Article

The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time

Authors:
To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the author.

Abstract

He has been cited by "The New York Times Magazine" as "probably the most important economist in the world" and by Time as "the world's best-known economist." He has advised an extraordinary range of world leaders and international institutions on the full range of issues related to creating economic success and reducing the world's poverty and misery. Now, at last, he draws on his entire twenty-five-year body of experience to offer a thrilling and inspiring big-picture vision of the keys to economic success in the world today and the steps that are necessary to achieve prosperity for all. Marrying vivid eyewitness storytelling to his laserlike analysis, Jeffrey Sachs sets the stage by drawing a vivid conceptual map of the world economy and the different categories into which countries fall. Then, in a tour de force of elegance and compression, he explains why, over the past two hundred years, wealth has diverged across the planet in the manner that it has and why the poorest nations have been so markedly unable to escape the cruel vortex of poverty. The groundwork laid, he explains his methods for arriving, like a clinical internist, at a holistic diagnosis of a country's situation and the options it faces. Rather than deliver a worldview to readers from on high, Sachs leads them along the learning path he himself followed, telling the remarkable stories of his own work in Bolivia, Poland, Russia, India, China, and Africa as a way to bring readers to a broad-based understanding of the array of issues countries can face and the way the issues interrelate. He concludes by drawing on everything he has learned to offer an integrated set of solutions to the interwoven economic, political, environmental, and social problems that most frequently hold societies back. In the end, he leaves readers with an understanding, not of how daunting the world's problems are, but how solvable they are-and why making the effort is a matter both of moral obligation and strategic self-interest. A work of profound moral and intellectual vision that grows out of unprecedented real-world experience, "The End of Poverty" is a road map to a safer, more prosperous future for the world. From "probably the most important economist in the world" ("The New York Times Magazine"), legendary for his work around the globe on economies in crisis, a landmark exploration of the roots of economic prosperity and the path out of extreme poverty for the world's poorest citizens.

No full-text available

Request Full-text Paper PDF

To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.

... For Western donors, economic development has been assumed to be market-based capitalist development. This assumption was summed up later by Jeffrey Sachs in the "big push" thesis on savings and investment as well as state planning for development ( Sachs 2005). This was particularly ironic given that Sachs had made a career out of promoting neoliberal structural reform policies. ...
... The economic growth resulting from the village movement and advocacy has been placed into the wider context of foreign aid debates ( Wilson 2014( Wilson , 2015. One of these debates was between Jeffrey Sachs (2005) and William Easterly (2009). For Sachs and the UN, the village movement projects were appropriate models for applying Sachs's "big push" theory of top-down donor-based technical developmental aid / finance to increase savings and ultimately reduce the extreme poverty of developing nations and their dependency on foreign aid ( Sachs 2005). ...
... One of these debates was between Jeffrey Sachs (2005) and William Easterly (2009). For Sachs and the UN, the village movement projects were appropriate models for applying Sachs's "big push" theory of top-down donor-based technical developmental aid / finance to increase savings and ultimately reduce the extreme poverty of developing nations and their dependency on foreign aid ( Sachs 2005). ...
Article
Full-text available
Neoliberalism—in the form of privatization, deregulation, and the creation of new spatial zones and legal arrangements of land ownership—is promoted by the state to ensure an investment climate for capital accumulation. Neoliberalism uniquely combines economic deregulation and state rollback with the rollout of state strategies that ensure surplus and rentier extraction. Foreign aid has typically been regarded as a means of ensuring economic growth and development provided by the donor state. Recently, there has been an interest in the role of the private sector in development studies. Korean foreign aid, based on the new village movement development model now being used in Uganda, represents a new phase of neoliberalism in Uganda and East Africa. The new village movement is a state-driven attempt to create new neoliberal subjects and identities to prepare for future neoliberal capital accumulation in a middle-income context. Aid-recipient states such as Uganda are using Korean official development assistance to legitimate a specific rollout of neoliberal state regulations. This marks a shift from the previous disciplinary neoliberalism to the preparation of selected populations as marketable neoliberal subjects under the guise of authentic culture, resilience, and productivity.
... There were economists who advocated a "Big Push" to get countries out of a "poverty trap," foreign aid to fill the "Financing Gap," and action on all fronts through comprehensive "planning." According to Sachs (2005), the role of foreign aid is to increase the capital stock enough to cross the threshold level (the Big Push): "If the foreign assistance is substantial enough, and lasts long enough, the capital stock rises sufficiently to lift households above subsistence…Growth becomes self-sustaining through household savings and public investments supported by taxation of households." ...
... ODA has different purposes and runs through different channels. For instance, humanitarian and food aid goes directly to households while development aid mainly finances government budgets and public investments (Sachs, 2005). ...
... The Relations between a Big Push of ODA, Capital Stock and Economic Growth Source: Adapted fromSachs (2005). ...
Article
Full-text available
Nigeria currently has the largest economy in Africa with a GDP of $477.38 billion (Michael, 2023). However, the country's great fortune, which is majorly driven by petroleum exports, has not successfully translated into a sustained economic development, as the nation continues to endure widespread poverty and income inequality for decades due to many contributing factors, including rapid population growth, low standard of education, and corruption. Consequently, Nigeria has looked to Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) as one of many means to address its economic problems, and this ODA phenomenon has raised debates among scholars with regards to its positive or negative impact, and the significance of such impact on the Nigerian Economy. This study investigated the amount of ODA received by Nigeria for the period 1981-2021, and the changes that such assistance has effected on the GDP of the nation. The study examined the empirical research by other scholars, for the same study, under a spectrum of economic, geographic and political climates.
... 52). For his part, Jeffery Sachs (2005) contends that developing countries are caught in a poverty trap, physical geographic trap, landlocked country trap, fiscal trap, governance trap, cultural barriers or traps, geopolitical trap, lack of innovation, and demographic trap. He argues that 'poverty itself is a trap caused by a lack of capital per person' (p. ...
... This means that their consumers' surplus is low and limited. Sachs (2005) further argues that 'before the poor can get out of the poverty trap, they need a "Big Push" financed mainly by increased foreign aid (p. 246). ...
... 246). Although Sachs (2005) recommends increased aid to address global poverty, he downplays concerns about recipient countries' ability to effectively manage aid, hence the need for aid effectiveness for the globe to achieve aid effectiveness for inclusive growth and development. If ODA is predicted to be mismanaged and cannot be used to reduce poverty in poor countries, then there should be no need for aid, but the reality remains that ODA provides services that more often provide an opportunity for economic growth. ...
... Despite notable advancements in women's educational attainment, the "glass ceiling" still exerts a strong influence in many professions, especially in lucrative industries like engineering, technology, and finance. Women, especially women of color, are underrepresented in STEM fields and leadership roles, which results in wage inequality and limited opportunities for career progression (Sachs, 2021). These structural impediments to women's professional advancement are frequently made worse by harassment at work, discriminatory hiring practices, and a dearth of mentorship possibilities (Hart & Chamberlain, 2023). ...
... The inability of lower-income women to obtain credit and capital further impedes their capacity to accumulate wealth and rise above poverty. This gender-class nexus emphasizes how women's poverty originates from both their social standing within larger economic systems and their gendered responsibilities (Sachs, 2021). Staudt & Mazur (2022) indicated that the experience of feminine poverty is also significantly shaped by axes of identity, including sexual orientation, disability, and others. ...
Article
Full-text available
Poverty remains a pervasive global challenge, disproportionately affecting women, with profound implications for their well-being and that of their families. The aim of the study was critically examining the underlying factors contributing to the high incidence of poverty among women in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The primary concern of this study is the alarming prevalence of poverty among women in Limpopo, a situation that has far-reaching consequences for both individual lives and broader societal structures. By exploring the social, economic, and cultural dimensions that perpetuate poverty, this study seeks to contribute to the growing body of knowledge on poverty and gender inequality in South Africa. Through a qualitative research approach, the study identified key factors that exacerbate women's vulnerability to poverty, including gender-based violence, limited access to education and healthcare, and social exclusion. The sample for this study consisted of five women selected to explore the phenomenon of feminized poverty. The sampling procedure used in this research was based on a non-probability sampling technique, specifically purposive sampling. purposive sampling was used to select five women who had experiences of feminized poverty, understood as the disproportionate representation of women among the poor due to gendered social, economic, and political factors. The data was collected using Semi-structured interviews to get firsthand experience from women. The collected data was analyzed thematically. The researcher went through the data, coding the text, and classifying the codes into more general themes that correspond to the research objectives. The study's findings demonstrated that social isolation and restricted access to basic services exacerbate this vulnerability. The study also found that because women are routinely excluded from social support that might enable them to become economically independent or break free from poverty, this kind of exclusion perpetuates cycles of poverty. The findings offered valuable insights for policymakers to create sustainable strategies that support gender equality and alleviate poverty in the region.
... The situation of the continent is "distinctly different from past episodes, first in the increased frequency of crises, as well as the persistence and deepening of climate and conflict crises". 40 While in 2008/2009 Africa used debt to weather the financial crisis, today, "rapidly rising global interest rates and the absence of a well-functioning framework for comprehensive debt reduction and relief, threaten to cut access to international financial markets for many countries". 41 In view of these challenges, are the SDGs still essential for Africa? ...
... 39 AfDB, OECD and UNDP, 2017. 40 Brookings Institute, 2023, p.10. 41 Ibid. ...
Article
Full-text available
This Article explores and analyzes the widespread poverty situation on the African continent and the extent to which poverty should be remedied by member states in the African Union (AU) as a regional body. It finds out whether regional integration helps the African States and Governments to reduce poverty and how regional integration could be used to reduce or eradicate the multidimensional poverty on the continent within the framework of international cooperation and regional integration. It also reviews the progress Africa has made in terms of advancing towards the achievement of the goals in Agenda 2063 so far and the goals of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The qualitative research method was used in conducting this research. Particularly, the exploratory, explanatory, descriptive and historical methods are employed in this essay because it delves into the key objectives of forming the AU that was originally the Organization of Africa Unity (OAU). The main objective was to achieve sustainable development on the continent. The research recommends that African states need to invest in the vulnerable populations on the continent to ensure peace and stability. This would in turn pave the way for economic growth and eventually culminate to sustainable development on the continent.
... This paper will explore these questions by examining the roles of major global powers and the implications of their competition on developing nations. Scholars such as Rodrik (2018), Piketty (2014), and Moyo (2009) contribute to our understanding of these challenges, while Acemoglu & Robinson (2012), Sachs (2005), and Sen (1999) provide insights into the dynamics of economic growth and political decisions that shape development pathways. ...
... Institutional reforms are another critical area of focus. Scholars such as Acemoglu and Robinson (2012) and Sachs (2005) argue for restructuring global institutions like the IMF to reflect the changing global landscape. ...
Article
This paper explores the impact of geopolitical fragmentation on developing countries amid rising tensions between major powers like the USA, Russia, and China. It examines how these dynamics compel developing nations to make difficult decisions regarding economic survival, sovereignty, and growth. The analysis focuses on the economic, political, security, and environmental consequences of this fragmentation, using examples such as sanctions and trade wars. The study also assesses the role of the USA and its allies in shaping global governance, highlighting the challenges brought by the increasing influence of emerging powers like China and India. It argues for the need to reform institutions such as the IMF to better reflect the complexities of this fractured global landscape. At the same time, the paper emphasises the potential of regional institutions to address these challenges and foster cooperative development. Ultimately, the paper underscores the importance of navigating these shifts to ensure sustainable development in a divided geopolitical environment. © The Author(s) 2025. Published by RITHA Publishing under the CC-BY 4.0. license, allowing unrestricted distribution in any medium, provided the original work, author attribution, title, journal citation, and DOI are properly cited.
... Many developing countries have experienced rapid periods of economic growth driven by expansions in foreign aid and investment. The existing literature on foreign aid and development has found positive effects of aid on economic growth through various mechanisms, including capital accumulation (Boone, 1996;Burnside and Dollar, 2000), institutional development (Acemoglu et al., 2001), macroeconomic stability (Collier and Dollar, 2002), and technological transfer and knowledge spillovers (Sachs, 2005). From these findings, it is tempting to conclude that increased foreign aid will unequivocally lead to improved development outcomes in recipient countries. ...
... Simultaneously, Japan's increased aid to post-conflict countries like Uganda could be seen as an effort to promote stability and position itself as a contributor to peacebuilding efforts. This broader distribution of aid also suggests Japan's attempt to maintain a balanced presence across the continent, potentially countering the 1958-59 1966-67 1971-72 1975-76 1981-82 1987-88 TICAD1 19931992-93 TICAD2 19981997-98 TICAD3 20032005-06 TICAD4 20082009-10 TICAD5 2013TICAD6 20162016-17 TICAD7 2019TICAD8 20222023 Source: Author's compilation. 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010-2020 growing influence of other global powers like China. ...
Article
A long-standing and influential view in foreign aid policy is that donor countries often utilize aid allocation strategically to advance their diplomatic interests and geopolitical agendas. We revisit this hypothesis by examining Japan’s development assistance to Africa and its strategic implications for diplomatic influence. Leveraging historical data on development assistance and an interrupted time series framework, the analysis investigates whether Japan strategically aligns its aid allocation with the voting preferences of African recipient nations, particularly in its pursuit of a non-permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). The findings reveal a significant increase in Japan’s bilateral assistance to African countries during precise alignments of the Tokyo International Conference on African Development events with its non-permanent membership terms on the UNSC. This strategic correlation underscores the intertwined nature of economic and political interests in Japan’s foreign policy agenda, highlighting the role of development assistance in advancing diplomatic objectives. We offer valuable insights into the motivations behind the establishment of the Tokyo International Conference on African Development, illuminating Japan’s approach to development assistance and its diplomatic objectives.
... This concept, which aims to reconcile economic development, social development and respect for the environment, is now an essential topic of discussion in a wide range of organizations, including debates on municipal and regional development (Gonçalves, 2005). Sachs (2005) also emphasizes well-being, stating that making the world a better place is within our reach, and that all people can and should enjoy basic levels of nutrition, health, shelter, water and sanitation, as well as other minimum needs for survival, well-being and agency within society. ...
... The author argues that public authorities should intensify their efforts in five types of investment: human capital (nutrition, health, education), natural capital (biodiversity and ecosystems), infrastructure (water, sanitation, energy), public institutional capital (judicial system, well-managed government services) and knowledge capital (scientific research in various areas) (Sachs, 2005). ...
... This concept, which aims to reconcile economic development, social development and respect for the environment, is now an essential topic of discussion in a wide range of organizations, including debates on municipal and regional development (Gonçalves, 2005). Sachs (2005) also emphasizes well-being, stating that making the world a better place is within our reach, and that all people can and should enjoy basic levels of nutrition, health, shelter, water and sanitation, as well as other minimum needs for survival, well-being and agency within society. ...
... The author argues that public authorities should intensify their efforts in five types of investment: human capital (nutrition, health, education), natural capital (biodiversity and ecosystems), infrastructure (water, sanitation, energy), public institutional capital (judicial system, well-managed government services) and knowledge capital (scientific research in various areas) (Sachs, 2005). ...
Article
Full-text available
In consideration of the importance that the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development have acquired in the economic, social and environmental spheres, this article uses the sustainable city development index of Brazil (IDSC-BR) methodology to map SDG attainment in the 399 municipalities of Paraná. The main findings reveal that the municipalities with the lowest SDG fulfilment scores are concentrated in the central region of Paraná. Analysing the results by the individual Goals, the State performed best with Goal 11, sustainable cities and communities (89.52%), Goal 7, affordable and clean energy (85.11%), and Goal 12, responsible production and consumption (75.64%). At the same time, the Goals where compliance faces the greatest challenges are Goal 15, life on land (16.83%), Goal 14, life below water (26.02%), and Goal 17, partnerships for the goals (33.25%).
... Religion plays a role as well, with Protestantism, for instance, encouraging hard work, self-discipline, and rationalism (Weber, 1930;Becker, et al 2009). Geography, particularly proximity to the equator or landlocked status, has also been invoked to explain economic-growth disparities (Sachs, 2005;Krugman and Venables, 1995;Diamond, 1997;Sachs, 2001;Greif, 1993;Nunn, 2007;Nunn and Treáer, 2013;Frankel and Romer, 1999). However, some studies refute these links (Sturm and De Haan, 2001;Sturm, Leertouwer, and De Haan, 2002;), partly attributing the disparities to model dependence, where estimations are based on data extrapolations. ...
... Religion plays a role as well, with Protestantism, for instance, encouraging hard work, self-discipline, and rationalism (Weber, 1930;Becker, et al 2009). Geography, particularly proximity to the equator or landlocked status, has also been invoked to explain economic-growth disparities (Sachs, 2005;Krugman and Venables, 1995;Diamond, 1997;Sachs, 2001;Greif, 1993;Nunn, 2007;Nunn and Treáer, 2013;Frankel and Romer, 1999). However, some studies refute these links (Sturm and De Haan, 2001;Sturm, Leertouwer, and De Haan, 2002;), partly attributing the disparities to model dependence, where estimations are based on data extrapolations. ...
Article
Full-text available
Economic growth rests on entrepreneurship and capitalism. Entrepreneurship is important because entrepreneurs work unceasingly to create, use, and disseminate new products and productive techniques to raise living standards. Capitalism is characterized by private property rights, a free market, and the pursuit of profit, which are driving forces for innovation and productivity and in turn economic growth. Using six proxies for economic growth, our results show that capitalism, measured by the Economic Freedom of the World Index, and entrepreneurship, measured by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data set, fostered economic growth in member states of the European Union between 2000 and 2021.
... 40 The" Agenda 2063 Framework Document covers three broad areas, including the vision for 2063 explaining (The Africa We Want) by 2063, transformation framework indicating what needs to be done, and making it happen which is an implementation strategy". 41 They are presented in six chapters covering introduction; the vision and African Aspirations for 2063; Africa in the last fifty years; goals, targets, priority areas and indicative strategies for each of the aspirations; critical factors for success, potential risks and mitigation strategies as well as global megatrends likely to impact Africa's future; and the last chapter six is on implementation strategy (the First Ten-Year Implementation Plan) that also includes resource mobilization, monitoring and evaluation as well as communication strategies and partnerships. ...
... For instance, when Southern Africa Development Community (SADC's) Tribunal found Zimbabwe guilty of breaching Article 6 40 Ibid. 41 Ibid. 42 of the SADC Treaty, Zimbabwe expressed its dissatisfaction with the decision, thereby leading to the suspension of the SADC Tribunal at the August 2010 Summit. ...
... Moreover, in an era of globalization, such collaborations can provide avenues for improving job prospects, generating remittances, and contributing to economic growth in home countries like Nigeria (Ratha et al., 2011). The experience gained abroad can also contribute to the development of local industries upon the student's return, fostering the potential for sustainable development (Sachs, 2005). In this light, the DAAD program can be seen not only as an extension of Germany's soft power but also as a potential source of global integration, fostering international cooperation for decent work opportunities and remittances generation for Nigeria. ...
Article
Full-text available
This study seeks to examine the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) programme (i.e German Academic Exchange Service) as one of the popular means through which Nigerian students migrate to Germany. The study x-rays the DAAD programme while also scoping the historical origin of DAAD. Broadly focused on the perceived benefits to Nigerian scholars and other professionals. Using shared experiences, we ascertain its effectiveness in developing cross-cultural understanding, career advancement, German language skills acquisition and its contemporary impact on brain drain. As part of its data collection method and analysis, the study employs a qualitative and descriptive approach focusing on primary and secondary sources. The primary sources include oral interviews with German lecturers (DAAD) and Nigerian DAAD scholarship awardees. This study concludes that Nigerian student migrants, through the DAAD programme, are equipped with the basics of German language, relevant soft skills needed in the local and international labour market, and means of livelihood which somewhat strengthens Nigeria's human capital development. However, while the DAAD approach does enhance seamless integration of Nigerian migrant students into German lifestyles and practices it also fits into imperialist and "push and pull" theoretical frameworks for explaining globalization trends.
... План Маршалла (США, 1948-1952) -сприяв відновленню економік країн Європи, забезпечуючи фінансову допомогу, модернізацію промисловості та розвиток зовнішньої торгівлі [6]. Відбудова Німеччини (1950-ті роки) -реалізація соціально-ринкової економіки, що передбачала поєднання державного планування з ринковими механізмами [7]. ...
Article
The article examines the tasks and objectives of scientific research aimed at analyzing strategic planning for the post-war recovery of Ukraine. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to develop efficient recovery mechanisms in conditions where the country faces the consequences of armed conflicts. Key principles and methods that can be applied for effective management of recovery processes are identified. The methodology is based on studying the experiences of other countries that have undergone armed conflicts, with an emphasis on the possibility of adapting these practices to Ukrainian conditions. The main results indicate the importance of efficient strategic planning for stable economic growth, infrastructure recovery, and sustainable development. The research revealed the potential for attracting international investments, institutional reforms, and the development of public-private partnerships, which are critically important for the successful recovery of the economy. The direction of further research involves improving the methodology that takes into account the specifics of the Ukrainian context, particularly the need to integrate new technologies and innovative approaches into the recovery process. The practical significance of the work lies in the development of recommendations for the implementation of effective economic mechanisms that will contribute to the country’s recovery and ensure long-term stability. The social consequences of the research shall include a positive impact on society and politics, fostering the formation of a stable environment for development. This, in turn, should lead to an improvement in the quality of life of the population, a reduction in unemployment, and an increase in social cohesion. The originality of the research lies in its contribution to the theory and practice of economic recovery, which is of great importance for shaping Ukraine’s reconstruction strategy. The results can be used as a basis for further scientific research in this field, as well as for practical recommendations for government institutions and the private sector engaged in the recovery and development of the country’s economy.
...  Limited Domestic Processing Capacity: This may result from historical or current underinvestment in processing facilities and technology (Stiglitz, 2002;Sachs, 2006;Collier, 2007).  Financial Constraints: Establishing and operating processing facilities might not be financially viable if the cost outweighs the potential profits from processed materials (Stiglitz, 2002;Rodrik, 2004). ...
Article
In recent years, Serbia's copper industry has faced significant challenges related to its export structure. This analysis reveals two key issues: a shortage of skilled labour and inadequate processing capacity, both exacerbated by intensified exploitation under new ownership. Given the limited time frame before the copper mines are fully depleted, these challenges cannot be completely resolved. Thus, this research seeks to identify practical solutions to enhance the copper export structure within these constraints. By employing the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index and analysing export shares, the study identifies three copper product groups with the highest potential for export growth: 1) refined copper, 2) copper plates and sheets and 3) copper pipes. Redirecting limited processing capacities and human resources toward the production of these products would create a more favourable balance between raw ore and processed copper exports. This strategic focus is expected to yield higher profits while optimizing the use of capacities in related industries, given the significantly higher value-added nature of these products compared to raw ore.
... Conversely, temporal distancing to the past can be observed in the distinction between the present EU and Europe during the Second World War, whereby "Europe's Other is Europe's own past" (Waever 1996, 122). Temporal distancing is also visible in the theory of stages of economic growth (Rostow 1960), which situates countries at different stages of an imaginary 'ladder of development' (Sachs 2005). Such an approach has been criticised for placing countries in an "imaginary waiting room of history" (Chakrabarty 2000, 8), for its universalist supposition that all countries 'climb' the same 'ladder' (Chang 2003) and for portraying many countries primarily in terms of 'gap' and 'lack' (Mbembe 2006). ...
Article
Full-text available
Sustainability provisions in the European Union’s (EU) preferential trade agreements are typically attributed to the EU. The role of trade partners is often underexplored or even ignored. This article reverses the gaze, examining how trade partners and the EU engage under Trade and Sustainable Development (TSD) chapters. Drawing on 60 expert interviews, we juxtapose the perceptions of both sides regarding TSD negotiations and implementation, revealing similarities and differences. The EU sees itself as the primary proponent of TSD chapters and generally classifies trade partners into an in-group or out-group based on their perceived level of development and sustainability performance, employing a distinct governance logic for each group. Trade partners acknowledge the EU’s influence but still assert various forms of agency, including on fossil fuel subsidies, gender equality and indigenous peoples’ rights. The integration of trade and sustainable development is increasingly recognised as a shared goal. However, emerging trade-sustainability communities appear to be hindered by imbalanced policy objectives and adaptation costs, the perceived inappropriateness of 'harder' policy means and a disregard for distinct contexts. Our findings suggest that the EU’s and trade partners’ perceptions of TSD interactions are shaped by underlying spatial and temporal imaginaries. We propose two concepts – inclusive levelling and exclusive distancing – to describe how spatiality and temporality discursively influence the construction and delineation of trade-sustainability communities and thereby the governance of the trade-sustainability nexus.
... What is noteworthy is that this debate had two prominent development economists advocating for conflicting positions. Sachs (2005) was in favour of free distribution and relied on standard economic theory to argue that making ITNs free would lead to higher uptake and use. Easterly (2006) opposed free distribution and cited empirical findings from behavioural economics to suggest that fully subsidizing ITNs can have the opposite effect. ...
Article
Full-text available
Unlike with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in clinical research, little has been said about the ethical principles that should regulate the use of RCTs in experimental development economics. One well-known principle in clinical research ethics is the principle of clinical equipoise. Some recent commentators suggest that an analogue of clinical equipoise should play a role in experimental development economics. In this article, I first highlight some difficulties with importing the concept to experimental development economics. I then argue that MacKay’s (2018, 2020) notion of policy equipoise avoids these difficulties and has a role to play in experimental development economics.
... Without immediate compensation, fuel subsidy removal could push people into poverty (World Bank, 2023in Evans, et al., 2023. The increase in transportation cost due to subsidy removal have been discovered to limit people's access to essential services and opportunities, increase social disparities as well as interference with their overall wellbeing (Sachs, 2015). This in turn can trigger shift of households in transportation and other decisions with far-reaching consequences across economic, social and their environmental lives (Evans, et. ...
Article
Full-text available
This study was conducted to investigate the impact of fuel subsidy removal on transportation expenditure and mobility demands of households in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State. Using the cross-sectional design, a study area-wide survey of 400 copies of questionnaire administered with 94.75% recovering rate was conducted. The study area was initially defined into ten strata using the political ward boundaries. Thereafter, 10 streets were selected, in which four (4) copies of a semi-structured questionnaire were administered per street. The data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics, while student t-test and analysis of variance were respectively used to compare the mobility demands and the proportion of income on transportation by income groups before and after subsidy removal. The result showed a significant increase in the proportion of income on transportation, drop in mobility demands and the use of personal cars after fuel subsidy removal. The mitigation strategies adopted by households were to cut-down travel desire as well as decision to use alternative options of spatial interaction including trekking, telephone call, cycling, or use of public transportation by households who have had to reduce the use of their personal car. The study showed that the policy has been more adversely on low-income class whom the society was supposed to protect than the rich. The policy recommendations of the study as contained in the summary section require adequate intervention of government to cushion the immediate hardship brought by the policy.
... Adicionalmente às condições contextuais, motivações e fatores cognitivos de cada indivíduo também acabam por limitar o desempenho na busca por melhores padrões de vida (CARSRUD; BRÄNNBACK, 2010). Dentro desse contexto, o empreendedorismo surge como uma alternativa potencial para avançar na escala socioeconômica, particularmente àqueles indivíduos cujas famílias são mais pobres (BRUTON et al., 2013;LAPLUME et al., 2014;MANKIW, 2013;PATHAK et al., 2013PATHAK et al., , 2014QUADRINI, 1999;HARBI, 2017;SACHS, 2008SACHS, , 2003TOBIAS et al., 2013). ...
Article
O empreendedorismo pode ser considerado uma via promissora para o progresso socioeconômico, especialmente para pessoas de origem socioeconômica desfavorecida. A relação entre empreendedorismo e desigualdade de renda é complexa, e pode haver uma relação positiva em certos estágios de aumento da desigualdade de renda, que pode impulsionar a criação de novos negócios. Com esse contexto, este trabalho se propõe a estimar a relação entre desigualdade de renda e empreendedorismo, medido por sete indicadores distintos, para os países do continente americano. Para realizar essa análise, foi construída uma base de dados com 14 países entre 2004 e 2018, utilizando-se modelos de dados de painel espacial. Os resultados sugerem uma relação positiva entre a taxa total de empreendedorismo por oportunidade versus por necessidade e o tempo necessário para abrir um novo negócio. As estimativas indicam que em economias mais desiguais, os indivíduos enfrentam mais barreiras para empreender, mas ainda enxergam o empreendedorismo como uma possibilidade de prosperar economicamente. Palavras-chave: Desigualdade de renda. Empreendedorismo. Painel espacial.
... Продовження табл. А.2 ...
Book
Full-text available
One of the issues that is the focus of attention for both the scientific community and government officials is the principles of prosperity of countries and the reasons for their decline. There is currently no unambiguous answer to this, which gives rise to active discussions and scientific research into its various aspects. Some scholars associate the prosperity or decline of countries with the peculiarities of their geographical location, others with the availability of natural resources, and some with scientific and technological progress or the quality of national governance institutions. The monograph presents the results of research that continues the scientific inquiry in this field. Within this framework, existing developments by leading scholars and international organizations regarding the principles of prosperity and the causes of the decline of countries have been systematized, and an analysis of economic models of a selection of 100 countries has been conducted according to the developed methodological approach. Using economic and mathematical methods, the main components of the economic models of successful countries in the world were identified, and a possible trajectory for Ukraine’s transition from a peripheral to a central region of the world economic system was proposed. The monograph may be useful for scholars dealing with the problems of economic growth, policymakers and government officials involved in the development of Ukraine’s future, as well as researchers and practitioners interested in these issues.
... Beberapa metode mengukur kemiskinan, seperti pendekatan pendapatan dan multidimensi. Sachs (2005) mengklasifikasikan kemiskinan menjadi ekstrem, sedang, dan relatif. ...
Article
Full-text available
This study aims to analyze the impact of the People’s Business Credit Program (KUR) on reducing multidimensional poverty in Indonesia. Using the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method, this research measures the effectiveness of KUR in improving community welfare by expanding access to financing. The findings indicate that KUR has a significant impact on reducing multidimensional poverty, primarily through increased access to business capital, job creation, and higher household income for beneficiaries. These results align with previous studies highlighting the role of microcredit in poverty alleviation. However, the effectiveness of KUR depends on policy implementation and local conditions. Therefore, integrating KUR with other empowerment programs, such as entrepreneurship training and financial literacy, is necessary to maximize its impact. Additionally, the government is encouraged to strengthen monitoring and evaluation systems to ensure the program's long-term sustainability. Through these measures, KUR is expected to become more effective in enhancing community welfare and reducing socio-economic disparities in Indonesia.
... This aligns with the RUDSHAM attribute of Policy Support (PS), emphasizing the need for policies that promote community investment and self-sufficiency. However, some argue that immediate relief is necessary to address urgent needs and that long-term strategies should complement rather than replace short-term aid [112]. This calls for a balanced approach that integrates immediate relief with strategies for long-term sustainability in promoting solar PV adoption. ...
... A diferenciação dos lugares, uns dos outros, é cada vez menos uma questão de localização e dotação natural e cada vez mais o produto de uma lógica espacial tão inerente a este modo de produção quanto à teoria temporal da crise capitalista de Marx (Vale a pena notar que isto não é simplesmente um pormenor histórico. O consultor e crítico do FMI Jeffrey Sachs atribui o subdesenvolvimento a "um caso de má latitude", e este determinismo geográfico requentado tornou-se quase um negócio familiar: ver Sachs 2001Sachs , 2005Diamond 2005;Kaplan 1997). ...
Book
Full-text available
Neil Smith (1952-2012) tem uma obra reconhecida, variada e premiada, com forte influência teórica e de método no campo das ciências humanas e, em particular, da Geografia. Ocorre, porém, que são poucas as traduções e algumas delas feitas há décadas, dos textos fundamentais desse arguto e instigante geógrafo. O livro Neil Smith e sua Geografia Revolucionária vem para preencher parte dessa imensa lacuna e, a exemplo do livro A Produção Capitalista do Espaço de David Harvey.
... A diferenciação dos lugares, uns dos outros, é cada vez menos uma questão de localização e dotação natural e cada vez mais o produto de uma lógica espacial tão inerente a este modo de produção quanto à teoria temporal da crise capitalista de Marx (Vale a pena notar que isto não é simplesmente um pormenor histórico. O consultor e crítico do FMI Jeffrey Sachs atribui o subdesenvolvimento a "um caso de má latitude", e este determinismo geográfico requentado tornou-se quase um negócio familiar: ver Sachs 2001Sachs , 2005Diamond 2005;Kaplan 1997). ...
Book
Full-text available
O compromisso de Neil Simth com a crítica marxista é muito bem exemplificado através das publicações de alguns de seus livros, que parecem sistematizar, de alguma forma, anos de pesquisas publicadas em artigos menores. Seu primeiro livro, “Uneven Development: Nature, Capital, and the Production of Space” - cuja primeira edição é datada de 1984 - resultou da revisão de sua tese de doutorado, realizada sob a supervisão de David Harvey. Nesta obra, aparecem dois temas que Smith perseguirá ao longo de sua vida. O primeiro diz respeito a como a natureza é produzida no capitalismo e passa a circular como mercadoria. O segundo é a relação entre a teoria do desenvolvimento desigual e a produção do espaço.
... Some scholars argue that international donor support is essential for fostering economic development, improving healthcare, and addressing infrastructural deficits in developing countries. Sachs (2023) contends that well targeted foreign aid can serve as a catalyst for poverty reduction and economic transformation, especially in regions struggling with weak domestic revenue generation. Similarly, Collier (2022) emphasizes that donor assistance provides critical financial resources that allow governments to invest in social services and public goods that might otherwise be underfunded. ...
Article
Full-text available
This study critically examines the politics of international donor support in Nigeria through a post-colonial lens, exploring its implications for national sovereignty, economic development, and governance. The research investigates how foreign aid, while often framed as a development tool, perpetuates economic dependency and policy subjugation. Utilising dependency theory and post-colonial theory, the study evaluates the extent to which donor interventions influence Nigeria’s policy autonomy. This study adopts a qualitative approach, utilising secondary data from peer-reviewed journals, books, online materials and case studies. The findings indicate that while international aid has contributed significantly to healthcare, education, and infrastructure development, its effectiveness is often undermined by corruption, weak institutional frameworks, and external policy conditions imposed by donor agencies. Moreover, the study highlights the neo-colonial undertones of donor support, where funding is frequently tied to structural adjustments that limit Nigeria’s self-determination. The study concludes that achieving sustainable development in Nigeria requires a strategic shift towards economic diversification, enhanced transparency in aid management, and increased local ownership of development initiatives. Recommendations include strengthening governance institutions, reducing donor dependency, and fostering domestic revenue generation to ensure long-term economic resilience.
... His work posits that weak institutions, characterized by corruption and inefficiency, create a vicious cycle that hinders economic growth and perpetuates poverty (Sachs, 2005a). Sachs argues that in such environments, breaking free from poverty becomes increasingly difficult as these weak institutions create barriers to economic opportunities and innovation (Sachs, 2005b). Incorporating RIs, control on corruption and the ER into this theory, we can imagine a scenario where a significant portion of the population in a developing country relies on remittances from family members working abroad. ...
Article
Full-text available
Purpose This study aims to examine the influence of global and local structural factors on reducing poverty. Design/methodology/approach The research uses data spanning from 1996–2022 and uses the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model. This model allows for the assessment of the short and long-term effects of remittance inflow (RI) growth, control on corruption and employment rate (ER) on poverty reduction in India. Findings The research findings indicate that in the short run, an increase in international RIs, a higher control of corruption and a greater ERare associated with a decrease in poverty in India. Specifically, a positive change in RIs and control of corruption significantly reduces poverty, while an increase in the ERhas a substantial impact. However, in the long run, only a positive change in RIs and a higher control of corruption continue to significantly reduce poverty. Originality/value This study makes several significant contributions to the existing literature. First, it examines the simultaneous impact of three structural factors on poverty, offering insights into their combined long-term effects on the economy. Second, unlike previous studies, this research investigates the nonlinear effects on poverty, which is particularly relevant for developing nations. Lastly, this study aligns with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 1, which aims to end poverty in all its forms everywhere. The findings of this study are expected to assist Indian policymakers in formulating effective poverty eradication strategies and provide guidance for other developing nations facing similar challenges.
... The discourse on sustainable development and standard of living has been significantly influenced by the work of Herman Daly (1996), Amartya Sen (1985Sen ( , 1999 and Jeffrey Sachs (2005Sachs ( , 2015. Herman Daly, an ecological economist, emphasises the need to shift from a growth-centred economy to one that prioritises the sustainable use of resources (Daly 2007). ...
Article
Full-text available
The growing importance of sustainable development and improved living standards has created a need for comprehensive methods to assess these concepts in a consistent manner across different regions. Despite widespread discussion in the scientific and policy communities, there is no standardised model for their measurement. The aim of this study is to present a methodological approach for determining the development position of territorial units in terms of sustainable development and living standards of the population. A new approach is proposed, integrating the modified positional TOPSIS method and bilinear ordering, to assess the levels of sustainable development and living standards of territorial units and to determine their development positions along with possible development scenarios. This approach was applied to evaluate European countries in 2021, based on statistical data from Eurostat. The results showed different levels of sustainable development and living standards among the countries evaluated. This study makes a significant contribution to the literature by providing a comprehensive framework for assessing sustainable development and standard of living at the territorial level. The results provide valuable insights for policy makers in designing strategies and policies to promote sustainable development and improve standard of living. Furthermore, the methodology proposed in this study can be adapted and applied in different regional and contextual analyses, making it a versatile tool for future research in this area.
... Jeffrey Sachs (2005) en su teoría argumenta que, para erradicar la pobreza extrema, es necesario un enfoque integral que incluya ayudas directas, inversión en infraestructura, educación y salud. El BDH en Ecuador se alinea con esta visión al proporcionar una ayuda directa que mejora las condiciones de vida inmediatas y sienta las bases para el desarrollo económico a largo plazo (Flores, 2017). ...
Article
Full-text available
This study examines the Human Development Bond and its impact on the well-being of beneficiaries in Machala, Ecuador, assessing its effectiveness in combating poverty and improving the quality of life of vulnerable families. The program, aimed at reducing social inequality and promoting economic inclusion, primarily targets female-led households. Employing a quantitative approach, the research was conducted through surveys of bond recipients, focusing on the program's operation and management.The results highlight Machala's complex socioeconomic context, characterized by high levels of poverty and economic dependence. Only 23% of respondents own their homes, reflecting the economic fragility of beneficiaries. Women constitute the majority of recipients, shedding light on both their empowerment and the structural inequalities they face. While the Human Development Bond provides temporary relief, the study reveals that it has fallen short of its goals to significantly reduce poverty and improve long-term well-being. These findings underscore the need for reforms and complementary strategies to address the structural roots of poverty and enhance the program's future impact.
... This marginalization exacerbates social inequality and gradually undermines the cohesion and resilience of urban communities. ( cuse, 1997;Press, 1991;Sassen, 1991;Wilson, 1987;Denton, )1993; Sampson et al., 2012 ‫نواحی‬ ‫به‬ ‫آن‬ ‫گسترش‬ ‫و‬ ‫شهری‬ ‫مناطق‬ ‫در‬ ‫فقرا‬ ‫تعداد‬ ‫شدن‬ ‫زیاد‬ ‫فرآیند‬ ‫حاضر‬ ‫حال‬ ‫در‬ ‫جهانی‬ ‫توسعه‬ ‫مسائل‬ ‫ترین‬ ‫اصلی‬ ‫از‬ ‫یکی‬ ‫عنوان‬ ‫به‬ ‫حومه،‬ Sachs, 2005;Glaeser, 1999 2000;Denton, 1993;Wacquant, 2008;Sampson, 2012;Harvey, 2012;Sassen, 1991;Wilson, 1996;Davis, 2006 Lees et al., 2008;Lees, 1996;Lees, 2010;Lees, 2006 ...
Article
Full-text available
Urban transformations in recent decades, particularly in developing countries, have intensified the displacement of economically disadvantaged populations from central urban areas to peripheral regions, a phenomenon increasingly recognized as a major challenge in urban planning. This displacement results from multiple, intertwined factors, including social, economic, cultural, and political forces that restrict access to essential resources and services for marginalized segments of society. The issue highlights the widening gap between affluent and impoverished residents, where rising costs, limited employment opportunities, and inadequate infrastructure in central urban spaces render living there unfeasible for lower-income populations. Consequently, they are often forced to relocate to the city periphery, which, although more affordable, is typically underserved in terms of essential services, quality infrastructure, and socioeconomic opportunities. Understanding this phenomenon requires a comprehensive analysis of the complex interactions among urban morphology, governance, and social dynamics. Urban morphology, which involves the spatial structure and form of cities, significantly affects significantly influences how resources and opportunities are distributed. High demand for housing and rising land values often drive speculative practices, pushing prices beyond the reach of economically disadvantaged groups. Governance structures, on the other hand, play a critical role in shaping urban policies that frequently favor higher-income groups by promoting land-use patterns which prioritize commercial development and upscale housing. Social dynamics, including cultural and identity-based factors, further complicate displacement by fostering environments where such communities face a diminished sense of belonging and lack representation in decision-making processes. This study examines these issues in the context of Iranian metropolises, with a particular focus on Mashhad and its surrounding areas. To analyze this displacement, we employed a dual approach combining qualitative interviews and document reviews, grounded in a critical paradigm. We utilized critical discourse analysis to interpret the data, enabling a nuanced exploration of the narratives surrounding urban displacement and the factors driving it. Through an analysis of language and discourse in policy documents and interviews, we aimed to uncover the invisible forces and power dynamics that shape urban policies and exclude low-income groups from central urban areas. Structural and social factors jointly fuel the displacement of economically marginalized groups. Limited job opportunities, high housing prices, and soaring living costs contribute significantly to this issue. Speculative practices and rent-seeking behavior further exacerbate the affordability crisis. Power imbalances and top-down decision-making processes often prevent disadvantaged groups from influencing the policies that directly affect their lives. The "right to the city" becomes a critical issue as marginalized groups are frequently denied equitable access to urban resources and opportunities. Identity-based and cultural differences contribute to exclusion, with individuals from diverse backgrounds often-experiencing subtle forms of exclusion, fostering a sense of alienation in the central urban landscape. This marginalization exacerbates social inequality and gradually undermines the cohesion and resilience of urban communities.
... The first group argues that there has not been enough foreign assistance. Thus, a significant increase in aid can promote inclusive development, lower poverty, and accelerate economic growth (Sachs, 2005). It appears that this reasoning supports the huge push theory. ...
Article
Full-text available
The paper aims to scrutinize the nexus between development aid, economic growth, poverty, and inclusion in Africa in the short and long run. After compiling the theoretical and empirical foundation of aid effectiveness literature, the statistical analysis is conducted in three scenarios. First, a panel data analysis was conducted from 1977 to 2018 for 34 African countries to explore the interface between Official Development Assistance (ODA) and economic growth in the long run. The second scenario presents ODA's short-term and long-term marginal effects on poverty reduction. The last scenario examines the direct effect of ODA on inclusive development. The statistical results show that aid effectiveness varies across nations. In the short-run, out of the 34 countries, only five countries have a positive marginal efficiency of ODA in terms of economic growth. However, only in one country (Nigeria) is the marginal efficiency of ODA arguably found to be positive in the long-run. The poverty elasticity of ODA is found to be negative in all countries. Finally, the random effects regression shows that ODA arguably contributes negatively to inclusion. Multiple factors may cause statistically negative relationships and should not be ignored due to the suspicion of an endogeneity problem. This is the unique selling point of this paper, as it discusses the potential causes. Statistical findings may not fully explain aid effectiveness because benefits and drawbacks may differ from national interests and project to project. Furthermore, aid may have different long-and short-term consequences. Given all the limitations, the statistical analyses in this paper show that development aid should have strategic crosscutting focus areas inter alia human development, technology, environment, demographic change, good governance, trade, and economic equity.
... According to Sachs (2005), the issue of developing countries caught in a negative cycle of economic growth can be resolved by increasing the amount of official development assistance (ODA). But in two additional studies, On this account, Easterly (2006) and Moyo (2009) reject this idea since they argue that ODA often does not deliver the necessary financing for growth and can also hinder the process. ...
Preprint
Full-text available
Introduction: Foreign aid plays a crucial role in global efforts to alleviate poverty and promote economic growth. Aim: This research explores the causal link between foreign aid and economic growth across six Western Balkan countries, utilizing time series data spanning from 1995 to 2022. Method: The study employs methodologies such as the Granger causality test and various empirical unit root tests. Findings: The findings reveal a statistically significant causal relationship with foreign aid emerging as a strong predictor of economic growth only in Serbia, while in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the reverse was observed. These outcomes underscore the existence of notable disparities and imbalances in the interplay between foreign aid and economic growth across the region. Conclusion: The reduction in foreign aid to the Western Balkans underscores the region's growing economic independence and the impact of shifting geopolitical priorities. Originality and value: This study makes a distinctive contribution to the body of literature by concentrating on the Western Balkans, a region that isn't as often studied in connection to the relationship between foreign aid and economic growth.
... In impoverished nations, particularly in Africa, women may resort to traditional healing methods or faith-based healing before seeking medical attention. Routine examinations and visits to medical facilities are uncommon [43,44]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: Developed nations have well-structured health systems where cervical cancer (CC) screening is routine, accompanied by effective treatment and follow-up for positive cases. In contrast, many developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, lack specialized health infrastructure, treatment options, equipment, and qualified healthcare professionals. Screening initiatives are often limited in scope and lack sustained follow-up. As a result, approximately 90% of CC cases in these regions are diagnosed at advanced stages, exacerbated by socioeconomic challenges. Aim: This study aims to explore the socioeconomic and cultural factors contributing to cervical cancer risk among women in Doukoula, Far North Region of Cameroon. Method: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from November 3-9, 2021, among women aged 16 to 80 years in Doukoula and surrounding areas. Data collection involved face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire with 26 questions covering respondent identification, demographics, and cervical cancer screening (CCS) information. Data were entered into a Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheet, checked for consistency, and analyzed using CDC Epi Info version 7.2.5.0. Associations between respondent characteristics and CCS uptake were assessed using the Pearson Chi-square (χ2) test (significance level: 0.05). Results: Socioeconomic and cultural factors, including area of residence, age at first sexual activity, number of sexual partners, lack of information, education level, poverty, illiteracy, poor communication, cultural beliefs, and awareness gaps, were identified as barriers to effective cervical cancer prevention and control. Conclusion: This study highlights the complex socioeconomic and cultural vulnerabilities contributing to cervical cancer risk among women in Doukoula. Addressing these factors is crucial for improving prevention, early detection, and treatment outcomes. Keywords: Cervical cancer, socioeconomic factors, cultural beliefs, awareness, Far North Cameroon.
Chapter
This chapter discusses how the ten dimensions of our spirituality build a leadership culture and how both these dimensions and leadership culture maximize what Leif Edvinsson describes as the intellectual capital (IC) of nations and organizations, their human, social, process, and renewal capital, which help in promoting economic growth, social justice, organizational success, and social well-being. This chapter presents a new interdisciplinary framework that relies on the intuition of IC as the backbone to connect political economy, strategic management, cultures, leadership, philosophy, and spirituality. Our spirituality builds our capacity to perceive phenomena; build our consciousness, knowledge, relationships, ideals, and values; and reinforce human and social capital, which are pillars of IC. Our spirituality promotes inspiration and creation, reinforcing renewal capital, a pillar of IC. Our spirituality is an engine of leadership in every person and society, generating transcendence, a vision of the future, a mission, and stronger relationships, building communities that promote continuous individual and social transformation processes, and building IC.
Chapter
Most economists think family economics began in the 1960s when price theory was applied to family behaviour. Instead, this book focuses on enduring concerns with family poverty across the last two centuries. In nineteenth-century Britain and Europe, economists debated the effects of poverty relief and sought to improve family productivity. In the US, interwar household consumer economists studied how to rationalise family consumption, because factories were producing goods for low-income families. From the 1960s onwards, 'New' household economists attributed family poverty to inadequate human capital investment in predominantly non-white families. Even when feminist, development, and queer economists problematised gendered injustices, they recentred family poverty, targeting the 'pauperisation' of motherhood and the marginalisation of 'families we choose.' Economics and the Family does not simply reconstruct this alternate history, it also shows how economists in all these periods overlooked injustices which must be shouldered today.
Article
This study evaluates the impact of Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG) factors and Market Potential factors on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows for the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) nations (Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand) over the period 2005 to 2021, through the use of panel data methodologies such as Robust Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The study models Foreign Direct Investment as the dependent variable, with ESG factors (Carbon emissions, Renewable energy consumption, Human Development Index, unemployment rate, Rule of Law and Regulatory Quality estimate, among others) alongside Market Potential factors(Market Intensity, Market Consumption Capacity, Market Receptivity, Commercial Infrastructure, Economic Freedom and Market Growth rate) as independent variables, while controlling for macroeconomic factors like Inflation, Trade Openness, Gross Domestic Product and Official Development Assistance .The results suggest that investment flows are significantly influenced by both sustainability and the Market specific factors, exhibiting mixed effects with both positive and negative correlations with FDI. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing a holistic approach to investment, incorporating market potential as an umbrella term to the traditional ESG paradigm, thereby outlining a more strategic investment framework for the BIMSTEC nations and aiding policy makers in better sustainable economic management.
Article
Full-text available
This study explored the economic impact of multinational corporations (MNCs) from BRICS and NATO member states on Third World countries, specifically between 2015 and 2023. The research focused on understanding how these foreign entities influence the economies of developing nations, both positively and negatively. The problem aroused from the dependency of Third World countries on foreign investments, which while fostering economic growth, often exacerbate inequalities, environmental damage, and social unrest. This phenomenon calls for a comprehensive evaluation of the roles played by MNCs from emerging and developed economies. The theoretical framework adopted for this study is World Systems Theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein in the 1970s, which examined the global capitalist structure and the economic relationships between core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral nations. This theory helped contextualize the exploitative dynamics between multinational corporations and Third World economies. The study adopted a qualitative research methodology, specifically a descriptive design, which allows for an in-depth exploration of the economic effects of MNC activities in developing nations. Data was collected through secondary sources, including books, journals, newspapers, and official publications, using a documentary analysis technique. Content analysis was employed to examine the characteristics of the data, facilitating a deeper understanding of the themes and patterns present within the documents. The findings revealed both positive impacts, such as infrastructure development and job creation, and negative consequences, including environmental degradation and economic dependency. Recommendations suggested that governments should focus on diversifying their economies, implementing stronger regulatory frameworks, and negotiating fair trade agreements to maximize the benefits of foreign investment. In conclusion, while MNCs contribute to economic growth, their operations must be carefully managed to promote sustainable development in Third World countries. The reference format adopted in this research follows the APA 6th edition.
Article
Full-text available
The Organization of African Unity (OAU) was transformed into a new continental regional body called the African Union (AU). The AU was announced in the Sirte Declaration in Sirte, Libya, on 9 September 1999, calling for the establishment of the AU. The regional bloc was launched on 9 July 2002 in Durban, South Africa. The AU progressed beyond a political union and is taking some steps to fully operationalize an economic regional integration body on the continent building on the view of the 1991 Abuja Treaty that endorsed the African Economic Community. This research is mainly focused on review some related literature on the extent to which the AU progressing on deepening economic integration on the continent to reconceptualize Africa's regional integration for Peace and Sustainable Development on the continent, and what could be done to further entrench same for economic prosperity of Africa. Economic prosperity is a result of economic growth and economic growth provides the needed resources for economic development. However, economic growth and economic development cannot obtain in the absence of peace and security. Hence, this Article delves into how Africa might achieve its desire goals for sustainable development by ensuring peace and security on the continent.
Preprint
Full-text available
This study critically examines the influence of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank on national sovereignty, particularly in developing and transition economies. While both institutions were established to promote global financial stability and development, their conditional lending practices and structural adjustment programs have raised concerns about the erosion of national policy autonomy. Drawing on case studies, policy analyses, and critical scholarship, this research explores how the economic prescriptions imposed by these Bretton Woods institutions affect domestic decision-making processes, fiscal priorities, and social policies. The study also investigates the balance between economic reform and political self-determination, highlighting the tension between global governance and state sovereignty. Ultimately, the research argues that while the IMF and World Bank provide essential financial assistance, their involvement often comes at the cost of national agency, raising important questions about accountability, legitimacy, and the future of global financial governance.
Article
The conventional paradigm in political economy routinely treats living, complex, adaptive social systems as machine-like objects. This treatment has driven political economists to oversimplify big, complex social processes using mechanical models, or to ignore them altogether. In development, this has led to theoretical dead ends, trivial agendas, or failed public policies. This article proposes an alternative paradigm: adaptive political economy. It recognizes that social systems are complex, not complicated; complexity can be ordered, not messy; and social scientists should be developing the concepts, methods, and theories to illuminate the order of complexity, rather than oversimplifying it. The author illustrates one application of adaptive political economy by mapping the coevolution of economic and institutional change. This approach yields fresh, important conclusions that mechanical, linear models of development have missed, including that market-building institutions look and function differently from market-sustaining ones.
Chapter
This chapter shall be used as a basis for evidencing the validity of the answers to the focus problem of this enquiry. The idea is to apply the concept of “precedent,” similarly as in legal processes, to support the validity of the model. Considering that this book proposes changes to the systems that form society, arguing that those changes would foster development, to establish a solid precedent, it seemed important to address the topics below. First and foremost, one shall look at the history of societal development from an organizational perspective (Articulating two different points of view, mainly through the works of Jared Diamond (Guns, germs and steel: The faiths of human societies, W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 1999) and Francis Fukuyama (The origins of political order: From Prehuman times to the French revolution, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2011)) and interpret it according to the lens provided in Chap. 1. This will allow to answer the question of how society evolved to be as we know it. Then, taking the perspective of what led to development into account, one shall understand what leads to that development. This, although similar, is different in the sense that it may allow to understand why society evolved to be as we know it, not just “how.” This question will be answered by interpreting the Modern Growth Theory (Mainly through the works of Douglass C. North (Institutions, institutional change and economic performance, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990) and Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson (Why nations fail, Currency, New York, 2012)) and articulating its rationale with the ideas presented and developed in Chap. 1. The two, combined and articulated with the lens established in Chap. 1, offer a perspective on what development can be seen as, which, in turn, can be illustrated by interpreting and articulating the rationale of a theory on the evolution of property rights (Demsetz, The American Economic Review 57:347–359, 1967) with the ideas developed throughout the chapter.
Article
The Poverty is inability residents to meet their basic living needs Although the literacy rate of the and life expectancy is highly but poverty still high too, especially in North Sumatera Province at 2012-2023 periods. The method of research is secondary data collecting from North Sumetera central bureau of statictic, Internet site, Books, Journal and others which relevant to the research. Location of the rearsch is 33 district/ city around North Sumatera. The result of multiple linier regression which SPSS 25 processing was Y = 132.516 -0.891 X1– 0.502 X2 which means constant value is 132.5162, the influence of the the literacy rate is negative and significant a total of 0.891 and the influence of the life expectancy is negative and significant a total of – -0.502. That is phenomenon of this research. The goal of research is how the influence of the the literacy rate of the and life expectancy against poverty in North Sumatera Province.
Article
Full-text available
The Moroccan government introduced the Villes Sans Bidonvilles programme (VSB) in 2004. The programme reflects the Cities Alliance slogan "Cities Without Slums," with the main objective of eliminating all slums from Moroccan cities by the end of 2010. In contrast to the official and World Bank propaganda that praises VSB's efforts to fight urban poverty and social exclusion, this article attempts to provide a critical analysis of the political motivations behind the introduction of the VSB programme. Analyses of the political motivations have made clear that the introduction of the VSB programme was in recognition of the links between the social problems of slum dwellers and urban violence following the 2003 Casablanca terrorist attacks. The idea was that eradicating slums from cities and pushing them to the peripheries, through the VSB's resettlement projects, should simultaneously contribute to the elimination of extremism and urban violence. Beyond the security imperative, it was also within the neoliberal discourse on aestheticism and marketisation of the city that the VSB programme was introduced and promoted. Hence, as elsewhere, the VSB programme should, through its resettlement projects, help the state to remove slum dwellers from the prime land and new green city's boundaries.
Research
Full-text available
The research explores the Israel-Palestine conflict, focusing on the role of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in resolving disputes. It examines the ICJ’s advisory opinions, such as the 2004 ruling on the separation barrier, and its impact on international law. The study compares the ICJ’s legal influence with the enforcement powers of the UN Security Council (UNSC) and the diplomatic role of the UN General Assembly (UNGA). While the ICJ provides legal clarity, its lack of enforcement limits its impact. The research highlights the complexity of the conflict and the challenges in achieving a lasting resolution through international law.
Article
Full-text available
The article addresses the process of neoliberal transformation of the Soviet Bloc in the late 1980-ties and early 1990-ties as analyzed on the example of Poland. Its trajectory generally confirms Loïc Wacquant’s thesis put forward in his article "Three steps to a historical anthropology of actually existing neoliberalism", that neoliberalism tends to rather capture and use than simply dismantle and weaken state structures and power mechanisms. The author shows that the transition from planned to market economy in the former Soviet Bloc was also accompanied, backed and made possible by powerful ideological operations that reshaped the construction of subjectivity and made it compatible with the neoliberal capitalism. This proves that two modes of analyzing neoliberalism – structural analysis of state power and focus on governmentality – should be treated as complimentary tools of understanding neoliberal transitions. However, contrary to Wacquant, the author claims that in this respect there is nothing new about neoliberalism as a practice, since capitalism has always required a help from the state to maintain a seemingly autonomous rule of the market.
Article
Full-text available
This article presents a comparative position of banks and microfinance institutions (MFIs) in reaching rural enterprises in Bangladesh, particularly in lending and savings services. We have gathered data from 225 respondents through a questionnaire survey on the demand side of the rural market of Bangladesh. The rural financial market is still mostly informal and underserved. MFIs have reached nearer physically and through the lending methodology to rural enterprises despite capability constraints in fund arrangement having organisational limitations to expand as per demand. On the other hand, conventional banks are not as near as MFIs are, particularly in remote rural areas. The attitude of bank officials, including the culture developed within the organisation, is a major barrier for rural enterprises to access credit and other desired financial services. However, people expect more from banks than MFIs despite the persistent reluctance of banks to be nearer. In both cases, products are imperfectly designed to cater to a wide range of rural people and their enterprises.
It is a good point, but let me offer a suggestion. The conflicts you refer to are conflicts of poverty. They are not just causes of poverty; they are caused by poverty. It is a big mistake, I think, that a lot of these conflicts are viewed mainly, and sometimes only, in peacekeeping terms
  • Jeffrey Sachs
JEFFREY SACHS: It is a good point, but let me offer a suggestion. The conflicts you refer to are conflicts of poverty. They are not just causes of poverty; they are caused by poverty. It is a big mistake, I think, that a lot of these conflicts are viewed mainly, and sometimes only, in peacekeeping terms, not in development terms.