... Indeed, it has been shown that the spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity preceding stimuli presentation, i.e., pre-trial or pre-stimulus brain activity, influences a wide range of behavioral and cognitive processes in humans. These include perception (Boly et al., 2007;Hesselmann et al., 2010aHesselmann et al., , 2010bVan Dijk et al., 2008;Wyart & Tallon-Baudry, 2009); cognitive flexibility (Leber et al., 2008); memory encoding (Otten et al., 2006); decision-related processes, for example, perceptual decision-making (Hesselmann et al., 2008(Hesselmann et al., , 2010a(Hesselmann et al., , 2010bHsieh et al., 2012); motor decisions and inhibition (Filevich et al., 2013;Haggard, 2005;Libet, 1985;Libet et al., 1983;Soon et al., 2008); and aesthetic judgment (Colas & Hsieh, 2014). Recent studies have shown that pre-stimulus brain activity influences the complex valuation processes involved in decisionmaking under risk (Chew et al., 2019;Huang et al., 2014). ...