Article

Rising Consumption of Meat and Milk in Developing Countries Has Created a New Food Revolution

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Abstract

People in developing countries currently consume on average one-third the meat and one-quarter of the milk products per capita compared to the richer North, but this is changing rapidly. The amount of meat consumed in developing countries over the past has grown three times as much as it did in the developed countries. The Livestock Revolution is primarily driven by demand. Poor people everywhere are eating more animal products as their incomes rise above poverty level and as they become urbanized. By 2020, the share of developing countries in total world meat consumption will expand from 52% currently to 63%. By 2020, developing countries will consume 107 million metric tons (mmt) more meat and 177 mmt more milk than they did in 1996/1998, dwarfing developed-country increases of 19 mmt for meat and 32 mmt for milk. The projected increase in livestock production will require annual feed consumption of cereals to rise by nearly 300 mmt by 2020. Nonetheless, the inflation-adjusted prices of livestock and feed commodities are expected to fall marginally by 2020, compared to precipitous declines in the past 20 y. Structural change in the diets of billions of people is a primal force not easily reversed by governments. The incomes and nutrition of millions of rural poor in developing countries are improving. Yet in many cases these dietary changes also create serious environmental and health problems that require active policy involvement to prevent irreversible consequences.

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... This extrapolation is based on the fact that in rich nations, even as a function of general wealth growth, meat consumption grows slowly overtime [99], especially in short time frames such as the one here. What increases, particularly as a function of trade at that time, is meat production for export, as meat and animal by-product demand in the developing world grows [100]. Given the fact that animal production is more capital-intensive [101,102] and that animal by-product consumption is also a function of rising "A" and "T," under IPAT assumptions, the overall results here indicate that the GATT AA may just have enabled nations to focus their agrarian competitive advantage strengths through market liberalization. ...
... As discussed, the growth in wealth resulted in higher consumption in food, particularly meat. In all nations, wealth and consumption significantly increased during that period [100]. However, in the developing world, GNI growth rates were much higher [106][107][108], as were compound annual growth rates (CAGR). ...
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This paper evaluates the impact of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade's Agreement on Agriculture (GATT AA) on outcomes outlined as its sustainability goals. They include adopting and sustaining agricultural practices to lower fertilizer pollution from nitrogen and phosphate, as well as to lower CO2 levels from vegetal and animal production. This study evaluates if these goals were met for those nations that joined the GATT AA. Applying an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework, we examine the change in levels of the specific pollutants specified in the GATT AA's Application of Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) provision for 101 countries for the time frame pre- and post- joining the GATT AA. The results suggest that wealthy GATT AA member nations were able to lower their integrated agrarian toxicity relatively more and mainly through increasing the imports of foodstuffs. The implication is that trade liberalization may have allowed richer nations to lower their pollution levels by importing rather than producing certain crops associated with relatively more toxic fertilization. Further investigation can analyze such findings in the context of changing assumptions of EKC and Ecologically Unequal Exchange theories.
... This complex process, with significant exceptions and differences both between countries (Deaton and Drèze, 2009;Langthaler, 2018;Presa and Román, 2022) and within countries (Medina-Albaladejo, Martínez-Carrión and Calatayud, 2023), has been referred to as the modern nutritional transition (Popkin, 1993). Historically, the nutritional transition first occurred in Europe and other high-income countries and subsequently in developing countries (Grigg, 1995;Delgado, 2003;Popkin, 2003;Cheng, Gao and Seale, 2015;Medina-Albaladejo and Calatayud, 2020). Therefore, global diets have tended to homogenise around the Western diet, which is high in saturated fats and sugars and low in fibre. ...
... Therefore, it would be the increase in productivity along the value chain that would induce greater consumption of products such as meat or milk. Regarding demand, the rise in per capita income in the Western countries following World War II, and subsequently in developing nations, along with the growth in population and urbanisation rates, would account for the surge in animal product consumption (Popkin, 1993;Delgado, 2003). ...
Article
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The nutritional transition, together with the demographic and epidemiological transitions, stands as one of the most crucial phenomena shaping societies in the 20th century. A prominent characteristic of the nutritional transition is the increased consumption of animal-origin protein, particularly meat. Within this context, the present article utilises Spain as a case study to provide a close examination of the nutritional transition during the latter half of the 20th century. Spain’s significance lies in its late but rapid development of this transition. In the 1960s, meat consumption was relatively low compared to other European countries; however, within just two decades, it surpassed that of many developed nations. On one hand, the article offers a detailed insight into how budget constraints were eased to foster meat consumption among various consumer groups. On the other hand, the study aims to quantify the influence of income, prices, and preferences in driving this process
... Some studies suggest that with an increase in urbanization comes an increase in food demand as there is a high demand for food in urban areas (Mendez & Popkin, 2004;Popkin, 1999). According to projections made by FAO in 2006, meat consumption will quadruple by 2050 as a result of rising income in developing nations and economic expansion (Delgado, 2003). Over the last 20 years, emerging economies have witnessed a livestock revolution owing to an increase in meat consumption, particularly meat from poultry (Delgado, 2003). ...
... According to projections made by FAO in 2006, meat consumption will quadruple by 2050 as a result of rising income in developing nations and economic expansion (Delgado, 2003). Over the last 20 years, emerging economies have witnessed a livestock revolution owing to an increase in meat consumption, particularly meat from poultry (Delgado, 2003). A study on China and India by Stage et al. (2010) reveals the impact of urbanization on food demand and argues that individuals in urban regions would likely have more money which could account for why they spend more on food. ...
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The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of urbanization on meat consumption in South Asian economies. To find the correlation between urbanization and meat consumption, we gathered data from Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Bank. The empirical results show that urbanization, inflation and meat production have a significantly positive impact on meat consumption. From a policy perspective, considering the connection between nutrition and economic growth, it would serve the government well to take an interest in nutrition and food consumption so as to improve the economic growth of the country.
... The global overall demand for meat is expected to double by 2050 (FAO, 2018a), due both to the growth of the world's population and an increase in per capita meat consumption (Henchion et al., 2014). The globalization of food systems, urbanization, the 'nutritional transition' of dietary patterns and the consumption of foods with higher animal protein content are all important factors accelerating the growth of meat consumption (Allievi et al., 2015;Delgado, 2003;Hawkesworth et al., 2010;Mathijs, 2015;Santini et al., 2017). ...
... Around 18.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions are produced by the agricultural industry, with 5.8% of global emissions coming from livestock and manure alone 7 . There is currently a high, and increasing, demand for animal products 2,[8][9][10] . However the negative environmental impacts of the production of greenhouse gases during digestion need to be mitigated, and to do this the efficiency of the ruminant digestive system needs to be optimised 2 . ...
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Ruminants play an important part in global food security, but also emit methane which contributes to global warming. Microbes in the rumen strongly influence the energy retention efficiency from the host's plant-based diet and produce methane as a by-product. While thousands of novel microbial genomes have been assembled from metagenome sequence data, their culturability is ill-defined. Here different media were used to isolate microbes from rumen fluid. 34 genera were grown, and the majority belonged to the phylum Bacillota (75.28% ± 6.34), Bacteroidota (19.99% ± 4.85), Pseudomonadota (2.46% ± 2.01), and Actinomycetota (2.09% ± 1.07). The most abundant genera were Selenomonas (28.08% ± 11.71), Streptococcus (22.67% ± 6.06), Prevotella (18.71% ± 4.02), and unclassified Lachnospiraceae (11.50% ± 2.54). When comparing the mean relative abundance of these genera between media, 31 were significantly enriched on at least one medium. The composition of the source rumen fluid was vastly different to those cultured. Bacteroidota (52.53% ± 5.10) predominated, with by Bacillota (41.00% ± 3.96), the archaeal Euryarchaeota (5.12% ± 1.94), Pseudomonadota (1.22% ± 0.78), and Actinomycetota (0.12% ± 0.08) comprising the rest. The most abundant genera were Prevotella (29.13% ± 4.16), Butyrivibrio (18.21% ± 2.08), Succiniclasticum (15.57% ± 5.03), unclassified Bacteroidetes (13.91% ± 1.67), and unclassified Prevotellaceae (9.50% ± 2.01). These data further emphasise the importance of using defined media to selectively enrich for different microbial taxa. This is essential to understand the complex workings of the rumen microbes to enhance digestion efficiency and reduce the loss of energy as methane.
... The nutritional transition in Iran during this time highlighted complex dietary changes. While meat consumption was prioritized [26], leading to increased iron intake, the reduced affordability of meat prompted a decrease in dairy, legume, and nut consumption [27,28]. Consequently, intake of key minerals such as Ca, Mg, Se, and K decreased in some pairs. ...
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Background This study aimed to assess possible changes in mineral intake correlation between family pairs over time. Mineral intake was measured using a food frequency questionnaire. Methods FCOR command of the Statistical Analysis for Genetic Epidemiology software was used to determine the correlation coefficients of minerals in relative pairs. Our first analysis was conducted on adults (n = 748) who had four complete dietary and familial data on the third to sixth surveys of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. In addition, we assessed respectively the 3-year, 6-year, and 9-year changes in mineral correlations among populations with n = 1773, n = 1672, and n = 1352 samples with two mineral intake measurements. Results Most of the mineral correlations among various pairs were found to be in the same direction in both four and two measurement analyses. Among the mother-daughter and brother-sister pairs, there was a decreasing correlation for all minerals over time. In father-daughter, we observed decreasing or regression to the mean of correlations. For father-son and spouse pairs, the correlations between minerals showed a decreasing trend or regression to the mean over time, whereas increased for sodium in the father-son and phosphorus in the spouse pair. For mother-son and brother-brother pairs, iron intake correlation increased and other minerals correlations generally showed a decreasing trend or regression to the mean. Among sister-sister pairs, the correlation of calcium and phosphorus decreased, however, the correlation of chromium, selenium, sodium, and potassium increased. Conclusion Our study revealed a decreasing trend in correlation or regression towards the mean over time for most minerals in family pairs.
... A surprising finding was that some meat-eating participants in Brazil had already previously tried to reduce their meat consumption. This was unexpected given that Brazil has been a major contributor to global growth in livestock-derived food demand (Bailey;Wellesley, 2014;Delgado, 2003;Pica-Ciamarra;Otte, 2011) and considering that meat consumption remains high and on an increasing trajectory in Brazil (FAO, 2023;OECD, 2021). This was less surprising in the UK sample, given increasing evidence of stagnating and even reduced meat consumption K over the last decade (Benson et al., 2019;Defra, 2023). ...
Article
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There is a growing literature on meat consumption and reduced meat diets, given the negative impacts of meat on the environment. However, much of the literature has focussed on global North countries, limiting cross-cultural generalisability and overlooking the role of cultural differences in motivating food choices. The present paper provides a cross-cultural comparison of the motivations for meat consumption and vegetarianism in Brazil and the United Kingdom. This was done by conducting a total of 63 semi-structured interviews with meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans in Brazil (n = 41) and the UK (n = 22). The data was analysed thematically and the findings were compared across the participant samples. The findings showed that meat consumption was similarly motivated and justified in each country through the 4 N’s of justification for meat consumption. However, participants’ experiences of reducing meat consumption varied between the two countries, influenced by distinct motivations, aversions, and constraints. In the UK, price served as a motivation for choosing meatless meals, whereas in Brazil it acted as a constraint to reducing meat consumption. Additionally, in the UK, disgust was identified as a significant aversion particularly towards eating parts of meat that visibly resembled the animal of origin — a sentiment not observed in the Brazilian sample. Lastly, while environmental concerns were not a primary reason for adopting a plant-based diet in either country, they often became a significant motivator for maintaining it after dietary change.
... Özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde değişen tüketim alışkanlıkları ve demografik büyümeye bağlı olarak süt ve et gibi hayvansal ürünlere olan talep hızla artmıştır (Nin ve ark., 2007;Beghin, 2006). Hızla artan bu taleplerin karşılanması için ise dünya genelinde hayvancılıkta devrim niteliğinde birçok destekleme faaliyetlerinin yapılması gerektiği ifade edilmektedir (Delgado, 2003;Srairi ve ark. (2011). ...
Chapter
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In periods when economies were predominantly based on agricultural activities, rural populations were higher than urban populations in all societies. The economic transformation brought about by industrialization has spatially and structurally changed the population of our country, leading to a gradual decrease in the rural population. The primary reason for internal migration in our country is cited as the regional development disparity, or the existence of a dual structure. The presence of the dual structure, along with the push factors of rural areas, the driving forces, and the pull factors of urban areas, has accelerated population movement, causing a population shift from underdeveloped (without potential for development) areas to developed (with potential for development) areas. Thus, the internal parameters leading to a decrease in the rural population, i.e., migration, include demographic structure, geographic location and climate, agricultural production infrastructure, employment and labor force structure, and the level of access to social and physical infrastructure services. External parameters include employment opportunities arising from increased demand for low-skilled labor in urban areas, the expectation of higher income, better living conditions, improved accessibility due to the development of information and transportation infrastructure, and the higher quality of basic public services. Therefore, in our country, agricultural employment has decreased due to migration, and women’s employment has also declined proportionally. In this context, the study aims to reveal the level of economic participation of rural women involved in agricultural production activities.
... The global demand for meat, eggs, fish, and dairy products is constantly growing [1]. Several strategies have been developed to increase livestock farm production. ...
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p>Colistin is one of the most widely used antibiotics in the animal sector and is frequently used as an animal growth promoter. Colistin, is also the last resort for treatment of human infections caused by carbapenem-resistant bacteria. Its intensive and systematic use may have led to the occurrence and spread of colistin-resistant bacteria in animals and humans. As the discovery of new antibiotics is rare, preserving the activity of colistin has become a priority for public health authorities. Monitoring of global prevalence, mechanisms driving colistin resistance, reservoirs, and mobile genetic elements carried by colistin-resistant bacteria are essential steps in the fight against the rise of colistin-resistant bacteria. In this mini-review, we conducted a literature review on phenotypic and genotypic colistin resistance in animals and evaluated the genetic relatedness of colistin-resistant plasmids and bacteria found in animals and humans. According to phylogenetic analysis of mcr -producing bacteria genomes, it seems that there is indeed a transmission of mcr-8.1 -producing bacteria between humans and animals, animals and animals, and between humans and humans.</p
... The global demand for meat, eggs, fish, and dairy products is constantly growing [1]. Several strategies have been developed to increase livestock farm production. ...
Article
Full-text available
p>Colistin is one of the most widely used antibiotics in the animal sector and is frequently used as an animal growth promoter. Colistin, is also the last resort for treatment of human infections caused by carbapenem-resistant bacteria. Its intensive and systematic use may have led to the occurrence and spread of colistin-resistant bacteria in animals and humans. As the discovery of new antibiotics is rare, preserving the activity of colistin has become a priority for public health authorities. Monitoring of global prevalence, mechanisms driving colistin resistance, reservoirs, and mobile genetic elements carried by colistin-resistant bacteria are essential steps in the fight against the rise of colistin-resistant bacteria. In this mini-review, we conducted a literature review on phenotypic and genotypic colistin resistance in animals and evaluated the genetic relatedness of colistin-resistant plasmids and bacteria found in animals and humans. According to phylogenetic analysis of mcr -producing bacteria genomes, it seems that there is indeed a transmission of mcr-8.1 -producing bacteria between humans and animals, animals and animals, and between humans and humans.</p
... These studies empirically demonstrate that livestock and associated ASF can provide food or income, supporting food security and improved economic independence ( 49 ). It is well recognized that as income rises, populations increase consumption of ASF ( 50 ), which is also associated with progression from nutritional deficiency diseases to diseases of nutritional excess ( 51 ). Covariation among these factors suggests that much like what was discussed for food security goals, there likely exists a low to moderate level of ASF supply to support affordability while minimizing risk of over-and undernutrition. ...
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Reduced consumption of animal-sourced food (ASF) has been recommended for environmental and human health objectives; however, ASF can be important for food security and diet affordability. We explored country-level relationships among various metrics of food supply, socioeconomic context, food security, diet affordability, and agricultural greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) to characterize how optimal inclusion ranges for ASF vary with socioeconomic factors and food system goals. Data from 2015 to 2022 for 153 countries were sourced to generate Bayesian Networks representing relationships among the studied food system metrics. Networks were used in simulations to characterize optimal ASF inclusion to achieve environmental, food security, or diet affordability goals based on individual country data. Results are most appropriately interpreted in aggregate rather than as representations of specific countries due in large part to data limitations. Across countries simulated, median total ASF inclusion in the food supply to support food security, GHGe, or affordability objectives was 18.2% ± 12.1%, 11.9% ± 6.8%, and 17.6% ± 8.5%, respectively. Joint optimization for these goals resulted in median ASF inclusion of 15.1% ± 7.2%, with notable regional differences. Although ASF increases were supported in most developing regions, decreases were supported in developed countries. The reported SD in optimal ASF inclusion were considerable, and represented between-country variation. Empirical relationships of food categories to goals consistently favored dairy and egg products over meats. These results support previous literature highlighting the environmental intensity of ASF, but also indicate that moderate ASF supplies contribute to multiple food system goals simultaneously.
... Global pasture area increased in the 1990s (Figure 1c). During the 1990s, many developing countries experienced considerable economic growth, leading to higher income and thus increased consumption of meat and dairy products (Delgado 2003). The wave of trade liberalization in the 1990s, including the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), facilitated the global trade of agricultural products (Imbruno 2016;Kennedy and Rosson 2002). ...
Article
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Anthropogenic activities have altered approximately two‐thirds of the Earth's land surface. Urbanization, industrialization, agricultural expansion, and deforestation are increasingly impacting the terrestrial landscapes, leading to shifts of areas in artificial surface (i.e., humanmade), cropland, pasture, forest, and barren land. Land use patterns and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions play a critical role in global climate change. Here we synthesized 29 years of global historical data and demonstrated how land use impacts global GHG emissions using structural equation modeling. We then obtained predictive estimates of future global GHG emissions using a deep learning model. Our results show that, from 1992 to 2020, the global terrestrial areas covered by artificial surface and cropland have expanded by 133% and 6% because of population growth and socioeconomic development, resulting in 4.0% and 3.8% of declines in pasture and forest areas, respectively. Land use was significantly associated with GHG emissions (p < 0.05). Artificial surface dominates global GHG emissions, followed by cropland, pasture, and barren land. The increase in artificial surfaces has driven up global GHG emissions through the increase in energy consumption. Conversely, improved agricultural management practices have contributed to mitigating agricultural GHG emissions. Forest, on the other hand, serves as a sink of GHG. In total, global GHG emissions increased from 31 to 46 GtCO2eq from 1992 to 2020. Looking ahead, if current trends in global land use continue at the same rates, our model projects that global GHG emissions will reach 76 ± 8 GtCO2eq in 2050. In contrast, reducing the rates of land use change by half could limit global GHG emissions to 60 ± 3 GtCO2eq in 2050. Monitoring and analyzing these projections allow a better understanding of the potential impacts of various land use scenarios on global climate and planning for a sustainable future.
... Proteins are widely acknowledged to have a substantial impact on maintaining a healthy aging process. However, the cost of proteins continues to rise daily (Delgado, 2003). ...
Chapter
Food processing and pharmaceutical sectors have been paying close attention to plant-derived protein because of its many benefits over animal-derived protein. These benefits encompass a reduced likelihood of infection and contamination, fewer limitations on dietary preferences influenced by culture and religion, and the capacity to cater to vegetarian consumers, along with their affordability and adaptability. Vegetables and fruits comprise a broad spectrum of plant-based foods that differ significantly in terms of their calories and nutritional content. Fruits and vegetables also contain dietary fiber, which is scientifically linked to a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and obesity. Vegetables and fruits not only provide essential vitamins and minerals, but also contain beneficial compounds with anti-inflammatory, phytoestrogenic, and antioxidant properties, among other protective effects.
... Meat consumption in developing countries has been continuously increased (Delgado, 2003). Intake of protein derived from animal origin represents only 27% of prot ein consumption in Libya (FAO, 2005) versus 62% in the United States of America (Pasiakos, 2015). ...
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يعد الحمام أحد أنواع الدواجن البديلة الممكنة لإنتاج اللحوم. خصائص الذبيحة في فراخ الحمام المحلي الليبي لم يتم توصيفها من قبل. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى وصف مبدئي لخصائص ذبيحة فراخ الحمام المحلي وتركيبها الكيميائي. أجريت الدراسة على ستة فراخ من سلالة الحمام المحلية الليبية تتراوح أعمارها بين (28-40 يومًا). منعت الطيور من الطعام والشرب لمدة 12 ساعة ووزنت (الوزن الحي)، ثم ذبحت ونزع ريشها باستخدام ماء ساخن (85 درجة مئوية) و أزيلت أحشاءها الداخلية وسجل وزن الذبيحة. بلغ متوسط الوزن الحي ووزن الذبيحة المنزوعة الأحشاء 283.38 و 207.81 جرام، على التوالي. كانت نسبة التصافي 73.36٪. يمثل الصدر والرجل (الفخذ + عصا الطبال) أعلى القطعيات: 34.91٪ و 5.82٪ من وزن الذبيحة، على التوالي. كانت نسبة اللحم إلى العظم في قطعيات الصدر والفخذ والجناح والظهر 10.55 و 5.49 و 3.12 و 3.16 على التوالي. كان محتوى لحم الفراخ من الرطوبة والبروتين الخام والدهن الخام والرماد 67.01 و 21.72 و 8.78 و 1.19٪، على التوالي. بناءً على النتائج المتحصل عليها من الدراسة الحالية، يمكن أن يشكل لحم الحمام أحد أنواع لحوم الدواجن البديلة في سوق لحوم الدواجن المحلي.
... Nonalcoholic acidic beverages like soda are heavily consumed (50 gallons/person and 34% of world adult population) across the globe and are therefore specially addressed by various WHO dietary directives [17,18,19]. Milk and lactose product consumptions have seen a substantial rise since 2003 with an estimated 57% of developing nation populations consuming milk in 2020 [20]. Surveys from the UK and the USA suggest that 48%-90% of the population consume caffeine in some form, usually tea or coffee [21,22,23]. ...
Article
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Purpose. To evaluate the influence of edible liquids on the characteristic properties of 3D printable materials compared to conventionally used dental resin acrylic. Method. Dental polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) specimens were fabricated from preformed molds while polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) specimens were 3D printed using fused deposition modelling at 0.1 mm layer thickness. All specimen forms adhered to ISO 37:2017 and ISO 604:2002 specifications. Specimens underwent controlled immersion for 180 hr into different media (no immersion (control), oil, soda, milk, and caffeine). Changes in mass (g), plastic deformity (N/mm²), ultimate tensile stress (N), flexural deformity (N/mm²), and break force (N) were evaluated using analysis of variance. Results. There was an increase in mass for all specimens following immersion with significant interactions between immersion media and the materials. The materials exhibited significant differences in plastic deformity (F (df) = 156.632(2), P <0.001), ultimate tensile stress (F (df) = 109.521(2), P <0.001), and break force (F (df) = 319.785 (2), P <0.001) with no significant interactions with immersion media (P>0.05) on both accounts. Materials showed no significant differences in flexural deformity (F (df) = 2.693(2), P=0.074) but with significant interactions (F (df) = 4.984(8), P <0.001) between acrylic and immersion media. Conclusion. Commercially available 3D printable PLA and PETG filaments printed at 0.1 mm thickness possess approximately half the mechanical resilience as dental PMMA with comparable flexural deformity after exposure to edible liquids.
... there is still an immense opportunity to reduce poverty through livestock production (Peden et al., 2003). Milk and meat consumption has been growing over time (Delgado, 2003) and the demand also rises with the opportunity for employment generated (Patel et al., 2016), which might tend to alleviate poverty in rural areas of the Global south. 'Farm type' is a significant variable of the study which could reduce the risk of being poor, if the household practices only one crop on a commercial basis. ...
Article
Even though poverty is a social and economic phenomenon, it is nonetheless important to investigate the multidimensional character of poverty in the Global South. Hence, this study is an effort to determine the multidimensional poverty status in rural Bangladesh, decompose poverty, and investigate risk factors for poverty. To achieve the goal, primary data were collected from 350 rural farm households through the random sampling technique. The Alkire-Foster (A-F) method of multidimensional poverty estimation was applied considering four dimensions of deprivation. It was found that 11% of rural households were multidimensionally poor, whereas the multidimensional headcount of poor was 23% and their average intensity of poverty was 47%. When their poverty was decomposed, it was evidenced that the standard of living dimension has the highest contribution among the four dimensions to poverty. The result from ‘indicator-wise decomposition’ found that job seeking was the highest contributing indicator to poverty followed by school dropout and type of cooking fuel. A binomial logit regression model was used to explore the risk factors of poverty. Regression results revealed that larger household size has significantly increased the risk while, more income-earning persons, ownership of large livestock, and crop farming could significantly reduce the risk of poverty in rural farm households. The study findings could be used to implement a sustainable poverty reduction strategy. Also, the contextual factors need to be considered in poverty estimation and policy intervention should be implemented in such a way where the contribution of the dimensions and indicators of poverty get prime focus.
... Significant shifts in livestock food demand, combined with increases in consumption of milk products over time have led to a general increase in meat and dairy consumption in India in recent years. Aggregate milk consumption in India has almost doubled between the early 1980s and the late 1990s, which, in 2006, represented 13 per cent of the world's total milk consumption, and 31 per cent of milk consumption in all developing countries (Delgado, 2003). In addition to this, butter consumption is expected to increase by over 3 per cent in India from 2008 to 2017 (Saunders, 2009 However, the influence of India's religious affiliations (with an approximate 80 per cent Hindu population) means that Indian consumers have never typically exhibited evidence of high meat or dairy consumption of particular commodity types. ...
Technical Report
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New Zealand relies heavily on export markets for economic success. There is thus value in ensuring that New Zealand producers are aware of any likely and important trends on the global food market that may assist in maximising export value. One such trend is the recent market demand for sustainability credentials in food products, particularly in Western markets. This has been reflected at both a government and industry/retailer level as policy and legislation have been adjusted or enhanced to suit potential shifts in consumer demand for sustainability attributes in food products. In recent times, New Zealand exporters have sought alternative markets to increase returns for their products. Currently, two major potential markets identified for New Zealand export success are inherent in two of the world’s fastest-growing economies – China and India. There is also some indication that similar demands for sustainability credentials in food products may be developing amongst affluent consumers in these markets.
... Ali, 2007;Ramachandran, 2007). That milk consumption has increased with urbanization and a rise in incomes aligns with trends in China and many low-and middle-income countries (Delgado, 2003;Wiley, 2011). For India's large vegetarian population, milk and milk products are especially important as they are one of the few sources of animal protein in their diet (Kumar et al., 2014;Ramachandran, 2007). ...
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Spurred by rising incomes and urbanization, the “nutrition transition” in India has led to many dietary changes, including an increase in per capita milk consumption, which has quadrupled since 1970. We examine how changing preferences for milk are shaping consumer demand and the rise in dairy consumption. We focus on urban dairying and milk alternative food networks (AFNs), in which farmers sell directly to consumers. To better understand milk AFNs, we interviewed consumers (n = 95) and dairy farmers (n = 62) in urban (within 15 km) and peri‐urban (15–30 km) areas of the south Indian megacity Bengaluru. Consumers were grouped by location and the type of milk they purchase. Dairy farmers were grouped based on their farm distance to the city center and the breed of cattle they rear: indigenous (Bos indicus) or crossbred (Bos indicus × Bos taurus). We found that demand for farm‐fresh milk is driven by concerns for freshness, quality, and health. In our sample, urban dairy farmers are producing more milk and more frequently cite dairying as their sole or primary source of income compared to peri‐urban farmers. The role of milk AFNs is thus two‐fold: they allow consumers to know the origins of their milk, and they provide a marketing channel for farmers in the absence of urban dairy cooperatives. While urbanization tends to push dairying to peri‐urban and rural areas, the consumer demand for farm‐fresh milk, as well as the cultural and religious significance of the cow in India, is prolonging their presence in Indian cities.
... This need for low-cost livestock products was met with the subsequent rise of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in the United States (US) [3,[9][10][11]. In the US, CAFOs are characterized by confining large numbers of livestock within a facility or feedlot to achieve high efficiency and turnover rates [10,12]. For the purposes of this study, we use the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) definition of a CAFO, which confines livestock for at least 45 days a year 2 and holds 1,000 beef cattle, 125 thousand chickens, 82 thousand hens, 2,500 swine, or 700 dairy cattle. ...
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More than 400 million tons of livestock waste are generated annually by approximately 25,000 concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) located in the United States (US). These operations give rise to externalities, including adverse local and global health impacts from CAFO waste emissions, which can potentially outweigh their economic viability. However, a shortage of evidence synthesis research on US-based CAFO emissions may hinder effective policy development. This scoping review (ScR) study, conducted following guidance from the Joanna Briggs Institute, searched databases including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and Embase in May 2020, yielding ten publications meeting inclusion criteria. Results suggest possible CAFO worker exposures to multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA), campylobacteriosis and cryptosporidiosis. Communities near CAFOs experienced higher rates of adverse health impacts compared to those in non-CAFO areas, with patterns suggesting proximity may correlate with increased odds of detrimental health effects. Implicit global health threats include Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), MDRSA, campylobacteriosis, tuberculosis, and cryptosporidiosis. These studies provide foundational insights into CAFO proximity, density patterns, and adverse public health effects, indicating a need for evidence-informed environmental health policies to minimize local and global risks.
... However, the considerable reduction in smoking happened even without being motivated by any ethical and environmental concerns, while the average meat-eater remains conservative in terms of nutrition style. Opposite to developed countries, eating meat in developing countries is associated with higher social status and income (Delgado, 2003), which weakens income as a driver for lower meat consumption. Average meat-eaters stimulate meat production and revenues (FAOSTAT, 2022a(FAOSTAT, , 2022b and can still argue for tradition and the under-investigation of alternatives; however, they struggle to defend excessive meat-eating from health, ethical, environmental, cultural and even sexual perspectives (e.g. ...
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Purpose This study aims to test Singer’s suggestion that ‘over the next 20 years meat could follow smoking into disrepute” using the findings of the recent literature on meat consumption, education and smoking and data from consumers in Switzerland in 1990–2017. Design/methodology/approach We hypothesise that meat consumption in developed countries has increasingly shifted to people with less education, as has been observed for smoking in previous studies. Using trend analysis by regressions, we describe the consumption dynamics of nine sorts of meat in Switzerland and estimate meat consumption trends for populations with and without university education separately. Findings Our results partly confirm the hypothesis. Less educated households consume more non-fish meat per person than households with at least one member educating or having finished education at university. For most categories of meat, the relative decline in consumption has been significantly higher for households in which at least one person holds a university education. Originality/value Our study contributes to the studies on sociology of meat eating and suggests paying more attention to risks related to meat consumption and to awareness of the population about these risks. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-05-2023-0335
... Researchers have recognized that income allocation, including food, durable consumer goods, and investments in human capital such as education, healthcare, and marriage, represents various forms of investment expenditures (Hassan & Babu, 1991). This has spurred interest in studying food consumption patterns, particularly in developing nations where food consumption policies hold significant importance (Delgado, 2003;Kearney, 2010;Zezza et al., 2017). Notably, disparities in food consumption among households are influenced by factors like individual preferences, food pricing, availability, and resource constraints (Humphries et al., 2017). ...
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The ongoing conflict and economic deterioration have led to acute food insecurity for a significant proportion of the Sudanese population, as the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) shows. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of food insecurity in Sudan, focusing on consumption patterns and their impacts, using the IPC assessment framework. It is estimated that a significant number of people are currently in an emergency, while another large proportion is categorized under less severe but still extreme levels of hunger. In this study, we examine the multifaceted nature of food insecurity in Sudan, considering its historical, political, economic, and social dimensions. Consumption patterns and trends were analyzed, reflecting cultural influences, changes in diet, and demographic shifts. The central research question is to understand the key factors contributing to food insecurity in Sudan. This study fills a gap in the literature by using logistic regression and random forest analysis to assess food security, providing a unique perspective on this issue. Random forest outperforms logistic regression in terms of area under the curve (AUC), accuracy, precision, and recall. The model showed strong predictive abilities and confirmed that the independent variables analyzed significantly affect food security status. The chi-square test (94.85, p < 0.015, df = 20) confirmed the statistical significance of several factors, including gender, age, education, remittances, unemployment, inflation, assets, lack of money, and illness, as important determinants. In addition, IPC projections for Sudan suggest that 15 million people will face acute food insecurity at crisis level (IPC Phase 3) or worse between October 2023 and February 2024. These findings emphasize the urgent need for both short-term humanitarian assistance and long-term strategies to address the worsening food security crisis in Sudan.
... On one side, animal protein is more expensive than plant protein (Chardigny et al., 2016;Grigg, 1995;Post & Hocquette, 2017), and on the other side, the available sources of animal protein are insufficient to fulfill the expanding nutritional demands of the human population (Delgado, 2003;Henchion et al., 2017;Lassaletta et al., 2016). Between 2010 and 2050, there will likely be a 35% to 56% rise in the world's overall food demand, as by 2050, the globe will need to feed nine billion people (The Work Bank, 2014). ...
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In recent years, consecutive research has been conducted on the nutrient requirements of the quails to find an optimum and affordable legitimate growth promoter. Different types of vegetable oil have been tested so far. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of pure corn oil (PCO) on growth performance and live body weight gain in Japanese quails. A total of 80 four-day-old quail chicks were divided into two groups: control (20 checks) and experimental (60 checks). The experimental group was subdivided into three subgroups (G1, G2, and G3) of 20 chicks per group. All the control and experimental group chicks were fed a commercial grower quail diet in all three growth phases. Despite the commercial diet, the G1, G2, and G3 experimental groups were fed 1, 3, and 5% PCO, respectively. The values for live body weight did not significantly change after adding PCO to the quail’s diet. According to the study's findings, adding PCO to the commercial diet of Japanese quails in various amounts had no beneficial effects on feed consumption and growth rate. Additionally, it had an insignificant (p>0.05) detrimental impact on the growth performance of the quails compared to control groups. In conclusion, we can say that adding PCO to quail's commercial diet in the hot months of the year under Afghanistan's climate has no positive impact on growth and further slows down the rate of body weight gain.
... Milk consumption is increasing in low and middleincome countries, and this is likely to continue with the increasing demand for animal-source food following urbanization and growing middle-income classes [1,2]. India, with a population of more than one billion people, is since 2001 the world's leading milk producer and has the world's largest dairy herd at around 300 million, both buffalos and cows [3]. ...
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Background: In India, milk production is important for both the economy and the provision of nutritious food. However, the productivity of the livestock is affected by circulating infectious diseases, and some zoonotic diseases, such as brucellosis, may cause a heavy impact on the farm as the disease cause abortions and reproductive failures in bovines, with chronic febrile illness in humans. Methods: 249 dairy farms in the state of Haryana, India, were interviewed, and collected raw milk from 81 were analyzed for antibodies towards Brucella abortus. Results: More samples were positive using milk ring test (MRT) (55.6%, 45/81) than using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (29.6%, 24/81), with all ELISA positive samples also positive in MRT. The ELISA results were used for risk factor analyses. Seropositive farms were significantly (p = 0.015) larger than seronegative, with an average 7.9 cattle, compared to 4.9. Seropositive farms were more likely to report stillbirth occurring the last year, and a significantly higher proportion of seropositive farms reported retained placenta (odds ratio 5.2). Conclusion: This study showed that Brucella seroprevalence is high among farms in Haryana, and a control program is needed to ensure improved human and animal health, as well as improved livestock productivity.
... Milk consumption is increasing in low and middleincome countries, and this is likely to continue with the increasing demand for animal-source food following urbanization and growing middle-income classes [1,2]. India, with a population of more than one billion people, is since 2001 the world's leading milk producer and has the world's largest dairy herd at around 300 million, both buffalos and cows [3]. ...
... Milk consumption is increasing in low and middleincome countries, and this is likely to continue with the increasing demand for animal-source food following urbanization and growing middle-income classes [1,2]. India, with a population of more than one billion people, is since 2001 the world's leading milk producer and has the world's largest dairy herd at around 300 million, both buffalos and cows [3]. ...
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Background: In India, milk production is important for both the economy and the provision of nutritious food. However, the productivity of the livestock is affected by circulating infectious diseases, and some zoonotic diseases, such as brucellosis, may cause a heavy impact on the farm as the disease cause abortions and reproductive failures in bovines, with chronic febrile illness in humans. Methods: 249 dairy farms in the state of Haryana, India, were interviewed, and collected raw milk from 81 were analyzed for antibodies towards Brucella abortus. Results: More samples were positive using milk ring test (MRT) (55.6%, 45/81) than using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (29.6%, 24/81), with all ELISA positive samples also positive in MRT. The ELISA results were used for risk factor analyses. Seropositive farms were significantly (p = 0.015) larger than seronegative, with an average 7.9 cattle, compared to 4.9. Seropositive farms were more likely to report stillbirth occurring the last year, and a significantly higher proportion of seropositive farms reported retained placenta (odds ratio 5.2). Conclusion: This study showed that Brucella seroprevalence is high among farms in Haryana, and a control program is needed to ensure improved human and animal health, as well as improved livestock productivity.
... Around 60 % of people in developing countries heavily depend on fish for at least 30 % of their animal protein intake, while nearly 80 % of the population in most developed countries obtain less than 20 % of the animal protein from fish (FAO, 2022). However, some Asian countries show a relatively higher reliance on fish (Delgado, 2003). Despite fish plays a crucial role in sustaining a significant segment of the global population, with a major portion of the diet consisting of fish and fishery related products (Minar et al., 2012;Chakraborty et al., 2015;Gandotra et al., 2017). ...
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The increasing global population drives a rising demand for food, particularly fish as a preferred protein source, straining capture fisheries. Overfishing has depleted wild stocks, emphasizing the need for advanced aquaculture technologies. Unlike agriculture, aquaculture has not seen substantial technological advancements. Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools like Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning, cameras, and algorithms offer solutions to reduce human intervention, enhance productivity, and monitor fish health, feed optimization, and water resource management. However, challenges such as data collection, standardization, model accuracy, inter-pretability, and integration with existing aquaculture systems persist. This review explores the adoption of AI techniques and tools to advance the aquaculture industry and bridge the gap between food supply and demand.
... Milk consumption is increasing in low and middleincome countries, and this is likely to continue with the increasing demand for animal-source food following urbanization and growing middle-income classes [1,2]. India, with a population of more than one billion people, is since 2001 the world's leading milk producer and has the world's largest dairy herd at around 300 million, both buffalos and cows [3]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: In India, milk production is important for both the economy and the provision of nutritious food. However, the productivity of the livestock is affected by circulating infectious diseases, and some zoonotic diseases, such as brucellosis, may cause a heavy impact on the farm as the disease cause abortions and reproductive failures in bovines, with chronic febrile illness in humans. Methods: 249 dairy farms in the state of Haryana, India, were interviewed, and collected raw milk from 81 were analyzed for antibodies towards Brucella abortus. Results: More samples were positive using milk ring test (MRT) (55.6%, 45/81) than using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (29.6%, 24/81), with all ELISA positive samples also positive in MRT. The ELISA results were used for risk factor analyses. Seropositive farms were significantly (p = 0.015) larger than seronegative, with an average 7.9 cattle, compared to 4.9. Seropositive farms were more likely to report stillbirth occurring the last year, and a significantly higher proportion of seropositive farms reported retained placenta (odds ratio 5.2). Conclusion: This study showed that Brucella seroprevalence is high among farms in Haryana, and a control program is needed to ensure improved human and animal health, as well as improved livestock productivity.
... Milk consumption is increasing in low and middleincome countries, and this is likely to continue with the increasing demand for animal-source food following urbanization and growing middle-income classes [1,2]. India, with a population of more than one billion people, is since 2001 the world's leading milk producer and has the world's largest dairy herd at around 300 million, both buffalos and cows [3]. ...
... Milk consumption is increasing in low and middleincome countries, and this is likely to continue with the increasing demand for animal-source food following urbanization and growing middle-income classes [1,2]. India, with a population of more than one billion people, is since 2001 the world's leading milk producer and has the world's largest dairy herd at around 300 million, both buffalos and cows [3]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: In India, milk production is important for both the economy and the provision of nutritious food. However, the productivity of the livestock is affected by circulating infectious diseases, and some zoonotic diseases, such as brucellosis, may cause a heavy impact on the farm as the disease cause abortions and reproductive failures in bovines, with chronic febrile illness in humans. Methods: 249 dairy farms in the state of Haryana, India, were interviewed, and collected raw milk from 81 were analyzed for antibodies towards Brucella abortus. Results: More samples were positive using milk ring test (MRT) (55.6%, 45/81) than using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (29.6%, 24/81), with all ELISA positive samples also positive in MRT. The ELISA results were used for risk factor analyses. Seropositive farms were significantly (p = 0.015) larger than seronegative, with an average 7.9 cattle, compared to 4.9. Seropositive farms were more likely to report stillbirth occurring the last year, and a significantly higher proportion of seropositive farms reported retained placenta (odds ratio 5.2). Conclusion: This study showed that Brucella seroprevalence is high among farms in Haryana, and a control program is needed to ensure improved human and animal health, as well as improved livestock productivity.
... Milk consumption is increasing in low and middleincome countries, and this is likely to continue with the increasing demand for animal-source food following urbanization and growing middle-income classes [1,2]. India, with a population of more than one billion people, is since 2001 the world's leading milk producer and has the world's largest dairy herd at around 300 million, both buffalos and cows [3]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: In India, milk production is important for both the economy and the provision of nutritious food. However, the productivity of the livestock is affected by circulating infectious diseases, and some zoonotic diseases, such as brucellosis, may cause a heavy impact on the farm as the disease cause abortions and reproductive failures in bovines, with chronic febrile illness in humans. Methods: 249 dairy farms in the state of Haryana, India, were interviewed, and collected raw milk from 81 were analyzed for antibodies towards Brucella abortus. Results: More samples were positive using milk ring test (MRT) (55.6%, 45/81) than using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (29.6%, 24/81), with all ELISA positive samples also positive in MRT. The ELISA results were used for risk factor analyses. Seropositive farms were significantly (p = 0.015) larger than seronegative, with an average 7.9 cattle, compared to 4.9. Seropositive farms were more likely to report stillbirth occurring the last year, and a significantly higher proportion of seropositive farms reported retained placenta (odds ratio 5.2). Conclusion: This study showed that Brucella seroprevalence is high among farms in Haryana, and a control program is needed to ensure improved human and animal health, as well as improved livestock productivity.
... The literature in the second category analyzes the impact of urbanization on agricultural economic growth, with two main perspectives. On one hand, some academics argue that urbanization has a positive effect on agricultural economic growth by increasing farmers' incomes, fostering technological advancement in agriculture, increasing demand for agricultural products, and driving the restructuring and upgrading of the agricultural industry [27,28]. They also suggest that this effect becomes more significant over time [29]. ...
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China’s agricultural economy has been hindered by insufficient accumulation of agricultural capital and credit constraints. It is worth investigating whether China’s county financial marketization reform policy can alleviate these constraints and promote high-quality development of the agricultural economy (HQDAE). This paper presents an empirical analysis of the impact of county financial marketization reform on the HQDAE, based on county panel data. The focus is on the mechanism of county urbanization in the above relationship. The results show that county financial marketization has a significant non-linear impact on the HQDAE. Specifically, it has a ’U-shaped’ impact on the overall growth of the agricultural economy and an inverted ’N-shaped’ impact on the quality improvement of the agricultural economy. Secondly, the relationship between county financial marketization and the HQDAE is influenced by a threshold effect based on the level of county urbanization. As the level of county urbanization increases, the promoting effect of county financial marketization on HQDAE also increases significantly. Additionally, county financial marketization helps to promote county urbanization and accelerate urban-rural integration, which in turn leads to HQDAE. The research in this paper suggests that county-level local governments should promote a differentiated county financial system. In the early stages of financial market-oriented reform, the government should enhance the capacity of financial services in rural areas through tax breaks, policy incentives, and other measures to prevent financial leakage from agriculture. In the later stages of financial marketization reform, the government should strengthen financial supervision to prevent financial resources from being diverted from industry to capital. Moreover, to achieve the HQDAE, it is necessary to promote county financial market-oriented reform and accelerate the construction of county urbanization. This will help break the dual economic structure of urban and rural areas and promote the flow of financial capital, technology, and human capital from county cities to rural areas.
... The global demand for animal-based products has increased significantly in recent years, primarily based on the world's continuous population growth and the adaptation of a Western-style diet rich in dairy and meat products throughout the entire world [1,2]. With the global population expected to reach 10 billion in 2050, traditional food production will be unable to meet global food requirements [3]. ...
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Pea protein is widely used as an alternative protein source in plant-based products. In the current study, we fermented pea protein to reduce off-flavor compounds, such as hexanal, and to produce a suitable fermentate for further processing. Laboratory fermentations using 5% (w/v) pea protein suspension were carried out using four selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, investigating their growth and acidification capabilities in pea protein. Rapid acidification of pea protein was achieved with Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strain LTH 7123. Next, this strain was co-inoculated together with either the yeasts Kluyveromyces lactis LTH 7165, Yarrowia lipolytica LTH 6056, or Kluyveromyces marxianus LTH 6039. Fermentation products of the mixed starter cultures and of the single strains were further analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to quantify selected volatile flavor compounds. Fermentation with L. lactis LTH 7123 led to an increase in compounds associated with the “beany” off-flavors of peas, including hexanal. However, significant reduction in those compounds was achieved after fermentation with Y. lipolytica LTH 6056 with or without L. lactis LTH 7123. Thus, fermentation using co-cultures of LAB and yeasts strains could prove to be a valuable method for enhancing quality attributes of pea protein-based products.
... This is attributable to numerous factors, but the main underlying causes of increased meat consumption worldwide are increased growth in per capita earnings in most countries over recent decades (premised on high GDP growth), particularly in populous countries such as China and India, and the adoption of Western lifestyles. Other contributing factors related to globalization include homogenized food production and distribution (Delgado, 2003). Global food supply chains and MNCs have facilitated meat availability in almost every corner of the world. ...
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Production of meat, which spans numerous agricultural and food industries and sectors, has profound negative global impacts on the environment. Almost 70% of freshwater resources are consumed by crops and livestock, mainly serving farms and meat production. The agriculture sector has many adverse environmental impacts, including those related to direct and localized pollution. Furthermore, the meat industry in particular generates more carbon emissions than the transport sector. Meat production is expected to increase by at least 30% by 2050, accelerated by the on-going increase in the meat-consuming adult population worldwide. To address this environmental issue, this study aims to investigate the dynamic effects of meat production and technological advances on the environment. The two-step system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) was used for a panel of 37 developing and developed nations over the years from 1998 to 2018. Four different indicators captured environmental protection: CO2 emissions from agriculture, CO2 emissions from transportation, CO2 emissions from liquid fuel energy, and CO2 emissions per capita. For technological advances three main patent indicators were used: environmental-related, biotechnology, and ICT patents. The empirical evidence reveals three major results: (1) Meat production hurts the environment by increasing atmospheric pollution; (2) GDP per capita growth and urbanization exert a negative influence on the environment; (3) the interactive effects of technological advances and meat production have a positive impact on the environment; (4) most empirical outcomes show negative net effects on environmental sustainability. Policymakers need to encourage the development and adoption of technological advances in the meat industry to mitigate carbon emissions.
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Purpose This study examined the effects of adopting dairy feed technology bundles on the milk production of smallholder dairy farmers. Design/methodology/approach The study was based on Multinomial Endogenous Switching Regression (MESR) to estimate the effects of the adoption of three feed technology bundles on milk production using data collected from 518 dairy farm households in West Java, Indonesia. Findings The findings indicated that adopting technology bundles had positive and robust effects on milk production, with gradual positive effects between non-adoption and the adoption of different bundles of technologies. Research limitations/implications This study focused on the association between the adoption of feed technology bundles and milk production. However, further analysis of the causal links between the adoption of feed technologies and milk production as well as the inclusion of other outcomes in the analysis, such as production costs and risk mitigation, are required. Originality/value Most of the literature on agricultural technology adoption focuses on the adoption of individual technologies, crop farming and conservation practices. Therefore, this study examined the effects of the adoption of dairy feed technology bundles.
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Starch-rich faba bean, yellow lentil, and yellow field pea flours were subjected to submerged fermentation using Aspergillus oryzae and Lactobacillus plantarum starter mono- or co-cultures, to increase protein contents of the flours. Fermentation mixes were supplemented with up to 35 g/L urea, ammonium sulfate and/or monoammonium phosphate as nitrogen sources. Protein contents of the flours increased 2–2.5-fold, i.e., total protein contents of up to 33 % were achieved following fermentation with A. oryzae monoculture or A. oryzae‒L. plantarum co-culture. Therefore, A. oryzae was capable of efficient legume starch utilization and protein production. Using A. oryzae‒L. plantarum co-culture led to the highest yields of at least six of microbially produced amino acids. After fermentation by L. plantarum monoculture, protein contents remained largely unchanged. However, in vitro protein digestibility of flours improved to a greater extent after fermentation with L. plantarum monoculture than with either A. oryzae monoculture or the co-culture. Hence, during fermentation with L. plantarum monoculture, microbially mediated hydrolysis of legume protein (generating smaller and easier digestible peptides), rather than microbial starch utilization, was the predominant process.
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Genomic applications in beef cattle disease prevention have gained traction in recent years, offering new strategies for improving herd health and reducing economic losses in the livestock industry. Advances in genomics, including identification of genetic markers linked to disease resistance, provide powerful tools for early detection, selection, and management of cattle resistant to infectious diseases. By incorporating genomic technologies such as whole-genome sequencing, genotyping, and transcriptomics, researchers can identify specific genetic variants associated with resistance to pathogens like bovine respiratory disease and Johne’s disease. These genomic insights allow for more accurate breeding programs aimed at enhancing disease resistance and overall herd resilience. Genomic selection, in particular, enables identification of individuals with superior genetic traits for immune function, reducing the need for antibiotic treatments and improving animal welfare. Moreover, precision medicine, powered by genomic data, supports development of tailored health management strategies, including targeted vaccination plans and antimicrobial stewardship. Incorporation of genomic tools in beef cattle management also offers the potential for early disease detection, facilitating proactive interventions that reduce the spread of infections. Despite challenges like cost, data interpretation and integration into current management systems, the potential advantages of genomic applications in disease prevention are substantial. As these technologies advance, they are anticipated to have crucial roles in improving sustainability (by enhancing herd performance), profitability (by improving overall herd longevity), and biosecurity (by decreasing the likelihood of disease outbreaks) of beef cattle production systems worldwide.
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Fish, being a crucial element within global food systems, demands a comprehensive grasp of their protein needs to support both sustainable aquaculture practices and the management of wild populations. This involves an exploration of the varied protein requirements across fish species, taking into account factors like species diversity, life stage, environmental influences, and dietary makeup. It analyzes how proteins contribute to fish growth, development, immune response, and overall well-being. Furthermore, it investigates the origins and types of dietary proteins suitable for various fish species, tackling the obstacles and advancements in creating feeds rich in protein to optimize growth and efficiency in aquaculture settings. Additionally, it examines the ecological consequences of supplying protein to wild fish populations and the equilibrium necessary for sustainable fisheries management. Understanding and fulfilling the specific protein needs of different fish species play a pivotal role in fostering their health, improving aquaculture productivity, and safeguarding the long-term sustainability of fisheries resources. The amount of protein needed by fish is influenced by a range of factors, including species, size, age, water temperature, salinity, stocking density, and the ratio of protein to energy in their diet. This article provides a concise overview of the protein needs of fish concerning their different activities.
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A novel fluorescent probe (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-((pyrene-1-ylmethylene) amino)propanoic acid (PyT) was developed for the ‘turn-on’ detection of amoxicillin(AM), residues. The PyT molecule was developed by a simple condensation reaction between a biologically important tyrosine amino acid and pyrene carboxaldehyde. The small fluorophore molecule has spectacular photoluminescence properties such as large stock shift, high photostability, selectivity and sensitivity toward the analytes. The PyT upon dispersion in the liquid phase becomes highly luminescent possessing the restricted intramolecular rotation (RIR) and excited stated intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) properties which are the major criteria for aggregation induced emission enhancement (AIEE) mechanism prevailing the aggregation caused quenching (ACQ). PyT molecule shows a binding constant of 3.285 × 10⁴ L mol⁻¹ for amoxicillin (AM). The limit of detection (LOD) values are found to be 1.67µM. Consuming bovine milk with antibiotic residues exceeding the maximum residue limit (MRL) can lead to food toxicity and life threatening diseases in humans. The milk sample with AM antibiotic residue in presence of PyT probe shows a distinct blue colour which infers the selectivity and sensitivity of the probe towards the analyte. The fluorescence probe adheres with merits like on site and visual examination by naked eye without aid of any instruments.
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How has Spain transitioned from historically having a relatively low meat production and being a net importer of meat in 1990 to becoming the world’s leading exporter of pork in 2020? This is the research question we aim to address in this article. In our quest for an answer, we constructed a gravity model to examine the determinants of Spanish meat exports. We posit that a significant surge in domestic meat consumption since the 1960s led to substantial economies of scale in the sector, rendering it highly competitive by the 1980s. Consequently, when Spain joined the European Union and liberalized the sector, it was sufficiently competitive to conquer international markets. In other words, we aim to study how a Home Market Effect has occurred in Spain and how it has been reinforced by the European Union adhesion. Ultimately, this high competitiveness has allowed Spain to capitalize on China’s demand for pork in recent years.
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Microalgae are exceptional organisms from a nutritional perspective, boasting an array of bioactive compounds that have long justified their incorporation into human diets. In this study, we explored the potential of five microalgae species: Nannochloropsis sp., Tetraselmis chuii, Chaetoceros muelleri, Thalassiosira weissflogii, and Tisochrysis lutea. We conducted comprehensive analyses of their nutritional profiles, encompassing protein content, individual amino acid composition, mineral and trace element levels, fatty acid profiles (including saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)), polyphenol compositions, and vitamin B content. The antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extracts was evaluated using two methods: ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assay. The total protein content of the microalgae ranged from 34.09 ± 0.39% to 42.45 ± 0.18%, with the highest concentration observed in T. weissflogii. Essential amino acids such as histidine, threonine, lysine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and methionine were present in concentrations ranging from 0.53 ± 0.02 to 12.55 ± 2.21 g/16 g N. Glutamic acid emerged as the most abundant amino acid, with concentrations ranging from 6.73 ± 0.82 to 12.55 ± 2.21 g/16 g N. Among the microalgae species, T. chuii exhibited the highest concentrations of calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn), while C. muelleri showed prominence in magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and iron (Fe). T. weissflogii stood out for its potassium (K) content, and T. lutea contained notable amounts of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb). Regarding fatty acid profiles, Nannochloropsis sp. and T. chuii were predominantly composed of SFA, while C. muelleri and T. weissflogii were rich in MUFA. PUFAs dominated the fatty acid profile of T. lutea, which also exhibited the most diverse range of polyphenolic substances. We also analyzed the B vitamin content, with T. lutea displaying the highest concentrations of niacin (B3) and riboflavin (B2). Antioxidant activity was confirmed for all microalgae tested using DPPH and ABTS radical IC50 (mg/mL) converted to Trolox equivalent (TEAC). These findings underscore the substantial potential of the examined microalgae species as sources of biologically valuable substances characterized by rapid growth and relatively undemanding cultivation conditions.
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Regular measurement of realized genetic gain allows plant breeders to assess and review the effectiveness of their strategies, allocate resources efficiently, and make informed decisions throughout the breeding process. Realized genetic gain estimation requires separating genetic trends from nongenetic trends using the linear mixed model (LMM) on historical multi‐environment trial data. The LMM, accounting for the year effect, experimental designs, and heterogeneous residual variances, estimates best linear unbiased estimators of genotypes and regresses them on their years of origin. An illustrative example of estimating realized genetic gain was provided by analyzing historical data on fresh cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) yield in West Africa (https://github.com/Biometrics‐IITA/Estimating‐Realized‐Genetic‐Gain). This approach can serve as a model applicable to other crops and regions. Modernization of breeding programs is necessary to maximize the rate of genetic gain. This can be achieved by adopting genomics to enable faster breeding, accurate selection, and improved traits through genomic selection and gene editing. Tracking operational costs, establishing robust, digitalized data management and analytics systems, and developing effective varietal selection processes based on customer insights are also crucial for success. Capacity building and collaboration of breeding programs and institutions also play a significant role in accelerating genetic gains.
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This review explores the trends in consumption of dietary protein from (animal-based sources) and plant-based alternatives, particularly focusing on conventional as well as underutilized desert legumes. Acknowledging the essential role of proteins in cellular homeostasis, this report also underscores the risks associated with prolonged animal protein consumption. The rising popularity of plant-based proteins from legumes and their potential to address the global issue of malnutrition, along with the nutritional significance of legume-based proteins and bioactive peptides, is discussed in detail. Underutilized desert legumes, as sustainable protein sources, have the potential to offer promising health benefits and industrial applications like plant-based cheese and meat production. We have highlighted a few desert legumes- Prosopis cineraria, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Acacia senegal, Vigna aconitifolia and their potential to ensure global food security in the face of climate change. The underexplored legumes, often neglected due to limited knowledge about their benefits, hold resilient solutions to the growing demand for high quality protein. The review compares the protein quality of representative legumes, both conventional and overlooked, and highlights the need for the integration of desert legumes into mainstream agriculture and the technological challenges for functional food production. Several advantages of desert legumes are compromised by the presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) in them causing sensory limitations and consumer unacceptability. These problems can be addressed by exploring physical processing techniques, microbial fermentation, and extrusion to eradicate ANFs. Application of novel technologies like 3-D printing and their potential for protein and peptide product development from underutilized desert legumes have also been emphasized.
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With a growing export and local market, sheep farming is critical to the economy of smallholder farmers; however, indigenous sheep breeds usually exhibit low carcass output and live weight due to nutritional constraints. The study aimed to investigate the impact of supplementing local sheep with dawri‐damaa leaf meal (DDLM) on their performance, carcass characteristics, and profitability when fed native grass hay. The research used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to administer four feeding treatments (T1, T2, T3, and T4 at 0%, 30%, 50%, and 70% DDLM, respectively) to 20 local uncastrated male lambs having an average 23.72 ± 0.73 kg body weight and average age of 11.72 ± 0.74 months. Greater doses of DDLM in the diet resulted in greater average daily gain (ADG) of 51.4–83.8 g/day and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) of 0.066–0.089 in lambs, compared to 15.0 g/day ADG and 0.025 FCE in lambs under control diet (T1). Additionally, the lambs had increased slaughter body weight (SBW), empty body weight (EBW), and hot carcass weight (HCW) in T4 and T3 compared to other treatments (p < .05). There were no significant differences in dressing percentages (DPs) across any treatment group. The study also discussed the economic viability of supplementing with DDLM, suggesting that feeding 70% daily dry matter of DDLM at 2.5% live weight might be beneficial depending on availability, access, and cost factors. In conclusion, feeding DDLM up to 70% has improved the performance of sheep and is economically feasible. Further research might be required to discover whether such levels of inclusion are harmful and apply different processing methods for feeding animals.
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Background Stroke is the second-leading cause of death and the third-leading cause of disability in the general population worldwide. However, the changing trend of ischemic stroke burden attributable to various dietary risk factors has not been fully revealed and may contribute to a better understanding of stroke epidemiology. Aims Our paper aimed to evaluate the temporal trend of diet-related ischemic stroke burden to inform future research and policy-making. Methods This analysis was based on the data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 (spanning years 1990 to 2019) and we used the joinpoint regression to model temporal trends in diet-related ischemic stroke burden across countries and regions of the world during the study period. Six specific dietary factors known to influence stroke risk, including sodium, red meat, fiber, vegetables, whole grains, and fruits, were evaluated in the GBD study to determine their individual and joint impact on ischemic stroke. The changing trend was primarily measured by the average annual percent change (AAPC). Age-standardized rates (ASR) of mortality and years lived with disability (YLD) per 100,000 population were used to evaluate disease burden. Finally, the socioeconomic background, which was quantified as sociodemographic index (SDI), and its association with diet-related ischemic stroke burden was also explored with the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results During the study period, the ischemic stroke ASR of mortality attributable to overall dietary risk decreased by an average of 1.6% per year, while the ASR of YLD decreased by an average of 0.2% per year. High sodium diet was still a key driver of diet-related ischemic stroke, accounting for 8.4% and 11.0% of deaths and disabilities respectively in 2019. Additionally, we found a negative association between temporal evolution of stroke burden and socioeconomic background (r=-0.6603 for mortality and r=-0.4224 for disability, P<0.001), which suggested that the developing countries with weak social and economic foundation faced greater challenges from the ongoing burden of diet-related strokes compared to developed countries. Conclusions Our study found declining trends and revealed the current status of diet-related ischemic stroke mortality and disability. Interdisciplinary countermeasures involving the development of effective food policies, evidence-based guidelines, and public education are needed in the future to combat this global epidemic. Data access statement The data used for analysis were open-access and can be obtained from https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/ .
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A newly developed demand system is used to estimate the response of food and food product demand to per capita expenditure changes. The resulting Engel elasticities are then used to project food and food product demand in 2020 assuming per capita expenditure and population changes. Results suggest that while food expenditure is projected to grow, it accounts for a smaller proportion of total expenditure. Further analysis indicates change in the composition of food demand away from a grain and towards livestock is projected to occur in lower income countries in 2020.
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To study the impact of income change--specifically rapid income growth--on diet behavior over time and by socioeconomic level, we used data from a prospective study of China begun in 1989 (followed up in 1991, 1993 and 1997). The subpopulation used in this study included 5783 subjects aged 20-45 years old from 3129 households. Dietary intakes were measured using a combination of the weighing method and three consecutive 24-h recalls. Detailed income and price data were collected, and predicted household per capita income was used in multivariate longitudinal random-effects models that described the consumption of several food groups and nutrients. Income elasticity was used to measure the changes for the effects of income over time on (a) the probability of consuming any food and (b) the quantity of food consumed. The structure of the Chinese diet is shifting away from high-carbohydrate foods toward high-fat, high-energy density foods. The variation in the income effects that we uncovered indicated that important changes in income effects took place between 1989 and 1997, with the changes varying considerably by socioeconomic status. These shifts in income effects indicate that increased income might have affected diets and body composition in a detrimental manner to health, with those in low-income groups having the largest increase in detrimental effects due to increased income. Extrapolating from our estimates, higher income levels in the future could lead to the reversal of the health improvements achieved in the last two decades, if diet-related noncommunicable diseases cannot be controlled.
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Consumption functions for total animal-derived food products were estimated for six East Asian countries. Incorporation of urbanisation was found to make a significant contribution to the functions. The urbanisation elasticities were always positive, indicating that the process of urbanisation had a positive effect on the demand for animal food products. The expenditure elasticities were also positive, but often less than they would be if estimated from consumption functions that excluded the effects of urbanisation. Thus, projections of consumption that ignore the influence of urbanisation may be biased.
Food Projections to 2020: Emerging Trends and Alternative Futures
  • M W Rosegrant
  • M Praisner
  • S Meijer
  • J Witcover
Rosegrant, M. W., Praisner, M., Meijer, S. & Witcover, J. Food Projections to 2020: Emerging Trends and Alternative Futures. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C
Income sources of malnourished people in rural areas: a synthesis of case studies and implications for policy
  • Von Braun
  • J Pandya-Lorch
Trade-offs among fish, meat, and milk demand in developing countries from the 1970s to the 1990s
  • C Delgado
  • C Courbois
Global Food Projections to 2020: Emerging Trends and Alternative Futures
  • M W Rosegrant
  • M Praisner
  • S Meijer
  • J Witcover