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The effect of 30 Hz vs. 50 Hz passive vibration and duration of vibration on skin blood flow in the arm
Abstract
Recently, researchers have demonstrated that Whole Body Vibration (WBV) results in significant increases in skin blood flow (SBF). No study has determined if a specific frequency or a specific duration is better at optimizing SBF.
Two studies were conducted to determine, 1) if there is a difference in SBF due to passive vibration of the forearm at 30 Hz vs. 50 Hz, 2) if one frequency is superior, and 3) if there is an optimal duration. In the first study, 18 subjects (mean age 20.3+/-2.9 years) were randomly placed into a 30 Hz or 50 Hz vibration group, and in the second, seven subjects (mean age 23.3+/-3.8 years) participated in both 30 and 50 Hz vibration. Each subject's arm was passively vibrated for 10 minutes. SBF was examined during vibration and for 15 minutes of recovery.
Both frequencies produced significant increases in SBF (p<0.05) within the first four minutes of vibration. Peak SBFs were obtained by the fifth minute. SBF remained high for minutes 4 through 10 of vibration in the second study. In the first study, SBF remained high for minutes 4 through 9. During recovery, 30 Hz vibration produced SBFs below baseline values while 50 Hz SBFs remained above baseline. Statistically one frequency was not superior to the other.
Five minutes of 30 Hz or 50 Hz vibration produced significant increases in SBF. Clinically, 50 Hz has additional benefits because SBF increased more rapidly and did not result in vasoconstriction during the recovery period. Future studies should be done to determine if these increases in SBF could be of benefit to populations with low circulation such as those with diabetes.
... The frequency of a vibration has also been shown to influence the magnitude of blood flow responses [4,14,19,21]. For example, Lythgo et al., using standing WBV, demonstrated that the mean blood velocity in the femoral artery increased the most at 30 Hz when comparing 5 Hz increments between 5 and 30 Hz [14]. ...
... For example, Lythgo et al., using standing WBV, demonstrated that the mean blood velocity in the femoral artery increased the most at 30 Hz when comparing 5 Hz increments between 5 and 30 Hz [14]. Meanwhile, Maloney-Hinds et al. reported that 50 Hz increased the skin blood flow more than 30 Hz while uniquely resting the arm on a vertical vibration platform as a form of localized vibration [21]. Thus, the use of vibration improves blood flow; however, the variability of vibration parameters (frequency, amplitude, and duration), along with WBV vs. localized vibrations, leaves an unclear picture as to the optimal combination for arterial vs. cutaneous blood flow responses. ...
... These findings of increased blood flow at frequencies above 30 Hz are supported by Maloney-Hinds et al. [21], who investigated skin blood flow responses to the forearm. In their study, participants had their arm passively vibrated by resting the forearm on a WBV platform at 30 Hz and 50 Hz for 10 min. ...
There is a broad scope of literature investigating whole-body vibration (WBV) effects on blood flow (BF). However, it is unclear how therapeutic localized vibrations alter BF. Low-frequency massage guns are advertised to enhance muscle recovery, which may be through BF changes; however, studies using these devices are lacking. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine if popliteal artery BF increases from localized vibration to the calf. Twenty-six healthy, recreationally active university students (fourteen males, twelve females, mean age 22.3 years) participated. Each subject received eight therapeutic conditions randomized on different days with ultrasound blood flow measurements. The eight conditions combined either control, 30 Hz, 38 Hz, or 47 Hz for a duration of 5 or 10 min. BF measurements of mean blood velocity, arterial diameter, volume flow, and heart rate were measured. Using a cell means mixed model, we found that both control conditions resulted in decreased BF and that both 38 Hz and 47 Hz resulted in significant increases in volume flow and mean blood velocity, which remained elevated longer than the BF induced by 30 Hz. This study demonstrates localized vibrations at 38 Hz and 47 Hz significantly increase BF without affecting the heart rate and may support muscle recovery.
... Local vibration has shown promise in increasing SBF, reducing tissue ischemia and improving wound healing [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. However, there is no specific guideline on the selection of the appropriate vibration frequency due to conflicting results. ...
... Corbiere and Koh [7] applied 90 Hz vibrations to the feet of mice and observed improved healing of muscle injury. For human participants, Maloney-Hinds et al. [8] applied both 30 Hz and 50 Hz vibrations to the forearm of healthy adults for 10 min, respectively. The results showed that both vibration frequencies caused significant increases in SBF; and 50 Hz vibration was more effective than 30 Hz. Ren et al. [10] compared the effect of different intermittent durations of local vibration on SBF at the middle metatarsal head of diabetic and healthy adults using 50 Hz frequency. ...
... It is known that the glabrous skin contains a large number of Pacinian corpuscles, which are more sensitive to higher vibration frequencies [23]. Thus, a higher frequency of vibration may be easier to induce SBF response [8]. Additionally, a higher vibration frequency may activate more mechanoreceptors, including Pacinian corpuscles and Messinian corpuscles [32], thereby contributing a more intense SBF response. ...
Local vibration has shown promise in improving skin blood flow (SBF). However, there is no consensus on the selection of the best vibration frequency. An important reason may be that previous studies utilized time- and frequency-domain parameters to characterize vibration-induced SBF responses. These parameters are unable to characterize the structural features of the SBF response to local vibrations, thus contributing to the inconsistent findings seen in vibration research. The objective of this study was to provide evidence that nonlinear dynamics of SBF responses would be an important aspect for assessing the effect of local vibration on SBF. Local vibrations at 100 Hz, 35 Hz, and 0 Hz (sham vibration) with an amplitude of 1 mm were randomly applied to the right first metatarsal head of 12 healthy participants for 10 min. SBF at the same site was measured for 10 min before and after local vibration. The degree of regularity of SBF was quantified using a multiscale sample entropy algorithm. The results showed that 100 Hz vibration significantly increased multiscale regularity of SBF but 35 Hz and 0 Hz (sham vibration) did not. The significant increase of regularity of SBF after 100 Hz vibration was mainly attributed to increased regularity of SBF oscillations within the frequency interval at 0.0095–0.15 Hz. These findings support the use of multiscale regularity to assess effectiveness of local vibration on improving skin blood flow.
... Results showed that both 30 and 50 Hz vibration significantly increased the SBF in the forearm, and the peak SBF was reached 5 min after the intervention. Moreover, greater improvement in SBF was achieved when 50 Hz vibration was applied (Maloney-Hinds et al., 2008). A follow-up study by the same group found that local vibrations of 50 Hz for 5 min could significantly increase SBF and nitric oxide (NO) production rate in the forearm of both diabetic and healthy subjects, but the microcirculation parameters in the diabetics were still lower than that for the healthy subjects (Maloney-Hinds et al., 2009). ...
... This study aims to explore the acute effects of local vibration interventions on the plantar SBF responses in diabetic and healthy subjects, and further analyze the microcirculation response in diabetics. In accordance with the findings of Maloney-Hinds et al. (2008), 5-min vibrations of 50 Hz with various rest period durations were applied in this study. The effects of different vibration patterns (i.e., with different rest period durations) on microvascular response were compared. ...
... The frequency of vibrations was set as 50 Hz and the amplitude at 2 mm. The frequency of 50 Hz was chosen as in a previous study (Maloney-Hinds et al., 2008). The force generated by the vibrating head was measured by a calibrated pressure sensor and is about 9.45 kPa. ...
Objective: Poor blood flow supply is an important pathological factor that leads to the development and deterioration of diabetic foot ulcers. This study aims to investigate the acute effects of local vibration with varying intermittent durations on the plantar skin blood flow (SBF) response in diabetic and healthy subjects.
Methods: Eleven diabetic patients (7 males, 4 females) and 15 healthy adults (6 males, 9 females) participated in this experiment and accepted three tests. Local continuous vibration (LCV) and two levels of local intermittent vibration (LIV1 and LIV2) were randomly applied to the middle metatarsal head of each subject's right foot in each test. The SBF was measured prior to intervention (Baseline), during Vibration and during the Recovery Stage for each test. The mean SBF in each stage, the change percentages and change rates of SBF in Vibration and Recovery stage among three tests were compared and analyzed for both diabetic and healthy subjects.
Results: For diabetic subjects, the SBF was significantly increased in both Vibration and Recovery Stage with local intermittent vibrations (LIV1 and LIV2), but not with LCV. However, there was no significant difference in change percentage and change rate of SBF in diabetic subjects across the three tests. For healthy subjects, all vibration interventions significantly increased the SBF in the Vibration Stage and in the first 1.5 min of the Recovery Stage. Also, the change rate of SBF during the Vibration stage in LIV1 test was significantly greater than that in LIV2 test for healthy subjects. Moreover, change percentage of SBF in Vibration stage of LIV1 test and in some periods of Recovery stages of LIV1 and LIV2 tests for diabetic subjects were lower than for healthy subjects; the absolute change rate of SBF in LIV1 test for diabetic subjects was also lower than for healthy subjects.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that both LIV1 and LIV2 may effectively improve SBF in the feet of diabetic people, but LCV may not achieve the same level of vasodilatation. The diabetic subjects were also found to have a lower SBF response to applied vibration than the healthy subjects.
... In addition, a study on elderly patients with stage I pressure injuries showed that patients that underwent vibration therapy exhibited a greater number of healed ulcers and healing rate compared to those with standard care [6]. Furthermore, a series of studies has shown that skin blood flow (SBF) is increased transiently in the extremities of healthy participants after the application of vibration [7] independent of vibration frequency between 30-50Hz [8]. Thus, it seems reasonable to posit that LIV-enhanced tissue perfusion may promote wound healing. ...
... For this study, we performed continuous measurement of SBF during the course of LIV application, whereas previous studies that measured SBF before and after application of vibration. A previous study suggested that vibration may induce artifact in LDF signals measured during application of vibration [31] and to our knowledge all studies published thus far have measured SBF immediately before and after vibration [7,9,11,32] or during temporary cessation of vibration over the course of vibration [8]. We believe our measurements reflect true changes in SBF since we showed that LIV applied to the measurement probes (with blocked SBF signal) did not produce significant LDF signal in and of itself. ...
... We believe our measurements reflect true changes in SBF since we showed that LIV applied to the measurement probes (with blocked SBF signal) did not produce significant LDF signal in and of itself. In addition, the vibration amplitude used in our protocol (peak acceleration 0.4 g, 0.22 mm peak to peak displacement) was much smaller than those used in previous studies (peak acceleration 7g, 5-6mm [7][8][9]32], and 2mm [11]). Thus, our findings suggest that use of LIV allows measurement of SBF in real time with LDF, which showed immediate increase in SBF with application of LIV. ...
Aim
Investigate the immediate effect of low intensity vibration on skin blood flow and its underlying control mechanisms in healthy human participants.
Materials and methods
One-group pre-post design in a university laboratory setting. Nine adults underwent two bouts of 10-minute vibration (30Hz, peak acceleration 0.4g). Outcome measures include skin blood flow, and skin temperature on the right foot. To examine the control mechanisms underlying the vibration-induced blood flow response, SHORT-TIME Fourier analyses were computed to obtain the spectral densities for three frequency bands: metabolic (0.0095–0.02Hz), neurogenic (0.02–0.06Hz), and myogenic (0.06–0.15Hz). Non-parametric Friedman’s tests were computed to compare changes of the outcome measures and control mechanisms over the course of vibration.
Results
Vibration increased skin blood flow during both bouts of vibration, however the effect did not last after vibration was terminated. Myogenic spectral density increased during both bouts of vibration, whereas the metabolic and neurogenic spectral densities increased only during the 2nd bout of vibration. Interestingly, only the metabolic spectral density remained elevated after vibration ended.
Conclusion
Low intensity vibration produced acute increases in skin blood flow mediated in part by vascular control mechanisms of myogenic origin. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether low intensity vibration induces similar increases in skin blood flow in populations prone to developing chronic non-healing wounds, such as spinal cord injury and diabetes.
... multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, Parkinson s etc) populations. Application of short-term low frequency vibration has been shown to induce improvements in peripheral circulation without altering heart rate or blood pressure, [2][3][4] and may contribute to the treatment of diseases with vascular spasms. Most of the previously published studies used a low vibration frequency ranging between 10 Hz and 30 Hz. ...
... 3 Furthermore, vibration may be a better method for increasing skin blood flow compared to other methods, which can lead to serious burns (hot packs) or medication side effects. 4 A number of researchers have investigated the influence of vibration on peripheral skin circulation; but the results are conflicting. [3][4][5] Furthermore, due to the anatomical differences in glabrous and nonglabrous skin, there may be differences in circulatory responses to vibration exposure between these two regions. ...
... 4 A number of researchers have investigated the influence of vibration on peripheral skin circulation; but the results are conflicting. [3][4][5] Furthermore, due to the anatomical differences in glabrous and nonglabrous skin, there may be differences in circulatory responses to vibration exposure between these two regions. 5 There is a dearth of research works investigating the simultaneous effects of low frequency hand-arm vibration on both ventral (glabrous) and dorsal (nonglabrous) skin circulation in the extremities. ...
We sought to investigate the effect of low frequency hand-arm vibration, from using a vibrating dumbbell, on blood flow in ventral and dorsal skin of the upper extremity. After 5-min baseline measurements of blood flow (BF), the subjects gripped the handle of a dumbbell vertically for two exposure period (without and with isometric handgrip condition for 5 min and 3 min, respectively) separated by a 5-min rest-period. This was followed by a 15-min recovery period. During both ex- posure periods, subjects were exposed to three randomized experimental conditions:i) vibration exposure at 15 Hz; ii) vibration exposure at 30 Hz; and iii) no vibration or control condition. Overall, under both 15 Hz and 30 Hz vibration conditions, BF increased significantly during both periods of exposure and exposure with isometric handgrip conditions; the increase in percentage BF was found to be significantly more with exposure to vibration combined with isometric handgrip than with exposure to vibration only. However, exposure to 30 Hz hand-arm vibration was associated with the appearance of vesicles in 50% subjects. These data suggest that low-frequency hand-arm vibration exercise at 15 Hz may be used as a non-invasive method in increasing peripheral skin circulation.
... Several studies have investigated the influence of WBV on blood flow and muscle oxygenation, critical for repair and remodeling during skeletal muscle healing, with confounding results [12]. Some research suggests WBV increases both blood flow [13][14][15][16] and muscle oxygenation [13,14]; while other studies have found small or no changes in muscle oxygenation [17,18] and blood flow [19] after WBV exposure. ...
... Vibration 2022, 5, FOR PEER REVIEW 2 research suggests WBV increases both blood flow [13][14][15][16] and muscle oxygenation [13,14]; while other studies have found small or no changes in muscle oxygenation [17,18] and blood flow [19] after WBV exposure. The conflicting outcomes in research on physiological changes resulting from WBV are likely due to differences in vibration type (vertical or side-alternating) and parameters (amplitude and frequency). ...
This study directly compared blood flow and oxygenation during six treatment parameters used with vertical and side alternating whole body vibration (WBV). Twenty-seven healthy adults were randomized into the vertical or side-alternating (vibration type) WBV group. Participants completed three WBV sessions a week apart, 5 sets of 1 min on/off, at 3 conditions (Vertical: 30 Hz and 4 mm, 40 Hz and 2 mm, 45 Hz and 4 mm; Side-alternating: 10 Hz and 4 mm, 18 Hz and 3 mm and 26 Hz and 2 mm). Blood flow velocity and popliteal artery diameter, muscle oxygenation, skin temperature, heart rate and blood pressure were assessed. Muscle oxygenation was significantly increased for all vibration frequencies and types following two minutes of WBV (14.78%, p = 0.02) and continued until immediately after the cessation of WBV (24.7%, p < 0.001). WBV also increased heart rate (23.9%, p < 0.001) and systolic blood pressure (8.9%, p < 0.001) regardless of frequency and vibration type. Side-alternating and vertical WBV increased muscle oxygenation and heart rate in healthy participants completing an isometric squat. Muscle oxygenation was not increased until the second vibration set indicating the amount of time spent on the platform may have a significant effect on increases in blood flow.
... A study conducted by Kerschan-Schindl et al. [52] found an increase in mean blood flow rate in the femoropopliteal artery as a result of vibration massage performed on a vibration platform (f-26 Hz A-3 mm). An increase in local blood flow rate immediately after the vibratory stimulus was also confirmed by other researchers [21,53]. The explanation for this mechanism is based on the assumption that rhythmic muscle contractions are observed when the body is subjected to vibration [54], which can cause changes in the peripheral arteries. ...
... Consequently, during static muscle work, conditions are created for oxygen debt and an increase in the proportion of anaerobic metabolism causing their acidification [68,69]. Furthermore, the increase in blood flow due to the application of vibration intervention [21,53] facilitates the exchange of nutrients and the removal of metabolic by-products [40,55] which were accumulated during the exercise with isometric muscle work. According to Lattier et al. [70], a very important factor in the acceleration of post-workout relaxation and ability to undertake the next effort is lactate removal from blood and muscles. ...
Background:
The aim of the study was to compare the effect of vibration massage and passive rest on accelerating the process of muscle recovery after short-term intense exercise.
Methods:
Eighty-four healthy men aged 20 to 25 years participated in the study. Study participants performed isometric (ISO-M Group) and auxotonic (AUX-M group) contraction exercise in the lower limbs. Vibration massage was administered after exercise in the first recovery period. In the same period, controls rested passively, without the support of vibration massage. To assess the effectiveness of the applied vibration, a 4-fold measurement of the maximum force of the muscles involved in the exercise was performed under conditions of isometric contractions on a leg press machine set at an angle of 45° degrees upwards.
Results:
Differences in maximum strength during isometric contraction were found compared to baseline in favor of the groups subjected to the experimental vibration massage. Differences were demonstrated in muscle strength between the study groups (p < 0.005). The second period of passive rest in all groups did not bring significant changes in the values of maximal lower limb strength.
Conclusions:
Properly selected characteristics of the vibration effect can be an effective method in accelerating recovery and regaining lost motor capabilities of muscle groups fatigued by exercise. This offers the potential to shorten rest periods between sets of repetitions in training or between training units.
... Nakagami et al. pointed out that promoting blood flow during the compression of tissues may alleviate the degree of ischemia in occluded tissues [15]. Also, Maloney-Hinds et al. found that local vibration on the arm could increase the skin blood flow of intervention limb [16]. us, we speculated that vibration could also relieve the ischemia in the lower extremities caused by pressure stimulus. ...
... Vibration with a frequency of 50 Hz was reported to improve microcirculation and wound healing [16,53]. e depth of nutritive capillaries in the plantar dermal layer is less than 3 mm [54], and 50 Hz vibration with an amplitude of 2 mm was proven to effectively increase plantar skin blood flow in people with diabetes [27]. ...
Objectives:
Foot ulcers often occur in people with diabetes because of pressure-induced tissue ischemia. Vibration has been reported to be helpful in alleviating mechanical damage and promoting wound healing. The objective of this study is to explore whether vibration can relieve reactive hyperemia in foot tissue under occlusive compression.
Methods:
Thirteen healthy adults participated in the study. Each foot was placed under occlusive compression without or with vibration intervention, which was randomly assigned every other day. The dorsal foot skin blood flow (SBF) was measured pre- and postintervention for each subject in each test. Temporal variations and spectral features of SBF were recorded for comparison.
Results:
The results showed that subjects displayed an obvious reactive hyperemia in the foot tissue after pressure occlusion, whereas they displayed a more regular SBF when vibration was applied along with occlusive compression. Moreover, the amplitude of metabolic, neurogenic, and myogenic pathways for SBF was significantly reduced during the hyperemia process when vibration was applied.
Conclusions:
This study demonstrated that vibration can effectively reduce the level of hyperemia in foot tissue under occlusive compression and also induce less protective physiological regulatory activities. This is helpful for protecting foot tissue from pressure-induced ischemic injury and foot ulcers.
... For the VR group, blood flow perfusion increases, but not significantly. SBF that is induced by vibration has been reported by many previous studies [17,28,29,31,32,40], but the parameters for vibration (frequency, device mode, intervention time) are not constant. One previous study showed that after 5 min intervention with 30 Hz vibration, SBF gradually decreased. ...
... Different frequencies of vibration have a specific effect on SBF during the recovery period. A frequency of 50 Hz increases SBF, and a frequency of 30 Hz decreases SBF [17]. This study uses a 6-min protocol of VR intervention to determine the adaptability of participants, whereby the frequency of VR automatically changes every ten seconds (20 Hz → 25 Hz → 32 Hz → 40 Hz → 32 Hz → 25 Hz → 20 Hz → 25 Hz). ...
Purpose:
To determine the effect of vibrating rollers on skin blood flow after running for recovery from muscle fatigue.
Method:
23 healthy runners, aged between 20 to 45 years, participated in a crossover trial. Muscle fatigue was induced by running, and recovery using a vibrating roller was determined before and after the intervention. Each subject was measured at three time points (prerun, postrun, and postroller) to compare skin blood flow perfusion and blood flow oscillation at the midpoint of the dominant gastrocnemius muscle. The results show that blood perfusion is greater when a vibrating roller is used than a foam roller, but there is no statistical difference. The analysis of blood flow oscillation shows that vibrating rollers induce 30% greater endothelial activation than a foam roller. Vibrating rollers significantly stimulate the characteristic frequency for myogenic activation (p < 0.05); however, the effect size is conservative.
... Maloney-Hinds et al. [16] compared the effects of the frequencies of 30 Hz and 50 Hz isolated and in the same session and observed that there was increase in blood flow at 5 minutes of treatment in both frequencies [16,17]. ...
... Maloney-Hinds et al. [16] compared the effects of the frequencies of 30 Hz and 50 Hz isolated and in the same session and observed that there was increase in blood flow at 5 minutes of treatment in both frequencies [16,17]. ...
Introduction: Several technologies have been developed and optimized for the treatment of unaesthetic disorders. Among them is the oscillatory vibration therapy, a novel form of treatment based on the mechanical and physiological fundamentals of the vibration platform. Objective: The present study evaluated the efficacy of the oscillatory vibration therapy in the improvement of body contour remodeling and in the aspect of cellulite in women. Methods: This is a prospective longitudinal comparative study, in which the following evaluation tools are used: anthropometry, perimetry, adipometry, evaluation of skin viscoelasticity with Cutometer®, evaluation of the thickness of the hypodermis with diagnostic ultrasound and analysis of severity of cellulite (CSS). The evaluations occurred at the start and 1 week after the end of ten oscillatory vibration therapy. The results were analyzing using a paired student’s t-test with interval confidence of 95% (P-Value <0.05). Results: Thirty women took part in the research, with age of 33 ± 9 years, weight of 62 ± 11 kg, height of 1.66 ± 0.06 m, BMI of 22 ± 2 kg/m2. The measurements of perimetry, adipometry, analysis of subcutaneous tissue thickness by means of diagnostic ultrasound and analysis of skin viscoelasticity did not present significant alterations. However, the CSS variable of the right gluteus (7.3 ± 1.8 to 5.8 ± 1.6 ≤ 0.0001), left gluteus (7.2 ± 1.9 to 5.8 ± 1.6= 0.0001), right thigh (6.9 ± 1.9 to 5.6 ± 1.4 = 0.0004), left thigh (6.9 ± 1.9 to 5.6 ± 1.3 = 0.0004) and Celluquol® (59 ± 16 to 49 ± 16 = 0.022) presented significant difference. Conclusion: The multi-directional oscillatory vibration therapy is an effective and efficient therapy for the treatment of cellulite; however, for the treatment of body remodeling, it must be further evaluated and studied.Keywords: vibration platform, vibration, cellulite, body contour, aesthetic medicine.
... Alguns estudos verificaram ainda alterações no volume sanguíneo do músculo após uma exposição à vibração [18][19][20]. Kerschan-Schindl et al. [21] submeteram 20 adultos saudáveis a uma sessão de 9 minutos em pé sobre uma plataforma vibratória, constatando alterações no volume sanguíneo nos músculos quadríceps e gastrocnêmios. As medidas realizadas antes e imediatamente após o exercício indicaram um fluxo sanguíneo muscular significantemente maior no pós-esforço. ...
... Antes de discutir os resultados propriamente obtidos, é importante explicar a escolha dos parâmetros de vibração adotados nesse experimento. De acordo com Maloney-Hinds [18] uma faixa de frequência variando de 30 a 50 Hz pode aumentar a circulação sanguínea local, assim como a temperatura nos tecidos massageados e a ativação das enzimas musculares. Por isso, optou-se pela utilização da frequência de 50 Hz. ...
O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o efeito do emprego da estimulação mecânica vibratória (EMV) aplicada durante o intervalo entre séries sobre o volume de treinamento de força obtido no exercício supino horizontal. A amostra foi composta por 19 homens com experiência no treinamento de força que realizaram 4 séries a 80% de 1RM conduzidas em 2 sessões de treinamento, com 2 minutos de intervalo (na primeira, recuperação passiva de 2 minutos; na segunda 1 minuto passiva e 1 minuto com EMV). Não foram detectadas diferenças entre as duas situações investigadas em cada série isoladamente. Contudo, verificou-se aumento no volume total de treinamento somando-se as 4 séries a favor da sessão submetida à EMV (p < 0,05). Ao menos neste protocolo a EMV aumentou o volume total de treinamento em séries múltiplas no exercício supino horizontal em indivíduos treinados, mas não o volume em cada série isoladamente.Palavras-chave: estimulação mecânica vibratória, intervalo entre séries, treinamento de força, séries múltiplas.
... A recent meta-analysis showed improved arterial stiffness following moderate-high intensity exercise among able-bodied persons 44 ; WBV may result in different intensities and variable cardiovascular responses when different vibration parameters are applied. Previous work in able-bodied persons have reported increases in skin blood flow 45,46 and blood volume in the gastrocnemius and quadriceps muscles 26 following exposure to WBV of various frequencies (26-50 Hz) and amplitudes (3 mm), and one study in n=8 complete SCI (AIS A) reported increased femoral peak blood velocity following WBV exposure (30 Hz and 5 mm displacement). 47 It appears that higher frequencies may be more beneficial among able-bodied persons (more rapid increase in blood flow and no vasoconstriction during recovery). ...
... 47 It appears that higher frequencies may be more beneficial among able-bodied persons (more rapid increase in blood flow and no vasoconstriction during recovery). 46 Our chosen vibration parameters were selected for their tolerance by individuals with SCI and their potential to modify muscle activation based on evidence from our lab. 40 We observed variable PWV responses to PS-WBV, and a closer look at participant characteristics of those who responded positively vs. negatively to the PS-WBV training intervention revealed no particular pattern for age, level or severity of injury, blood pressure, smoking, anthropometrics, or baseline aortic PWV. ...
Objective
A pilot study to evaluate the therapeutic potential of 40 weeks of passive standing with whole body vibration (PS-WBV) on central and peripheral arterial stiffness among men with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI).
Methods
Consenting participants were pre-screened to ensure safe participation. Fifteen individuals with chronic SCI were enrolled to participate in PS-WBV sessions three times per week for 40 weeks on a modified WAVE platform custom-fitted with an EASYStand 5000. Knee angle was set at 160°, and vibration parameters were 45Hz frequency and 0.7mm displacement. Each 45-minute session of PS-WBV training was intermittent (60 seconds on and 120 seconds off). Aortic and leg pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured at baseline, mid-point (20 weeks) and exit (40 weeks).
Results
Nine males (age 41±11 years, American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale A-D, neurological level of injury T4-T10, years post-injury 12±8 years) completed the intervention. Aortic PWV was collected on n=7 at exit, and leg PWV was collected on n=6 at exit. No changes over time were found for either aortic PWV (P = 0.46) or leg PWV (P = 0.54). One possible study-related serious adverse event occurred during study intervention: the development of a grade III pressure sore on the right proximal anterior shin (n=1).
Conclusion
Forty weeks of PS-WBV in adults with SCI did not result in an observable change in arterial stiffness.
... Whole-body vibration (WBV) methods are based on the mechanical massage effects of low frequency vibration, which could accelerate the recovery process by stimulating the muscle receptors to ease muscular tension thereby increasing blood flow. [45][46][47] Therefore, it has been suggested that passive application of vibration may be beneficial to recovery and tissue healing, help overcome fatigue, decrease recovery time, and improve athletic performance. [45,46] Despite these speculated physiological effects, there is a little evidence of its efficacy. ...
... [45][46][47] Therefore, it has been suggested that passive application of vibration may be beneficial to recovery and tissue healing, help overcome fatigue, decrease recovery time, and improve athletic performance. [45,46] Despite these speculated physiological effects, there is a little evidence of its efficacy. Cheng et al. [48] compared 10 min of low frequency (20 Hz, 0.4 mm) and high frequency (36 Hz, 0.4 mm) WBV to no vibration and observed no significant differences in blood lactate 30 or 60 min postexercise. ...
... On the contrary, another protocol consisting of three 60-second sessions of vibrations at 30 Hz increased cutaneous blood flow [68,69]. In some studies, plantar vibration has alleviated the decrease in blood flow in the calf induced by orthostasis, while also increasing venous drainage and lymphatic fluid flow [70]. ...
... The results Proceedings of the 3 rd Indian International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management New Delhi, India, November 2-4, 2023 © IEOM Society International showed significant improvement in SBF at both 30 and 50 Hz. However, improvement in SBF was shown to be higher at 50 Hz (Maloney-Hinds et al. 2008). Since, the SBF regulation mechanism in the upper limbs is different to the lower limbs, Malony-Hinds et al (2008) work was taken as basis for studies conducted on foot of diabetic and healthy adults to determine the effect of 5-min vibrations of 50 Hz with various rest period durations. ...
... Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a result of mechanical vibrating stimulus generated by vibrating platforms that propagate throughout the body (Rauch et al., 2010;Rittweger, 2010;Sitjà-Rabert et al., 2012;Wuestefeld et al., 2020), and used for physical rehabilitation (Cochrane, 2011). Regarding the beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system in human patients, Maloney-Hinds et al. (2008) identified an increase in skin blood flow using WBV protocol of three bouts of 1-min vibrating frequency of 30 Hz or 50 Hz, which maintained high following 10-min after de vibrating stimuli. Other positive effects of WBV were observed on muscle perfusion of popliteal, gastrocnemius, and vastus lateralis muscle by using a frequency of 26 Hz (peak displacement = 3 mm) and were suggestive of arterial vasodilation in the vibrated musculature (Kerschan-Schindl et al., 2001). ...
This study investigated the effects of WBV in clinical, cardiac, and ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) parameters of healthy young and aged male non-athletic dogs. Fourteen dogs were divided into two groups of seven animals: Group I (GI) - young dogs (12.0 and 84.0 months old); Group II (GII) - aged dogs (above 84.0 months old). Dogs were submitted to a single session of WBV (frequencies of 30 and 50 Hz), for 15-min. Variations were identified in the thickness of the interventricular septum and thickness of the left ventricle-free wall values: GI < GII at 5-min before the session. The diameter of the left atrium values showed a difference: GI < GII at 5-min before and 1-min after the session; and a decrease in GII between 5-min before and 1 min after the WBV. Several ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter) parameters demonstrated significant differences between both groups and time-points. A single session of WBV at frequencies of 30 and 50 Hz during 15-min by using a vibrating platform that delivered a vortex wave circulation did not induce significant changes in clinical, cardiac, and ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) parameters in healthy young and aged dogs.
Keywords:
blood pressure; heart rate; non-pharmacological therapies; vibrating platform
... In particular, FMV may imply both a non-synaptic (involving changes in the intrinsic properties of neural membranes, likely affecting the motor threshold) and a synaptic Hebbian-like plasticity mechanism (which may account for neural pathway cross-activation and cortical maps) [63]. In addition, FMV locally increases nitric oxide production and improves angiogenesis and blood flow, which are all mechanisms involved in pain relief [64][65][66]. Despite all these mechanisms that may account for the long-lasting changes in pain suffering induced by FMV to PFM, the rationale of its application requires further validation analyses since it is entirely new concerning pain relief in CPPS. ...
Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) affects about 4–16% of adult women, and about one-third of them require medical assistance due to severe symptoms. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the supplementary motor area (SMA) has been shown to manage pain in refractory CPPS. Focal muscle vibration (FMV) has also been reported to relieve pelvic pain. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility and effect of rTMS coupled with FMV to reduce pain in seven adult women with refractory CPPS. This pilot, open-labeled, prospective trial examined treatment by 5 Hz rTMS over SMA and 150 Hz FMV over the perineum, suprapubic, and sacrococcygeal areas, with one daily session for five consecutive days for three weeks. We assessed tolerance and subjective pain changes (as per visual analog scale, VAS) until one month post-treatment, with a primary endpoint at day 7. No patients experienced serious adverse effects or a significant increase in pain. Six out of seven patients experienced a VAS improvement of at least 10% at T7; three of these individuals experienced a VAS improvement of more than 30%. Overall, we found a significant VAS reduction of 15 points (95% CI 8.4–21.6) at T7 (t = 6.3, p = 0.001; ES = 2.3 (1.1–3.9)). Three of the women who demonstrated a significant VAS reduction at T7 retained such VAS improvement at T30. VAS decreased by six points (95% CI 1.3–10.7) at T30 (t = 3.1, p = 0.02; ES = 1.5 (0.2–2.6)). This coupled approach seems promising for pain management in adult women with refractory CPPS and paves the way for future randomized controlled trials.
... Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a result of mechanical vibrating stimulus generated by vibrating platforms that propagate throughout the body (Rauch et al., 2010;Rittweger, 2010;Sitjà-Rabert et al., 2012;Wuestefeld et al., 2020), and used for physical rehabilitation (Cochrane, 2011). Regarding the beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system in human patients, Maloney-Hinds et al. (2008) identified an increase in skin blood flow using WBV protocol of three bouts of 1-min vibrating frequency of 30 Hz or 50 Hz, which maintained high following 10-min after de vibrating stimuli. Other positive effects of WBV were observed on muscle perfusion of popliteal, gastrocnemius, and vastus lateralis muscle by using a frequency of 26 Hz (peak displacement = 3 mm) and were suggestive of arterial vasodilation in the vibrated musculature (Kerschan-Schindl et al., 2001). ...
... This study focuses on the utilization of whole-body vibration (WBV), an oscillatory mechanical stimulation using a vibrator. A single bout of vibration with frequency ranging from 30-50 Hz has been proven to increase skin blood flow [14,15,16]. Furthermore, WBV has been reported to improve wound healing in only a few clinical and preclinical studies [17,18,19]. ...
Background
Pressure ulcers are one of the most common complications of immobility resulting from pressure and shear. Whole-body vibration (WBV) has been shown to increase skin blood flow but little information is known about its effect on pressure ulcers. This study investigated the effects of WBV on wound healing in a mouse pressure ulcer model.
Methods
Two cycles of ischemia-reperfusion were performed by external application of two magnetic plates to dorsal skin to induce stage II pressure ulcers characterized by partial-thickness skin loss with exposed dermis. A total of 32 male ICR mice were randomly and equally divided into untreated control and the WBV groups. Immediately after the completion of 2-cycle ischemia-reperfusion injury, mice in the WBV group participated in a WBV program using a vibrator (frequency 45 Hz, peak acceleration 0.4 g, vertical motion) for 30 min/day and 5 consecutive days/week. At days 7 and 14 post-ulceration, wound closure rate was assessed. Wound tissues were harvested for determination of collagen deposition in Masson's trichrome stained sections, neutrophil infiltration and capillary density in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections, as well as TNF-α and VEGF levels using ELISA.
Results
TNF-α levels and neutrophil infiltration were significantly decreased in wounds on days 7 and 14 of WBV treatment. Moreover, wound closure rate and collagen deposition were remarkably accelerated on day 14. Tissue VEGF and capillary density were unaffected by WBV at either time point.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that WBV has the potential to promote the healing process of stage II pressure ulcers, as evidenced by attenuation of wound inflammation and enhancement collagen deposition.
... As a result, the frequency for pain management may be different from the frequency for treating spasticity. Furthermore, FV has been shown to increase nitric oxide production, improve blood flow, and increase angiogenesis [22][23][24]. FV provides beneficial effects at both the peripheral and central levels. Therefore, depending on the condition being treated, the optimum frequency needs to be carefully selected. ...
Focal vibration therapy can provide neurophysiological benefits. Unfortunately, standardized protocols are non-existent. Previous research presents a wide range of protocols with a wide range of effectiveness. This paper is part of a broader effort to identify effective, standardized protocols for focal vibration therapy. In this study, the authors evaluated the vibration characteristics (frequency and peak-to-peak intensity) of four commercially available focal vibration devices: (1) Vibracool (wearable), (2) Novafon (hand-held), (3) Myovolt 3-actuator (wearable), and (4) Myovolt 2-actuator (wearable). An accelerometer was used for the measurements. Measurements were made under the following two conditions: (a) when the devices were free, i.e., unconstrained vibration, and (b) when the devices were strapped to the human body, i.e., constrained vibration. In the free vibration condition, frequency ranged from 120 to 225 Hz and peak-to-peak amplitude ranged from 2.0 to 7.9 g’s. When the devices were strapped to the body (constrained), vibration amplitude decreased by up to 65.7%. These results identify effective ranges of focal vibration frequency and amplitude. They illustrate the importance of identifying vibration environment, free or constrained, when quoting vibration characteristics. Finally, the inconsistency output of multi-actuator devices is discussed. These results will guide protocol development for focal vibration and potentially better focal vibration devices.
... When applied repeatedly, FMV produces a repeated sensory input that reaches the primary motor cortex (M1) directly via Ia fiber afferent input, thereby leading to an improvement in motor function by means of an intrinsic plasticity-related mechanism [17][18][19][20]. Recent literature has established evidence supporting the benefits of FMV in activating the primary somatosensory cortex and intensifying the connection strength of the central region [17,19,21], increasing nitric oxide production [22], improving blood flow [23], and increasing angiogenesis [24]. ...
People with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) experience a lower quality of life caused by associated pain, loss of sensation and mobility impairment. Current standard care for DPN is limited and lacking. This study explores the benefits of 4-week, in-home wearable focal muscle vibration (FMV) therapy on pain, balance, mobility, and sensation in people with DPN. Participants were randomized into three groups and received different FMV intensities. FMV was applied using a modified MyovoltTM wearable device to the tibialis anterior, distal quadriceps, and gastrocnemius/soleus muscles on both lower limbs for three days a week over four weeks. The outcomes included pain, balance, mobility, sensation, device usage log, feedback survey, and a semi-structured interview. In all, 23 participants completed the study. The results showed significant improvement in average pain (Pre: 4.00 ± 2.29; Post: 3.18 ± 2.26; p = 0.007), pain interference with walking ability (Pre: 4.14 ± 3.20; Post: 3.09 ± 1.976; p = 0.03), and standard and cognitive Timed Up-and-Go scores (Pre: 13.75 ± 5.34; Post: 12.65 ± 5.25; p = 0.04; Pre: 15.12 ± 6.60; Post: 12.71 ± 5.57; p = 0.003, respectively); the overall pain improvement was trending towards significance (Pre: 3.48 ± 2.56; Post: 2.87 ± 1.85; p = 0.051). Balance and sensations improved but not significantly. There was a trend towards significance (p = 0.088), correlation (r = 0.382) between changes in balance and baseline pain. The participants were highly satisfied with wearable FMV and were 100% compliant. FMV therapy was associated with improved pain, mobility, and sensation. Further study with a larger sample and better outcome measures are warranted.
... In our study, the same compression stimulation was applied to the plantar tissue in both tests to induce ischemia. It has been reported that low intensity vibration at 30-35 Hz can effectively reduce damage caused by mechanical strain and oxidation [35,11]. Therefore, this study used a preconditioning vibration step with a frequency of 30 Hz and an amplitude of 2 mm. ...
Background: One of the main causes for foot ulcers in diabetics is an excessive, constant load on the foot which over time leads to ischemia. The aim of this study is to explore whether vibration preconditioning can alleviate pressure-induced hyperemia responses in foot tissue.
Methods: Fifteen healthy subjects were subjected to compression stimulation with or without vibration preconditioning, determined randomly. Skin blood flow and temperature were measured under the first metatarsal head of the right foot for each subject and compared across the test group.
Results: The results showed that both test groups displayed a reactive hyperemia response, but the peak hyperemia was significantly decreased when vibration was used in combination with compression. In the group subjected to compression only (no vibration), the plantar skin temperature during the first minute after compression was significantly higher than the basal temperature, but this was not so when vibration was applied.
Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that vibration preconditioning before the application of compression can decrease the degree of reactive hyperemia and alleviate pressure-induced ischemic damage. These findings may be used to develop methods to protect against pressure-induced foot lesions in diabetic people.
... In a comparison between diabetics and healthy participants, 5-min of vibration (50 Hz, 5-6 mm) increased forearm skin blood flow in both groups but the diabetic group exhibited a lower skin blood flow compared to their healthy counterparts [14]. In an earlier study, the same author reported that 10-min of 50 Hz was more effective than 30 Hz to increase forearm skin blood flow in healthy participants [15]. Similarly, in diabetic patients skin blood flow of the foot increased after ten 1-min bouts of vibration (26 Hz, 2 mm) [16] (Fig. 11.4). ...
Exercise is normally associated with an increased demand for transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide and substrate, thus requiring increases in cardiac output and heart rate. Equally important as the central cardiovascular response is the direction of blood flow towards the working musculature, and the microcirculation herein. Ample evidence indicates that the central cardiovascular demands by whole-body vibration exercise are very moderate, although cardiac output has not yet been measured during whole-body vibration (WBV). This implies that WBV is unlikely to improve aerobic fitness, but that aerobically unfit patients are likely able to perform WBV. With regard to local blood supply and microcirculation in the working musculature, vibration exercise seems to increase blood flow in a dose-specific manner, and it may also induce a short-lasting improvement of tissue oxygenation. However, that effect persists for only approximately 1 minute. Possibly, this effect is of direct mechanical nature. The present knowledge therefore suggests that vibration exercise could have specific merit in patients with disrupted microcirculation, e.g., in diabetic patients, in particular when they have low aerobic fitness.
... The activation of muscle spindle reflexes from vibration exercise is purported to increase muscle activity and muscle metabolic demand to increase blood flow [14][15][16]. Additionally, there is an opinion that vibration exercise causes an up-regulation of nitric oxide to increase vasodilation and improve endothelial function [17][18][19]. Further research is required to substantiate the interaction of muscle activity, muscle demand and nitric oxide production for increasing blood flow. ...
The importance of warm-up for subsequent exercise performance has been well documented. Various warm-up strategies have been implemented to optimise performance, which is dependent on the exerciser, sport, physical exertion, duration and recovery time between warm-up and the activity. Vibration exercise provides another technique for warming-up. It can complement traditional warm-up or it can be used in isolation. Vibration warm-up is able to raise muscle temperature, which is a precursor for improving subsequent short-duration performance, although resistance-training exercises may not be so reliant on increasing muscle temperature. Vibration warm-up has no additional ergogenic effect to increase short-term performance compared to other warm-up strategies when muscle temperature is equivalently elevated. Due to its time-efficient manner, vibration warm-up incurs a low metabolic cost. Accordingly, it can be used as a warm-up prior to physical activity and as a re-warm-up strategy during interval breaks to enhance subsequent performance. Vibration warm-up can enhance lower-limb muscular power and flexibility, and for specific sport warm-ups, it can be additive or standalone to ensure the appropriate changes.
... The effects of WBVT on vascular function are not fully understood, however it is possible that WBVT like other physical exercise, increases vascular shear stress, resulting in increased nitric oxide (NO) production 41 and improved peripheral blood flow, [42][43][44][45] and can provoke muscle hypoxia, 17 a key regulator of angiogenesis. 46 Shear stress is a primary stimulus for NO production leading to blood vessel dilation. ...
Introduction
Whole-body vibration training (WBVT) may benefit individuals with difficulty participating in physical exercise. The objective was to explore the effects of WBVT on circulating stem/progenitor cell (CPC) and cytokine levels.
Methods
Healthy male subjects each performed three activities randomly on separate days: (1) standing platform vibration, (2) repetitive leg squat exercise; and (3) in combination. Pre- and post-activity blood samples were drawn. Cell populations were characterized using flow cytometry. Biomarkers were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
Results
CPC levels increased significantly 21% with exercise alone (1465 ± 202–1770 ± 221 cells/mL; P = 0.017) and 33% with vibration alone in younger participants (1918 ± 341–2559 ± 496; P = 0.02). Angiogenic CPCs increased 39% during combined activity in younger (633 ± 128–882 ± 181; P = 0.05). Non-angiogenic CPCs increased 42% with vibration alone in younger (1181 ± 222–1677 ± 342; P = 0.04), but 32% with exercise alone in older participants (801 ± 251–1053 ± 325; P = 0.05). With vibration alone, anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 increased significantly (P < 0.03), although inflammatory interleukin-6 decreased (P = 0.056); tumor necrosis factor-alpha (P < 0.01) and vascular endothelial growth factor levels increased (P < 0.005), which are synergistically pro-angiogenic.
Conclusions
WBVT may have positive vascular and anti-inflammatory effects. WBVT could augment or serve as an exercise surrogate in warfighters and others who cannot fully participate in exercise programs, having important implications in military health.
... In response to shear stress, several vasodilators are released by the endothelium, which include prostaglandins and nitric oxide (25). During WBVT, blood flow of skin increases (26) and this increase in blood flow could induce reduction in shear stress on blood vessels. Increase in blood flow can increase on endothelial walls of blood vessels. ...
... Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 6-week WBV training on strength and endurance of core muscles in a group of patients with MS capable of walking. Given the results of previous research (Maloney-Hinds et al., 2008;Park et al., 2015;Ritzmann et al., 2013;Yoosefinejad et al., 2014), we hypothesized that WBV could promote the strength and endurance of core muscles in patients with MS. ...
Background:
People with Multiple sclerosis (MS) have been found to impair strength and endurance of core muscles compared with healthy people. Whole body vibration (WBV) is a relatively new method of neuromuscular training which can induce positive effects on mobility and postural control of MS patients.
Objective:
To evaluate the effects of a 6-week WBV training program on the strength and endurance of core muscles in patients with MS.
Methods:
Fifty patients were allocated to two groups, one receiving WBV training (intervention) and one no treatment (control). The endurance of core muscles were evaluated using Sorensen, flexion, and side bridge endurance tests. The strength of core muscles was evaluated using a dynamometer. We used the quality of life-54 questionnaire (MSQOL-54) to evaluate patients` quality of life aspects at baseline and two months after the end of study.
Results:
Forty six patients completed the study (mean age: 37.9 ± 7.7; BMI: 23.8 ± 4.3). All outcome measures including strength and endurance of core muscles as well as MSQOL-54 scores significantly improved in WBV group in comparison to control group. While the within-group comparison showed significant improvement in the WBV group (P < 0.001), in the control group, some outcomes measures including physical and mental components of MSQOL-54 deteriorated (P < 0.001) over the course of study.
Conclusions:
Our study shows that strength and endurance of core muscles as well as quality of life of MS patients can be positively influenced by a 6-week WBV training. The program was well-tolerated by patients and no adverse event was observed.
... In research, the use of passive vibration (PV) to improve skin blood flow (SBF) without increasing the risk of burns has been performed and supported. A series of studies performed by Lohman et al and Maloney-Hinds et al showed that PV significantly improved SBF in hairy and non-hairy skin in healthy volunteers, healthy older individuals, good to fair glycemic control diabetics and non-diabetics 35,36,37,38,39,40 . However, there was no research study examining the effect of PV in increasing SBF in diabetics without affecting skin temperature and blood pressure. ...
OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of ten minutes passive vibration on skin blood flow (SBF), skin temperature (ST) and blood pressure (BP) in persons with good glycemic control and poor glycemic control type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen good glycemic control (HbA1c < 7.5%) and fifteen poor glycemic control (HbA1c > 9%) type 2 diabetics received ten minutes passive vibration to their calf and foot on the same day. The SBF, ST and BP were measured before, immediately after vibration and 10 minutes post the vibration application. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the mean SBF in the calf from baseline to immediately after vibration in the good glycemic control and the poor glycemic control groups. The mean skin blood flow in the calf almost doubled from baseline (38.8 flux) to immediately after vibration (67.5 flux) and 10 minutes post rest (65.1 flux) in the good glycemic control diabetics (p=.02). The mean SBF in the calf more than doubled from the baseline (31.7 flux) to immediately after vibration (73.4 flux) and 10 minutes post rest (67.6 flux) in the poor glycemic control diabetics (p=.00). However, there was no significant difference in mean foot SBF over time in both good glycemic control and poor glycemic control diabetics. Baseline resting mean of SBF was higher in foot than in calf for both groups of diabetics. The percent change in calf SBF was higher in the poor glycemic control (131.6%) than the good glycemic control diabetics (71.2%) from baseline to immediately after vibration. However, foot SBF showed higher percent increase in the good glycemic control (91.3%) than the poor glycemic control (32.6%) diabetics from baseline to immediately after vibration. The percent increase was 99.5% in the calf and 63.8% in the foot irrespective of group. There was no clinically significant difference in the mean calf and foot ST and BP in both groups of diabetics. CONCLUSION: Based on the results observed in this study, we suggest that passive vibration can be safely administered to the calf area and the foot area without significantly increasing the risk of burns, skin temperature and blood pressure in both good glycemic control and poor glycemic control type 2 diabetics.
... Przeprowadzone dwa badania, w celu określenia, czy istnieje różnica w ukrwieniu skórnym (SBF) w zależności od pasywnej wibracji przedramienia z częstotliwością 30 Hz i 50 Hz, oraz jaki jest optymalny czas trwania wibracji, prowadziło do znaczących wzrostów SBF. Z klinicznego punktu widzenia, 50 Hz charakteryzowało się dodatkowymi korzyściami, ponieważ SBF wzrastał szybciej i nie objawiał się wazokonstrykcją podczas okresu odpoczynku [49]. Podobną częstotliwość bodźca zastosowali Midori i wsp. ...
This paper presents the current state of knowledge, regarding the use of low-frequency
vibrations in the therapy of venous ulcers and chronic wounds based on national and foreign scientific reports, ranged from 1999 to 2018. In addition, it presents a case study of a 59-year-old woman with venous ulcers, with positive therapeutic effects obtained after 2 weeks of using vibrotherapy with the Rehabilitacyjny Aparat Masujący
Vitberg+.
... 25 Fur- thermore, specific increases in ATP turnover and a generation of excess heat follow vibrations to fiber preparations, 24 which is complied with increased skin and muscle perfusion. [29][30][31] Second, WBVT improves blood circulation in people with COPD. At present, the relevant literature shows that after WBVT, the peripheral blood circulation of the body increases by nearly 14%. ...
Purpose
Whole-body vibrating training (WBVT) is a modality aiming to improve neuromuscular performance of patients with COPD. However, a consensus on the effects of WBVT has not been reached. We aimed to clarify the effects of WBVT on functional exercise capacity, pulmonary function, and quality of life in COPD patients.
Patients and methods
PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE were searched through April 5, 2018. We calculated the pooled weight mean difference (WMD) using a random-effects model. Quality assessment and publication bias analyses were also performed.
Results
We included eight randomized control trials involving 365 patients. Compared with control group, WBVT increased 6-minute walking distance (6-MWD) (WMD: 62.14 m; 95% CI: 48.12–76.16; P<0.001), the change of 6-MWD (Δ6-MWD) (WMD: 42.33 m; 95% CI: 15.21–69.45; P=0.002), the change of the time to finish five repeated sit-to-stand tests (WMD: −2.07 seconds; 95% CI: −4.00 to −0.05; P=0.04), and decreased the change of St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire score (WMD: −6.65 points; 95% CI: −10.52 to −2.78; P<0.001). However, no significant difference was found between the two groups regarding forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV1) (% predicated), change of FEV1 (% predicated), sit-to-stand test, 6-MWD (% predicated), change of 6-MWD (% predicated), St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire score, COPD Assessment Test score, and change of COPD Assessment Test score.
Conclusion
WBVT has beneficial effects on functional exercise capacity for COPD patients.
... One of complementary therapies that can improve the blood flow is vibration therapy (Maloney-Hinds, Jerrold Scott Petrofsky, 2008;Nakagami et al., 2007). Previous study revealed that vibration therapy could improve the increase of blood flow/angiogenesis of diabetic ulcer (Weinheimer-Haus, Judex, Ennis, & Koh, 2014). ...
One important reason why diabetic ulcer fails to heal is an increase of collagen degradation by matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Vibration therapy is one of complementary therapies which can reduce inflammation and improve reepithelialization. However, up to present, there is no study that investigate the effect of vibration on reduction of MMP-9 in diabetic ulcer. Therefore, the effect of vibration on reduction of collagen degradation in diabetic ulcer is still unknown. If vibration can reduce collagen degradation in diabetic ulcer, nurse can recommend patients to apply vibration not only during inflammation and proliferation phase, but also during maturation phase since MMP-9 also contributes to collagen degradation during maturation phase.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of vibration on reduction of MMP-9 in diabetic ulcer. Diabetic rats were divided into two groups, vibration and control groups. The intensity of polymorphonuclears cells (PMNs) and fibroblast, collagen appearance, and the presence of positive cells for MMP-9 were compared. Fibroblast, PMNs and collagen appearance were stained with H and E staining, and MMP-9 was stained by immunohistochemistry method. The difference in the intensity of fibroblast and PMNs was analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test. The result showed that the intensity of PMNs was significantly lower, and the intensity of fibroblast was higher in vibration group than in control. Collagen alignment in the vibration group was more organized in a more regular fashion than in control group. The intensity of positive cells for MMP-9 was lower in the vibration group than in control group. This study showed that vibration could reduce MMP-9, therefore it could be concluded that vibration could reduce collagen degradation of diabetic ulcer. This study bring implication in the clinical setting that vibration therapy should also be applied during maturation phase since MMP-9 is also released in the maturation phase.
... One additional study (Menéndez et al., 2016) was in the personal file of an author of this revision (Figure 1). A screening of the titles excluded fourteen articles and then the remaining 10 studies were analyzed concerning the eligibility criteria, and two of these were removed: a meta-analysis (Games et al., 2015) and a study based on segmental body vibration (Maloney-Hinds et al., 2008). Finally, eight publications with a total of 142 participants (59% male) with age ranging from 18 up to 79 years old were analyzed.Table 2shows the included studies with the outcomes assessed and the main findings, and the level of evidence. ...
Background
The ability to control skin blood flow decreases with advancing age and some clinical disorders, as in diabetes and in rheumatologic diseases. Feasible clinical strategies such as whole-body vibration exercise (WBVE) are being used without a clear understanding of its effects. The aim of the present study is to review the effects of the WBVE on blood flow kinetics and its feasibility in different populations.
Material and Methods
The level of evidence (LE) of selected papers in PubMed and/or PEDRo databases was determined. We selected randomized, controlled trials in English to be evaluated.
Results
Six studies had LE II, one had LE III-2 and one III-3 according to the NHMRC. A great variability among the protocols was observed but also in the assessment devices; therefore, more research about this topic is warranted.
Conclusion
Despite the limitations, it is can be concluded that the use of WBVE has proven to be a safe and useful strategy to improve blood flow. However, more studies with greater methodological quality are needed to clearly define the more suitable protocols.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, kadın güreşçilere müsabaka sonrası uygulanan pasif
dinlenme (PD), aktif dinlenme (AD) ve myofasyal gevşeme (MG) egzersizlerinin
toparlanma üzerine etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Çalışmaya yaş ortalaması 18.80 ± 2.616
yıl; antrenman yaşı ortalaması 5.40 ± 2.951 yıl; vücut ağırlığı ortalaması 60.30 ± 5.229
kg ve boy uzunluğu ortalaması 166.50 ± 5.759 cm olan 10 kadın güreşçi katılmıştır.
Sporculara müsabaka sonrasında pasif dinlenme, aktif dinlenme ve myofasyal gevşeme
egzersizlerinden oluşan 3 farklı toparlanma yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Uygulanan
toparlanma protokollerinin her birinde sporculara FILA kurallarına uygun 3’er
müsabaka yaptırılmış ve sporcuların müsabaka öncesinde, müsabaka sonrasında ve
toparlanma protokolünün sonrasında toplamda 9 kez olmak üzere laktat düzeyleri, vücut
sıcaklığı, sistolik-diastolik kan basıncı, oksijen saturasyonu değerleri ve kalp atım
hızları belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın istatistiksel analizlerinde SPSS 24 paket programı
kullanılmıştır. Toparlanma yönteminin etkisine ilişkin grup içi analizleri Repeated
Measures testi ile, gruplar arası analizleri ise, Multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) testi
ile yapılmış ve anlamlılık düzeyi p<0,05 olarak alınmıştır.
Sonuç olarak, kadın güreşçilere müsabaka sonrası uygulanan myofasyal
gevşeme egzersizlerinin toparlanma üzerine olumlu etkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Chronic wounds in diabetic patients are associated with significant morbidity and mortality; however, few therapies are available to improve healing of diabetic wounds. Our group previously reported that low‐intensity vibration (LIV) can improve angiogenesis and wound healing in diabetic mice. The purpose of the current study was to begin to elucidate mechanisms underlying LIV‐enhanced healing. We first demonstrate that LIV‐enhanced wound healing in db/db mice is associated with increased IGF1 protein levels in liver, blood, and wounds. The increase in IGF1 protein in wounds is associated with increased Igf1 mRNA expression both in liver and wounds but the increase in protein levels preceded the increase in mRNA expression in wounds. Since our previous study demonstrated that liver is a primary source of IGF1 in skin wounds, we used inducible ablation of IGF1 in liver of high fat diet‐fed (HFD) mice to determine whether liver IGF1 mediates the effects of LIV on wound healing. We demonstrate that knockdown of IGF1 in liver blunts LIV‐induced improvements in wound healing in HFD mice, particularly increased angiogenesis and granulation tissue formation, and inhibits the resolution of inflammation. These studies indicate that LIV may promote skin wound healing at least in part via crosstalk between the liver and wound. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Chronic wounds in diabetic patients represent an escalating health problem, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Our group previously reported that whole body low-intensity vibration (LIV) can improve angiogenesis and wound healing in diabetic mice. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether effects of LIV on wound healing are frequency and/or amplitude dependent. Wound healing was assessed in diabetic (db/db) mice exposed to one of four LIV protocols with different combinations of two acceleration magnitudes (0.3 and 0.6 g) and two frequencies (45 and 90 Hz) or in non-vibration sham controls. The low acceleration, low frequency protocol (0.3 g and 45 Hz) was the only one that improved wound healing, increasing angiogenesis and granulation tissue formation, leading to accelerated re-epithelialization and wound closure. Other protocols had little to no impact on healing with some evidence that 0.6 g accelerations negatively affected wound closure. The 0.3 g, 45 Hz protocol also increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 and tended to increase levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in wounds, but had no effect on levels of basic fibroblast growth factor or platelet derived growth factor-bb, indicating that this LIV protocol induces specific growth factors during wound healing. Our findings demonstrate parameter-dependent effects of LIV for improving wound healing that can be exploited for future mechanistic and therapeutic studies.
This chapter describes a new method for pinpointing the latency of the vibration-induced muscular reflex. To determine the reflex latency, the vibration-altered electromyography (EMG) and acceleration data were spike triggered and averaged using the tip of the EMG response as the trigger. Averaged results belonging to several different vibration frequencies were then superimposed to achieve a ‘cumulative averaged record’. The lowest standard error of the cumulative averaged record for the acceleration data was marked to indicate the effective stimulus point on the vibration cycle. Similarly, the lowest standard error of the cumulative averaged record for the EMG data showed the start of the reflex response. The time between the effective stimulus point and the start of the reflex response on EMG data was designated as the ‘reflex latency’ of this circuit. Using this technique, we have examined the latency of whole-body vibration (WBV)-induced reflexes. We found that the WBV induced two different reflex responses depending on the vibration amplitude. While low amplitude WBV (0.1–0.4 mm) produced short latency reflex similar to muscle spindle-based T-reflex (34 ms), high amplitude vibration (1.1–2.8 mm) generated long latency reflex response (44 ms) which may have a different receptor origin than the spindles. We have also summarized the modulatory effects of vibration on spindle-based reflexes and indicated that these reflexes are reduced during and/or following vibration. It is suggested that this effect may originate from the reduction in effectiveness of the spindle synapses on motoneurons via premotoneuronal means.
Whole Body Vibrations: Physical and Biological Effects on the Human Body allows an understanding about the qualities and disadvantages of vibration exposure on the human body with a biomechanical and medical perspective. It offers a comprehensive range of principles, methods, techniques and tools to provide the reader with a clear knowledge of the impact of vibration on human tissues and physiological processes. The text considers physical, mechanical and biomechanical aspects and it is illustrated by key application domains such as sports and medicine. Consisting of 11 chapters in total, the first three chapters provide useful tools for measuring, generating, simulating and processing vibration signals. The following seven chapters are applications in different fields of expertise, from performance to health, with localized or global effects. Since unfortunately there are undesirable effects from the exposure to mechanical vibrations, a final chapter is dedicated to this issue. Engineers, researchers and students from biomedical engineering and health sciences, as well as industrial professionals can profit from this compendium of knowledge about mechanical vibration applied to the human body.
This study aimed to assess the influence of WBV exercise on muscles by means of infrared thermography and on resistive index (RI) of the femoral artery. The hypothesis was that WBV exercise protocol will induce increase of the muscle activity detected through skin surface temperature change and decreased of RI with WBV exercise. Ten adult healthy medium dogs, were submitted to WBV session. Thermographic images were taken from regions of biceps femoris and vastus lateralis muscles. Triplex Doppler was used to assess RI of the femoral artery. Exams were performed before and immediately after WBV exercise sessions for five days, and RI of the femoral artery was evaluated 24 h after the last WBV session. There were no statistically significant differences between thermographic temperatures of regions of biceps femoris muscle and vastus lateralis muscle before and immediately after the WBV sessions. Significant differences were observed between the mean RI values before WBV sessions between day 1 and day 3, day 3 and day 5, and before and immediately after session on day 3; between before and immediately after session on day 2, day 3, day 4 and day 5; between before session between day 2 and day 6, day 3 and day 6, day 5 and day 6; and before and immediately after session on day 5. The WBV exercises during five uninterrupted days in adult healthy dogs do not alter significantly the skin temperatures over regions of biceps femoris and vastus lateralis muscles, and increase the femoral RI.
Penelitian menyatakan bahwa vibrasi 47 Hz dapat meningkatkan penyembuhan luka diabetes. Namun sampai saat ini belum diketahui apakah frekuensi dibawah dan diatas 47 Hz dapat meningkatkan penyembuhan luka diabetes. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek frekuensi vibrasi yang berbeda terhadap penyembuhan luka diabetes. Desain penelitian eksperimen ini melibatkan 5 kelompok tikus putih; kelompok yang mendapatkan vibrasi 40 Hz (frekuensi rendah), kelompok 106 Hz (frekuensi menengah), kelompok 200 Hz (frekuensi tinggi), kelompok 300 Hz (frekuensi sangat tinggi), dan kelompok kontrol (tanpa vibrasi). Induksi diabetes dilakukan dengan Alloxan Monohidrat. Vibrasi diberikan selama 10 menit. Status luka didasarkan pada jaringan nekrotik, ukuran luka, inflamasi, dan reepitelisasi. Analisis histologi dilakukan dengan pewarnaan Hematoksilin dan Eosin. Ukuran luka dianalisis dengan uji ANOVA, diikuti oleh tes Tukey. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jaringan nekrotik dan intensitas inflamasi paling sedikit pada kelompok 40 Hz, dan paling banyak pada kelompok 300 Hz. Reepitelisasi paling baik pada kelompok 40 Hz, dan paling rusak pada 300 Hz. Ukuran luka di kelompok 40 Hz secara signifikan lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan kelompok lain (p <0.05). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa vibrasi frekuensi rendah dapat mempercepat penyembuhan luka diabetes, sebaliknya, vibrasi frekuensi tinggi dapat merusak atau memperparah jaringan luka.Kata kunci :Diabetes, penyembuhan, luka, terapi komplementer, vibrasi.The Provision of Different Vibration Frequency to Accelerate Diabetic Wound HealingAbstractStudies have revealed that diabetic wound healing can be accelerated using the vibration therapy of 47 Hz. However, no strong evidence compelled the use of different vibration rates. Thus, this experimental study aimed to examine the effect of different vibration frequencies towards diabetic wound healing. Five groups of white rats were injected using Alloxan Monohydrate within ten minutes before the vibration therapy. The dosage was given categorized as 40 Hz (low), 106 Hz (moderate), 200 Hz (high) and 300 Hz (very high). Control group was created without given vibration therapy. Wound status was evaluated using the presence of necrotic tissues, size, inflammation, and reepithelization where Hematoxicilin and Eosin color-based were used to analyse the histological presentation. Using ANOVA and Tukey test, it was found that the necrotic tissues and the intended inflammation have less developed among low vibration group compared to others. Reepithelization and wound size reduction most experienced by the lower group, but the worst damaged occupied by the highest vibration group. It is suggested that lower vibration frequency enabled to accelerate the wound care healing, but a high-frequency rate can disturb or damage the injured tissues. Keywords:Complementary therapy, diabetes mellitus, wound healing.
Background:
Exercise training is commonly recommended for adults with fibromyalgia. We defined whole body vibration (WBV) exercise as use of a vertical or rotary oscillating platform as an exercise stimulus while the individual engages in sustained static positioning or dynamic movements. The individual stands on the platform, and oscillations result in vibrations transmitted to the subject through the legs. This review is one of a series of reviews that replaces the first review published in 2002.
Objectives:
To evaluate benefits and harms of WBV exercise training in adults with fibromyalgia.
Search methods:
We searched the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PEDro, Thesis and Dissertation Abstracts, AMED, WHO ICTRP, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to December 2016, unrestricted by language, to identify potentially relevant trials.
Selection criteria:
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in adults with the diagnosis of fibromyalgia based on published criteria including a WBV intervention versus control or another intervention. Major outcomes were health-related quality of life (HRQL), pain intensity, stiffness, fatigue, physical function, withdrawals, and adverse events.
Data collection and analysis:
Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, extracted data, performed risk of bias assessments, and assessed the quality of evidence for major outcomes using the GRADE approach. We used a 15% threshold for calculation of clinically relevant differences.
Main results:
We included four studies involving 150 middle-aged female participants from one country. Two studies had two treatment arms (71 participants) that compared WBV plus mixed exercise plus relaxation versus mixed exercise plus relaxation and placebo WBV versus control, and WBV plus mixed exercise versus mixed exercise and control; two studies had three treatment arms (79 participants) that compared WBV plus mixed exercise versus control and mixed relaxation placebo WBV. We judged the overall risk of bias as low for selection (random sequence generation), detection (objectively measured outcomes), attrition, and other biases; as unclear for selection bias (allocation concealment); and as high for performance, detection (self-report outcomes), and selective reporting biases.The WBV versus control comparison reported on three major outcomes assessed at 12 weeks post intervention based on the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) (0 to 100 scale, lower score is better). Results for HRQL in the control group at end of treatment (59.13) showed a mean difference (MD) of -3.73 (95% confidence interval [CI] -10.81 to 3.35) for absolute HRQL, or improvement of 4% (11% better to 3% worse) and relative improvement of 6.7% (19.6% better to 6.1% worse). Results for withdrawals indicate that 14 per 100 and 10 per 100 in the intervention and control groups, respectively, withdrew from the intervention (RR 1.43, 95% CI 0.27 to 7.67; absolute change 4%, 95% CI 16% fewer to 24% more; relative change 43% more, 95% CI 73% fewer to 667% more). The only adverse event reported was acute pain in the legs, for which one participant dropped out of the program. We judged the quality of evidence for all outcomes as very low. This study did not measure pain intensity, fatigue, stiffness, or physical function. No outcomes in this comparison met the 15% threshold for clinical relevance.The WBV plus mixed exercise (aerobic, strength, flexibility, and relaxation) versus control study (N = 21) evaluated symptoms at six weeks post intervention using the FIQ. Results for HRQL at end of treatment (59.64) showed an MD of -16.02 (95% CI -31.57 to -0.47) for absolute HRQL, with improvement of 16% (0.5% to 32%) and relative change in HRQL of 24% (0.7% to 47%). Data showed a pain intensity MD of -28.22 (95% CI -43.26 to -13.18) for an absolute difference of 28% (13% to 43%) and a relative change of 39% improvement (18% to 60%); as well as a fatigue MD of -33 (95% CI -49 to -16) for an absolute difference of 33% (16% to 49%) and relative difference of 47% (95% CI 23% to 60%); and a stiffness MD of -26.27 (95% CI -42.96 to -9.58) for an absolute difference of 26% (10% to 43%) and a relative difference of 36.5% (23% to 60%). All-cause withdrawals occurred in 8 per 100 and 33 per 100 withdrawals in the intervention and control groups, respectively (two studies, N = 46; RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.06 to 1.12) for an absolute risk difference of 24% (3% to 51%). One participant exhibited a mild anxiety attack at the first session of WBV. No studies in this comparison reported on physical function. Several outcomes (based on the findings of one study) in this comparison met the 15% threshold for clinical relevance: HRQL, pain intensity, fatigue, and stiffness, which improved by 16%, 39%, 46%, and 36%, respectively. We found evidence of very low quality for all outcomes.The WBV plus mixed exercise versus other exercise provided very low quality evidence for all outcomes. Investigators evaluated outcomes on a 0 to 100 scale (lower score is better) for pain intensity (one study, N = 23; MD -16.36, 95% CI -29.49 to -3.23), HRQL (two studies, N = 49; MD -6.67, 95% CI -14.65 to 1.31), fatigue (one study, N = 23; MD -14.41, 95% CI -29.47 to 0.65), stiffness (one study, N = 23; MD -12.72, 95% CI -26.90 to 1.46), and all-cause withdrawal (three studies, N = 77; RR 0.72, 95% CI -0.17 to 3.11). Adverse events reported for the three studies included one anxiety attack at the first session of WBV and one dropout from the comparison group ("other exercise group") due to an injury that was not related to the program. No studies reported on physical function.
Authors' conclusions:
Whether WBV or WBV in addition to mixed exercise is superior to control or another intervention for women with fibromyalgia remains uncertain. The quality of evidence is very low owing to imprecision (few study participants and wide confidence intervals) and issues related to risk of bias. These trials did not measure major outcomes such as pain intensity, stiffness, fatigue, and physical function. Overall, studies were few and were very small, which prevented meaningful estimates of harms and definitive conclusions about WBV safety.
Penelitian menyatakan bahwa vibrasi 47 Hz dapat meningkatkan penyembuhan luka diabetes. Namun sampai saat ini belum diketahui apakah frekuensi dibawah dan diatas 47 Hz dapat meningkatkan penyembuhan luka diabetes. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek frekuensi vibrasi yang berbeda terhadap penyembuhan luka diabetes. Desain penelitian eksperimen ini melibatkan 5 kelompok tikus putih; kelompok yang mendapatkan vibrasi 40 Hz (frekuensi rendah), kelompok 106 Hz (frekuensi menengah), kelompok 200 Hz (frekuensi tinggi), kelompok 300 Hz (frekuensi sangat tinggi), dan kelompok kontrol (tanpa vibrasi). Induksi diabetes dilakukan dengan Alloxan Monohidrat. Vibrasi diberikan selama 10 menit. Status luka didasarkan pada jaringan nekrotik, ukuran luka, inflamasi, dan reepitelisasi. Analisis histologi dilakukan dengan pewarnaan Hematoksilin dan Eosin. Ukuran luka dianalisis dengan uji ANOVA, diikuti oleh tes Tukey. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jaringan nekrotik dan intensitas inflamasi paling sedikit pada kelompok 40 Hz, dan paling banyak pada kelompok 300 Hz. Reepitelisasi paling baik pada kelompok 40 Hz, dan paling rusak pada 300 Hz. Ukuran luka di kelompok 40 Hz secara signifikan lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan kelompok lain (p <0.05). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa vibrasi frekuensi rendah dapat mempercepat penyembuhan luka diabetes, sebaliknya, vibrasi frekuensi tinggi dapat merusak atau memperparah jaringan luka. Kata kunci :Diabetes, penyembuhan, luka, terapi komplementer, vibrasi. The Provision of Different Vibration Frequency to Accelerate Diabetic Wound Healing Abstract Studies have revealed that diabetic wound healing can be accelerated using the vibration therapy of 47 Hz. However, no strong evidence compelled the use of different vibration rates. Thus, this experimental study aimed to examine the effect of different vibration frequencies towards diabetic wound healing. Five groups of white rats were injected using Alloxan Monohydrate within ten minutes before the vibration therapy. The dosage was given categorized as 40 Hz (low), 106 Hz (moderate), 200 Hz (high) and 300 Hz (very high). Control group was created without given vibration therapy. Wound status was evaluated using the presence of necrotic tissues, size, inflammation, and reepithelization where Hematoxicilin and Eosin color-based were used to analyse the histological presentation. Using ANOVA and Tukey test, it was found that the necrotic tissues and the intended inflammation have less developed among low vibration group compared to others. Reepithelization and wound size reduction most experienced by the lower group, but the worst damaged occupied by the highest vibration group. It is suggested that lower vibration frequency enabled to accelerate the wound care healing, but a high-frequency rate can disturb or damage the injured tissues. Keywords:Complementary therapy, diabetes mellitus, wound healing.
The fundamental cause of diabetic limbs' problem is insufficient blood supply. The aim of the current work was to experimentally and numerically investigate the blood flow velocity and pressure changes in the channel during vibrational excitation. The micro-scale Particle Image Velocimetry (μPIV) technique as well as corresponding numerical channel model in COMSOL Multiphysics software were used to investigate the influence of external vibrations. Momentum upstream flow were noted on the fluid that was influenced by vibrations. Furthermore, momentum flow velocity increased by more than 3 times in both experimentally and theoretically. These results show that suggested novel low-frequency vibrational excitation method should be investigated in clinical studies in case of improvement of blood circulation in human limbs.
While the circulation is controlled by local (metabolic) and neurogenic control, it is modulated by a number of factors. Estrogen, which varies during the normal menstrual cycle, causes circulation in the skin to peak near ovulation. With birth control pills, this change is abolished as it is with menopause. Other conditions like diabetes not only alter circulation but lead to endothelial dysfunction and numerous secondary diseases like heart disease, kidney failure, and retinopathy. Skin circulation in people with diabetes can be as little as one-third normal. This predisposes skin damage and burns. One of the principal factors leading to diabetes-related endothelial cell dysfunction is cellular inflammation. This can be caused by high-fat diets, obesity, cigarette smoking, and a generally poor diet. Some races are more susceptible to endothelial cell damage. A thrifty gene found in all Asians causes cellular inflammation and reduced endothelial response with even a single high-fat meal. Aging causes a natural senescence of the skin circulation and is partly due to increased free radicals in the body causing endothelial dysfunction. Thus all of these factors are important in understanding the circulation in the skin in man.
While the circulation is controlled by local (metabolic) and neurogenic control, it is modulated by a number of factors. Estrogen, which varies during the normal menstrual cycle, causes circulation in the skin to peak near ovulation. With birth control pills, this change is abolished as it is with menopause. Other conditions like diabetes not only alter circulation but lead to endothelial dysfunction and numerous secondary diseases like heart disease, kidney failure, and retinopathy. Skin circulation in people with diabetes can be as little as one-third normal. This predisposes skin damage and burns. One of the principal factors leading to diabetes-related endothelial cell dysfunction is cellular inflammation. This can be caused by high-fat diets, obesity, cigarette smoking, and a generally poor diet. Some races are more susceptible to endothelial cell damage. A thrifty gene found in all Asians causes cellular inflammation and reduced endothelial response with even a single high-fat meal. Aging causes a natural senescence of the skin circulation and is partly due to increased free radicals in the body causing endothelial dysfunction. Thus all of these factors are important in understanding the circulation in the skin in man.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute responses of blood hormone concentrations and neuromuscular performance following whole-body vibration (WBV) treatment. Fourteen male subjects [mean (SD) age 25 (4.6) years] were exposed to vertical sinusoidal WBV, 10 times for 60 s, with 60 s rest between the vibration sets (a rest period lasting 6 min was allowed after 5 vibration sets). Neuromuscular performance tests consisting of counter-movement jumps and maximal dynamic leg presses on a slide machine, performed with an extra load of 160% of the subjects body mass, and with both legs were administered before and immediately after the WBV treatment. The average velocity, acceleration, average force, and power were calculated and the root mean square electromyogram (EMGrms) were recorded from the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris muscles simultaneously during the leg-press measurement. Blood samples were also collected, and plasma concentrations of testosterone (T), growth hormone (GH) and cortisol (C) were measured. The results showed a significant increase in the plasma concentration of T and GH, whereas C levels decreased. An increase in the mechanical power output of the leg extensor muscles was observed together with a reduction in EMGrms activity. Neuromuscular efficiency improved, as indicated by the decrease in the ratio between EMGrms and power. Jumping performance, which was measured using the counter-movement jump test, was also enhanced. Thus, it can be argued that the biological mechanism produced by vibration is similar to the effect produced by explosive power training (jumping and bouncing). The enhancement of explosive power could have been induced by an increase in the synchronisation activity of the motor units, and/or improved co-ordination of the synergistic muscles and increased inhibition of the antagonists. These results suggest that WBV treatment leads to acute responses of hormonal profile and neuromuscular performance. It is therefore likely that the effect of WBV treatment elicited a biological adaptation that is connected to a neural potentiation effect, similar to those reported to occur following resistance and explosive power training. In conclusion, it is suggested that WBV influences proprioceptive feedback mechanisms and specific neural components, leading to an improvement of neuromuscular performance. Moreover, since the hormonal responses, characterised by an increase in T and GH concentration and a decrease in C concentration, and the increase in neuromuscular effectiveness were simultaneous but independent, it is speculated that the two phenomena might have common underlying mechanisms.
Whole-body vibration is reported to increase muscle performance, bone mineral density and stimulate the secretion of lipolytic and protein anabolic hormones, such as GH and testosterone, that might be used for the treatment of obesity. To date, as no controlled trial has examined the effects of vibration exercise on the human endocrine system, we performed a randomized controlled study, to establish whether the circulating concentrations of glucose and hormones (insulin, glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, GH, IGF-1, free and total testosterone) are affected by vibration in 10 healthy men [age 39 +/- 3, body mass index (BMI) of 23.5 +/- 0.5 kg/m2, mean +/- SEM]. Volunteers were studied on two occasions before and after standing for 25 min on a ground plate in the absence (control) or in the presence (vibration) of 30 Hz whole body vibration. Vibration slightly reduced plasma glucose (30 min: vibration 4.59 +/- 0.21, control 4.74 +/- 0.22 mM, p=0.049) and increased plasma norepinephrine concentrations (60 min: vibration 1.29 +/- 0.18, control 1.01 +/- 0.07 nM, p=0.038), but did not change the circulating concentrations of other hormones. These results demonstrate that vibration exercise transiently reduces plasma glucose, possibly by increasing glucose utilization by contracting muscles. Since hormonal responses, with the exception of norepinephrine, are not affected by acute vibration exposure, this type of exercise is not expected to reduce fat mass in obese subjects.
To investigate the effects of whole body vibration in the elderly.
Randomized controlled trial.
Nursing home.
Forty-two elderly volunteers.
Six-week vibration intervention plus physical therapy (PT) (n=22) or PT alone (n=20).
We assessed gait and body balance using the Tinetti test (maximum scores of 12 for gait, 16 for body balance, 28 for global score), motor capacity using the Timed Up & Go (TUG) test, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36).
After 6 weeks, the vibration intervention group improved by a mean +/- standard deviation of 2.4+/-2.3 points on the gait score compared with no score change in the control group ( P <.001). The intervention group improved by 3.5+/-2.1 points on the body balance score compared with a decrease of 0.3+/-1.2 points in the control group ( P <.001). TUG test time decreased by 11.0+/-8.6 seconds in the treated group compared with an increase of 2.6+/-8.8 seconds in the control group ( P <.001). The intervention group had significantly greater improvements from baseline on 8 of 9 items on the SF-36 compared with the control group.
Controlled whole body vibration can improve elements of fall risk and HRQOL in elderly patients.
Despite the expanding use of Whole Body Vibration training among athletes, it is not known whether adding Whole Body Vibration training to the conventional training of sprint-trained athletes will improve speed-strength performance. Twenty experienced sprint-trained athletes (13 male symbol, 7 female symbol, 17-30 years old) were randomly assigned to a Whole Body Vibration group (n=10: 6 male symbol and 4 female symbol) or a Control group (n=10: 7 male symbol, 3 female symbol). During a 5-week experimental period all subjects continued their conventional training program, but the subjects of the Whole Body Vibration group additionally performed three times weekly a Whole Body Vibration training prior to their conventional training program. The Whole Body Vibration program consisted of unloaded static and dynamic leg exercises on a vibration platform (35-40 Hz, 1.7-2.5 mm, Power Plate). Pre and post isometric and dynamic (100 degrees/s) knee-extensor and -flexor strength and knee-extension velocity at fixed resistances were measured by means of a motor-driven dynamometer (Rev 9000, Technogym). Vertical jump performance was measured by means of a contact mat. Force-time characteristics of the start action were assessed using a load cell mounted on each starting block. Sprint running velocity was recorded by means of a laser system. Isometric and dynamic knee-extensor and knee-flexor strength were unaffected (p>0.05) in the Whole Body Vibration group and the Control group. As well, knee-extension velocity remained unchanged (p>0.05). The duration of the start action, the resulting start velocity, start acceleration, and sprint running velocity did not change (>0.05) in either group. In conclusion, this specific Whole Body Vibration protocol of 5 weeks had no surplus value upon the conventional training program to improve speed-strength performance in sprint-trained athletes.
This study examined the effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) on the hormone and lipolytic responses. Eight male subjects performed WBV and control (CON) trials on separate days. The WBV session consisted of 10 sets of vibration for a duration of 60 s with rest periods of 60 s between each set (frequency 26 Hz). The subjects maintained a static squat position with knees bent on the platform. In the CON trial, the WBV stimulation was not imposed. Blood samples were collected before both trials and during the recovery period. In the WBV trial, the concentrations of plasma epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NE) increased immediately after the session (P < 0.05). Serum free fatty acids (FFA) concentration increased significantly at the 150, 180, and 210 min points of the recovery period in the WBV trial (P < 0.01) with the interaction between trial and time (P < 0.01). Serum glycerol showed no significant change in either trial. These results suggest that the WBV session causes secretions of Epi and NE, and it subsequently increases FFA concentration during the recovery period. However, because the FFA response was inconsistent with that of glycerol, we were unable to clarify the effect of WBV exposure on lipolysis.
To examine whether a whole-body vibration (mechanical oscillations) in comparison to a placebo administration leads to better postural control, mobility and balance in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Double-blind, randomized controlled trial.
Outpatient clinic of a university department of physical medicine and rehabilitation.
Twelve multiple sclerosis patients with moderate disability (Kurtzke's Expanded Disability Status Scale 2.5-5) were allocated either to the intervention group or to the placebo group.
In the intervention group a whole-body vibration at low frequency (2.0-4.4 Hz oscillations at 3-mm amplitude) in five series of 1 min each with a 1-min break between the series was applied. In the placebo group a Burst-transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) application on the nondominant forearm in five series of 1 min each with a 1-min break between the series was applied as well.
Posturographic assessment using the Sensory Organization Test, the Timed Get Up and Go Test and the Functional Reach Test immediately preceding the application, 15 min, one week and two weeks after the application. The statistical analysis was applied to the change score from preapplication values to values 15 min, one week and two weeks post intervention.
Compared with the placebo group the intervention group showed advantages in terms of the Sensory Organization Test and the Timed Get Up and Go Test at each time point of measurement after the application. The effects were strongest one week after the intervention, where significant differences for the change score (p = 0.041) were found for the Timed Get Up and Go Test with the mean score reducing from 9.2 s (preapplication) to 8.2 s one week after whole-body vibration and increasing from 9.5 s (preapplication) to 10.2 s one week after placebo application. The mean values of the posturographic assessment increased from 70.5 points (preapplication) to 77.5 points one week after whole body vibration and increased only from 67.2 points (preapplication) to 67.5 points one week after the placebo application. No differences were found for the Functional Reach Test.
The results of this pilot study indicated that whole-body vibration may positively influence the postural control and mobility in multiple sclerosis patients.
It is well known that applying vibrations to men influences multiple physiological functions. The authors analysed post effects of whole-body-vibration (WBV) on motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Sixty-eight persons with PD were randomly subdivided into one experimental and one control group. Motor symptoms were assessed by the UPDRS (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale) motor score. A cross-over design was used to control treatment effects. The treatment consisted of 5 series of whole-body-vibration taking 60 seconds each. On average a highly significant (p<0.01) improvement of 16.8% in the UPDRS motor score was found in the treatment group. Only marginal changes (p>0.05) were found in the control group. The cross-over procedure showed comparable treatment effects (14.7% improvement after treatment). With respect to different symptom clusters only small changes were found in limb akinesia and cranial symptoms. By contrast, tremor and rigidity scores were improved by 25% and 24%, respectively. According to the structure of symptom changes it is unlikely that these effects are explainable on peripheral sensory level, exclusively. With respect to the findings of other studies one can speculate about changes in activation of the supplementary motor area and in neurotransmitter functions.
Circulation plays a vital role in tissue healing. Increases in muscle flexibility and strength, secretion of hormones important in the regeneration and repair process, blood flow, and strength of bone tissues has been attributed to whole body vibration (WBV) combined with exercise. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of short-duration, high-intensity, isometric weight bearing exercise (vibration exercise [VE]) and vibration only on skin blood flow (SBF).
Forty-five subjects 18-43 years of age were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1 - VE, Group 2 - exercise only, and Group 3 - vibration only. SBF was measured using a laser Doppler imager at three time intervals: 1) initial base line, 2) immediately following intervention, and 3) 10-minutes following intervention.
There was no significant difference between the three groups' SBF prior to intervention. Immediately following the intervention a difference among groups was found. Post hoc testing revealed that Group 3 subjects' mean SBF was significantly increased at both post-intervention time intervals.
The study findings suggest that short duration vibration alone significantly increases SBF; doubling mean SBF for a minimum of 10 minutes following intervention. The emerging therapeutic modality of WBV as a passive intervention appears to increase SBF in individuals with healthy microcirculation.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of whole-body vibrations (WBV) on the mechanical behaviour of human skeletal muscle. For this purpose, six female volleyball players at national level were recruited voluntarily. They were tested with maximal dynamic leg press exercise on a slide machine with extra loads of 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After the testing, one leg was randomly assigned to the control treatment (C) and the other to the experimental treatment (E) consisting of vibrations. The subjects were then retested at the end of the treatment using the leg press. Results showed remarkable and statistically significant enhancement of the experimental treatment in average velocity (AV), average force (AF) and average power (AP) (P < 0.05-0.005). Consequently, the velocity-force and power-force relationship shifted to the right after the treatment. In conclusion, it was affirmed that the enhancement could be caused by neural factors, as athletes were well accustomed to the leg press exercise and the learning effect was minimized.
Vibration exercise (VE) is a new neuromuscular training method which is applied in athletes as well as in prevention and therapy of osteoporosis. The present study explored the physiological mechanisms of fatigue by VE in 37 young healthy subjects. Exercise and cardiovascular data were compared to progressive bicycle ergometry until exhaustion. VE was performed in two sessions, with a 26 Hz vibration on a ground plate, in combination with squatting plus additional load (40% of body weight). After VE, subjectively perceived exertion on Borg's scale was 18, and thus as high as after bicycle ergometry. Heart rate after VE increased to 128 min-1, blood pressure to 132/52 mmHg, and lactate to 3.5 mM. Oxygen uptake in VE was 48.8% of VO2max in bicycle ergometry. After VE, voluntary force in knee extension was reduced by 9.2%, jump height by 9.1%, and the decrease of EMG median frequency during maximal voluntary contraction was attenuated. The reproducibility in the two VE sessions was quite good: for heart rate, oxygen uptake and reduction in jump height, correlation coefficients of values from session 1 and from session 2 were between 0.67 and 0.7. Thus, VE can be well controlled in terms of these parameters. Surprisingly, an itching erythema was found in about half of the individuals, and an increase in cutaneous blood flow. It follows that exhaustive whole-body VE elicits a mild cardiovascular exertion, and that neural as well as muscular mechanisms of fatigue may play a role.
Occupationally used high-frequency vibration is supposed to have negative effects on blood flow and muscle strength. Conversely, low-frequency vibration used as a training tool appears to increase muscle strength, but nothing is known about its effects on peripheral circulation. The aim of this investigation was to quantify alterations in muscle blood volume after whole muscle vibration--after exercising on the training device Galileo 2000 (Novotec GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany). Twenty healthy adults performed a 9-min standing test. They stood with both feet on a platform, producing oscillating mechanical vibrations of 26 Hz. Alterations in muscle blood volume of the quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles were assessed with power Doppler sonography and arterial blood flow of the popliteal artery with a Doppler ultrasound machine. Measurements were performed before and immediately after exercising. Power Doppler indices indicative of muscular blood circulation in the calf and thigh significantly increased after exercise. The mean blood flow velocity in the popliteal artery increased from 6.5 to 13.0 cm x s(-1) and its resistive index was significantly reduced. The results indicate that low-frequency vibration does not have the negative effects on peripheral circulation known from occupational high-frequency vibration.
To review evidence for a relationship between dermal neurovascular dysfunction and other components of the metabolic syndrome of type 2 diabetes.
We review and present data supporting concepts relating dermal neurovascular function to prediabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Skin blood flow can be easily measured by laser Doppler techniques.
Heat and gravity have been shown to have specific neural, nitrergic, and independent mediators to regulate skin blood flow. We describe data showing that this new tool identifies dermal neurovascular dysfunction in the majority of type 2 diabetic patients. The defect in skin vasodilation is detectable before the development of diabetes and is partially correctable with insulin sensitizers. This defect is associated with C-fiber dysfunction (i.e., the dermal neurovascular unit) and coexists with variables of the insulin resistance syndrome. The defect most likely results from an imbalance among the endogenous vasodilator compound nitric oxide, the vasodilator neuropeptides substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, and the vasoconstrictors angiotensin II and endothelin. Hypertension per se increases skin vasodilation and does not impair the responses to gravity, which is opposite to that of diabetes, suggesting that the effects of diabetes override and counteract those of hypertension.
These observations suggest that dermal neurovascular function is largely regulated by peripheral C-fiber neurons and that dysregulation may be a component of the metabolic syndrome associated with type 2 diabetes.
Vibration exercise (VbX) is a new type of physical training to increase muscle power. The present study was designed to assess the influence of whole-body VbX on metabolic power. Specific oxygen uptake (sVO(2)) was assessed, testing the hypotheses that sVO(2) increases with the frequency of vibration (tested in 10 males) and with the amplitude (tested in 8 males), and that the VbX-related increase in sVO(2) is enhanced by increased muscle force (tested in 8 males). With a vibration amplitude of 5 mm, a linear increase in sVO(2) was found from frequencies 18 to 34 Hz (p < 0.01). Each vibration cycle evoked an oxygen consumption of approximately 2.5 micro l x kg(-1). At a vibration frequency of 26 Hz, sVO(2) increased more than proportionally with amplitudes from 2.5 to 7.5 mm. With an additional load of 40 % of the lean body mass attached to the waist, sVO(2) likewise increased significantly. A further increase was observed when the load was applied to the shoulders. The present findings indicate that metabolic power in whole-body VbX can be parametrically controlled by frequency and amplitude, and by application of additional loads. These results further substantiate the view that VbX enhances muscular metabolic power, and thus muscle activity.
The aim of this study was to investigate and to compare the effect of a 12-wk period of whole-body vibration training and resistance training on human knee-extensor strength.
Sixty-seven untrained females (21.4 +/- 1.8 yr) participated in the study. The whole-body vibration group (WBV, N = 18) and the placebo group (PL, N = 19) performed static and dynamic knee-extensor exercises on a vibration platform. The acceleration of the vibration platform was between 2.28 g and 5.09 g, whereas only 0.4 g for the PL condition. Vibration (35-40 Hz) resulted in increased EMG activity, but the EMG signal remained unchanged in the PL condition. The resistance-training group (RES, N = 18) trained knee extensors by dynamic leg-press and leg-extension exercises (10-20 RM). All training groups exercised 3x wk-1. The control group (CO, N = 12) did not participate in any training. Pre- and postisometric, dynamic, and ballistic knee-extensor strength were measured by means of a motor-driven dynamometer. Explosive strength was determined by means of a counter-movement jump.
Isometric and dynamic knee-extensor strength increased significantly (P < 0.001) in both the WBV group (16.6 +/- 10.8%; 9.0 +/- 3.2%) and the RES group (14.4 +/- 5.3%; 7.0 +/- 6.2%), respectively, whereas the PL and CO group showed no significant (P > 0.05) increase. Counter-movement jump height enhanced significantly (P < 0.001) in the WBV group (7.6 +/- 4.3%) only. There was no effect of any of the interventions on maximal speed of movement, as measured by means of ballistic tests.
WBV, and the reflexive muscle contraction it provokes, has the potential to induce strength gain in knee extensors of previously untrained females to the same extent as resistance training at moderate intensity. It was clearly shown that strength increases after WBV training are not attributable to a placebo effect.
The aim of this study was to investigate and to compare the effect of 24 weeks "whole body vibration" training and fitness training on body composition and on muscle strength. Forty-eight untrained females (21.3 +/- 2.0 yr) participated in the study. The whole body vibration group (N = 18) performed unloaded static and dynamic exercises on a vibration platform (35 - 40 Hz, 2.5 - 5.0 mm; Power Plate). The fitness group (N = 18) followed a standard cardiovascular (15 - 40 min) and resistance training program including dynamic leg press and leg extension exercises (20 - 8 RM). Both groups trained 3 times weekly. The control group (N = 12) did not participate in any training. Body composition was determined by means of underwater weighing. Additionally 12 skinfolds were assessed. Isometric (0 degrees /s) and isokinetic (50 degrees /s, 100 degrees /s, 150 degrees /s) knee-extensor strength was measured by means of a motor-driven dynamometer (Technogym). Over 24 weeks there were no significant changes (p > 0.05) in weight, in percentage body fat, nor in skinfold thickness in any of the groups. Fat free mass increased significantly in the whole body vibration group (+ 2.2 %) only. A significant strength gain was recorded in the whole body vibration group (24.4 +/- 5.1 %; 5.9 +/- 2.1 %; 8.3 +/- 4.4 %; 7.6 +/- 1.5 %) and in the fitness group (16.5 +/- 1.7 %; 12.0 +/- 2.7 %; 10.4 +/- 2.3 %; 10.2 +/- 1.9 %), at 0 degrees /s, 50 degrees /s, 100 degrees /s and 150 degrees /s respectively. In conclusion, 24 weeks whole body vibration training did not reduce weight, total body fat or subcutaneous fat in previously untrained females. However, whole body vibration training induces a gain in knee-extensor strength combined with a small increase in fat free mass. The gain in strength is comparable to the strength increase following a standard fitness training program consisting of cardiovascular and resistance training.
To investigate the effects of 24 weeks of whole-body-vibration (WBV) training on knee-extension strength and speed of movement and on counter-movement jump performance in older women.
A randomized, controlled trial.
Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics Laboratory, Leuven, Belgium.
Eighty-nine postmenopausal women, off hormone replacement therapy, aged 58 to 74, were randomly assigned to a WBV group (n=30), a resistance-training group (RES, n=30), or a control group (n=29).
The WBV group and the RES group trained three times a week for 24 weeks. The WBV group performed unloaded static and dynamic knee-extensor exercises on a vibration platform, which provokes reflexive muscle activity. The RES group trained knee-extensors by performing dynamic leg-press and leg-extension exercises increasing from low (20 repetitions maximum (RM)) to high (8RM) resistance. The control group did not participate in any training.
Pre-, mid- (12 weeks), and post- (24 weeks) isometric strength and dynamic strength of knee extensors were measured using a motor-driven dynamometer. Speed of movement of knee extension was assessed using an external resistance equivalent to 1%, 20%, 40%, and 60% of isometric maximum. Counter-movement jump performance was determined using a contact mat.
Isometric and dynamic knee extensor strength increased significantly (P<.001) in the WBV group (mean+/-standard error 15.0+/-2.1% and 16.1+/-3.1%, respectively) and the RES group (18.4+/-2.8% and 13.9+/-2.7%, respectively) after 24 weeks of training, with the training effects not significantly different between the groups (P=.558). Speed of movement of knee extension significantly increased at low resistance (1% or 20% of isometric maximum) in the WBV group only (7.4+/-1.8% and 6.3+/-2.0%, respectively) after 24 weeks of training, with no significant differences in training effect between the WBV and the RES groups (P=.391; P=.142). Counter-movement jump height enhanced significantly (P<.001) in the WBV group (19.4+/-2.8%) and the RES group (12.9+/-2.9%) after 24 weeks of training. Most of the gain in knee-extension strength and speed of movement and in counter-movement jump performance had been realized after 12 weeks of training.
WBV is a suitable training method and is as efficient as conventional RES training to improve knee-extension strength and speed of movement and counter-movement jump performance in older women. As previously shown in young women, it is suggested that the strength gain in older women is mainly due to the vibration stimulus and not only to the unloaded exercises performed on the WBV platform.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of whole body vibration (WBV) on oxygenation of vastus lateralis muscle during squatting exercise. Eighteen male subjects [mean age, 27.3 +/- 6.0 (SD) years; mean height, 171.8 +/- 4.9 cm; mean weight, 64.4 +/- 6.1 kg] performed squatting exercise on a vibration platform for 3 min with and without vibration, and changes in oxygenation of the vastus lateralis muscle were determined by near-infrared spectroscopy. The muscle oxygenation levels and total haemoglobin and myoglobin levels (total Hb/Mb) decreased during squatting exercise with and without vibration. After exercise, the muscle oxygenation level and total Hb/Mb rapidly increased from the minimum value during exercise and remained constant for latter 10 min. The muscle oxygenation levels with vibration from 90 to 180 s after the start of squatting exercise were significantly lower than those without vibration. Total Hb/Mb with vibration from 90 s after the squatting exercise to 540 s were significantly higher than those without vibration. This study demonstrated that WBV exercise affects the oxygenation level of vastus lateralis muscle and reduces muscle oxygenation level compared to that with no WBV. Therefore, WBV exercise may be an efficient training stimulus for muscle deoxygenation.
This study analyzed leg muscle activity during whole-body vibration (WBV) training. Subjects performed standard unloaded isometric exercises on a vibrating platform (Power Plate): high squat (HS), low squat (LS), and 1-legged squat (OL). Muscle activity of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and gastrocnemius was recorded in 15 men (age 21.2 +/- 0.8 years) through use of surface electromyography (EMG). The exercises were performed in 2 conditions: with WBV and without (control [CO]) a vibratory stimulus of 35 Hz. Muscle activation during WBV was compared with CO and with muscle activation during isolated maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs). Whole-body vibration resulted in a significantly higher (p < 0.05) EMG root-mean-square compared with CO in all muscle groups and all exercises (between +39.9 +/- 17.5% and +360.6 +/- 57.5%). The increase in muscle activity caused by WBV was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in OL compared with HS and LS. In conclusion, WBV resulted in an increased activation of the leg muscles. During WBV, leg muscle activity varied between 12.6 and 82.4% of MVC values.
The aim of this study was to analyze electromyography (EMG) responses of vastus lateralis muscle to different whole-body vibration frequencies. For this purpose, 16 professional women volleyball players (age, 23.9 +/- 3.6 years; height, 182.5 +/- 11.1 cm; weight, 78.4 +/- 5.6 kg) voluntarily participated in the study. Vibration treatment was administered while standing on a vibrating platform with knees bent at 100 degrees (Nemes Bosco-system, Rome, Italy). EMG root mean square (rms) and was recorded for 60 seconds while standing on the vibrating plate in the following conditions: no vibrations and 30-, 40-, and 50-Hz vibration frequencies in random order. The position was kept for 60 seconds in each treatment condition. EMGrms was collected from the vastus lateralis muscle of the dominant leg. Statistical analysis showed that, in all vibration conditions, average EMGrms activity of vastus lateralis was higher than in the no-vibration condition. The highest EMGrms was found at 30 Hz, suggesting this frequency as the one eliciting the highest reflex response in vastus lateralis muscle during whole-body vibrations in half-squat position. An extension of these studies to a larger population appears worthwhile to further elucidate the responsiveness of the neuromuscular system to whole-body vibrations administered through vibrating platforms and to be able to develop individual treatment protocols.