrobial activity against a panel of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Gram-negative bacteria strains using microdilution method while the plasmid transfer inhibition assay of the compounds was determined by broth mating method.
Results:
The bioactive fraction Ca-11 showed good inhibition rates (8.57-25.52%) against three R-plasmids PUB307, PKM 101, TP114 followed by the crude extract of C. annum (8.59%) respectively leading to the bioassay-guided isolation of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin as the bioactive principles. The antiplasmid effect of pure capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were broad and within active ranges (5.03-31.76%) against the various antibiotic resistance-conferring plasmids including R6K, R7K. Capsaicin, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol had good broad antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 8 to 256 mg/L against effluxing MRSA strains SA1199B (NorA), XU212 (TetK) and RN4220 (MsrA). While they exhibited moderate antibacterial activity (128-512 mg/L) against the Gram-negative bacteria. The effect of 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol and nonivamide on the plasmids were very active on PKM 101 (6.24-22.16%), PUB 307 (1.22-45.63%) and TP114 (0.1-7.19%) comparative to the positive control plumbagin (5.70-31.76%).
Conclusion:
These results are suggestive that the R-plasmids could possess substrate for capsaicinoids-like compounds and for their ability to inhibit the plasmid conjugation processes. Plant natural products possess the potential value of antibacterial and mechanistic antiplasmid activity as demonstrated by the compounds and should be evaluated in developing antimicrobial leads to novel mechanism against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
An operationally simple and concise stereoselective synthesis of both natural 3R, 5 S gingerdiol and 3 S, 5 S gingerdiol has been achieved from achiral n‐heptanal by employing iterative proline catalysed α‐aminoxylation, followed by Horner−Wadsworth−Emmons or Wittig olefination reactions as key steps. The adducts formed in high enantiopurity as well as syn or anti‐1,3‐diols units were synthesized with excellent diastereoselectivity from γ‐hydroxy aldehyde by using D or L‐ proline.
Inflammation is the natural reaction of the body to an antigen, this reaction might be continues even after the elimination of the antigen, entering a chronic stage and targets normal cells of the body and causes extensive damage. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Ginger (Zingiber) and Parsley (Baqdounes) extracts as anti-inflammatory on rats paw. A total of thirty male albino rats were divided into six groups (5 rats each) and fed on the basal diet. Groups 1 and 2 were received orally 1 ml/100g of saline solution and kept as positive and standard groups, respectively. Groups 3 and 4 were given orally ginger extract for two weeks at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg of b. wt., respectively. Groups 5 and 6 were given orally parsley extract for two weeks at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg b. wt, respectively. At the end of experimental period (14 days), the second group was given intraperioteneally Feldene (Piroxicam) as anti-inflammatory agent in a dose of 4 mg/kg of body weight. After one hour of the treatment, each rat in all groups was injected with 0.1 ml of formalin 4% in the plantar side of the left hind paw. The paw thickness (inflammation) caused by formalin was measured using skin caliber every two hours until 8 hours after injection. The present results showed that ginger and parsley extract had a significantly positive effect as anti-inflammatory which was more detectable with increasing doses of plant extracts. Results concluded that regular intake of ginger and parsley had anti-inflammatory effect.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term inflammatory autoimmune disease. It represents the most serious form amongst more than 100 rheumatoid diseases. The inflammatory process can be initiated by an activation of lymphocytes and monocytes, followed by an increase of the release of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6), whose influence on blood vessels, PMNL, fibroblasts, synovial cells, osteoclasts and other cells activates the inflammation processes, and causes clinical symptoms. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and NOS) take part in the damage of the joints as well. Causal therapy is still unknown for RA. The symptomatic treatment aims to control the symptoms, lower the pain, halt or slow down the progress of the disease, increase joints functionality and mobility. A broad range of drugs belonging to several pharmacological groups is used in the pharmacotherapy of RA. Drug combinations that aff ect several mechanisms of the inflammation process are used frequently. Some of the most often used phytopharmaceuticals, that have found their way into clinical research as well, include Boswellia serrata, Harpagophytum procumbens, Salix spp., Rosa canina, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale. Several plants from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine and Ayurveda are implemented in the studies as well. Standardised extracts are used in adjuvant therapy, often in combinations of plants with synergic eff ects; food supplements often contain glucosamine and chondroitin. Several mechanisms of action have been confirmed for the respective plants, including a decrease of the release the inflammatory process mediators (cytokines, NF-κB, LOX, COX, ROS, NO·).
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) contains the biological properties of the major standard non-volatile pungent compounds of ginger, namely, [6]-, [8]-, and [10]- gingerols, as well as [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaols. So far, the comparative antioxidant potencies among shogaols and gingerols have not been studied in detail and reported. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine and compare the antioxidant abilities of the six main compounds. Results showed that [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerols, as well as [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaols exhibited substantial in vitro antioxidant activities. The DPPH•, ABTS•+, and FRAP assays results showed that the antioxidant abilities of [6]-shogaol were greatest among the six gingerols and shogaols studied (P<0.05), and those of [6]-, [8]-, and [10]- shogaols were greater than those of [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerols, respectively, which can be attributed to the presence of α, β-unsaturated ketones moieties. Moreover, the observation that the antioxidant abilities of [6]-gingerol were greater than those of [8]- and [10]-gingerols (P< 0.05) indicated that the short carbon chains of [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol played a significant role in making them more potent antioxidants than the other four longer carbon chain compounds. This finding can be attributed to gingerols undergoing dehydration transformations into shogaols during oven drying. Our results provided some new information on the antioxidant abilities of gingerols and shogaols.
Antioxidants activities from plants sources have attracted a wide range of interest across the world in recent times. This is due to growing concern for safe and alternative sources of antioxidants. In this study the effectiveness of antioxidant property of Achyranthes aspera L. plant was evaluated by quantification of different phytochemicals such as Phenolics, Vitamins, Enzymes from various plant parts at different phases of life cycle. A. aspera., is a good source of Alkaloids, Anthracene Derivative, Cardiac Glycosides Diterpenoids, Phenolic Acids and Polyphenols, Saponines & Sapogenins, Steroids, Sequiterpene Lactones, Triterpenoids and flavonoids. The range for Total Phenolic Content is 0.85-2.88 mg/g, Bound Phenol Content2.33-4.81 mg/g P, Orthodihydroxy Phenol Content 0.06-0.63mg/g, Tannin content 2.58-8.40mg/g, Flavonols 4.69-13.70mg/g, Quinines 0.002-0.07mg/g, Vitamine A 0.12-0.68 units/mL, Vitamine B3.73-97.96 ug/100g, Vitamine C 83.33-194.44 mg/100g, Ascorbic acid oxidase 0.003-0.005 μ mole ascorbic acid disappeared/min/mg, Catalase 0.1-0.2 units/1min/0.250 gm of sample, Peroxidise 0.002-0.066 units/5 min/0.250gm of sample and Polyphenol oxidase 0.103-1.616 units/3 min/250 mg of plant sample. The results suggest that A. aspera is very rich in antioxidant compounds worthy of further investigations.
One new diarylheptanoid, namely (4E,6E)-7-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-4,6-dien-3-one (1), was isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, along with ten known ones, tetrahydrocurcumin (2), curcumin (3), 5-hydroxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptan-3-one (4), gingerenone A (5), 7-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptan-3-one (6), (E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hept-1-ene-3,5-dione (7), (E)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-hept-1-ene-3,5-dione (8), shogasulfonic acid A (9), 1,5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-1-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptane (10), and (3S,5S)-3,5-diacetoxy-1,7-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)heptane (11). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral evidence and comparisons with literature data. The free radical scavenging activity of 1–11 was evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Most of the isolated compounds were found to be better antioxidants than the positive control ascorbic acid. These compounds were also evaluated for their cytotoxicity against HeLa and MNK-45 cells using the MTT assay. Our results suggest that compounds 3 and 5–8 inhibited HeLa cells, and 3, 5, 7 and 8 inhibited MNK-45 cells. It was found that compound 5 was markedly cytotoxic against HeLa and MNK-45 cell lines with IC50 values of 6.4 and 7.8 µmol/L, respectively.
Two new gingerol derivatives, [8]-gingesulfonic acid (1) and [10]-gingesulfonic acid (2), were isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, along with nine known gingerol derivatives, [6]- gingesulfonic acid (3), 1-dehydro-[6]-gingerdione (4), 1-dehydro-[8]-gingerdione (5), 1-dehydro- [10]-gingerdione (6), [6]-gingerdione (7), [10]-gingerdione (8), [6]-gingerol (9), methyl [6]-gingerdiol (10), and 6-hydroxyl-[6]-shogaol (11). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral evidence and comparisons with literature data.
The effects of DHU001, a mixed herbal formula consisted of 7 types aqueous extracts for treating respiratory disorders were observed on xylene-induced acute inflammation. The xylene was topically applied 60 min after administration of 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg of DHU001, and all animals were sacrificed 2 hrs after xylene application. The changes on ear weights, histolopathological analyses of ear were evaluated and compared to those of indomethacin and dexamethasone(15 mg/kg treated)-Both of drugs are well-known by anti-inflammatory agents. Xylene application resulted in marked increases in induced ear weights as compared with intact control ear. Severe vasodilation, edematous changes of ear skin and increase in the thickness of the ear tissues, neutrophil infiltration as acute inflammation were detected in xylene-treated control ears at histopathological observation. However, these xylene-induced acute inflammatory changes were dose-dependently decreased by oral treatment of DHU001. Therefore, it is concluded that DHU001 has favorable anti-inflammatory effects on xylene-applicated acute ear inflamed mice.
Ginger root was previously demonstrated to exert anti-arthritic effects in sow cartilage explants. This study further investigated the comparative effects of ginger root extract (GRE) on the production of inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), in normal chondrocytes (NC) and osteoarthrotic chondrocytes (OC) isolated from sow cartilage explants. The sow chondrocyte cells were isolated and grown in Ham's F-12/Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotics. GRE was then added at different concentrations (0-2,000 microg/mL), and the cells were allowed to grow for 24 hours in the presence of cytokine inducer. The culture media were collected and assayed for NO by the Griess reaction and for PGE2 by radioimmunoassay. When GRE was not used, the NC had lower PGE2 and NO than the OC. With GRE treatment, both PGE2 and NO decreased linearly in both the NC and the OC. As GRE concentrations increased, the rate of PGE(2) decrease was the same in the NC and the OC, whereas the rate of NO decrease was greater for the OC than for the NC. Collectively, OC produce more inflammatory mediators than do NC, and the production of inflammatory mediators was reduced when GRE was added to both the OC and the NC. The inhibitory effects of GRE on NO and PGE2 production by sow OC observed in this study suggest an important role for GRE as an anti-arthritic agent.
measurement the ear plugs were homogenized in physiological saline containing 0.1% of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. The post 15,000 g supernatants of the homogenates (which contained more than 95% of the PA) were used for the assay [5]. PA units are expressed as nmoles of tetraguaiacol/min at 25~ Results and discussion
A wide array of phytochemicals have been shown to possess potential cancer chemopreventive properties. Ginger contains pungent phenolic substances with pronounced antioxidative and antiinflammatory activities. In the present study, we have determined the antitumor promotional activity of [6]-gingerol, a major pungent principle of ginger, using a two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis model. Topical application of [6]-gingerol onto shaven backs of female ICR mice prior to each topical dose of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) significantly inhibited 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced skin papillomagenesis. The compound also suppressed TPA-induced epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity and inflammation.
Plant extracts have been used for centuries as a popular mode of treatment for several health disorders. Over the last ten years, the study of those extracts has attracted attention in different fields of the biological sciences. Ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae), is a commom constituent of diet worldwide and it has been reported that its extracts present some pharmacological activities. Here we investigate the effects of the crude hydralcoholic extract of ginger rhizomes on the classical models of rat paw and skin edema. The carrageenan-, compound 48/80- or serotonin-induced rat paw edema were inhibited significantly by the intraperitoneal administration of alcoholic ginger extract. Ginger extract was also effective in inhibiting 48/80-induced rat skin edema at doses of 0.6 and 1.8 mg/site. Rat skin edema induced by substance P or bradikinin was not affected by treatment with Z. officinalle extract. The intraperitoneal administration of ginger extract (186 mg/kg(-1) body wt.) 1 h prior to serotonin injections, reduced significantly the serotonin-induced rat skin edema. Our results demonstrated that crude extract of Zingiber officinale was able to reduce rat paw and skin edema induced by carrageenan, 48/80 compound and serotonin. The antiedematogenic activity seems to be related, at least partially, to an antagonism of the serotonin receptor.
The herbal remedy Zingiber officinale (ginger root) has been used for perhaps thousands of years in the Far East to treat inflammatory diseases, including osteoarthritis. However, the anti-arthritic effect of ginger root has never been evaluated on osteoarthrotic cartilage of sow. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ginger root extract (GRE) on the viability and the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) by sow osteoarthrotic cartilage explants. The cartilage explants (~20 mg/96-well plate) were grown in Ham's F-12/Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics for 72 hours and depleted for 24 hours. GRE was then added at different concentrations (0-2,000 microg/mL), and the explants were allowed to grow for 24 hours. The cell viability was reduced (P<.05) with GRE >/=500 microg/mL, whereas it was not affected with GRE <100 microg/mL. In a follow-up experiment, the supernatants of cartilage explants with GRE (0-500 microg/mL) in the presence of interleukin-1beta (2 ng/mL), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (1 ng/mL), and lipopolysaccharides (10 microg/mL) were used to measure NO and PGE production. Increasing GRE concentration (1-100 microg/mL) reduced (P <.05) NO production by cartilage tissue explants, and a similar pattern was observed in the production of PGE(2). The inhibitory effects of GRE on NO and PGE(2) production by sow osteoarthrotic cartilage explants observed in this study suggest an important role for GRE as an anti-arthritic agent in osteoarthrosis in the sow.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and prostaglandin (PG)E-2 play a critical role in the pathophysiology of arthritis. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates induction of other cytokines, COX-2, PGs, and metalloproteinases, which leads to cartilage degradation. We developed an in vitro human synoviocyte assay system for screening inhibitors of proinflammatory mediators in herbal extracts. Synoviocytes (5 x 10(5) cells/well) obtained during primary knee replacement from osteoarthritic patients were incubated with: control media alone or ginger extract (hydroxy-methoxy-phenyl compounds [HAPC]: EV.EXT 77), 1 h before activation with 1 ng/ml TNF-alpha, 10 ng/ml interleukin-1beta, or control media alone at 5% carbon dioxide, 37 degrees C. Cell viability, TNF-alpha, COX-2, PGE-2, nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), and inhibitory subunit I kappa B-alpha (IkappaB-alpha) expression were analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and Western blots. Ginger extract-HAPC (100 microg/ml) significantly inhibited the activation of TNF-alpha and COX-2 expression in human synoviocytes as well as suppressed production of TNF-alpha and PGE-2. Inhibition of TNF-alpha and COX-2 activation was accompanied by suppression of NF-kappaB and IkappaB-alpha induction. Using our in vitro assay, we discovered that the ginger extract blocks activation of proinflammatory mediators and its transcriptional regulator suggesting its mode of action. These observations indicate that ginger extract-HAPC offers a complementary and alternative approach to modulate the inflammatory process involved in arthritis.
The anti-inflammatory properties of ginger have been known and valued for centuries. During the past 25 years, many laboratories have provided scientific support for the long-held belief that ginger contains constituents with antiinflammatory properties. The original discovery of ginger's inhibitory effects on prostaglandin biosynthesis in the early 1970s has been repeatedly confirmed. This discovery identified ginger as an herbal medicinal product that shares pharmacological properties with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ginger suppresses prostaglandin synthesis through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2. An important extension of this early work was the observation that ginger also suppresses leukotriene biosynthesis by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase. This pharmacological property distinguishes ginger from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This discovery preceded the observation that dual inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase may have a better therapeutic profile and have fewer side effects than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The characterization of the pharmacological properties of ginger entered a new phase with the discovery that a ginger extract (EV.EXT.77) derived from Zingiber officinale (family Zingiberaceae) and Alpina galanga (family Zingiberaceae) inhibits the induction of several genes involved in the inflammatory response. These include genes encoding cytokines, chemokines, and the inducible enzyme cyclooxygenase-2. This discovery provided the first evidence that ginger modulates biochemical pathways activated in chronic inflammation. Identification of the molecular targets of individual ginger constituents provides an opportunity to optimize and standardize ginger products with respect to their effects on specific biomarkers of inflammation. Such preparations will be useful for studies in experimental animals and humans.
The topical treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and/or alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) is widely used in order to prevent the local complications of extravasation of cytostatic drugs and protect patients against skin ulceration. Till now, DMSO and alpha-T have been mainly used in solution. The goal of this study was to formulate semisolid preparations for cutaneous application differing in the hydrophilic and lipophilic properties and containing DMSO and alpha-T in combination. With respect to solutions, the use of semisolid preparations containing DMSO and alpha-T could be advantageous in patients having extravasation as DMSO and alpha-T can remain in contact with the skin over an extended period of time. As a consequence, the action of the active principles can be limited specifically on the injured skin area, reducing the cutaneous irritative effects of DMSO. The following types of semisolid formulations containing 50% m/m DMSO and 2.5% m/m alpha-T were prepared: hydrophilic ointment, o/w emulsion, hydrophilic gel and lipophilic gel. The ex vivo skin permeation of DMSO and alpha-T was evaluated by using modified Franz's diffusion cells and human stratum corneum and epidermis (SCE) as a membrane. The permeated and retained amounts of DMSO and alpha-T were determined. The oleogel preparation, the hydrophilic gel and the o/w emulsion were uniform in colour and aspect, without any evidences of phase separation over the period of the study. Hydrophilic ointments were discarded as they showed phase separation after 12 h. All formulations had a different behaviour in terms of skin permeability. In particular, hydrogel and o/w emulsion showed the best control on the drug release considering the interactions of the vehicle components with the SCE and the drugs partition between the vehicle and the SCE. The DMSO permeated amount after 24 h was 4.1 mg/cm(2) for hydrogel and 2.5 mg/cm(2) for emulsion while the permeated amount of pure DMSO after 24 h was 47.5 mg/cm(2). Therefore, aiming to reduce side effects after the topical application of the antidotes DMSO and alpha-T, these results suggested that hydrogel and o/w emulsion could be considered the most promising formulations for further clinical evaluations in managing of extravasation of anthracyclines.