No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
A Kinetic and Electromyographic Comparison of the Standing Cable Press and Bench Press
Abstract
This study compared the standing cable press (SCP) and the traditional bench press (BP) to better understand the biomechanical limitations of pushing from a standing position together with the activation amplitudes of trunk and shoulder muscles. A static biomechanical model (4D Watbak) was used to assess the forces that can be pushed with 2 arms in a standing position. Then, 14 recreationally trained men performed 1 repetition maximum (1RM) BP and 1RM single-arm SP exercises while superficial electromyography (EMG) of various shoulder and torso muscles was measured. The 1RM BP performance resulted in an average load (74.2 +/- 17.6 kg) significantly higher than 1RM single-arm SP (26.0 +/- 4.4 kg). In addition, the model predicted that pushing forces from a standing position under ideal mechanical conditions are limited to 40.8% of the subject's body weight. For the 1RM BP, anterior deltoid and pectoralis major were more activated than most of the trunk muscles. In contrast, for the 1RM single-arm SP, the left internal oblique and left latissimus dorsi activities were similar to those of the anterior deltoid and pectoralis major. The EMG amplitudes of pectoralis major and the erector muscles were larger for 1RM BP. Conversely, the activation levels of left abdominal muscles and left latissimus dorsi were higher for 1RM right-arm SP. The BP emphasizes the activation of the shoulder and chest muscles and challenges the capability to develop great shoulder torques. The SCP performance also relies on the strength of shoulder and chest musculature; however, it is whole-body stability and equilibrium together with joint stability that present the major limitation in force generation. Our EMG findings show that SCP performance is limited by the activation and neuromuscular coordination of torso muscles, not maximal muscle activation of the chest and shoulder muscles. This has implications for the utility of these exercise approaches to achieve different training goals.
... However, performing chest-press with dumbbells differs from the bench press in kinematics, strength, and muscle activation (Welsch et al. 2005;Saeterbakken et al. 2011;Tillaar and Saeterbakken 2012). Furthermore, unilateral, isoinertial (dynamic) chestpress with loads used to gain strength (< 6RM) has previously been proven difficult to conduct (Santana et al. 2007). Recently, loads (kettlebells and weight plates) have been attached to the barbell using elastic bands to create unstable loads, as the barbell is lowered and lifted, among powerlifters. ...
... Furthermore, greater contralateral activation in the core muscle may be a result of maintaining the hip position on the bench. Similar findings have been observed in the previous studies examining increased stability requirements using unilateral instead of bilateral loads (Saeterbakken and Fimland 2012;Santana et al. 2007). ...
... However, the study had several methodological differences compared to the present which makes the results difficult to compare. The previous studies have examined instability using unstable surfaces (Saeterbakken and Fimland 2013b; Anderson and Behm 2004;Goodman et al. 2008) or unstable loads (Saeterbakken et al. 2011;Welsch et al. 2005;Santana et al. 2007;Kohler et al. 2010). ...
PurposeTo determine the effects of asymmetric loads on muscle activity with the bench press.Method
Seventeen resistance-trained men performed one familiarization session including testing one repetition maximum (1RM) and three 5 repetition maximum (RM) lifts; using symmetric loads, 5% asymmetric loads, and 10% asymmetric loads. The asymmetric loading (i.e., reduced load on one side) was calculated as 5% and 10% of the subject`s 1RM load. In the experimental session, the three conditions of 5RM were conducted with electromyographic activity from the pectoralis major, triceps brachii, biceps brachii, anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, and external oblique on both sides of the body.ResultsOn the loaded side, asymmetric loads reduced triceps brachii activation compared to symmetric loads, whereas the other muscles demonstrated similar muscle activity between the three conditions. On the de-loaded side, 10% asymmetry in loading resulted in lower pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, and biceps brachii activation compared to 5% asymmetric and symmetric loading. On the de-loaded side, only pectoralis major demonstrated lower muscle activation than symmetric loads. Furthermore, asymmetric loads increased external oblique activation on both sides compared to symmetric loads.Conclusions
Asymmetric bench press loads reduced chest and shoulder muscle activity on the de-loaded side while maintaining the muscle activity for the loaded side. The authors recommend resistance-trained participants struggling with strength imbalances between sides, or activities require asymmetric force generation (i.e., alpine skiing or martial arts), to implement asymmetric training as a supplement to the traditional resistance training.
... Literature has compared electromyography (EMG) and kinetic measures such as peak force (PF), power, and one-repetition maximum (1RM) between variations of the bench press (Cotterman, Darby, & Skelly, 2005;Goodman, Pearce, Nicholes, Gatt, & Fairweather, 2008;Koshida, Urabe, Miyashita, Iwai, & Kagimori, 2008;Marshall & Murphy, 2006;McCaw & Friday, 1994;Norwood, Anderson, Gaetz, & Twist, 2007;Saeterbakken & Fimland, 2013;Saeterbakken, Van Den Tillaar, & Fimland, 2011;Santana, Vera-Garcia, & McGill, 2007;Schick et al., 2010;Snarr & Esco, 2013;Uribe et al., 2010;Zemková et al., 2014). Previous investigations comparing the standard bench press to a Smith machine bench press have revealed increasing EMG activity of the antagonist muscle group, as well as trunk musculature, suggesting that additional muscles are recruited to increase stability (Saeterbakken et al., 2011). ...
... It was hypothesized that PF and EMG would be significantly higher in the foot down condition, indicating that the feet play a role in body stabilization and thus force production in the bench press. Force production and 1RM values during bench press variations have been investigated by several studies (Anderson & Behm, 2004;Cotterman et al., 2005;Koshida et al., 2008;Saeterbakken & Fimland, 2013;Saeterbakken et al., 2011;Santana et al., 2007;Stock, Beck, Defreitas, & Dillon, 2010;Zemková et al., 2014). Anderson and Behm (2004) reported a 59.6% decrease in force output of isometric bench press when performed on a Swiss ball. ...
... In addition to kinetic variables, much of the previous research has examined EMG activity with varying stability requirements of upper body presses ( Goodman et al., 2008;Marshall & Murphy, 2006;McCaw & Friday, 1994;Norwood et al., 2007;Saeterbakken & Fimland, 2013;Saeterbakken et al., 2011;Santana et al., 2007;Schick et al., 2010;Snarr & Esco, 2013;Stock et al., 2010;Uribe et al., 2010). Although EMG is typically increased with instability, reduced force output suggests this higher activity is due to joint stabilization. ...
... Literature has compared electromyography (EMG) and kinetic measures such as peak force (PF), power, and one-repetition maximum (1RM) between variations of the bench press (Cotterman, Darby, & Skelly, 2005;Goodman, Pearce, Nicholes, Gatt, & Fairweather, 2008;Koshida, Urabe, Miyashita, Iwai, & Kagimori, 2008;Marshall & Murphy, 2006;McCaw & Friday, 1994;Norwood, Anderson, Gaetz, & Twist, 2007;Saeterbakken & Fimland, 2013;Saeterbakken, Van Den Tillaar, & Fimland, 2011;Santana, Vera-Garcia, & McGill, 2007;Schick et al., 2010;Snarr & Esco, 2013;Uribe et al., 2010;Zemková et al., 2014). Previous investigations comparing the standard bench press to a Smith machine bench press have revealed increasing EMG activity of the antagonist muscle group, as well as trunk musculature, suggesting that additional muscles are recruited to increase stability (Saeterbakken et al., 2011). ...
... It was hypothesized that PF and EMG would be significantly higher in the foot down condition, indicating that the feet play a role in body stabilization and thus force production in the bench press. Force production and 1RM values during bench press variations have been investigated by several studies (Anderson & Behm, 2004;Cotterman et al., 2005;Koshida et al., 2008;Saeterbakken & Fimland, 2013;Saeterbakken et al., 2011;Santana et al., 2007;Stock, Beck, Defreitas, & Dillon, 2010;Zemková et al., 2014). Anderson and Behm (2004) reported a 59.6% decrease in force output of isometric bench press when performed on a Swiss ball. ...
... In addition to kinetic variables, much of the previous research has examined EMG activity with varying stability requirements of upper body presses (Goodman et al., 2008;Marshall & Murphy, 2006;McCaw & Friday, 1994;Norwood et al., 2007;Saeterbakken & Fimland, 2013;Saeterbakken et al., 2011;Santana et al., 2007;Schick et al., 2010;Snarr & Esco, 2013;Stock et al., 2010;Uribe et al., 2010). Although EMG is typically increased with instability, reduced force output suggests this higher activity is due to joint stabilization. ...
The bench press is a multi-joint exercise commonly used to improve upper body strength. Previous investigations have analyzed kinetic and kinematic variables during different bench press variations. However, no known studies have examined the effect of foot position on force output and muscle activity. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of 3 different foot placements on isometric bench press force and muscle activity. Twenty-one recreationally trained males (age: 22.57 ± 1.36 years; height: 176.95 ± 6.80 cm; body mass: 85.15 ± 12.54 kg) participated in this investigation. Self-reported one-repetition maximum (1RM) of at least body mass was used as inclusion criteria (self-reported absolute 1RM: 119.37 ± 26.44 kg; relative 1RM: 1.40 ± 0.22). Subjects performed the isometric bench press with a normal foot placement with both feet down on the ground (FD), both feet up on the edge of the bench (FU), and both feet resting on an adjacent bench parallel to the ground (FO) in a randomized order. After 2 familiarization trials with FD placement, subjects performed 3 maximum voluntary isometric contractions for approximately 3 s each. Peak force (PF) and average integrated electromyography (avgIEMG) values were recorded for the pectoralis major (PM), anterior deltoid (AD), triceps brachii (TB), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), and gastrocnemius (G) muscles. PF output for FD, FU, and FO was 1134 ± 295 N, 1182 ± 247 N, and 1161 ± 249 N, respectively. The avgIEMG for the PM with the feet down, up, and out was 1.25 ± 0.50 mV, 1.19 ± 0.46 mV, and 1.20 ± 0.47 mV respectively. The avgIEMG for AD for feet down, up, and out was 3.20 ± 1.18 mV, 3.18 ± 1.23 mV, and 3.12 ± 1.18 mV, respectively. The avgIEMG for TB for feet down, up, and out was 2.26 ± 0.97 mV, 2.17 ± 0.93 mV, and 2.18 ± 0.89 mV, respectively. The avgIEMG for VL for feet up, down, and out was 0.26 ± 0.30 mV, 0.11 ± 0.01 mV, and 0.24 ± 0.25 mV, respectively. The avgIEMG for BF for feet down, up, and out was 0.21 ± 0.22 mV, 0.12 ± 0.05 mV, and 0.16 ± 0.10 mV, respectively. The avgIEMG for G for feet down, up, and out was 0.25 ± 0.14 mV, 0.23 ± 0.11 mV, and 0.20 ± 0.06 mV, respectively. A repeated measures general linear model returned no significant differences between conditions for force or muscle activity. Additionally, a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.54 (sig. = 0.01) indicates a strong relationship between self-reported 1RM and isometric bench press in the foot down position. Different foot positions do not have a significant effect on peak force or muscle activity of upper and lower body muscles during the isometric bench press. In this investigation, the bar was attached to a rack which did not permit lateral, anterior, or posterior motion of the bar. In a free weight bench press where these types of motion are possible, the results may be different. Although force output and muscle activity were not different between isometric conditions, stability may be increased with both feet on the ground during a dynamic movement.
... Kinetic Chain Resistance Training (KCRT) has been widely used to implement a variety of overloads necessary to develop muscular strength, power and/or endurance [1][2][3][4]. KCRT is characterized by total body movements involving a series of multiple rigid and mobile body segments designed to work synergistically in an effort to optimize performance of a given task(s) designed to overload the musculoskeletal system [2]. Here, ground reaction forces are absorbed and transferred in a manner to generate efficiently succinct movement patterns and mimic multi-planer tasks of daily living and sport [1][2][3][4]. ...
... KCRT is characterized by total body movements involving a series of multiple rigid and mobile body segments designed to work synergistically in an effort to optimize performance of a given task(s) designed to overload the musculoskeletal system [2]. Here, ground reaction forces are absorbed and transferred in a manner to generate efficiently succinct movement patterns and mimic multi-planer tasks of daily living and sport [1][2][3][4]. KCRT has been reported to target and promote increases in muscle activation, strength, power, en-durance and proprioception throughout the body [3][4][5]. Such improvements are generally a response of a novel overload and/or the increased frequency and volume of recruited motor units created by multiple body segments acting collectively to manipulate the forces to and from the proximal and distal segments [1][2][3]. ...
... Here, ground reaction forces are absorbed and transferred in a manner to generate efficiently succinct movement patterns and mimic multi-planer tasks of daily living and sport [1][2][3][4]. KCRT has been reported to target and promote increases in muscle activation, strength, power, en-durance and proprioception throughout the body [3][4][5]. Such improvements are generally a response of a novel overload and/or the increased frequency and volume of recruited motor units created by multiple body segments acting collectively to manipulate the forces to and from the proximal and distal segments [1][2][3]. ...
... Core muscle activation has been compared in different conditions of strength training exercises. For example, performing exercises in standing instead of seated/supine [17,18] and unilateral instead of bilateral [11,16,[19][20][21] increased the core muscle activation. In addition, several studies have compared the core muscle activation performing different isometric core exercises targeting isolated muscles (i.e. ...
... jogging, stairs climbing or jumping) [32]. The lunge is performed unilaterally and in a standing position which increases the stability requirement of the core [17,18,20] and integrates the core muscles in the kinetic chain with the lower extremity muscles. To our knowledge, only Ekstrom et al. [33] have compared the lunge exercise with traditional core exercises. ...
... Surface EMG electrodes were positioned on the rectus abdominis (3 cm lateral to the umbilicus), the oblique externus (approximately 15 cm from the umbilicus), and the erector spinae (at L1 and 3 cm lateral to the spinous process) (5,17,25). Prior to the placement of the gelcoated self-adhesive electrodes (Dri-Stick Silver Circular sEMG Electrodes AE-131, Neuro-Dyne Medical, USA), the skin was shaved, washed with alcohol, and abraded (17). The electrodes (contact diameter = 11 mm, centre-to-centre distance = 20 mm) were placed on the core contralateral to the side of the dominant leg (5,26). ...
Integrated exercises that mimic daily tasks are generally preferred for improving performance and the later stages of rehabilitation, but it is unknown whether integrated core exercises are better than isolated core exercises at improving muscle activation for hypertrophy. The aim of the study was to compare the electromyographic (EMG) activity in rectus abdominis, oblique externus, and erector spinae while performing three conditions of integrated core exercises (lunges) with three isolated core exercises (prone bridge, side bridge and back extension). The three conditions of lunges were: on a stable surface, unstable surface and with external resistance to the trunk using an elastic band. The external resistance was measured with a force cell and peaked at 75N. After one familiarization session, all exercises were performed in one experimental session in randomized order. The isolated core exercises were performed in 20 seconds and the time performing the five repetitions with lunges was matched (20 seconds). Significantly greater peak normalized EMG activity were observed in the isolated core exercises compared to the three integrated core exercises (P
... Previous research has shown that performing resistance exercises unilaterally or bilaterally affects trunk muscle activation differently [3,16,18]. This is generally explained by an increase in the activation of the contralateral side during unilateral exercises to avoid postural sway, especially when the weight is lifted in a trajectory lateral to the trunk. ...
... The lack of differences for the external oblique was in line with our previous study on the Russian swing [2] but not with previous strength exercise studies on the squat, row, and shoulder press [1,3,[16][17][18]. These studies examined more traditional exercises and generally showed that unilateral execution increased the trunk muscle activation on the contralateral side compared to bilateral execution. ...
The aim of the study was to compare the one-armed vs. two-armed American kettlebell swing on trunk muscle activation. Fifteen resistance-trained men performed ten repetitions of both exercises using a 14-kg kettlebell. Surface EMG from the erector spinae, rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles were collected on both sides of the trunk. The erector spinae activation during the one-armed swing was 14–25% higher on the contralateral compared to the ipsilateral side in both exercises (Cohen’s d effect size [ES]=0.41–0.71, p ˂ 0.001–0.034). Further, the contralateral side was 14% more activated during the two-armed swing compared to the ipsilateral side during the one-armed swing (ES=0.43, p=0.009). For the rectus abdominis muscle, the two-armed swing induced higher activation of the rectus abdominis compared to the one-armed swing on both the contralateral (40%, ES=0.48, p=0.040) and ipsilateral side (59%, ES=0.83, p=0.002). There were no differences for the external oblique muscle (p=0.495–0.662). In conclusion, the trunk activation patterns of the two exercises were different, which could be explained by different biomechanics in the two exercises, and could thus have complimentary effects. We recommend that both unilateral and bilateral execution of the American kettlebell swing is included over time.
... The IMSP also targets very high AD activity such as the peck deck (Rocha, Gentil, Oliveira, & Do Carmo, 2007), bench press (117.2% MVIC; Santana et al., 2007), standing cable press (120.5% MVIC; Santana et al., 2007), Smith machine BP (McCaw & Friday, 1994;Schick et al., 2010), dumbbell press and the flat BP (Saeterbakken, van den Tillaar, & Fimland, 2011). Therefore, we can conclude that all upper limb presses are exercises that significantly activate the AD. ...
... The IMSP also targets very high AD activity such as the peck deck (Rocha, Gentil, Oliveira, & Do Carmo, 2007), bench press (117.2% MVIC; Santana et al., 2007), standing cable press (120.5% MVIC; Santana et al., 2007), Smith machine BP (McCaw & Friday, 1994;Schick et al., 2010), dumbbell press and the flat BP (Saeterbakken, van den Tillaar, & Fimland, 2011). Therefore, we can conclude that all upper limb presses are exercises that significantly activate the AD. ...
Background: The incline machine shoulder press (IMSP) is an alternative resistance exercise to the bench press associated with throwing performance. The muscle activity during IMSP has not yet been described in females and at different exercises intensities. Objectives: The aim of this present study was to investigate changes in the activity of prime movers during the IMSP in relation to the exercise intensity in female athletes. Methods: Eight female athletes experienced in resistance training were screened for peak electromyography amplitude normalized for maximum voluntary isometric contraction during the IMSP with increasing loads of 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). The selected muscles were the anterior deltoid (AD), pectoralis major (PM), triceps brachii long head (TBlong) and triceps brachii lateral head (TBlat). Results: The results of Friedman ANOVA showed increased muscle activity along with exercise intensity in all prime movers (p <.001). The Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA showed inter-muscle differences at exercise intensity of 40% 1RM (p =.004, η ²p =.52), 60% 1RM (p =.005, η ²p =.55), 80% 1RM (p =.035, η ²p =.46) and 100% 1RM (p =.002, η ²p =.52), where TBlat showed lower activity than other muscle groups at each exercise intensity. The TBlong showed lower activity than the PM and AD at 40% 1RM, and the PM activity was lower than that of AD and TBlong at 100% 1RM. Conclusions: The IMSP is an exercise which activated AD and TBlong more than PM and TBlat during maximal lifting effort. Therefore, the IMSP should be understood as the exercise which might substantially overload the AD and TBlong during maximal lifts. Coaches should use the IMSP if they desire to activate TBlong more than TBlat during upper limb pressing.
... While Fahs et al. (2009) utilized free weights, the exercise regime consisted of the bench press and the biceps curl, not a whole-body routine [8]. The differences in responses of the vasculature after an acute bout of free-weight exercises compared to weight machines may be attributed to greater activation of primary muscles [9], agonist muscles [10], and/or stabilizing muscles [11]. The difference in muscle activation may make it difficult to compare the responses of free-weight exercises to those of weight machines. ...
... In regards to changes that are specific for resistance exercise, a previous study has argued that a large total volume of resistance exercise is essential to the onset of post-exercise hypotension [25]. However, our study, with a low total exercise volume and a higher muscle mass recruitment due to the involvement of the primary [9], agonist [10], and stabilizing [11] muscles of free-weight exercises, may have displaced the importance of the total volume to a secondary role. In this sense, the muscle mass involved is another important co-factor in the onset of post-exercise hypotension [26]. ...
We determined the effects of an acute bout of free-weight resistance exercise (ARE) on cardiovascular hemodynamics and endothelial function in resistance-trained individuals. Nineteen young, healthy, resistance-trained individuals performed two randomized sessions consisting of ARE or a quiet control (CON). The ARE consisted of three sets of 10 repetitions at 75% 1-repetition maximum for the squat, bench press, and deadlift. Cardiovascular hemodynamics was assessed using finger photoplethysmography. Forearm blood flow (FBF), and vasodilatory capacity markers, were assessed using venous occlusion plethysmography. Forearm vascular conductance was calculated by the division of mean FBF by mean arterial pressure. A two-way ANOVA was used to compare the effects of condition (ARE, CON) across time (rest, recovery). There were significant (p ≤ 0.05) decreases in mean arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance across conditions and time. There were significant condition-by-time interactions (p ≤ 0.05) for heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output after the ARE compared to the CON and rest. FBF was significantly (p = 0.001) increased during the recovery from ARE, as well as vasodilatory capacity markers such as peak blood flow (p = 0.05) and reactive hyperemia-induced blood flow (p = 0.0001). These data suggest that whole-body free-weight exercises acutely reduced blood pressure while simultaneously augmenting FBF, and vasodilatory capacity markers.
... Changes in the pattern of muscle activity during the bench press have been well described in the literature, yet no studies have compared EMG activity between women and men. In most of the studies that have examined men, the increase in the activity in the pectoralis major muscle was noticeable from the load of 80% of 1RM [21,24,25], whereas the increase in activity of this muscle in women occurred even at the maximal load. The results obtained in our study show that the increase in the load from 55% to 100% of 1RM during the flat bench press in men leads to an increase in activity of the triceps brachii muscle (long head) and ...
... The motor unit recruitment and firing rate to execute intended movements are regulated by the descending command from the central nervous system and can be modulated by afferent feedback during muscular weakness or fatigue [20]. The activity was recorded for the most important muscles of the shoulder girdle [21] involved in the bench press. These include the pectoralis major (the sternal head), deltoid (anterior head) and triceps brachii (the lateral and long head). ...
The bench press (BP) is a complex upper body exercise in which substantial external loads can be used, demanding high neuromuscular activity. The aim of this study was to compare electromyographic (EMG) activity between female and male athletes during the flat bench press. Five male and five female athletes participated in this study. The main session included four sets of one repetition of the flat bench press with the load of 55, 70, 85 and 100% of the one-repetition maximum (1RM). The activity of four muscles was analysed: the pectoralis major (PM), the anterior deltoid (AD), the lateral head of the triceps brachii (TBlat) and the long head of the triceps brachii (TBlong). The main finding of the study was that the muscle activity pattern differed between women and men during the bench press depending on the external load. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA for males showed differences between the TLpeak values recorded for different loads (55%-100% 1RM) during the bench press (chi-square = 15.3, p = 0.009) and ADpeak (chi-square = 19.5, p = 0.001). The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA for females showed differences between the ADpeak values recorded for different loads (55%-100% 1RM) during the bench press (chi-square = 12.1, p = 0.018).
... In analyzing the underlying mechanisms of the sticking region in the bench press movement of a representative subject, Elliott et al. (4) reported alterations in the barbell path, force profile, and myoelectric signals of bench presses performed at differing loads. Santana et al. (25) presented a time history of normalized electromyographic (EMG) amplitudes and trunk kinematics for 1 repetition maximum (1RM) traditional bench press and a standing cable press, of a random subject, to better understand the biomechanical limitations of pushing. Drinkwater et al. (2), on the other hand, employed an optical encoder to determine the power changes during the initial acceleration and sticking region throughout fatiguing repeated bench press training. ...
... These muscle forces are the main cause, apart from gravity forces, of the motion of the upper limbs and the barbell. According to various authors (1,4,21,25), analysis of the internal structure of 4 main shoulder muscles involved in flat bench pressing, indicates that the muscle activity in the descent phase is much less than in the ascent phase. The present findings confirmed these results (Table 2). ...
Kro´ l, H and Goła´s, A. Effect of barbell weight on the structure
of the flat bench press. J Strength Cond Res 31(5):
1321–1337, 2017—In this study, we have used the multimodular
measuring system SMART. The system consisted
of 6 infrared cameras and a wireless module to measure
muscle bioelectric activity. In addition, the path of the barbell
was measured with a special device called the pantograph.
Our study concerns the change in the structure of
the flat bench press when the weight of the barbell is
increased. The research on the bench press technique
included both the causes of the motion: the internal structure
of the movement and the external kinematic structure
showing the effects of the motion, i.e., all the characteristics
of the movement. Twenty healthy, male recreational weight
trainers with at least 1 year of lifting experience (the mean 6
SD = 3.3 6 1.6 years) were recruited for this study. The
subjects had a mean body mass of 80.2 6 8.6 kg, an average
height of 1.77 6 0.08 m, and their average age was
24.7 6 0.9 years. In the measuring session, the participants
performed consecutive sets of a single repetition of bench
pressing with an increasing load (about 70, 80, 90, and
100% of their 1 repetition maximum [1RM]). The results
showed a significant change in the phase structure of the
bench press, as the barbell weight was increased. While
doing the bench press at a 100% 1RM load, the pectoralis
major changes from being the prime mover to being
the supportive prime mover. At the same time, the role
of the prime mover is taken on by the deltoideus anterior.
The triceps brachii, in particular, clearly shows a greater
involvement.
... The diversity in research objectives resulted in variability of observed participants, although all studies referred to RT men but represented different sport disciplines and different performance levels. The included studies were similar in the number of participants (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22) and their ages (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35), which means that our outcomes should be interpreted specifically for male subjects of this age group. Although there were differences in the study outcomes, their results provided a sufficient amount of normalized data to answer the first research question and six different conditions that cause changes in muscle activity during the BP. ...
... Therefore, the surface EMG signal must be measured at a known joint angle or at least a known speed of movement, which was reflected in the full text exclusion criteria. Of the studies included in the current review, only one study reported the joint angles in conjunction with EMG during dynamic BP [17]; however, some studies graphically reported the EMG in relation to a percentage of movement phase [30][31][32][33], but they did not provide angle-specific data. One study reported angle-specific muscle activity in an isometric condition with vibration [13]. ...
Background
The bench press exercise (BP) plays an important role in recreational and professional training, in which muscle activity is an important multifactorial phenomenon. The objective of this paper is to systematically review electromyography (EMG) studies performed on the barbell BP exercise to answer the following research questions: Which muscles show the greatest activity during the flat BP? Which changes in muscle activity are related to specific conditions under which the BP movement is performed?
Strategy
PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in the Cochrane Library were searched through June 10, 2016. A combination of the following search terms was used: bench press, chest press, board press, test, measure, assessment, dynamometer, kinematics and biomechanics. Only original, full-text articles were considered.
Results
The search process resulted in 14 relevant studies that were included in the discussion. The triceps brachii (TB) and pectoralis major (PM) muscles were found to have similar activity during the BP, which was significantly higher than the activity of the anterior deltoid. During the BP movement, muscle activity changes with exercise intensity, velocity of movement, fatigue, mental focus, movement phase and stability conditions, such as bar vibration or unstable surfaces. Under these circumstances, TB is the most common object of activity change.
Conclusions
PM and TB EMG activity is more dominant and shows greater EMG amplitude than anterior deltoid during the BP. There are six factors that can influence muscle activity during the BP; however, the most important factor is exercise intensity, which interacts with all other factors. The research on muscle activity in the BP has several unresolved areas, such as clearly and strongly defined guidelines to perform EMG measurements (e.g., how to elaborate with surface EMG limits) or guidelines for the use of exact muscle models.
... Among different isometric plank exercises, the supine version has demonstrated the highest muscle activity for the back muscles (Ekstrom et al., 2007;Imai et al., 2010;Lehman et al., 2005).Moreover, this exercise can easily be modified to increase muscle activity and level of difficulty. For example, using unilateral variations and unstable bases during the supine plank generally provides greater neuromuscular challenges compared with the regular version of the exercise (Feldwieser et al., 2012).Specifically, unilateral exercises generally shows higher activity than bilateral exercises at both ipsilateral and contralateral sides during planks (Feldwieser et al., 2012), and also higher contralateral activity in other typical upper-body exercises (Saeterbakken and Fimland, 2012;Santana et al., 2007). Regarding the plank exercise, the increased EMG might be a consequence of counteracting gravity forces and counteracting the base support reduction while having to maintain the same position (Feldwieser et al., 2012). ...
... Unilateral exercises enhance contralateral muscle activity to maintain the proper position during the plank exercise (Feldwieser et al., 2012). In line with these idea, previous studies reported greater OBLIQ activation during other exercises as an unilateral dumbbell shoulder press (Saeterbakken and Fimland, 2012), a standing cable press (Santana et al., 2007) or during unilateral battle rope waves (Calatayud et al., 2015) in comparison with bilateral counterparts. ...
Background
Exercises providing neuromuscular challenges of the spinal muscles are desired for core stability, which is important for workers with heavy manual labour as well as people recovering from back pain.
Purpose
This study evaluated whether using a suspended modality increases trunk muscle activity during unilateral or bilateral isometric supine planks.
Design
Cross-sectional.
Methods
Twenty university students participated in this cross-sectional study. Each subject performed four different conditions: bilateral stable supine plank, unilateral stable supine plank, bilateral suspended supine plank and unilateral suspended supine plank. Surface electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded for the upper rectus abdominis (UP ABS), lower rectus abdominis (LOW ABS), external oblique (OBLIQ) and lumbar erector spinae (LUMB). Peak EMG of the filtered signals were normalized to the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC).
Results
No differences between exercises were found for UP ABS, LOW ABS and OBLIQ muscle activity. The unilateral suspended supine plank provided the highest LUMB activity (20% of MVIC) whiles the bilateral stable supine plank provided the lowest activity (11% of MVIC).
Conclusions
The combination of unilateral variations with a suspended support provides the greatest LUMB muscle activity, while using these variations separately only provides advantages when compared with regular planks.
... However, many studies examining aortic wave reflection characteristics after ARE have primarily focused on resistance exercise machines (DeVan et al., 2005;Yoon et al., 2010), with a few exceptions (Fahs et al., 2009). The differences in haemodynamics and aortic wave reflection in response to an acute bout of freeweight exercises compared to resistance exercise machines stem from greater recruitment of primary muscles (Escamilla et al., 2001), agonist muscles (McCaw & Friday, 1994) and/or stabilizing muscles (Santana et al., 2007). This may make it difficult to compare the responses of free-weight resistance exercises to those of resistance exercise machines. ...
... However, we did note a non-significant increase in BSBP (5 mmHg). This non-significant increase in BSBP may result from the greater recruitment of primary muscles (Escamilla et al., 2001), agonist muscles (McCaw & Friday, 1994) and/or stabilizing muscles (Santana et al., 2007) in response to acute bout of free-weight resistance exercise than resistance exercise machines. In addition, the increase in BSBP may have physiological implications for individuals with hypertension which choose to perform high-intensity free-weight resistance exercise. ...
Aortic wave reflection characteristics such as the augmentation index (AIx), wasted left ventricular pressure energy (ΔEw) and aortic haemodynamics, such as aortic systolic blood pressure (ASBP), strongly predict cardiovascular events. The effects of acute resistance exercise (ARE) using free-weight exercises on these characteristics are unknown. Therefore, we sought to determine the effects of acute free-weight resistance exercise on aortic wave reflection characteristics and aortic haemodynamics in resistance-trained individuals. Fifteen young, healthy resistance-trained (9 ± 3 years) individuals performed two randomized sessions consisting of an acute bout of free-weight resistance exercise (ARE) or a quiet control (CON). The ARE consisted of three sets of 10 repetitions at 75% one repetition maximum for squat, bench press and deadlift. In CON, the participants rested in the supine position for 30 min. Measurements were made at baseline before sessions and 10 min after sessions. A two-way ANOVA was used to compare the effects of condition across time. There were no significant interactions for aortic or brachial blood pressures. Compared to rest, there were significant increases in augmentation pressure (rest: 5·7 ± 3·0 mmHg; recovery: 10·4 ± 5·7 mmHg, P = 0·002), AIx (rest: 116·8 ± 4·2%; recovery: 123·2 ± 8·4%, P = 0·002), AIx normalized at 75 bpm (rest: 5·2 ± 7·6%; recovery: 27·3 ± 13·2%, P<0·0001), ΔEw (rest: 1215 ± 674 dynes s cm−2; recovery: 2096 ± 1182 dynes s cm−2, P = 0·008), and there was a significant decrease in transit time of the reflected wave (rest: 150·7 ± 5·8 ms; recovery 145·5 ± 5·6 ms, P<0·001) during recovery from ARE compared to CON. These data suggest that ARE using free-weight exercises may have no effect on aortic and brachial blood pressure but may significantly alter aortic wave reflection characteristics.
... The most important capabilities include: monitoring frequency of brain waves before and after exercise, matching and optimisation of the process of preparation adaptive system for exercise (ex. for athletes) and detecting differences motivated psycho neuronal (Santana, Vera-Garcia, & McGill, 2007). ...
Aim. Automatic processing of the data in order to determine the status of work and identification of the activity and brain-wave frequencies becomes necessary for the modern systems in the in the diagnosis of biofeedback among athletes. Concept. The study aimed to explore the effects of physical exertion on alterations in the manifestation of brain wave frequencies (pre/post exercises) in a group of 15 endurance athletes. Results and conclusion. Statistic methods allowed an identification of data anomalies, such as extreme, outliers and missing values. Combining information with soft computing tool can distinguish the level of electrical activity of the analysed muscles. Used Big Data and Data Mining tools solution with a statistical approach while maintaining high measurement accuracy indicates the effectiveness of this method in medical diagnosis.
... Push-ups test, which assesses upper body muscular endurance, was modified by placing the hands on a higher surface (a 55 cm high gymnastics bench). We used this exercise despite the fact that it is not a core exercise, in order to investigate if the core strengthening would improve strength and muscular endurance parameters in a task that is indirectly dependent on core stability and strength (McGill, McDermott, & Fenwick, 2009;Santana, Vera-Garcia, & McGill, 2007). The other validated versions of the push-up test were not chosen for this study because the 90° push-up (Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, 1999) was too challenging for a great proportion of the participants, and the knee push-up test was not challenging enough for the body core engagement. ...
Although previous studies have indicated the importance of a core strength and muscular endurance training in preadolescents and adolescents, there is a lack of evidence regarding effects of a long-term core training in unstable conditions. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of core training in stable versus unstable body positions on core and upper body strength and muscular endurance in non-trained children aged 11-14 years. Participants were randomly assigned to either stable (SC, N=569) or unstable (UC, N=633) core-exercise group and assessed at baseline, four, and eight months for sit-ups, dynamic trunk extension, static trunk extension, and push-ups. Repeated measures ANOVA, with time as a within factor, and exercise group, age, and gender as between factors, was employed for data analysis. Post-hoc comparisons showed greater absolute improvements after the eight-month training in UC compared to SC for all measures, age groups, and both genders (p≤.01), and greater relative improvements (differences in Cohen’s d between UC and SC ranged from 0.08 to 1.58), except for static trunk extension in 11- and 12-year-old participants. However, the differences between SC and UC in four-month effects were inconsistent. These results point out that core exercises in unstable compared to stable conditions have a greater capacity for long-term improvement of core and upper body strength and muscular endurance in non-trained preadolescents and adolescents.
... Thus, it is of interest to identify the most efficient exercises to achieve high levels of activation to stimulate muscle hypertrophy and increase muscle strength [30,33]. Electromyography activity (EMG) can measure neuromuscular activation, which is related to the efficiency of an exercise [34]. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) was performed to identify the maximum electromyographic reference values used to normalize EMG for each exercise. ...
Featured Application: Bodybuilding training professionals and users who use bench press (BP) should be aware of the implication in choosing another exercise, either to improve muscle activation or to maintain activation levels while seeking another parallel objective. Depending on the grip, we emphasize that a wide grip will have a greater involvement of the pectoralis major in both portions, but should not exceed a width of 200% biacromial distance (BAD) due to increased risk of injury. Otherwise, in the decline of the bench angle, the decrease in the clavicular portion should be considered, as opposed to an increase in the sternal portion. On the contrary, in the inclination there is a decrease in the sternal portion without having a difference in the clavicular compared to the horizontal portion. In addition, the increase in instability in the BP causes a decrease in the intensity of the load that can be moved, reducing the electromyography activity (EMG) of the pectoralis major, although it can be observed that some of these exercises have an application with different objectives due to the fact that they have a greater influence on other muscle groups with a stabilizing function. Focusing on other types of exercises, BP is the one that most involves the pectoralis major. However, other exercises such as push-ups are more accessible and obtain a similar activation when exposed to the same relative load, although it is difficult to increase the load during the exercise. Therefore, the results of our meta-analysis reflect the appropriateness of the BP for safety and efficiency. Abstract: The popularity of the bench press (BP) is justified by being one of the most effective exercises to improve strength and power in the upper body. The primary aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the electromyography activity (EMG) of pectoralis muscle between BP and other variants of pectoral exercises (OP). Methods: This study was conducted according to the PRISMA. Original research articles published by March 2023, were located using an electronic search of four databases and yielded 951 original publications. This review included studies that compared the EMG activity of pectoralis muscle between BP and OP. Data were extracted and independently coded by three researchers. Finally, 23 studies were included for systematic review and meta-analysis. Meta-analysis with fixed or random effect model was performed to infer the pooled estimated standardized mean difference, depending on the heterogeneity. The studies were grouped according to the type of the comparison: grip widths, type of grip, inclination of the bench, stability, or exercise type. Results: The original option of BP activates the sternal portion significantly more than the variant with the inclined bench (SMD = 1.80; 95%CI 0.40 to 3.19; p = 0.017). Performing the exercise in an unstable situation produced significantly more activation during the concentric phase than performing the exercise in a stable situation (SMD = −0.18; 95%CI −0.33 to 3.74; p = 0.029). When comparing by type of exercise, greater activations are also seen in the original bench press vs. the comparisons (p = 0.023 to 0.001). Conclusions: The results suggest that the traditional bench press Citation: López-Vivancos, A.; González-Gálvez, N.; Orquín-Castrillón, F.J.; Vale, R.G.d.S.; Marcos-Pardo, P.J. Electromyographic
... Several studies have compared the muscle activation of the bench press exercise to other exercises performed in guided machines, such as the Smith machine (Saeterbakken et al., 2011;Schick et al., 2010) or the peck deck (de Araújo Rocha Júnior et al., 2007), in relation to other exercises such as the pullover (Campos and da Silva, 2014), the standing cable press (Santana et al., 2007;Signorile et al., 2017) or with free weights (Saeterbakken et al., 2011). However, few studies have analysed whether there are differences in muscle activation during the bench press exercise compared to the seated chest press machine and its grip derivates. ...
This study aims to compare muscle activity in the pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, and triceps brachii in the horizontal bench press exercise with a prone grip at 150% and 50% of the biacromial width and the seated chest press exercise with two types of grips (a neutral grip at ~150% of the biacromial width and a prone grip at ~200% of the biacromial width). Twenty physically active adults performed a set of 8 repetitions at 60% of the one repetition maximum. The results showed that the clavicular portion of the pectoralis major had significantly greater muscle activity in the seated chest press exercise with a neutral grip (~30% of the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC)) than in the lying bench press exercise with a prone grip at 150% of the biacromial width (~25% MVIC). The muscle activity of the anterior deltoid was not significantly different across any exercise or grip evaluated (~24% MVIC). The muscle activity of the triceps brachii was significantly higher in the lying bench press exercise with a grip at 50% biacromial width (~16% MVIC) than at 150% of the biacromial width (~12% MVIC). In conclusion, all exercises and grips showed similar muscle activity, and the selection of these exercises should not be based exclusively on the grounds of muscle activation but rather on the load capacity lifted, the level of technique of the participant, and/or the transference to the specific sporting discipline or event.
... Free weight exercise may produce more muscle activation (i.e., more intense) compared to using a weight machine for resistance exercise. It is well established that the movements created with weight machines are limited to primary and stabilizing muscles [98,99]. Therefore, the resistance exercise involving greater muscle mass, when performing free weight resistance exercise, may lead to a transient increase in central arterial stiffness [90], which could be mediated by increased sympathetic activation after exercise [100]. ...
Arterial stiffness is a reliable independent predictor of cardiovascular events. Exercise training might enhance arterial compliance through improved metabolic health status. Different modes of exercise may have different effects on arterial stiffness. However, the interactions among different modes of exercise on endothelial senescence, the development of arterial vascular stiffness, and the associated molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. In this narrative review, we evaluate the current evidence focusing on the effects of various exercise modes on arterial stiffness and vascular health, and the known underlying physiological mechanisms are discussed as well. Here, we discuss the most recent evidence of aerobic exercise, high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and resistance exercise (RE) on arterial stiffness and endothelial senescence in physiological and cellular studies. Indeed, aerobic, HIIT, and progression RE-induced arterial compliance may reduce arterial stiffness by effectively promoting nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and reducing endothelial senescence. However, the transient increase in inflammation and sympathetic activation may contribute to the temporary elevation in arterial stiffness following whole-body high-intensity acute resistance exercise.
... It is worth noting that the external load alters the change in the pattern of muscle activity; for example, at maximal load, the pectoralis major acts as the supportive prime mover while the anterior deltoid becomes the prime mover [9]. Moreover, it should be taken into consideration that muscle activity may change depending on the bench press technique modifications or application of variable resistance [10,11]. Recruitment of motor units and the frequency of stimulations increase in parallel with the increase in external load, resulting in the achievement of the desired muscle tension and greater force [9]. ...
The aim of this study was to compare the muscle activity between the sling shot assisted (SS) and control (CONT) flat barbell bench press for selected external loads of 70%, 85%, 100% one-repetition maximum (1RM). Ten resistance-trained men participated in the study (age = 22.2 ± 1.9 years, body mass = 88.7 ± 11.2 kg, body height = 179.5 ± 4.1, 1RM in the bench press = 127.25 ± 25.86 kg, and strength training experience = 6 ± 2.5 years). Evaluation of peak muscle activity of the dominant body side was carried out using surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded for the triceps brachii, pectoralis major, and anterior deltoid during each attempt. The three-way repeated measure ANOVA revealed statistically significant main interaction for condition x muscle group (p < 0.01; η 2 = 0.569); load x muscle group (p < 0.01; η 2 = 0.709); and condition x load (p < 0.01; η 2 = 0.418). A main effect was also observed for condition (p < 0.01; η 2 = 0.968); load (p < 0.01; η 2 = 0.976); and muscle group (p < 0.01; η 2 = 0.977). The post hoc analysis for the main effect of the condition indicated statistically significant decrease in %MVIC for the SS compared to CONT condition (74.9 vs. 88.9%MVIC; p < 0.01; ES = 0.39). The results of this study showed that using the SS significantly affects the muscle activity pattern of the flat bench press and results in its acute decrease in comparison to an equal load under CONT conditions. The SS device may be an effective tool both in rehabilitation and strength training protocols by increasing stability with a reduction of muscular activity of the prime movers.
... Ці м'язи працюють в уступаючому режимі. Тобто, з підвищенням рівня обтяження до 100 %, активність цих м'язів у фазі опускання збільшується[66].За думкою авторів[83], при виконанні жиму штанги лежачи з максимальним обтяженням, велика грудна і передні пучки дельтоподібного м'язи є більш активними, ніж інші м'язи тулуба і верхнього плечового пояса.Польські дослідники[72], окрім того, встановили, що рівень електричної активності великого грудного і переднього пучка дельтоподібного м'яза при виконанні жиму штанги лежачи з вагою 70-90 % обтяження від максимуму були найбільш високими якраз у фазі опускання штанги, а не у фазі її підйому. Що й треба було довести. ...
В магістерській роботі розглядаються питання корекції техніки жиму штанги лежачи спортсменами високої кваліфікації для ефективного подолання «мертвих зон». На основі систематизації особливостей прояву, встановлення критеріїв виявлення та визначення варіантів і механізмів подолання «мертвих зон» у процесі виконання рухової вправи виконано біомеханічне обґрунтування техніки виконання жиму штанги лежачи як засобу наукового обґрунтування подолання «мертвих зон». Доказано, що для даного виду спорту існує декілька зон, які є дискомфортними і в тренувальному процесі, і при здійсненні змагальної дії. Це: дві-три «мертві зони» і одна «несприятлива зона», що є відмінними за технічним сприйняттям прояву, змістом елементів, фізичних залежностей і засобів подолання. Встановлено, що сучасні засоби експериментального і фізичного відтворення спортивного явища з силовою направленістю повинні ґрунтуватися на кінематичних характеристиках руху штанги, механізмах прояву «мертвої зони», технічних прийомах її подолання у поєднанні з особливостями активності м’язів верхніх і нижніх кінцівок, а також окремих елементів і прийомів техніки жиму. Встановлена рекомендація, за якою треба навчитися варіювати силою, що застосовується до штанги, і відмовитися від використання емпіричних даних, щоб у подальшому виконувати корекцію техніки жиму штанги лежачи пауерліфтерів високої кваліфікації, плануючи досягнення належного рівня фізичних кондицій спортсмена і спортивних досягнень.
Ключові слова: штанга, техніка жиму, корекція, пауерліфтер, мертві зони, несприятлива зона.
... front crawl swimming included only the rectus abdominis and middle deltoid. The highest muscle activations recorded for the traditional dry-land resistance exercises, that featured in two or more studies, included: pectoralis major (bench press(Schick et al., 2010)), anterior deltoid (bench press(Santana et al., 2007)), middle deltoid (bench press(Schick et al., 2010)), triceps brachii (push up (females only)(Cogley et al., 2005)), infraspinatus (latissimus pull down), latissimus dorsi (pull up(Youdas et al., 2010)), lower trapezius (pull up(Youdas et al., 2010)), biceps brachii (chin up(Youdas et al., 2010)) and brachioradialis (chin up(Dickie et al., 2017)). ...
Swimming performance requires a whole body coordinated movement to elicit high propulsive forces with the majority of forces produced from the upper body musculature. The current academic literature highlights a range of dry-land resistance exercises that show moderate to strong correlations to swimming performance; however, association does not imply causation. Specificity states that adaptations are specific to the nature of the training stress applied and therefore it is important to highlight the dry-land resistance exercises improving swimming performance. The aim of this research study is to examine the specificity of dry-land resistance exercises to swimming performance. A systematic review of the impact of resistance training on front crawl swimming performance highlighted that low volume, high force, traditional resistance training programmes, showed positive improvement in swimming performance. Neuromuscular adaptations contribute to resistance training exercises improving swimming performance according to several research studies. A review of the specificity between front crawl swimming and dry-land resistance exercises using electromyography (EMG) data highlighted a series of similar prime movers (i.e. latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, triceps brachii and deltoids) between a range of dry-land resistance exercises. A qualitative study of elite swimming strength and conditioning coaches identified the dry-land resistance exercises most commonly used and deemed most relevant by practitioners and coaches. The bench press and pull up were the two upper body dry-land resistance exercises that coaches ranked highest in terms of improving swimming performance. This prompted an investigation of the specificity of these dry-land resistance exercises to front crawl swimming using EMG data analysis. Following a series of pilot tests, 14 male national and international swimmers were recorded using 2D kinematic analysis to identify event cycles and EMG to investigate muscle activations. The specificity of front crawl swimming to bench press and pull up exercises were examined using temporal coordination , temporal muscle activation overlaps, Functional Data Analysis (FDA) Pearson pointwise correlations, Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) t-tests and Root Mean Square Difference (RMSD). The findings of this research show that while the key prime movers between the bench press and pull up exercises and front crawl swimming are similar, there is limited specificity. The results would also suggest that these exercises are applicable for the general preparation period but not for the specific competition period. The large variability within the data set makes findings difficult to interpret. Future research needs to focus on individual analysis of specificity, as the large variability does not make group analysis techniques representative of the high level of individual variability found within the data set. Greater specificity is required through the development of a coherent biomechanical model of specificity that describes joint angles, angular velocity, torque and muscle activations.
... Teixeira et al. (2011) accomplished 3 sets of 20 repetitions at 50% 1RM on 6 resistance exercises machines, and vagal modulation, measured via LnHF, dropped by 43.5%. It is possible that greater activities of main (Escamilla et al. 2001), agonist (McCaw andFriday 1994), and stabilizing (Santana et al. 2007) muscle groups using higher load, free weights, and/ or multiple resistance exercises in protocols, might lead to greater reduction in vagal modulation compared to low-load resistance exercise with BFR (Okuno et al. 2014). However, it is not surprising that our results demonstrate a significant decrease in vagal modulation compared with other aforementioned studies even though our participants underwent only one free-weight resistance exercise at a lower load with BFR. ...
Purpose
Traditional resistance exercise decreases vagal tone up to 30 min after an acute bout of resistance exercise, which may increase the risk of cardiovascular events. However, the effects of resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) on autonomic modulation are unclear. To evaluate autonomic modulation after resistance exercise with and without BFR in resistance-trained men.
Methods
Eleven young men volunteered for the study. Autonomic modulation was assessed at rest, 15 (Rec 1), and 25 (Rec 2) minutes after low-load bench press with BFR (LL-BFR), traditional high-load bench press (HL), and a control (CON). Autonomic modulation assessments were expressed as natural logarithm (Ln), and included total power (LnTP), low-frequency power (LnLF), high-frequency power (LnHF), sympathovagal balance (LnLF/LnHF ratio), root mean square of the successive differences (LnRMSSD), and the proportion of intervals differing by > 50 ms from the preceding intervals (LnPNN50). A repeated measures ANOVA was used to evaluate conditions (LL-BFR, HL and CON) across time (Rest, Rec1, and Rec2) on autonomic modulation.
Results
There were significant condition by time interactions for LnTP, LnHF, and LnRMSSD such that they were reduced during recovery after LL-BFR and HL compared to Rest and CON. There were no interactions in the LnLF, LnLF/LnHF ratio, and LnPNN50.
Conclusions
These data suggest that LL-BFR and HL significantly alter autonomic modulation up to 30 min after exercise with significant reduction after HL compared to LL-BFR when exercise volume is equated.
... In addition, an alternative method of increasing difficulty and increasing core musculature activation is bilateral versus unilateral training. Previous research has demonstrated that performing unilateral resistance exercise (i.e., standing chest press) increases motor unit recruitment of the spinal and torso stabilization musculature as compared to their bilateral counterparts (12). Furthermore, untrained individuals may exhibit large bilateral deficits resulting in impaired force production (5). ...
This column is intended to provide a thorough analysis with photographs of the proper technique for battle rope conditioning. Specific musculature involvement, benefits of battle rope training, exercise technique, as well as advanced and beginning progressions will be discussed. This dynamic movement is designed to improve cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, endurance, and power. Specific variations for battle rope conditioning can provide various benefits to athletes such as enhancing sport specific movements, increasing grip strength, and addressing unilateral deficits. Thus, the implementation of battle rope conditioning for an exercise regimen should be considered.
... The change in the external load proposed by the authors of this study, resulting from the changes in application of the motion speed substantially affects the changes in the activity patterns and allows for the emphasis on the muscles driving the motor task. In this light, the EMG procedure used in the study represents a somehow innovative approach, but it is consistent with all the reasoning tendencies for this measurement methodology [28,29]. The strong point of the present study is the participants' high level of performance. ...
... In the sport performance field, besides conventional trunk muscles conditioning through exercises in supine, prone or lateral positions (McGill, 2002;Monfort-Pañego, Vera-Garcia, Sanchez-Zuriaga & Sarti-Martínez, 2009;Santana Vera-Garcia & McGill, 2007), trunk muscular power and speed strength is mainly trained through global actions in standing, for example, cable pulley exercises (press standing cable chop wood, overhead wire pulls, etc.), free weight exercises (squat one-armed kettlebell, kettlebell swing, etc.) or medicine-ball throw exercises (mainly overhead, side and chest medicine-ball throws) (McGill, 2006;Monfort-Pañego, Vera-Garcia, Sanchez-Zuriaga & Sarti-Martínez, 2009). In these actions, the core is central to the kinetic chains and an important structure in the transmission of forces between upper and lower limbs (Borghuis, Hof & Lemmink, 2008;Kibler, Press & Sciacia, 2006). ...
The objective of this study was to analyze trunk and shoulder muscle activation and lumbar spine kinematics of backward and forward phases during both isolated medicine-ball side throws, and medicine-ball side catch and throw sequences. Thirteen recreationally trained men performed three isolated medicine-ball side throws with 1 min rest between repetitions, and three medicine-ball side catch and throw sequences. Surface electromyography signals were collected bilaterally in seven trunk muscles and in the right side for anterior deltoid and pectoralis major. Spine kinematics were measured using an electromagnetic tracking instrument. The results showed that left external oblique and right anterior deltoid activations reached peak levels above 100% MVC during the forward phase highlighting their important role during side medicine-ball throwing. When both exercises were compared, the amplitude of the lumbar motion and the muscle activation in the backward phase were higher during the medicine-ball side catch and throw than in the medicine-ball side throw. According to these results, the medicine-ball side catch and throw is a high demanding plyometric exercise, which seems more appropriate for high performance throwing and striking athletes than for recreationally trained individuals. Suggestions to reduce back injury risk were provided.
... Other studies have utilized sEMG to compare which muscles experience the greatest excitation during different exercises (Santana et al., 2007; ...
Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a popular research tool in sports and rehabilitation sciences. Common study designs include the comparison of sEMG amplitudes collected from different muscles as participants perform various exercises and techniques under different loads. Based on such comparisons, researchers attempt to draw conclusions concerning the neuro- and electrophysiological underpinning of force production, and hypothesize about possible longitudinal adaptations, such as strength and hypertrophy. However, such conclusions are frequently unsubstantiated and unwarranted. Hence, the goal of this review is to discuss what can and cannot be inferred from comparative research designs as it pertains to both the acute and longitudinal outcomes. General methodological recommendations are made, gaps in the literature are identified, and lines for future research to help improve the applicability of sEMG are suggested.
... The change in the external load proposed by the authors of this study, resulting from the changes in application of the motion speed substantially affects the changes in the activity patterns and allows for the emphasis on the muscles driving the motor task. In this light, the EMG procedure used in the study represents a somehow innovative approach, but it is consistent with all the reasoning tendencies for this measurement methodology [28,29]. The strong point of the present study is the participants' high level of performance. ...
... In addition to traditional training methods, there are also commonly used training methods in today's training programs and fitness facilities. These are done on different platforms such as bosu ball, pilates ball and thera-band , Santana 2007 or with materials that are complement to open kinetic chain exercises using free weights. More recently, the suspension training system Pro Suspension Training System (TRX) has been added to this group of materials (Gaetz 2004, Holtzmann 2004. ...
The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of suspension training on agility and strength performance in elite male basketball players. The study was carried out on Demir İnşaat Büyükçekmece male U-21 basketball players who are the members of one of the U-21 teams of the Turkish Basketball Federation. 20 volunteer basketball players with age of 18,3 ± 0,3 years; the training ages of 6.5 ± 1.3 years; the lengths of 189.45 ± 7.3 cm; weights of 82.9 ± 7.8 kg and body mass index of 23 ± 1.3 were participated in the study. This group was used as both control and experimental group. Following their first tests, the group participating in the study continued their regular routine training for 6 weeks. After six weeks, the second measurements were taken. These measurements were also accepted as the last measurement of the group which was considered as the control group, while those measurements were accepted as the first measurement of the test group. Afterwards, suspension training (TRX) was performed twice a week right along with basketball training for 6 weeks. At the end of six weeks, the tests were repeated and the level of development of the test group was determined. In the study group, right and left hip flexility test, sitting down flexibility test, standing long jump test, vertical jump test, back and leg strength, T-test and 20-meter sprint tests were performed. The obtained data were analyzed in the SPSS program and descriptive statistics, Anova Test and Bonferroni correction were performed. As a result, there was a significant difference in hip flexion, jump, strength and agility tests (p <0.05). According to these results, suspension TRX training was found to have positive effects on elite male basketball players.
... Computing like regression and Big Data brings also new perspectives in the sciences of physical culture. The most important capabilities include: monitoring frequency of brainwaves before and after exercise, matching and optimization of the process of preparation adaptive system for exercise (for athletes) and detecting differences motivated psycho neuronal [15][16]. ...
... The efficiency of an exercise regarding neuromuscular activation can be measured by electromyography (EMG) (Santana, Vera-Garcia, & McGill, 2007). In addition, the interpretation of the EMG signal can be used to aid in the prescription of RT (Crispiniano et al., 2016). ...
This study compares the electromyographic response in the activation of the pectoralis major and anterior deltoid in bench press and pullover exercises. For this, ten male volunteers (23.9 ± 4.4 years of age, 73.3 ± 11.6 kg of body weight, 1.7 ± 0.1 meters, 14.0 ± 4.2% of body fat) with resistance training (>1 year) were measured. In a crossover fashion. All volunteers performed the exercises with 70% of one maximum repetition until failure. An electromyographic comparison was performed between the bench press and pullover exercises, where the pectoralis major and anterior deltoid muscles were monitored. There was no significant difference in pectoralis major activation between the two exercises (384.8 ± 220.6 vs. 232.5 ± 175.3 RMS, p = 0.131). There was a significantly higher activation of AD in bench press exercise (666.9 ± 191.0 vs. 63.5 ± 19.8 RMS, p<0.001). In conclusion, for training the anterior trunk, the bench press showed to be more advantageous compared to the pullover exercise, bench press results in a higher activation of the anterior deltoid muscle fibers and similar activation in the pectoralis major.
... In addition, a strong relationship has been observed between trunk muscle function and functional ability in older adults (Suri, Kiely, Leveille, Frontera, & Bean, 2011). Thus, HS and BP exercises were selected since trunk muscles are more activated in standing free-weight exercises compared with weight machines in which the trunk is resting on the backrest (Santana, Vera-Garcia, & McGill, 2007), and also because they mimic real actions that take place in daily living, such as chair rising or lifting an object to place it on an overhead shelf, respectively. ...
Efectos a corto y largo plazo del entrenamiento de alta intensidad en pacientes EPOC octogenarios
... Other studies have utilized sEMG to compare which muscles experience the greatest excitation during different exercises (Santana et al., 2007; ...
Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a popular research tool in sport and rehabilitation sciences. Common study designs include the comparison of sEMG amplitudes collected from different muscles as participants perform various exercises and techniques under different loads. Based on such comparisons, researchers attempt to draw conclusions concerning the neuro- and electrophysiological underpinning of force production and hypothesize about possible longitudinal adaptations, such as strength and hypertrophy. However, such conclusions are frequently unsubstantiated and unwarranted. Hence, the goal of this review is to discuss what can and cannot be inferred from comparative research designs as it pertains to both the acute and longitudinal outcomes. General methodological recommendations are made, gaps in the literature are identified, and lines for future research to help improve the applicability of sEMG are suggested.
... They found a stable recruitment pattern between muscles involved in the movement and stabilizing muscles. It has been shown that stabilizing forces are generated by the trunk muscles' activity shortly prior the prime muscles activation (16,36). In the light of these findings, it is reasonable to comprehend why trunk stability is related to the landing A C C E P T E D mechanics and supports the approach of integrated kinetic chain control analysis in this cohort. ...
Sports injuries and athletic performance are complex areas, which are characterized by manifold interdependencies. The landing error scoring system (LESS) is a valid screening tool to examine bilateral jump-landing mechanics. Whereas, the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) items are thought to operationalize flexibility and motor behaviour during low intense bodyweight patterns. The aim of the study was to explore possible interdependency of the diagnostic information of these screening tools. 53 athletes (age 23.3±2.1 yrs.) were tested in a sport scientific lab. In detail, 31 professional soccer players (3 Division) and 22 collegiate athletes were studied. Linear, partial correlational and cluster analysis were performed to examine possible trends. Generally, the sportsmen achieved a LESS score of 6.6±2 and a jumping height of 37±7.8cm. Partial correlational analysis indicates that trunk control (r=0.4; p<0.01) is moderately related to landing mechanics, which in turn was negatively related on LESS height (r=-0.67, p<0.01). In addition, clustering showed by trend, that a higher active straight leg raise (ASLR) score is related to better landing mechanics (ASLR score 1: LESS 6.9±1.8; n=15 vs. ASLR score 3: LESS 5.6±2.1; n=10). On the task-specific level, jump-landing mechanics were directly related to jumping performance in this cohort with poor mechanics. On unspecific analysis level, kinetic chain length (ASLR) and trunk control has been identified as potential moderator variables for landing mechanics, indicating that these parameter can limit landing mechanics and ought to be optimized within the individual´s context. A potential cognitive strategy shift from internal (FMS) to external focus (LESS) as well as different muscle recruitment patterns are potential explanations for the non-significant linear relationship between the FMS and LESS data.
... Skeletal muscles are the primary actuator of the movement and are a real biological system designed to produce mechanical force and cause movement. According to various authors [8,9,10,11], an analysis of the internal structure (the level and duration of electrical activity) of the four main muscles involved in flat bench pressing indicates that activity in the descent phase is much smaller than that in the ascent phase. In our study, this was confirmed only by the bodybuilder's results. ...
Introduction. In sport technique studies, motion features can be useful as they have a certain defined measure [1]. In this work, we examined the following three features: the structure of the movement (all the characteristics of the movement), the fluency of the movement, and the rhythm of the movement. The aim of the study was to determine the usefulness of the selected movement features in the evaluation of the flat bench press. The protocol of the study included a flat bench press with free weights and a “touch-and-go” technique. Material and methods. The study involved twenty healthy men; however, only two were selected for analysis. The first subject was a 25-year-old powerlifter (body mass = 95 kg; body height = 182 cm; 1-RM in flat bench press = 145 kg). The second one was a 25-year-old bodybuilder (body mass = 77 kg; body height = 175 cm; 1-RM in flat bench press = 100 kg). The subjects performed consecutive sets of a single repetition of flat bench pressing with an increasing load (70, 80, 90, and 100% 1-RM, with the anticipated maximum weight), until the completion of one repetition maximum. Multidimensional movement analysis was made with the measuring system Smart-E (BTS, Italy), which consisted of six infrared cameras (120 Hz) and a wireless module to measure muscle bioelectric activity (Pocket EMG). Results. It was demonstrated that the internal structure of the bench press performed by the bodybuilder and the powerlifter was different. As the time-history of barbell kinematics (the acceleration-time curve) showed, with increased loading of the barbell, the rhythm of the flat bench press changed, and the fluidity of the movement worsened.
... Teixeira et al. (2011) accomplished 3 sets of 20 repetitions at 50% 1RM on 6 resistance exercises machines, and vagal modulation, measured via LnHF, dropped by 43.5%. It is possible that greater activities of main (Escamilla et al. 2001), agonist (McCaw andFriday 1994), and stabilizing (Santana et al. 2007) muscle groups using higher load, free weights, and/ or multiple resistance exercises in protocols, might lead to greater reduction in vagal modulation compared to low-load resistance exercise with BFR (Okuno et al. 2014). However, it is not surprising that our results demonstrate a significant decrease in vagal modulation compared with other aforementioned studies even though our participants underwent only one free-weight resistance exercise at a lower load with BFR. ...
... Depending on anthropometric variables and movement technique, muscular activity patterns vary during the BP, but researchers agree that the 3 primary muscle groups involved during the BP include the pectoralis major (PM), anterior deltoid (AD), and triceps brachii (TB) (13,26,28). Although the analysis of muscular activity during the BP has been described extensively in the literature (13,19,20,24,29), research investigating the effects of PE during the BP is scarce. Only 2 studies have assessed muscle activity during the BP before and after PE: one study using 10 repetition maximum (RM) loads for the peck deck as a PE exercise (8) and the other using a 10RM load during the dumbbell fly exercise (2). ...
Pre-exhaustion (PE) has been applied in resistance training to manipulate the order of performing two resistance exercises, a single joint exercise to momentary exhaustion, followed by a multi-joint movement which includes the same muscle group. This method ensures greater recruitment of muscles or muscle groups in the multi-joint exercise to further increase muscle strength and overcome strength plateaus. The purpose of the present study was to investigate muscle activity by electromyography during high-intensity (95% of 1 repetition maximum) bench press (BP), before and after PE of the pectoralis major (PM), anterior deltoid (AD) and triceps brachii (TB) muscles in order to determine the effects of PE of the prime movers. Eight healthy athletes, experienced in resistance training, participated in the study. There were four sessions of the experiment. Session 1 was aimed at determination of one repetition maximum during a flat BP. Session 2, 3 and 4 consisted of performing a BP after PE of the muscles studied by the incline dumbbell fly, front deltoid raise, and lying triceps extension exercise. Peak concentric TB activation following TB PE (mean ± SD, 147.76 ± 18.6%) was significantly greater by ANOVA (η2=0.82, F=5.45, p=0.004) compared to peak TB activation (114.77 ± 19.4%) before TB PE. The statistical analysis for PM and AD did not show any significant differences. Coaches should not expect the usefulness of PE protocol to elicit higher PM or AD activity or fatigue, but they can use it to increase TB activity before high intensity BP exercise.
... Therefore, it is no surprise that in unstable conditions several studies reported maximal loads (far) below measured values in stable conditions. Sometimes this goes hand in hand with less activation in the target muscles [164,166,167,173,[178][179][180][181][182], and this could actually imply that activity in the core muscles has also been reduced [166,183]. If 1RM is determined in both conditions (stable vs. unstable surface) and training loads are extracted based on these measurements, the problem of light intensities becomes even more obvious. ...
Over the last two decades, exercise of the core muscles has gained major interest in professional sports. Research has focused on injury prevention and increasing athletic performance. We analyzed the guidelines for so-called functional strength training for back pain prevention and found that programs were similar to those for back pain rehabilitation; even the arguments were identical. Surprisingly, most exercise specifications have neither been tested for their effectiveness nor compared with the load specifications normally used for strength training. Analysis of the scientific literature on core stability exercises shows that adaptations in the central nervous system (voluntary activation of trunk muscles) have been used to justify exercise guidelines. Adaptations of morphological structures, important for the stability of the trunk and therefore the athlete’s health, have not been adequately addressed in experimental studies or in reviews. In this article, we explain why the guidelines created for back pain rehabilitation are insufficient for strength training in professional athletes. We critically analyze common concepts such as ‘selective activation’ and training on unstable surfaces.
... Thus, HS and BP exercises were selected since trunk muscles are more activated in standing free-weight exercises compared with weight machines in which trunk is resting on the backrest (Santana, Vera-Garcia, & McGill, 2007); and also because they mimic real actions that take place in the daily living, such as chair rising or lifting an object to place it on an overhead shelf, respectively. ...
To investigate the short and long time effects of concurrent strength and high intensity interval training (HIIT) on octogenarian COPD patients, nine males (age=84.2 ± 2.8 yrs, BMI=29.3 ± 2.3), with low to severe COPD level (2.1 ± 1.5 BODE index), underwent a supervised 9-week strength and HIIT exercise program. Training had a significant (P<0.05) impact on senior fitness test scores (23-45%), 30m walking speed (from 1.29 ± 0.29 to 1.62 ± 0.33 m/s), leg and chest press 1RM (38 and 45% respectively), maximal isometric strength (30-35%), and 6-minute walking test (from 286.1 ± 107.2 to 396.2 ± 106.5 m) and tended to increase predicted forced vital capacity by 14% (P=0.07). One year after the intervention all training-induced gains returned to their pre-intervention values except for the chest press 1RM (P<0.05). Short-term concurrent strength and HIIT training increases physical fitness in the oldest old COPD patients, and has potential long-term benefits.
Palmer, TG, and McCabe, M. The effect of a novel weight-supported kinetic chain resistance training program on proximal core muscular endurance, trunk-to-arm muscular power, and bat swing speed. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2130–2140, 2023—Muscular stability and muscular power at the proximal core segments of the pelvis, spine, and trunk are essential attributes in maximizing bat swing speed in the sport of softball. Weight-supported kinetic chain resistance training (WsKC) is a novel closed kinetic chain technique that provides synergistic multiplanar stressors to the proximal core segments via the lower and upper extremities while limiting joint compression and sheer forces throughout the kinetic chain. The aim of this study was to assess the effect a 7-week preseason WsKC program would have on an isometric muscular endurance plank, trunk-to-arm peak muscular power (TAPP), trunk-to-arm peak velocity (TAPV), and bat swing speed (BSS) compared with a traditional isotonic weight resistance training program. Twenty-seven female high school softball players (age = 16 years, height = 167.6 cm, body mass = 62.86 kg) were assigned in a blocked randomization to one of 2 groups: a standing weight-supported kinetic chain resistance training (WsT) group ( n = 13) or a pseudo-control traditional isotonic training (TT) group ( n = 14). The WsT group had significant improvements ( p < 0.05) for the isometric endurance plank ( p = 0.001), TAPP ( p = 0.002), TAPV ( p = 0.001), and BSS ( p = 0.02) compared with the TT group. The training effect size (ES) was large for the WsT group for all variables (ES = 1.0–7.4) and small to moderate for a majority of the TT variables (ES = 0.06–0.47). The simultaneous improvement in the isometric endurance plank, trunk-to-arm rotations, and BSS indicates that the WsKC contributed to subsequent improvements in BSS in high school softball players.
In the modern world, bullying is recognized as one of the main sociopsychological problems in the education system, including in sports. In Ukraine,
according to the UN, about a quarter of children have become victims of bullying
in schools and other educational institutions - this is the fourth indicator in the
world. Above are only Russia, Albania and Belarus. Bullying has acquired such
proportions that it has become impossible not to notice it. Scientists and the public
of many progressive countries have paid attention to this problem.
Today it is impossible to imagine the life of an active person without the use
of rowing machines. The simulator is used in gyms and fitness clubs, hospital
rehabilitation departments and the NASA astronaut-training center, army and
police gyms, on oilrigs in the North Sea and in thousands of homes and apartments.
Today there are 35 «dry rowing» Europe Championships and more than 120 in
the world. Active users are people of different age categories, and especially students.
Ukrainian students became active participants in rowing competitions on
«Concept-2». After all, the use of rowing machine is effective both in training
athletes and for recreational purposes, regardless of the time of year. «Concept-2»
has become an integral means of special and general physical training [1-3].
If walk into any Cross Fit box or weightlifting gym, and you’ll find the
rowing machine is virtually always occupied. That’s because smart trainees know
just how amazing it is as a «clean-up» workout after an intense weight training
session. Using a «Concept-2» is also great because it is low impact, meaning it is
great for people with injuries and bad knees.
Literature analysis showed that runners and triathletes also train on rowing
machines because it’s a low-impact and highly-adaptable form of exercise. The
studies of foreign scientists also show the effective use of the «Concept-2» for
training athletes in such sports as sailing, wrestling, judo, sports games and others
The volunteer movement is one of the main forms of social activity of
citizens around the world. Voluntary organizations officially exist in more than
175 countries. Volunteers take an active part in various social projects, including
sports and the Olympic movement.
149
The institution of volunteerism is widespread in many countries. This
movement originated in the USA, where already in the 19th century. Volunteers
ensured the functioning of various non-profit organizations. It is often said that it is
the volunteers who «make the Games». Early on, the organizing committees of the
Olympic Games launched programs allowing tens of thousands of people from all
backgrounds to ensure the smooth running of the Games [1].
In the first years of the Olympic movement, a minimal organizational
structure was created only thanks to the voluntary work of many people. This
process was parallel to the formation of federations for various sports and the
creation of sports clubs by the efforts of amateurs and the same volunteers.
Volunteering is based on free work that does not require payment. So, his
motives are not material encouragement, but satisfaction of social and spiritual
needs. Even though volunteers do not receive a salary for their work, they,
however; are provided with housing, clothing, food and receive pocket money.
The work of volunteers is usually reduced to various types of public works
(construction of roads, cleaning of territories), organization of socially useful
events (charity concerts, fundraising for the needy), individual non-material
assistance to individuals or organizations (disabled children, orphans, war veterans,
non-profit structures) etc.
The active introduction of innovative products and technologies into the
socio-economic system has become a key factor in economic development and
improving the quality of life of the population in modern conditions. Advanced
achievements of science and technology make it possible to widely introduce
innovative technologies in education and sport.
87
It is innovative technologies that can become a positive factor that will
improve the training of athletes, will contribute to the spread of the ideology of a
healthy lifestyle and meaningful leisure activities.
In modern science, there are many studies on the issues of innovation in
sports activities [1-2]. The last decades in the world and Ukraine there has been an
active development of rock climbing. 95 % of climbing sections in Ukraine are
sections in universities.
Climbing walls attracted the attention of students because with their help
you can not only improve your figure and tighten all muscle groups, but also get a
dose of adrenaline and great pleasure.
Research by scientists has shown that activities done during artificial wall
climbing have been causing positive development in problem solving skills and
perception levels of university students.
The creation of an interactive climbing wall has become an innovation
in education, which combines innovative technologies, educational tasks and
physical activity.
In the modern world, bullying is recognized as one of the main socio-
psychological problems in the education system, including in sports. In Ukraine,
according to the UN, about a quarter of children have become victims of bullying
in schools and other educational institutions - this is the fourth indicator in the
world. Above are only Russia, Albania and Belarus. Bullying has acquired such
proportions that it has become impossible not to notice it. Scientists and the public
of many progressive countries have paid attention to this problem.
70
Literary studies show that the greatest attention of scientists to the topic of
bullying is noted in the United Kingdom (124), Canada (77), Australia (74) and
Spain (56). Thе study [1] reveals that the University of Toronto (Canada) and
Beckett University (United Kingdom) being the most active educational
institutions in publishing papers related to harassment and bullying in sports. Their
study has demonstrated growth trajectory of harassment and bullying research in
sports since 2015. Research on harassment and bullying in sports is gaining
traction due to the involvement of academics and practitioners. Unfortunately
harassment and bullying in sports is an inseparable part of the lives of many
people, so efforts are needed to deal with and minimize the occurrence of these
acts on a larger scale.
Background
The three portions of the deltoid muscle (anterior, middle, and posterior) are primary movers of several strengthening exercises and their contribution to different exercises can be measured using surface electromyography.
Purpose
To systematically review studies that evaluated the activation of commonly used exercises and their variations.
Methods
A search was conducted in PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, Scopus and SciELO. Thirty-three studies met the inclusion criteria, evaluating at least one deltoid portion during conventional isotonic exercises (minimum load: 60% of one-repetition maximum or body weight) and reporting normalized values. Similar exercises were grouped, averaged, and ranked according to the resulting activation. Individual exercise variations were also ranked.
Results
For anterior deltoid, horizontal adductions (inclined) and horizontal adductions (horizontal) generated the greatest activation, while the inclined dumbbell fly was the individual exercise with greatest activation; for middle deltoid, abductions and horizontal abductions presented the greatest activation, with lateral raises associated with internal rotation being the exercises producing greatest activation. For posterior deltoid, pull-ups generated greatest activation, with the standard pull-up and the inverted row with a suspension device requiring the greatest individual exercise activation.
Conclusions
These findings can be useful for coaches and practitioners when choosing the most appropriate exercise for strengthening programs.
Context
Extreme conditioning programs (ECPs), such as CrossFit®, are a relatively new method of fitness with rapid growth in individuals with paraplegia. However, it is unknown if wheelchair users are at an additional risk of musculoskeletal injury during these exercises. Biomechanical characterization is necessary to determine the safety and efficacy of ECPs as an exercise modality for wheelchair users with paraplegia.
Objective
To characterize the three-dimensional (3-D) thorax and upper extremity joint kinematics of paraplegic wheelchair athletes during exercises commonly prescribed as part of ECPs.
Design
Observational study
Participants
Three male wheelchair athletes, average age of 37.1 ± 4.6 years, with spinal cord injury levels of T8, L2, and T10, with varying exercise experience.
Methods
3-D movement was acquired using motion capture during the performance of four exercises: battle ropes, sled pull, overhead press, and sledgehammer swing. A custom upper extremity inverse kinematics model was applied to compute 3-D joint angles.
Outcome Measures
3-D peak thorax, glenohumeral, elbow, and wrist joint angles and ranges of motion (ROM), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion.
Results
Large joint motions were required for the exercises, at times demanding extreme shoulder and/or wrist flexion and extension, abduction, and external rotation, which are concerning for injury risk in wheelchair users. Participants, however, were able to perform the exercises pain free.
Conclusion
These quantitative findings highlight that wheelchair athletes may be exposed to potentially injurious positions during common ECP exercises. These findings provide insight that may lead to improved clinical guidelines for prescription and training of exercise regimens, particularly involving ECPs, for wheelchair users.
Objective Numerous abdominal exercises with Swiss ball are used to improve core stability with strengthening
and rehabilitation goals. It is claimed that the stability exercises have a greater impact on core
muscle activation, but the validity of this claim is still in doubt. Moreover, there is no comprehensive
study on the comparison of the core muscles activity in different core stability exercises. Therefore, the
purpose of this study was to compare the Electromyography (EMG) activity of core muscles while performing
side plank on stable and unstable (Swiss ball) surfaces.
Methods Fifteen male students of Allameh Tabataba’i University were selected for the study based on
inclusion and exclusion criteria. The EMG activity of gluteus medius, rectus abdominis, external oblique,
and internal oblique muscles in subjects was recorded while performing side plank exercise on a fixed
surface and a Swiss ball (2 sets of 5 seconds with a 30-second rest interval).
Results There was a significant difference in the EMG activity of gluteus medius, external oblique and rectus
abdominis muscles between two conditions of with and without Swiss ball (P<0.05), but no significant
difference was observed in the EMG activity of internal oblique muscle (P>0.05).
Conclusion Side plank exercise on the unstable surfaces (Swiss balls) can cause changes in the EMG activity
of gluteus medius, rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles compared to when the exercise
is performed on stable surfaces, and highly involved the pelvic lumbar muscles effective in maintaining
core stability. Therefore, the use of side plank exercise on unstable conditions in a progressive program
with gradually increased intensity is recommended which can be effective in strengthening and applying
effective muscle contractions useful for core stability.
Heinecke, ML, Mauldin, ML, Hunter, ML, Mann, JB, and Mayhew, JL. Relationship of barbell and dumbbell repetitions with one repetition maximum bench press in college football players. J Strength Cond Res 35(2S): S66-S71, 2021-Dumbbell training to augment barbell training is gaining popularity. However, information is lacking that details the compatibility of strength and endurance between dumbbell and barbell performances in the same exercise. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to compare the similarity of muscular endurance performance between dumbbell and barbell exercises and to assess the accuracy of predicting one repetition maximum (1RM) barbell bench press from barbell and dumbbell repetitions to fatigue (RTF). College football players (n = 40) performed 1RM barbell bench press and RTF with a 90.9-kg barbell. On separate days, unilateral (45.5 kg) and bilateral dumbbell (90.9 kg) RTF were performed. Barbell RTF (13.8 ± 9.2) were significantly greater (effect size [ES] = 0.14) than bilateral dumbbell RTF (12.5 ± 9.5) but highly correlated (r = 0.96). Unilateral dumbbell RTF were significantly greater (ES = 0.13) for dominant hand (10.8 ± 10.1) than nondominant hand (9.5 ± 9.7) but highly correlated (r = 0.97). Prediction of 1RM barbell bench press was equally effective using a constant weight barbell (r = 0.90) or equivalent weight bilateral dumbbells (r = 0.87) with total errors of 7.3 and 8.2%, respectively. Barbell and dumbbell repetitions with equivalent weights place a similar demand on the upper-body musculature for training and testing purposes in football athletes.
The performance of ten elite powerlifters were analyzed in a simulated competition environment using three-dimensional cinematography and surface electromyography while bench pressing approximately 80% of maximum, a maximal load, and an unsuccessful supramaximal attempt. The resultant moment arm (from the sagittal and transverse planes) of the weight about the shoulder axis decreased throughout the upward movement of the bar. The resultant moment arm of the weight about the elbow axis decreased throughout the initial portion of the ascent of the bar, recording a minimum value during the sticking region, and subsequently increased throughout the remainder of the ascent of the bar. The electromyograms produced by the prime mover muscles (sternal portion of pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, long head of triceps brachii) achieved maximal activation at the commencement of the ascent phase of the lift and maintained this level essentially unchanged throughout the upward movement of the bar. The sticking region, therefore, did not appear to be caused by an increase in the moment arm of the weight about the shoulder or elbow joints or by a minimization of muscular activity during this region. A possible mechanism which envisages the sticking region as a force-reduced transition phase between a strain energy-assisted acceleration phase and a mechanically advantageous maximum strength region is postulated.
There is considerable demand for information on the effectiveness of various resistance exercises for improving physical performance, and on how exercise programs must match functional activities to produce the greatest performance gains (training specificity). Evidence supports exercise-type specificity; the greatest training effects occur when the same exercise type is used for both testing and training. Range-of-motion (ROM) specificity is supported; strength improvements are greatest at the exercised joint angles, with enough carryover to strengthen ROMs precluded from direct training due to injury. Velocity specificity is supported; strength gains are consistently greatest at the training velocity, with some carryover. Some studies have produced a training effect only for velocities at and below the training velocity while others have produced effects around the training velocity. The little, mainly isokinetic, evidence comparing different exercise velocities for improving functional performance suggests that faster exercise best improves fast athletic movements. Yet isometric exercise can improve actions like the vertical jump, which begin slowly. The rate of force application may be more important in training than actual movement speed. More research is needed into the specificity and efficacy of resistance exercise. Test populations should include both males and females of various ages and rehabilitation patients.
This study examined the relationship between 1-RM bench press performance and the 225-lb bench press reps-to-fatigue test. Using NCAA Div. II football players at a north central university (N = 98), this study found that the 225-lb bench press reps-to-fatigue test is a valid estimate of 1-RM performance in trained college football players (r = 0.96, p < 0.001) with a standard error of +/-10.8 lbs (4.9 kg). The estimation of 1-RM bench press performance was improved when repetitions were 10 or less (R2 = 0.85 vs. 0.76). Thus this study supported the validity of the 225-lb bench press reps-to-fatigue test as a submaximal estimate of 1-RM bench press performance in college football players who are familiar with the exercise and sufficiently conditioned to perform reps with 225 lbs.
(C) 1998 National Strength and Conditioning Association
The purpose of this study was to determine how well self-report (questionnaire=QR) and trained observer (checklist=OBS) data recording methods compared with more expensive video analysis (VID) for estimating various peak physical loading exposure variables on the low backs of 99 employees during work in an automobile assembly plant. The variables studied were L4/L5 spine compression and shear forces, L4/L5 moment, trunk angle, and hand load. Peak low back loads associated with the working postures of, and the applied loads on, each worker were estimated using a 2D biomechanical model that could accommodate inertial forces acting in various directions on the hands independently. Correlations between the VID and OBS methods were greater for each variable than between VID and QR methods, with ranges in coefficients from 0.6 to 0.8, and 0.1 to 0.4, respectively, giving a discouraging impression of the QR, and the OBS method to a lesser degree, for peak low back exposure assessment. Despite the better performance of OBS method for individuals, it was still only able to account for between 36% and 64% of the variance relative to the VID method. When all workers were considered as a single group, compression and shear forces, moment and hand load estimates were the same regardless of method used to collect the data. Self-reported trunk flexion was significantly greater than that reported by trained observers or on video (p<0.0001).Relevance to industry
A biomechanical model of the lumbar spine was used to calculate the effects of abdominal muscle coactivation on spinal stability.
To estimate the effects of abdominal muscle coactivation on lumbar spine stability, muscle fatigue rate, and lumbar spine compression forces.
The activation of human trunk muscles has been found to involve coactivation of antagonistic muscles, which has not been adequately predicted by biomechanical models. Antagonistic activation of abdominal muscles might produce flexion moments resulting from abdominal pressurization. Qualitatively, antagonistic activity also has been attributed to the need to stabilize the spine.
Spinal loads and spinal stability were calculated for maximum and submaximum (40%, 60% and 80%) efforts in extension and lateral bending using a previously published, anatomically realistic biomechanical model of the lumbar spine and its musculature. Three different antagonistic abdominal muscle coactivation patterns were imposed, and results were compared with those found in a model with no imposed coactivation.
Results were quantified in terms of the sum of cubed muscle stresses (sigma sigma m3, which is related to the muscle fatigue rate), the maximum compressive loading on the lumbar spine, and the critical value of the muscle stiffness parameter (q) required for the spine to be stable. Forcing antagonistic coactivation increased stability, but at the cost of an increase in sigma sigma m3 and a small increase in maximum spinal compression.
These analyses provide estimates of the effects of antagonistic abdominal muscle coactivation, indicating that its probable role is to stabilize the spine.
During muscle contraction, electrical activity necessarily precedes force output, yet models that utilize processed electromyograms sometimes predict force as preceding EMG under rapid ballistic loading conditions. The purpose of this study was to define the frequency response transfer function of the upper and lower erector spinae musculature, at different lengths and tensions, using rectified, low pass filtered EMG. This would enable accurate estimates of force from the processed electromyogram, specifically during impulsive contractions. Abdominal and erector spinae EMG were measured in synchrony with impulsive low back moments in five men. EMG signals were rectified and low pass filtered repeatedly with cut-off frequencies from 1 to 3 Hz at 0.5 Hz increments in order to quantify the frequency response. It was found that EMG signals processed through a simple, Butterworth low pass filter could not produce the measured force output without an additional time shift. These shifts were quantified by cross-correlating EMG and force with increments of 1 ms. In order to define the transfer function of EMG to force, optimal cut-off frequencies were selected two ways: quantitatively by searching for maximum cross correlations coefficients, and qualitatively. Results indicated that the frequency response of both the upper and lower erector spinae can be modelled with a cut-off frequency between 2 and 2.5 Hz and that these values are not significantly modulated by changes in muscle length or tension.
Currently, intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is thought to provide stability to the lumbar spine but the exact principles have yet to be specified. A simplified physical model was constructed and theoretical calculations performed to illustrate a possible intra-abdominal pressure mechanism for stabilizing the spine. The model consisted of an inverted pendulum with linear springs representing abdominal and erector spinae muscle groups. The IAP force was simulated with a pneumatic piston activated with compressed air. The critical load of the model was calculated theoretically based on the minimum potential energy principle and obtained experimentally by increasing weight on the model until the point of buckling. Two distinct mechanisms were simulated separately and in combination. One was antagonistic flexor extensor muscle coactivation and the second was abdominal muscle activation along with generation of IAP. Both mechanisms were effective in stabilizing the model of a lumbar spine. The critical load and therefore the stability of the spine model increased with either increased antagonistic muscle coactivation forces or increased IAP along with increased abdominal spring force. Both mechanisms were also effective in providing mechanical stability to the spine model when activated simultaneously. Theoretical calculation of the critical load agreed very well with experimental results (95.5% average error). The IAP mechanism for stabilizing the lumbar spine appears preferable in tasks that demand trunk extensor moment such as lifting or jumping. This mechanism can increase spine stability without the additional coactivation of erector spinae muscles.
Lifting dynamics and electromyographic activity were evaluated using a biomechanical model of spinal equilibrium and stability to assess cost-benefit effects of antagonistic muscle cocontraction on the risk of stability failure.
To evaluate whether increased biomechanical stability associated with antagonistic cocontraction was capable of stabilizing the related increase in spinal load.
Antagonistic cocontraction contributes to improved spinal stability and increased spinal compression. For cocontraction to be considered beneficial, stability must increase more than spinal load. Otherwise, it may be possible for cocontraction to generate spinal loads that cannot be stabilized.
A biomechanical model was developed to compute spinal load and stability from measured electromyography and motion dynamics. As 10 healthy men performed sagittal lifting tasks, trunk motion, reaction loads, and electromyographic activities of eight trunk muscles were recorded. Spinal load and stability were evaluated as a function of cocontraction and trunk flexion angle. Stability was quantified in terms of the maximum spinal load the system could stabilize.
Cocontraction was associated with a 12% to 18% increase in spinal compression and a 34% to 64% increase in stability. Spinal load and stability increased with trunk flexion.
Despite increases in spinal load that had to be stabilized, the margin between stability and spinal compression increased significantly with cocontraction. Antagonistic cocontraction was found to be most beneficial at low trunk moments typically observed in upright postures. Similarly, empirically measured antagonistic cocontraction was recruited less in high-moment conditions and more in low-moment conditions.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative importance of modelled peak spine loads, hand loads, trunk kinematics and cumulative spine loads as predictors of reported low back pain (LBP). BACKGROUND: The authors have recently shown that both biomechemical and psychosocial variables are important in the reporting of LBP. In previous studies, peak spinal load risk factors have been identified and while there is in vitro evidence for adverse effects of excessive cumulative load on tissue, there is little epidemiological evidence. METHODS: Physical exposures to peak and cumulative lumbar spine moment, compression and shear forces, trunk kinematics, and forces on hands were analyzed on 130 randomly selected controls and 104 cases. Univariable and multivariable odds ratios of the risk of reporting were calculated from a backwards logistic regression analysis. Interrelationships among variables were examined by factor analysis. RESULTS: Cases showed significantly higher loading on all biomechanical variables. Four independent risk factors were identified: integrated lumbar moment (over a shift), 'usual' hand force, peak shear force at the level of L(4)/L(5) and peak trunk velocity. Substituting lumbar compression or moment for shear did not appreciably alter odds ratios because of high correlations among these variables. CONCLUSIONS: Cumulative biomechanical variables are important risk factors in the reporting of LBP. Spinal tissue loading estimates from a biomechanical model provide information not included in the trunk kinematics and hand force inputs to the model alone. Workers in the top 25% of loading exposure on all risk factors are at about six times the risk of reporting LBP when compared with those in the bottom 25%. RELEVANCE: Primary prevention, treatment, and return to work efforts for individuals reporting LBP all require understanding of risk factors. The results suggest that cumulative loading of the low back is important etiologically and highlight the need for better information on the response of spinal tissues to cumulative loading.
This study evaluated the influence of cadence on the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) bench press test for predicting 1 repetition maximum (1RM) bench press test performance. Fifty-eight medical students (37 men, 21 women) were evaluated for anthropometric variables (age, height, weight, fat-free mass, and percent fat), 1RM bench press, and 2 cadence tests of muscular endurance performed at cadences of 30 and 60 repetitions per minute (reps.min(-1)). Each test was performed on a separate day, with 5 days rest in between. There was no significant difference among the number of repetitions performed at each cadence by men, whereas women performed significantly more repetitions at the slower cadence. Repetitions at either cadence were good predictors of 1RM bench press in both genders (men: 30 reps.min(-1), r(2) = 0.757, standard error of the estimate [SEE] = 8.0 kg; 60 reps.min(-1), r(2) = 0.884, SEE = 8.2 kg; women: 30 reps.min(-1), r(2) = 0.754, SEE = 3.1 kg; 60 reps.min(-1), r(2) = 0.816, SEE = 2.7 kg). The addition of anthropometric dimensions to the regression equations did not improve predictive accuracy. Using both fast and slow cadences, the YMCA bench press test can provide a valid estimation of 1RM performance in untrained young men and women.
The purpose of the study was to determine the accuracy of 11 prediction equations in estimating the 1 repetition maximum (1 RM) bench press from repetitions completed by collegiate football players (N = 69) using 225 lb. The demographic variables race, age, height, weight, fat-free weight, and percent body fat were measured to determine whether these variables increased the accuracy of the prediction equations; race was the most frequently selected variable in the regression analyses. The validity of the prediction equations was dependent upon the number of repetitions performed, i.e., validity was higher when fewer repetitions were completed. Explained variability of 1 RM was slightly higher for all 11 equations when demographic variables were included. A new prediction equation was also developed using the number of repetitions performed and the demographic variables height and fat-free weight.
This study examined ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and electromyography (EMG) during resistance exercise in recreational and novice lifters. Fourteen novice (age = 21.5 +/- 1.5 years) and 14 recreationally trained (age = 21.9 +/- 2.2 years) women volunteered to perform the bench press exercise at 60 and 80% of their 1 repetition maximum (1RM). RPE and EMG were measured during both intensities. Statistical analyses revealed that active muscle RPE increased as resistance exercise intensity increased from 60% 1RM to 80% 1RM (12.32 +/- 1.81 vs. 15.14 +/- 1.74). Integrated EMG also increased as resistance exercise intensity increased from 60% 1RM to 80% 1RM (in the pectoralis major; 98.62 +/- 17.54 vs. 127.98 +/- 29.02). No significant differences in RPE or EMG were found between novice and recreational lifters. These results indicate that RPE is related to the relative exercise intensity lifted as well as muscle activity during resistance exercise for both recreational and novice lifters. These results support the use of RPE as a method of resistance exercise intensity estimation for both types of lifters.
Designing Resistance Training Programs
- S J Fleck
- W J Kraemer
FLECK, S.J., AND W.J. KRAEMER. Designing Resistance Training Programs. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1997. pp. 213-236.
A formula for function
- V Gambetta
- M Clark
GAMBETTA, V., AND M. CLARK. A formula for function. Train. Cond. 8(4):
24-29. 1998.
Following a functional path
- V Gambetta
- And G Gray
GAMBETTA, V., AND G. GRAY. Following a functional path. Train. Cond.
5(2):25-30. 1995.
The biomechanics of resistance training
- E Harman
HARMAN, E. The biomechanics of resistance training. In: Essentials of
Strength Training and Conditioning. T. Baechly and R. Earle, eds.
Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2000. p. 52.
Ultimate Back Fitness and Performance
- S M Mcgill
MCGILL, S.M. Ultimate Back Fitness and Performance (3rd ed.). Waterloo, ON: Backfitpro, 2006.
Defining function training
- J C Santana
SANTANA, J.C. Defining function training. In: Functional Training:
Breaking the Bonds of Traditionalism. Boca Raton, FL: Optimum Performance Systems, 2000. p. 12.