Article

24-Week study on the use of collagen hydrolysate as a dietary supplement in athletes with activity-related joint pain

Taylor & Francis
Current Medical Research and Opinion
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Abstract

Collagen hydrolysate is a nutritional supplement that has been shown to exert an anabolic effect on cartilage tissue. Its administration appears beneficial in patients with osteoarthritis. To investigate the effect of collagen hydrolysate on activity-related joint pain in athletes who are physically active and have no evidence of joint disease. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was conducted at Penn State University in University Park, Pennsylvania. Parameters including joint pain, mobility, and inflammation were evaluated with the use of a visual analogue scale during a 24-week study phase. Between September 2005 and June 2006, 147 subjects who competed on a varsity team or a club sport were recruited. Data from 97 of 147 subjects could be statistically evaluated. One hundred and forty-seven subjects (72 male, 75 female) were randomly assigned to two groups: a group (n = 73) receiving 25 mL of a liquid formulation that contained 10 g of collagen hydrolysate (CH-Alpha) and a group (n = 74) receiving a placebo, which consisted of 25 mL of liquid that contained xanthan. The primary efficacy parameter was the change in the visual analogue scales from baseline during the study phase in relation to the parameters referring to pain, mobility, and inflammation. When data from all subjects (n = 97) were evaluated, six parameters showed statistically significant changes with the dietary supplement collagen hydrolysate (CH) compared with placebo: joint pain at rest, assessed by the physician (CH vs. placebo (-1.37 +/- 1.78 vs. -0.90 +/- 1.74 (p = 0.025)) and five parameters assessed by study participants: joint pain when walking (-1.11 +/- 1.98 vs. -0.46 +/- 1.63, p = 0.007), joint pain when standing (-0.97 +/- 1.92 vs. -0.43 +/- 1.74, p = 0.011), joint pain at rest (-0.81 +/- 1.77 vs. -0.39 +/- 1.56, p = 0.039), joint pain when carrying objects (-1.45 +/- 2.11 vs. -0.83 +/- 1.71, p = 0.014) and joint pain when lifting (-1.79 +/- 2.11 vs. -1.26 +/- 2.09, p = 0.018). When a subgroup analysis of subjects with knee arthralgia (n = 63) was performed, the difference between the effect of collagen hydrolysate vs. placebo was more pronounced. The parameter joint pain at rest, assessed by the physician, had a statistical significance level of p = 0.001 (-1.67 +/- 1.89 vs. -0.86 +/- 1.77), while the other five parameters based on the participants' assessments were also statistically significant: joint pain when walking (p = 0.003 (-1.38 +/- 2.12 vs. -0.54 +/- 1.65)), joint pain when standing (p = 0.015 (-1.17 +/- 2.06 vs. -0.50 +/- 1.68)), joint pain at rest with (p = 0.021 (-1.01 +/-1.92 vs. -0.47 +/- 1.63)), joint pain when running a straight line (p = 0.027 (-1.50 +/- 1.97 vs. -0.80 +/- 1.66)) and joint pain when changing direction (p = 0.026 (-1.87 +/- 2.18 vs. -1.20 +/- 2.10)). This was the first clinical trial of 24-weeks duration to show improvement of joint pain in athletes who were treated with the dietary supplement collagen hydrolysate. The results of this study have implications for the use of collagen hydrolysate to support joint health and possibly reduce the risk of joint deterioration in a high-risk group. Despite the study's size and limitations, the results suggest that athletes consuming collagen hydrolysate can reduce parameters (such as pain) that have a negative impact on athletic performance. Future studies are needed to support these findings.

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... The results of McAlindon et al. (2011) [33] suggest that the anabolic processes of collagen peptides on the joint cartilage can be translated to clinical investigations. Several clinical studies demonstrated symptomatic improvement after collagen peptide treatment in patients with joint health problems [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. However, most of these trials included participants with osteoarthritis [33][34][35][37][38][39][40]. ...
... However, most of these trials included participants with osteoarthritis [33][34][35][37][38][39][40]. Studies focusing on functional joint pain examined exclusively exercise-induced joint pain in both younger participants [36,41,42] and a study population with a wider age range (>18) [43][44][45]. It has previously been described that activityinduced joint pain is related to former injuries, anatomical deformities, long-term stress and high impact on the joint in combination with inadequate regeneration phases, wrong techniques or movement sequences [41,42,46]. ...
... In total, 280 healthy men and women older than 18 years with functional knee or hip joint pain (10-point NR scale) were recruited. The sample size was determined by an SPSS sample power calculation (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) using the results of a clinical trial with a comparable study design in adult men and women with functional pain in various joints, including the hip and knee [36]. If one of the following criteria were present, participation was not possible: ...
Article
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The intake of specific collagen peptides (SCPs) has been shown to decrease activity-related knee pain in young, physically active adults. This trial investigated the effect of a 12-week SCP supplementation in a wider age range of healthy men and women over 18 years with functional knee and hip pain during daily activities. A total of 182 participants were randomly assigned to receive either 5 g of specific collagen peptides (CP-G) or a placebo (P-G). Pain at rest and during various daily activities were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks by a physician and participants using a 10-point numeric rating scale (NRS). The intake of 5 g SCP over 12 weeks significantly reduced pain at rest (p = 0.018) and during walking (p = 0.032) according to the physician’s evaluation. Participants in the CP-G also reported significantly less pain when climbing stairs (p = 0.040) and when kneeling down (p < 0.001) compared to the P-G. Additionally, after 12 weeks, restrictions when squatting were significantly lower in the CP-G compared with the P-G (p = 0.014). The daily intake of 5 g of SCP seems to benefit healthy adults with hip and knee joint discomforts by reducing pain during daily activities.
... The analysis for repeated measurements shows a statistically significant difference: for the VAS and ODI values between T0 and T1 in both groups and between T1 and T2 in group A; for the PCS-12 score between T0 and T1 in both groups and between T1 and T2 in group A; for the MCS-12 score between T0 and T1 just in group B ( Table 3). (30,2) 39,9±7,5 (22,6) 34, 3± 5,9 (24,2-49,9) 47,3±5,6 (36,2) 46,4±5,9 (32,6) 34,5±7,3 (19,2-51,6) 46,1±6,3 (30,2) 43,2±7,5 (22,6) MCS-12 46,2±10,8 (23,9-60,9) 48,7±9,0 (29,6) 47,5±9,6 (25,2) 45,9±8,6 (29,4) 53, 7±4,9 (42,8-61,8) 54,3±6,2 (41,1) 46,1±9,7 (23,4) 51,2±7,6 (29,6) 50,9±8,7 (25,1) 5,3 -10, 3 5,9 -10,9 -1,9 - Multivariate linear regression models are described in Tables 4-7. ...
... The analysis for repeated measurements shows a statistically significant difference: for the VAS and ODI values between T0 and T1 in both groups and between T1 and T2 in group A; for the PCS-12 score between T0 and T1 in both groups and between T1 and T2 in group A; for the MCS-12 score between T0 and T1 just in group B ( Table 3). (30,2) 39,9±7,5 (22,6) 34, 3± 5,9 (24,2-49,9) 47,3±5,6 (36,2) 46,4±5,9 (32,6) 34,5±7,3 (19,2-51,6) 46,1±6,3 (30,2) 43,2±7,5 (22,6) MCS-12 46,2±10,8 (23,9-60,9) 48,7±9,0 (29,6) 47,5±9,6 (25,2) 45,9±8,6 (29,4) 53, 7±4,9 (42,8-61,8) 54,3±6,2 (41,1) 46,1±9,7 (23,4) 51,2±7,6 (29,6) 50,9±8,7 (25,1) 5,3 -10, 3 5,9 -10,9 -1,9 - Multivariate linear regression models are described in Tables 4-7. ...
... In 2007, Oesser et al., highlighted how oral treatment with collagen peptides is able to reduce cartilage destructuring in mouse models [29], and the study conducted by the Penn State University in 2008 directly put the emphasis on the ability of collagen peptides to reduce pain perception in 147 athletes who complained of joint pain during sports [30]. ...
... Fifteen studies were included, of these 8 used collagen peptides or collagen hydrolysate in doses of 5-15 g/day (Clark et al. 2008;Zdzieblik et al. 2015;Zdzieblik et al. 2017;Dressler et al. 2018;Praet et Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 for more detail). The supplements were provided in either a capsule or powdered form, consumed with water. ...
... There were a total of 656 participants, with 325 males and 276 females; one study did not report the number of male and female participants (Lugo et al. 2013). Twelve studies had recreationally active participants (average age: 30 ± 10 years) who experienced joint-related discomfort (Clark et al. 2008;Zdzieblik et al. 2017;Dressler et al. 2018;Praet et al. 2019;Oertzen-Hagemann et al. 2019;Kirmse et al. 2019;Clifford et al. 2019;Oikawa et al. 2020a;Shaw et al. 2017;Lis and Baar 2019;Lugo et al. 2013;Lopez et al. 2015), 2 studies were in an elderly population; 1 in men experiencing onset of sarcopenia (age 72 ± 5 years) (Zdzieblik et al. 2015) and the other in healthy, older women (age 69 ± 3 years) (Oikawa et al. 2020b), and 1 study was in untrained pre-menopausal women (age 40 ± 8 years) (Jendricke et al. 2019). Twelve studies reported funding sources, but none of the studies reported conflicts of interest. ...
... The studies used 40 mg, 5 g and 10 g per day doses of COL. One study was conducted over 3 months (Zdzieblik et al. 2017), one over 4 months (Lugo et al. 2013), and three studies over 6 months (Clark et al. 2008;Dressler et al. 2018;Praet et al. 2019). Clark and colleagues (2008) noted an effect size (ES) of 0.36 for 'joint pain when walking', but in a knee arthralgia sub-group, the ES was slightly higher (0.45), indicative of a small beneficial effect of COL (< 0.2 = weak effect; > 0.8 = strong effect). ...
Article
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Collagen peptide supplementation (COL), in conjunction with exercise, may be beneficial for the management of degenerative bone and joint disorders. This is likely due to stimulatory effects of COL and exercise on the extracellular matrix of connective tissues, improving structure and load-bearing capabilities. This systematic review aims to evaluate the current literature available on the combined impact of COL and exercise. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, a literature search of three electronic databases-PubMed, Web of Science and CINAHL-was conducted in June 2020. Fifteen randomised controlled trials were selected after screening 856 articles. The study populations included 12 studies in recreational athletes, 2 studies in elderly participants and 1 in untrained pre-menopausal women. Study outcomes were categorised into four topics: (i) joint pain and recovery from joint injuries, (ii) body composition, (iii) muscle soreness and recovery from exercise, and (iv) muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and collagen synthesis. The results indicated that COL is most beneficial in improving joint functionality and reducing joint pain. Certain improvements in body composition, strength and muscle recovery were present. Collagen synthesis rates were elevated with 15 g/day COL but did not have a significant impact on MPS when compared to isonitrogenous higher quality protein sources. Exact mechanisms for these adaptations are unclear, with future research using larger sample sizes, elite athletes, female participants and more precise outcome measures such as muscle biopsies and magnetic imagery.
... Collagen supplementation has gained attention as a potential therapeutic strategy to address these conditions. This article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of collagen's therapeutic applications in these conditions, comparing various administration routes and dosages, and assessing the impact of long-term versus single-dose therapies [1,2,3]. ...
... The biochemical interactions between collagen and cellular components of cartilage play a crucial role in maintaining joint health. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing effective collagen-based therapies for joint diseases [2,3,4]. ...
Article
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Joint diseases are prevalent in orthopedic, rheumatological, and sports medicine fields, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Collagen, a primary component of connective tissues, has emerged as a therapeutic agent for these conditions. This article explores the applications of collagen in joint diseases, comparing oral and intra-articular administration, evaluating optimal dosages, assessing single versus long-term therapies, discussing side effects, and examining the benefits of hydrolyzed versus non-hydrolyzed collagen. Additionally, explore various sources of collagen and their respective advantages for patient care.
... This compression could be duplicated during therapeutic exercises by exercises that place a dynamic and physiological load on In the present study, it was also observed that the collagen group did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference in pain relief when compared to the other groups (Table 1). Previous research, however, has indicated that collagen supplementation has a favourable effect on pain when taken over 24 weeks [26][27][28]. In our study, collagen supplementation was administered for 12 weeks, thus implying that long-term supplementation may be required to provide beneficial effects on knee pain. ...
... In the present study, it was also observed that the collagen group did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference in pain relief when compared to the other groups (Table 1). Previous research, however, has indicated that collagen supplementation has a favourable effect on pain when taken over 24 weeks [26][27][28]. In our study, collagen supplementation was administered for 12 weeks, thus implying that long-term supplementation may be required to provide beneficial effects on knee pain. ...
Article
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Athletic injuries are commonly implicated in the development of early osteoarthritic (EOA) changes in the knee. These changes have a significant impact on athletic performance, and therefore the early detection of EOA is paramount. The objective of the study is to assess the impact of different interventions on individuals with EOA, particularly focusing on recreational athletes. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of three treatment groups in improving various aspects related to knee EOA, including pain, range of motion, strength, and function. A study was undertaken with 48 recreational athletes with EOA who were assigned to one of three groups by the referring orthopedic surgeon: collagen (Col), exercise (Ex), or collagen and exercise (ColEx) groups. All the participants received their respective group-based intervention for 12 weeks. Visual analog scale (VAS), knee flexion range of motion (ROM) knee flexors and extensors strength, and KOOS were assessed at baseline, and after 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks of intervention. VAS for activity improved in all treatment groups, with no difference between groups. The between-group analysis for knee ROM revealed a significant difference (p = 0.022) in the Col vs. Ex group at 12 weeks. The knee flexor and extensor strength and the KOOS scores improved considerably in the Ex and the ColEx group (p < 0.05) at 12 weeks. Exercise therapy improved pain, strength and function in subjects with EOA, whereas the association of collagen seems to have accentuated the effects of exercise in bringing about clinical improvements.
... The clinical efficacy and safety of CHs and CH-derived peptides have been demonstrated in several trials and summarized in Table 1 [51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61]. The supplement primarily helps manage OA pain and increase mobility, but recent work has also demonstrated improvements in bone health and cartilage characteristics, especially in patients engaging in a physical exercise program [55,59]. ...
... Interestingly, CH supplementation also appears to improve activity-related joint pain, regardless of OA diagnosis. For example, Clark et al. (2008) performed a 24-week clinical study involving 147 healthy athletes with activity-related joint pain who were physically active, fit, and had no evidence of established OA [58]. Joint discomfort and pain in the CH-treated group were significantly reduced. ...
Article
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder, with a social and financial burden that is expected to increase in the coming years. Currently, there are no effective medications to treat it. Due to limited treatment options, patients often resort to supplements, such as collagen hydrolysates (CHs). CHs are products with low molecular weight (MW) peptides, often between 3 and 6 kDa, and are a result of industrialized processed collagen. Collagen extraction is often a by-product of the meat industry, with the main source for collagen-based products being bovine, although it can also be obtained from porcine and piscine sources. CHs have demonstrated positive results in clinical trials related to joint health, such as decreased joint pain, increased mobility, and structural joint improvements. The bioactivity of CHs is primarily attributed to their bioactive peptide (BAP) content. However, there are significant knowledge gaps regarding the digestion, bioavailability, and bioactivity of CH-derived BAPs, and how different CH products compare in that regard. The present review discusses CHs and their BAP content as potential treatments for OA.
... Most of the studies have evaluated the therapeutic potential of either native type II collagen [89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98] or hydrolyzed collagens [99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107] in patients with OA. However, both types of collagens have been also tested in non-osteoarthritic individuals suffering joint discomfort [108][109][110][111][112][113]. ...
... Studies evaluating the effects of hydrolyzed collagens in non-OA patients have obtained mixed results. Two randomized double-blind placebo-controlled studies reported improvements in activity-related joint pain after 6 months of administration of a hydrolyzed collagen from porcine origin at a dose of 10 g/day in one study [112] and 5 g/day in the other [111]. However, in another randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study, no differences in join pain and function were detected after 3 months of administration of 10 g/day of a hydrolyzed collagen from bovine origin [113]. ...
Article
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease, generating pain, disability, and socioeconomic costs worldwide. Currently there are no approved disease-modifying drugs for OA, and safety concerns have been identified with the chronic use of symptomatic drugs. In this context, nutritional supplements and nutraceuticals have emerged as potential alternatives. Among them, collagen is being a focus of particular interest, but under the same term different types of collagens coexist with different structures, compositions, and origins, leading to different properties and potential effects. The aim of this narrative review is to generally describe the main types of collagens currently available in marketplace, focusing on those related to joint health, describing their mechanism of action, preclinical, and clinical evidence. Native and hydrolyzed collagen are the most studied collagen types for joint health. Native collagen has a specific immune-mediated mechanism that requires the recognition of its epitopes to inhibit inflammation and tissue catabolism at articular level. Hydrolyzed collagen may contain biologically active peptides that are able to reach joint tissues and exert chondroprotective effects. Although there are preclinical and clinical studies showing the safety and efficacy of food ingredients containing both types of collagens, available research suggests a clear link between collagen chemical structure and mechanism of action.
... The observed results show an improvement in physical performance with a decrease in the time used to perform the 21km but with an increase in the perceptual processes of pain. These results contrast with those shown by Clark et al. (2008) where they observed a decrease in joint pain in athletes supplemented with hydrolysed collagen. Arquer et al. (2014) recorded an improvement in pain experienced by participants with tendinopathies during physical activity, in addition to structural changes in the thickness of the affected tendons. ...
... Zdzieblik et al. (2021) observed a decrease in knee pain during and after physical activity in women and men. Similarly, long-term beneficial effects have been reported on osteoarthritis (Clark et al., 2008), rheumatoid arthritis (Khare et al., 1995). ...
Article
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The main purpose of this observational prospective pilot study was to evaluate the effects of hydrolysed collagen supplementation, in endurance training, in the performance of runners. A cohort of sixty-one subjects (women with an age = 44 ± 5 years; height = 1.65 ± 0.4 m; weight = 58.4 ± 5.2 kg; men with an age = 51 ± 3 years; height = 1.82 ± 0.2 m; weight = 74.4 ± 3.1 kg) received a collagen supplement (11 g / day) during 16 weeks. They performed a 21 kilometre endurance test (21KmET) at baseline and after 16 weeks of follow up. Squat Jump (SJ) and Counter Movement Jump (CMJ) tests were measured before and after each 21KmET and biochemical analyses and a bioimpedance were performed after each 21KmET. Subjects underwent three sport training sessions a week and a supplement intake during the follow up. Regarding the 21KmET time, there were significant differences between before and after supplementation intake (p < .05) and a higher pain perception was assessed with a visual analogue scale at the second 21KmET (p < .05). Significant improvements were observed in handgrip strength, SJ and CMJ after 16 week of supplement intake. Conclusions: A programmed endurance training improves the functionality of the runner in long-distance events and a periodic intake of hydrolysed collagen could help a better performance because it improves the conditions of muscles and joints.
... In this sense, researchers have investigated the effect of specific collagen peptides (SCP) by their biological properties (98,99), some of them related to joint soreness. Clark et al. (100), pioneered the analysis of the effect of SCP supplementation in sportsmen's joint soreness. A 24-week prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind study was conducted with 147 athletes. ...
... They consumed 10 g of a collagen hydrolysate or placebo. The results showed that a daily treatment of 10 g of a collagen hydrolysate was able to reduce joint discomfort, both at rest and during movement (100). ...
Article
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Nutrition and sport play an important role in achieving a healthy lifestyle. In addition to the intake of nutrients derived from the normal diet, some sport disciplines require the consumption of supplements that contribute positively to improved athletic performance. Protein intake is important for many aspects related to health, and current evidence suggests that some athletes require increased amounts of this nutrient. On the other hand, society's demand for more environmentally friendly products, focus on the search for alternative food sources more sustainable. This review aims to summarize the latest research on novel strategies and sources for greener and functional supplementation in sport nutrition. Alternative protein sources such as insects, plants or mycoproteins have proven to be an interesting substrate due to their high added value in terms of bioactivity and sustainability. Protein hydrolysis has proven to be a very useful technology to revalue by-products, such as collagen, by producing bioactive peptides beneficial on athletes performance and sport-related complications. In addition, it has been observed that certain amino acids from plant sources, as citrulline or theanine, can have an ergogenic effect for this target population. Finally, the future perspectives of protein supplementation in sports nutrition are discussed. In summary, protein supplementation in sports nutrition is a very promising field of research, whose future perspective lies with the search for alternatives with greater bioactive potential and more sustainable than conventional sources.
... Collagen peptides are sourced from bovine, porcine, marine, or poultry sources [10]. Although there are positive reports of the use of collagen supplementation in skin hydration as well as joint, bone, and muscle health, especially in athletes to aid exercise recovery, reports of the benefits of the use of collagen in digestive health are currently lacking [11][12][13][14][15]. ...
... Collagen peptide supplements have become increasingly popular over the last decade and are estimated to grow into a US $7.5 billion market by 2027 [28]. Although the majority of collagen users are within the hair and beauty market [28], the use of collagen has found its way into consumer health products such as for sport recovery [15]. Technology-assisted personalized nutrition solutions such as web-based diaries and symptom trackers have grown in popularity and have enabled new ways of delivering care, providing information as well as gathering data [37]. ...
Article
Background The effect of dietary collagen on managing digestive symptoms is currently lacking in the literature. Objective To gain a better understanding of this issue, we conducted a 2-phase mixed methods study. Methods Phase 1 was a mixed methods design to explore current attitude and practice among consumers and health care practitioners. The findings were used to design an 8-week phase 2 digital study called Gutme! conducted in the United States in healthy female volunteers (BMI>25 kg/m2). Our aim was, first, to determine the feasibility of conducting a fully digital mixed methods study; second, the study explored the effect of an 8-week daily supplementation of 20 g dietary collagen peptide (Peptan) on digestive symptoms. Phase 2 was a prospective, open-label, longitudinal, single-arm study. Participation involved 2 weeks of baseline tracking (digestive symptoms, mood, stool, and lifestyle) using an app, followed by 8 weeks of tracking and taking 20 g collagen peptide supplement split into 2 dosages per day. Participants were required to complete a web-based symptom questionnaire at baseline, week 2, and week 8, as well as participate in 2 scheduled video interviews. Results Phase 1 revealed that consumer awareness of collagen for digestive health is low (64/204, 31.4%). Among the dietitians prescribing collagen for their patients, the most common dosage was 20 g a day with notable effects after 6 weeks of intake. Within the phase 2 study, of the 40 recruited participants, 14 (35%) completed the full course of supplementation. The findings indicate that 93% (13/14) of those who completed the study experienced a reduction in digestive symptoms, which included bloating. Conclusions A mixed methods digital study design is feasible and acceptable for collecting relevant data in a real-life setting. The use of a 20 g daily collagen peptide supplement may reduce bloating and improve mild digestive symptoms in otherwise healthy female adults in the absence of any other dietary or lifestyle interventions. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04245254; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04245254
... A significant body of scientific knowledge has been published on nutritional strategies and ergogenic aids to improve sports performance [3][4][5][6]. However, limited research is available about the role of nutrition in reducing the risk of injury and improving the recovery process following injuries in athletes [7][8][9][10][11]. This is because, for athletes who are intent on returning to their sport as quickly as possible, the uncertainties about injury diagnosis and doubts regarding the efficacy of the treatment received are the main concerns of such players. ...
... Collagen also plays a protective role in joint and connective tissue health, as well as reducing joint pain. For example, consuming 25 mL of liquid collagen containing 10 g of hydrolyzed collagen per day for 24 weeks improved joint health and reduced the risk of joint degeneration and joint pain compared with a placebo [8]. In athletes with chronic ankle injuries, significant reductions in the number of ankle injuries were observed following ingestion of 5 g of collagen peptide for 6 months [11]. ...
Article
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Sports participation is not without risk, and most athletes incur at least one injury throughout their careers. Combat sports are popular all around the world, and about one-third of their injuries result in more than 7 days of absence from competition or training. The most frequently injured body regions are the head and neck, followed by the upper and lower limbs, while the most common tissue types injured are superficial tissues and skin, followed by ligaments and joint capsules. Nutrition has significant implications for injury prevention and enhancement of the recovery process due to its effect on the overall physical and psychological well-being of the athlete and improving tissue healing. In particular, amino acid and protein intake, antioxidants, creatine, and omega-3 are given special attention due to their therapeutic roles in preventing muscle loss and anabolic resistance as well as promoting injury healing. The purpose of this review is to present the roles of various nutritional strategies in reducing the risk of injury and improving the treatment and rehabilitation process in combat sports. In this respect, nutritional considerations for muscle, joint, and bone injuries as well as sports-related concussions are presented. The injury risk associated with rapid weight loss is also discussed. Finally, preoperative nutrition and nutritional considerations for returning to a sport after rehabilitation are addressed.
... Clark and colleagues performed a 24-week clinical study on the use of collagen hydrolyzates as a dietary supplement in 147 healthy athletes with activity-related joint pain who were physically fit, active, and had no evidence of joint disease [52]. The study design involved 72 males and 75 females randomly assigned to two groups. ...
... This was the first clinical trial that used a healthy population as a study group and showed improvement in joint discomfort and pain in the group given an oral supplement containing collagen hydrolyzates. Despite the small sample size and limitations of the study, the results suggested that athletes perceived a benefit from consuming collagen hydrolyzates [52]. ...
Article
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Purpose of Review Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common forms of arthritis in the general population, accounting for more pain and functional disability than any other musculoskeletal disease. There are currently no approved disease modifying drugs for OA. In the absence of effective pharmacotherapy, many patients with OA turn to nutritional supplements and nutraceuticals, including collagen derivatives. Collagen hydrolyzates and ultrahydrolyzates are terms used to describe collagens that have been broken down into small peptides and amino acids in the presence of collagenases and high pressure. Recent Findings This article reviews the relevant literature and serves as a White Paper on collagen hydrolyzates and ultrahydrolyzates as emerging supplements often advertised to support joint health in OA. Collagen hydrolyzates have demonstrated some evidence of efficacy in a handful of small scale clinical trials, but their ability to treat and reverse advanced joint disease remains highly speculative, as is the case for other nutritional supplements. Summary The aim of this White Paper is to stimulate research and development of collagen-based supplements for patients with OA and other musculoskeletal diseases at academic and industrial levels. This White Paper does not make any treatment recommendations for OA patients in the clinical context, but simply aims to highlight opportunities for scientific innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration, which are crucial for the development of novel products and nutritional interventions based on the best available and published evidence.
... HC's greater bioavailability compared to native collagen makes it a good candidate for oral administration. HC is absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract after being consumed and then incorporated into joint cartilage [55]. In one double-anonymous, randomized, placebo-controlled monocentric study, researchers found that individuals between the ages of 51-70 had significantly reduced joint pain indexes (12.4 ± 3.7; p < 0.05) when taking 4000mg oral HC compared to baseline (29 ± 5.6; p < 0.05) [56]. ...
Article
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Background: The musculoskeletal system, due to inherent structure and function, lends itself to contributing toward joint pain, whether from inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis, or trauma causing soft tissue injury. Administration of peptides for treatment of joint pain or inflammation is an emerging line of therapy that seeks to offer therapeutic benefits while remaining safe and relatively non-invasive. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to review the current literature on existing oral peptide agents, intra-articular peptide agents, and new developments in human trials to assess route of administration (RoA) for drug delivery in terms of soft tissue regeneration. Study Design: Narrative Review. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed database. The search included medical subject headings (MeSH) terms related to peptide therapy, soft tissue regeneration, and RoA. Inclusion criteria comprised articles focusing on the mechanisms of action of peptides, clinical or biochemical outcomes, and review articles. Exclusion criteria included insufficient literature or studies not meeting the set evidence level. Conclusion: The review identified various peptides demonstrating efficacy in soft tissue repair. Oral and intra-articular peptides showed distinct advantages in soft tissue regeneration, with intra-articular routes providing localized effects and oral routes offering systemic benefits. However, both routes have limitations in bioavailability and absorption. Still in their infancy, further inquiries/research into the properties and efficacy of emerging peptides will be necessary before widespread use. As a viable alternative prior to surgical intervention, peptide treatments present as promising candidates for positive outcomes in soft tissue regeneration.
... StemXCell is yet another supplement that has been found to stimulate the release of stem cells from the bone marrow, similar to the effects of GCSF [157]. Lastly, CH-Alpha is a supplement that provides collagen for repair purposes [158]. Alongside these supplements, maintaining hormonal balance and taking multivitamins are also crucial factors for success in the field of regenerative medicine. ...
Article
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent musculoskeletal disease affecting middle-aged and elderly individuals, with knee pain as a common complaint. Standard therapy approaches generally attempt to alleviate pain and inflammation, using various pharmacological and non-pharmacological options. However, the efficacy of these therapies in long-term tissue repair remains debated. As an alternative, regenerative medicine offers a promising strategy, with decreased adverse event rates and increasing evidence of safety and efficacy. This review will outline current advances in regenerative medicine for knee OA, emphasizing outpatient clinic-based therapies that use orthobiological and non-biological products. Different strategies based on orthobiologics are discussed as potential regenerative options for the management of knee OA. Cell-free therapies including platelet-rich plasma, autologous anti-inflammatories, exosomes, human placenta extract, and mitochondrial transplantation are discussed, focusing on their potential for cartilage regeneration. Additionally, cell-based therapies with regenerative properties including bone marrow aspirate concentrate, adipose stromal vascular fraction, microfat, nanofat, stem cell therapy, and genetically modified cells as part of orthobiologics, are being investigated. Also, this study is looking into non-biological approaches such as using gold-induced cytokines, extracorporeal shockwave therapy, and ozone therapy. The mechanisms of action, effectiveness, and clinical applications of each therapy are being explored, providing insights into their role in the management of knee OA. Graphical Abstract
... It has an anabolic effect that stimulates tissue growth, so it can improve joint structure and integrity in athletes to reduce joint pain (Moskowitz, 2000). In a study on adult athletes at the German Olympic Centre, 79% showed improved joint mobility and flexibility after taking 10g of collagen hydrolysate daily for 12 weeks of training (Clark et al., 2008). ...
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This study aimed to assess the opinions of dietitians and their clients regarding their knowledge and use of collagen and to determine their level of knowledge regarding the use of collagen supplements. It was conducted on 30 dietitians and 125 clients in Istanbul, Balıkesir, Antalya and Hatay provinces between March and April 2023. Online data was collected from participants via Google Forms. 56.7% (n=17) of dietitians and 54.4% (n=68) of their clients use collagen (P>0.05). While 36.7% (n=11) of dietitians said, it was beneficial for the skin, 23.3% (n=7) used it for weight control and digestive regulation, 38.4% (n=48) said it was beneficial for the skin and 34.4% (n=43) for joint density and pain relief. There was also no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) between dietitians' and clients' information about collagen use. However, while 17.5% (n=3) of dietitians were concerned about the reliability, certification, and brand of collagen, 22.1% (n=15) of consumers were concerned about its reliability. In addition, the opinions of the dietitians and clients participating in the study regarding the use of collagen were not found to be statistically significant (P>0.05).
... As per recent clinical studies, collagen-associated bioproducts have been observed to ameliorate joint symptoms and arthralgia (Clark et al., 2008). Collagen is the most important constituent of protein in milkfish (MS) (Chanos chanos), a marine aquaculture species in Taiwan (Hu et al., 2015), which imparts physical protection to tissues [1]. ...
Article
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Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass, bone microarchitecture disruption, and collagen loss, leading to increased fracture risk. In the current study, collagen peptides were extracted from milkfish scales (MS) to develop potential therapeutic candidates for osteoporosis. MS was used to synthesize a crude extract of fish scales (FS), collagen liquid (COL), and hydroxyapatite powder (HA). COL samples were further categorized according to the peptide size of total COL (0.1 mg/mL), COL < 1 kDa (0.1 mg/mL), COL: 1–10 kDa (0.1 mg/mL), and COL > 10 kDa (0.1 mg/mL) to determine it. Semi‐quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (sqRT‐PCR) and immunofluorescence labeling were used to assess the expression levels of specific mRNA and proteins in vitro. For in vivo studies, mice ovariectomy (OVX)‐induced postmenopausal osteoporosis were developed, while the sham surgery (Sham) group was treated as a control. Collagen peptides (CP) from MS inhibited osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells following an insult with nuclear factor kappa‐B ligand (RANKL). CP also enhanced osteoblast proliferation in MG‐63 cells, possibly through downregulating NFATc1 and TRAP mRNA expression and upregulating ALP and OPG mRNA levels. Furthermore, COL1 kDa also inhibited bone density loss in osteoporotic mice. Taken together, CP may reduce RANKL‐induced osteoclast activity while promoting osteoblast synthesis, and therefore may act as a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and control of osteoporosis.
... There is growing evidence indicating that collagen peptides improve not only human skin indicators associated with aging, such as hydration, wrinkles, and elasticity, but also the antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) 19 . They also reduce skin cellulite 20 and osteoporosis and joint pains [21][22][23] and have a positive effect on hair follicles and cell proliferation 24 . The effectiveness of collagen hydrolysates in improving damaged skin has been demonstrated, yet the acknowledgment of the beneficial effects and functions of low molecular weight bioactive proteins and peptides from collagen hydrolysates is still low 14,25 . ...
Article
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Collagen hydrolysate, which contains bioactive peptides, is used as a dietary supplement for the refinement of elasticity, hydration, desquamation, and wrinkling of aging human skin. Here, we conducted a double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled oral administration study on the effects of a collagen peptide (CPNS) containing dipeptides, including Gly-Pro and Pro-Hyp, on skin wrinkling, desquamation, elasticity, and hydration. Our results show that an intake of 1650 mg per day of CPNS for 12 weeks had beneficial effects on skin health in a cohort of women aged from 30 to 60 years (n = 100). Compared with the placebo group, skin desquamation, hydration, skin wrinkling, and elasticity were significantly improved after 4, 4, 12, and 12 weeks of administration, respectively. In a safety test of CPNS ingestion, none of the participants showed any side effects during the clinical study period. These results demonstrate that the low molecular weight bioactive peptides contained in CPNS, such as Gly-Pro and Pro-Hyp, exert positive effects on skin hydration, elasticity, desquamation, and wrinkling.
... The joint health benefits of hydrolyzed collagen and CS have been shown mainly in patients with OA [27][28][29] or in athletes [30]. However, dietary supplements to reduce or prevent joint discomfort increasingly attract consumers of any age, gender, and lifestyle. ...
Article
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Background: Joint discomfort is a widespread and growing problem in active adults. The rising interest in preventative nutrition has increased the demand for supplements reducing joint discomfort. Protocols assessing the effect of a nutritional intervention on health commonly involve a series of face-to-face meetings between participants and study staff that can weigh on resources, participant availabilities and even increase drop-out rates. Digital tools are increasingly added to protocols to facilitate study conduct but fully digitally run studies are still scarce. With the increasing interest in real-life studies, the development of health applications for mobile devices to monitor study outcomes could be of great importance. Objective: The purpose of the current real-life study was to develop a specific mobile application, Ingredients for LifeTM, to conduct a 100% digital study testing the effectiveness of a hydrolyzed cartilage matrix (HCM) supplement on joint discomfort in a heterogeneous group of healthy, active consumers. Methods: The 'Ingredients for LifeTM ' mobile app using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was specifically developed to monitor the variation in joint pain after exercise by the study participants. A total of 201 healthy and physically active, adult women and men (18 to 72 years old) with joint pain completed the study over a period of 16 weeks. Participants were randomly allocated to the study groups and did not receive any dietary or lifestyle advice. Each participant indicated one area of joint pain and logged the type and duration of their weekly activities. They received blinded study supplements and took a daily regimen of 1 g of hydrolyzed cartilage matrix (HCM-G) or 1g of maltodextrin (placebo group; P-G) for 12 weeks while weekly logging joint pain scores in the app. This was followed by a 4-week wash out period during which participants continued reporting their joint pain scores (until the end of week 16). Results: Joint pain was reduced within 3 weeks of taking a low dosage of HCM (1g/day), regardless of gender, age group and activity intensity when compared to the placebo-group. After stopping supplementation, joint pain scores gradually increased but still remained significantly lower than placebo after 4 weeks of washout. The low dropout rate (< 6% of participants, mainly in the P-G) demonstrates the digital study was well received by the study population. Conclusions: The digital tool allowed to measure a heterogeneous group of active adults in a real-life setting (without any lifestyle intervention), thus promoting inclusivity and diversity. With low dropout rates, it demonstrates that mobile applications can generate qualitative, quantifiable, real-world data showcasing supplement effectiveness. The study confirmed that the oral intake of a low dose (1g/day) of HCM led to a significant reduction of joint pain from 3 weeks after starting supplementation.
... This suggests that the inclusion of collagen peptides and specific-gelatin products in combination with an intermittent exercise program may enhance collagen synthesis, which could play a beneficial role in injury prevention and tissue repair. In this sense, research has shown that supplementation with hydrolyzed collagen (≈10 g per day) can increase cartilage thickness in patients with osteoarthritis [114] and decrease knee pain in athletes [115]. Indeed, the recent systematic review performed by Kahtri et al. (2021) [47] concluded that 'collagen peptides and specific gelatin products have strong evidence in improving joint pain and functionality (especially at doses of 15 g/day)'. ...
Article
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It is estimated that three to five million sports injuries occur worldwide each year. The highest incidence is reported during competition periods with mainly affectation of the musculo-skeletal tissue. For appropriate nutritional management and correct use of nutritional supplements, it is important to individualize based on clinical effects and know the adaptive response during the rehabilitation phase after a sports injury in athletes. Therefore, the aim of this PRISMA in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sport Medicine and Sports Science PERSiST-based systematic integrative review was to perform an update on nutritional strategies during the rehabilitation phase of musculoskeletal injuries in elite athletes. After searching the following databases: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, PEDro, and Google Scholar, a total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria (Price Index: 66.6%). The risk of bias assessment for randomized controlled trials was performed using the RoB 2.0 tool while review articles were evaluated using the AMSTAR 2.0 items. Based on the main findings of the selected studies, nutritional strategies that benefit the rehabilitation process in injured athletes include balanced energy intake, and a high-protein and carbohydrate-rich diet. Supportive supervision should be provided to avoid low energy availability. The potential of supplementation with collagen, creatine monohydrate, omega-3 (fish oils), and vitamin D requires further research although the effects are quite promising. It is worth noting the lack of clinical research in injured athletes and the higher number of reviews in the last 10 years. After analyzing the current quantitative and non-quantitative evidence, we encourage researchers to conduct further clinical research studies evaluating doses of the discussed nutrients during the rehabilitation process to confirm findings, but also follow international guidelines at the time to review scientific literature.
... Due to the extensive functions of type 1 collagen throughout the body, there has been interest in the effects of collagen-based dietary supplements on health-and performance-related outcomes (Zdzieblik et al. 2015;Shaw et al. 2017;Zdzieblik et al. 2017;Dressler et al. 2018;Lis et al. 2022). For example, it has been shown that daily supplementation with 5-10 g of collagen peptides or hydrolyzed collagen enriched with vitamin C for three weeks to six months decreased wrinkles and improved smoothness, pliability and elasticity of the skin (Matsumoto et al. 2006), reduced joint pain at rest and during exercise (Clark et al. 2008;Zdzieblik et al. 2017), increased ankle stability (Dressler et al. 2018), and decreased fat mass, as well as increased fat free mass, muscle strength (Zdzieblik et al. 2015), the rate of force development during isometric squats, and vertical jump height (Lis et al. 2022). ...
Article
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Type 1 collagen is an abundant structural protein with importance to the skin, eyes, bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. Shilajit supplementation has been shown to increase gene expression of collagen synthesis, however, it is unclear if increased gene expression translates to increases in circulating levels. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks of daily supplementation with 500 mg·d⁻¹ and 1000 mg·d⁻¹ of Shilajit versus placebo on serum pro-c1α1, a biomarker of type 1 collagen synthesis. Thirty-five recreationally trained men (mean ± SD: age = 21.1 ± 1.8 yrs; body mass = 80.7 ± 12.4 kg; height = 180.9 ± 6.7 cm) volunteered to participate in this study. Mixed factorial and one-way ANOVAs were used to analyze mean differences between groups, with follow-up t-tests when necessary. Individual subject responses were assessed using the minimal clinically important difference and Chi-squared tests. There were significant (Low dose: p = 0.008, d = 1.2; High dose: p = 0.007, d = 1.3) increases in serum pro-c1α1 from pre- (Low dose: 42.5 ± 12.4 ng·mL⁻¹; High dose: 42.7 ± 12.7 ng·mL⁻¹) to post-supplementation (Low dose: 82.3 ± 46.5 ng·mL⁻¹; High dose: 113.1 ± 78.7 ng·mL⁻¹) for the low and high dose groups, however, no change (p > 0.05) for the placebo group. A greater proportion (p = 0.03) of subjects exhibited increases in pro-c1α1 that exceeded the minimal clinically important difference in the high dose Shilajit group (75%) compared to the placebo group (30%), but no differences (p = 0.06) between the low dose Shilajit group (69%) and placebo. In conclusion, 8 weeks of Shilajit supplementation with 500 and 1000 mg·d⁻¹ increased type 1 collagen synthesis as indicated by serum levels of pro-c1α1.
... In a study of patients ≥49 years of age with mild-to-moderate severity knee osteoarthritis, McAlindon et al. [59] found that the daily consumption of 10 g of collagen hydrolysate improved medial and lateral tibial hyaline cartilage health in patients with mild knee osteoarthritis. In agreement with this finding, a 24-week randomized clinical trial in college age varsity sport and club team athletes with activity-related knee pain showed that collagen hydrolate significantly decreased pain levels [27]. Vitamin C is an essential collagen synthesis component for activating the lysyl oxidase, prolyl, and lysyl hydroxylasese enzymes that increase cross-linking. ...
Article
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Purpose Sports injuries among youth and adolescent athletes are a growing concern, particularly at the knee. Based on our current understanding of microtrauma and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) healing characteristics, this clinical commentary describes a comprehensive plan to better manage ACL microtrauma and mitigate the likelihood of progression to a non-contact macrotraumatic ACL rupture. Methods Medical literature related to non-contact ACL injuries among youth and adolescent athletes, collagen and ACL extracellular matrix metabolism, ACL microtrauma and sudden failure, and concerns related to current sports training were reviewed and synthesized into a comprehensive intervention plan. Results With consideration for biopsychosocial model health factors, proper nutrition and modified sports training with increased recovery time, a comprehensive primary ACL injury prevention plan is described for the purpose of better managing ACL microtrauma, thereby reducing the incidence of non-contact macrotraumatic ACL rupture among youth and adolescent athletes. Conclusion Preventing non-contact ACL injuries may require greater consideration for reducing accumulated ACL microtrauma. Proper nutrition including glycine-rich collagen peptides, or gelatin-vitamin C supplementation in combination with healthy sleep, and adjusted sports training periodization with increased recovery time may improve ACL extracellular matrix collagen deposition homeostasis, decreasing sudden non-contact ACL rupture incidence likelihood in youth and adolescent athletes. Successful implementation will require compliance from athletes, parents, coaches, the sports medicine healthcare team, and event organizers. Studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of these concepts. Level of evidence V
... Several studies were found that focused on individuals without OA but relating to joint health. The research supported supplemental doses of CH of 1.2 g/day for improvements in joint pain but only if taken for at least 6 months, [69][70][71] as one study showed no symptom improvement over 12 weeks, even if 10 g/day was taken. 72 There is a large amount of quality literature supporting the use of 5−10 mg/day CH for the long-term relief of OA symptoms especially in those with extreme disease, and these benefits may be superior to the more commonly used GS and chondroitin. ...
Research
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Orally administered collagen in its many different forms is recognised as a highly biocompatible, safe form of supplementation, which has the potential to act on the body as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, and through structural remodelling and reduced lipotoxicity. The aim of this systematic review was to determine diseases where collagen has been indicated; assess safety, bioavailability and efficacy; and to provide therapeutic recommendations. It was concluded that collagen supplementation is strongly indicated for its positive therapeutic effect on pain management of osteoarthritis, balancing blood sugars in type II diabetes, wound healing, skin ageing, and post-exercise body composition and strength. Promising results were also seen for the use of collagen supplementation in osteoporosis, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, tendinopathy, cellulite, atopic dermatitis, sarcopenia and brittle nail syndrome. Although therapeutic recommendations were indicated in most of these diseases, owing in the large part to the use of these supplements as part of dual therapy or the uncertainty over translatability of branded products it was concluded that more studies are required to make definitive recommendations. There was a lack of clinical evidence to support the use of collagen for weight loss in obesity, gut health and in fibromyalgia.
... Certain ligaments are more prone to damage than others, just like the Achilles ligament, patellar ligament, and supra spinatus tendon. Traditionalist (nonsurgical) treatment is as a rule of troublesome and longstanding event, which might be baffling for both the patients and clinicians [6][7][8][9][10]. Treatment of unremitting tendinopathy has customarily cantered on controlling irritation and torment, in any case, histological thinks about don't bolster an inflammatory handle within the persistent excruciating ligament, and medications such as corticosteroid infusions and NSAIDs cannot be considered to be shown [11][12][13][14][15]. ...
Article
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Tendinopathy is a multi-factorial, broad spectrum of tendon disorder, characterized by activity-related chronic tendon pain and local tenderness. The point of this study was to assess the adequacy of a nutritional supplement containing Glucosamine, type II collagen and vitamin C on the clinical and auxiliary advancement of tendinopathies. The prospective study was Hospital based randomized control trail comparing the efficacy of collage 2 peptide, glucosamine and vitamin c with placebo in various tendinopathies. All diagnosed patients willing for the treatment attending Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences during period of 2017-2019 were selected with regular follow up of 2nd week, 2nd month & 6 month. The statistics and visualizations of various observations made in the entire study which include a total of 80 patients with various tendinopathies. 60 of them were given collagen 2, glucosamine and vitamin c (cases) and 20 were given placebo (controls). At the end of 6 months almost 90% patients relieved completely of pain. The duration of maximum benefit to reach is almost around 24weeks. These are seen more commonly to affect non-athletes rather than athletes.
... The first clinical trial with a healthy population was conducted with 147 healthy athletes, who were given 25 mL of a liquid formulation (containing 10 g of collagen hydrolysates) and liquid xanthan (placebo group) showed that supplementation of collagen hydrolysates potentially improved joint discomfort and pain during walking, standing, carrying objects, and lifting [139]. In another clinical study, 15 healthy male subjects were given a single dose of an oral formulation of 10 g of collagen hydrolysate in 100 mL of milk or water. ...
Article
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In biology, collagen-biomaterial regulates several signaling mechanisms of bone and immune cells involved in tissue repair and any imbalance in collagen turnover may affect the homeostasis of cells, becoming a major cause of several complications. In this case, the administration of oral collagen may play a potential role in returning cells to their normal function. For several decades, the beneficial effects of collagen have been explored widely, and thus many commercial products are available in cosmetics, food, and biomedical fields. For instance, collagen-based-products have been widely used to treat the complications of cartilage-related-disorders. Many researchers are reporting the anti-arthritogenic properties of collagen-based materials. In contrast, collagen, especially type-II collagen (CII), has been widely used to induce arthritis by immunization in an animal-model with or without adjuvants, and the potentially immunogenic-properties of collagen have been continuously reported for a long time. Additionally, the immune tolerance of collagen is mainly regulated by the T-lymphocytes and B-cells. This controversial hypothesis is getting more and more evidence nowadays from both sides to support its mechanism. Therefore, this review links the gap between the arthritogenic and anti-arthritogenic effects of collagen and explored the actual mechanism to understand the fundamental concept of collagen in arthritis. Accordingly, this review opens-up several unrevealed scientific knots of collagen and arthritis and helps the researchers understand the potential use of collagen in therapeutic applications.
... Hydroxyproline and proline play key roles in maintenance of collagen stability (27), and we found that both the host (human and macaque) and gut microbiota participate in their synthesis (Fig. 7B). As collagen plays important roles, for example, in encasing and protecting organs, provision of supplemental collagen is generally considered to be an effective approach for ameliorating skin aging (53) and improving joint health (54). Such healthy effects might be associated with the interplay between specific gut functional bacteria and their hosts. ...
Article
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This study provides the first comprehensive investigation of age patterning of gut microbiota of four human populations and three nonhuman primates and found that Prevotellamassilia , Prevotella , Gemmiger , Coprococcus , Faecalibacterium , and Roseburia may be common antiaging microbial markers in both humans and nonhuman primates due to their potential metabolic capabilities for host health benefits. Our results also provide key support for using macaques as animal models in studies of the gut microbiome’s role during human aging.
... 1 Randomize çift kör placebo kontrollü bir çalışmada, günlük 10 g hidrolize kollajen tüketen sporcularda harekete bağlı diz ağrılarında azalma raporlanmıştır. 9 10 g hidrolize kollajen tüketimi sonrası manyetik rezonans ile görüntülemede diz kıkırdağının kalınlığının artması, kıkırdaktaki kollajenin sentezinde artıştan dolayı olabileceği belirtilmiştir. 10 Jelatin desteğinin kollajen sentezine etkisine bakılmış olan randomize çift kör kesitsel bir çalışmada, 5 gr ya da 15 gr C vitamininden zenginleştirilmiş jelatin ya da placebo verilmiş; 8 sağlıklı erkekte, 6 dakikalık ip atlama seansları sonrasındaki kan örneklerinde jelatin miktarı arttıkça dolaşımdaki glisin, prolin, hidroksiproin ve hidroksilizin miktarlarının arttığı gözlemlenmiştir. ...
Chapter
During the recovery process after tendon injuries having proper nutrition can positively in�fluence the healing period. Some of the nutrients regarding to tendon health are collagen, vitamin C, glycine, copper, gelatin, hydrolyzed collagen and some anti-inflammatory nutrients like curcumin. Even though there is some evidence about these nutrients, taking into consideration that most of the experi�ments were based on animal trials and the low number of sample sizes, it is still early to make a precise statement about these nutrients. The increasing market of nutritional supplements and the misleading advertisements may cause athletes to make imprudent choices. This section aims to enlighten whether of the aforementioned nutrients rely on solid evidence or is it too early to make precise recommendations to the athletes.
... In recent years, dietary supplements have been introduced as an additional therapeutic approach in the treatment of tendinopathies, and their positive curative effects have been reported for both the general population and athletes [17][18][19][20]. The applied dietary supplements contained a variety of micronutrients (e.g., bromelain and vitamin C) [21][22][23], which are suggested to reduce the level of inflammation [24][25][26] and to promote the healing of the tendon [21,22,[27][28][29][30]. ...
Article
Full-text available
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplements in addition to physiotherapeutic treatment on pain and functional outcomes. PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase were searched from inception to November 2021 (Prospero registration: CRD42021291951). Studies were eligible if the interventions consisted of physiotherapeutic approaches that were combined with dietary supplementation and if they reported measures of pain and/or function. Six studies were included in the meta-analysis. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated and analysed using a Review Manager software. Subgroup analysis was performed to explore possible associations between the study characteristics and the effectiveness of the intervention. Additional dietary supplementation during physiotherapeutic treatment significantly improved the reduction in pain score (SMD = −0.74, 95% CI, −1.37 to −0.10; p < 0.05), while it had no effect on functional outcomes (SMD = 0.29, 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.58; p > 0.05). This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that additional nutritional interventions may improve physiotherapeutic treatment outcomes in the management of tendinopathies.
... in particular, a randomized double-blind study with placebo demonstrated a significant reduction in joint pain at 24 weeks in athletes with dietary supplement of collagen hydrolysate. 68,69 Other molecules that have shown beneficial effects such as MSM, vitamin c, boswellic acid could play an important role in modulation of the inflammatory response after traumatic cartilage lesions. 70,71 however, the use of oral chondroprotection requires further efficacy studies. ...
Article
Cartilage damage is a frequent joint affection and may have various etiologies. Degenerative and traumatic lesions are by far prevalent and are not easy to treat due to the characteristics of cartilage tissue, which has poor repair capacity. Nevertheless, clinical management for cartilage damage is based on great therapeutic possibilities that sometimes allow to avoid surgical solutions. Traditional approaches, such as exercise and physiotherapy, are added to new drugs and therapies, such as regenerative medicine, which present increasing evidence of effectiveness.
... It is the round portion of the rose flower just below the petals, seed bearing part of the rose plant. Dried rose hip and its seeds have great medicinal value [22][23][24]. Rose hip is used for treatment of osteoarthritis and post ortho surgeries. Rosehip Extracts are effective in reducing joint pain inflammation and prevents damage as it contains polyphenols and anthocyanin. ...
Article
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This article is an examination of the therapeutic activity of collagen and rosehip extracts. The scientific development and subsequent activity of collagen continues to influence the researchers all over the globe today. This article examines the research done and published by researchers and scientists. Consideration of current trends and data in scientific queries demonstrates further therapeutic aspects of collagen and rosehip extracts. Collagen hydrolysate is known to alleviate pain in knee joints and provide other protective effects in osteoarthritis, research papers and review articles from the past were considered as the basis of this work. Researchers have carried out experiments and statistically proven the role of collagen hydrolysate in joint disorders and different ortho related disorders. Collagen hydrolysate can provide symptomatic relief to the patients with osteoarthritis and according to the in vitro studies it can also be considered as a potential Review Article Kwatra et al.; CJAST, 40(31): 36-66, 2021; Article no.CJAST.74137 37 candidate for its therapeutic properties. Clinical studies have indicated that collagen hydrolysate significantly reduces pain and disability. It also has various regenerating effects that can help restore the damaged cartilage. Component and chemo metric analysis of the rose hip was done and rosehip extracts were characterized to reveal their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation properties using enhanced cross-linking mechanism and High-performance liquid chromatography. Collagen and rosehip extracts are clinically proven beneficial for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, back pain, joint disorders, knee pain and post-ortho surgery conditions like pain and inflammation. A compilation of data is done in this article and explores options for therapeutic activity of hydrolysate for the treatment of osteoarthritis and other joint disorders and as a dietary supplement in athletes with activity-related joint pain. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of rosehip powder, identification and characterization of the active component GOPO and the assessment of rosehips based on the content of their biologically active compounds and rosehip extracts in ortho and ortho post-surgery
... In mammals, collagen protein is highly abundant and mainly localized in the ECM of fibrous connective tissues, such as the tendon and skin [7][8][9][10]. It plays key structural roles by supporting the formation, tensile strength, and flexibility of joints [11][12][13][14][15]. Collagen types I, II, III, V, and XI are able to form fibrils that are necessary for structural support and resistance to mechanical stress in connective tissues [16,17]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Marine organisms harbor numerous bioactive substances that can be utilized in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Scientific research on various applications of collagen extracted from these organisms has become increasingly prevalent. Marine collagen can be used as a biomaterial because it is water soluble, metabolically compatible, and highly accessible. Upon review of the literature, it is evident that marine collagen is a versatile compound capable of healing skin injuries of varying severity, as well as delaying the natural human aging process. From in vitro to in vivo experiments, collagen has demonstrated its ability to invoke keratinocyte and fibroblast migration as well as vascularization of the skin. Additionally, marine collagen and derivatives have proven beneficial and useful for both osteoporosis and osteoarthritis prevention and treatment. Other bone-related diseases may also be targeted by collagen, as it is capable of increasing bone mineral density, mineral deposition, and importantly, osteoblast maturation and proliferation. In this review, we demonstrate the advantages of marine collagen over land animal sources and the biomedical applications of marine collagen related to bone and skin damage. Finally, some limitations of marine collagen are briefly discussed.
... It has been suggested that supplementation with 4.5-10 g/day of collagen peptides, at least for 2 months, relieves knee and hip joint pain in people with OA [90]. In a RCT involving 147 athletes, 10 g collagen/day for 24 weeks reduced activity-related joint pain [91]. In another RCT including 30 subjects with knee OA, supplementation of 5 g/day of collagen for 13 weeks showed a significant improvement of all the score levels of WOMAC, VAS, and quality of life (p < 0.01 compared with placebo). ...
Article
Full-text available
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative inflammatory condition of the joint cartilage that currently affects approximately 58 million adults in the world. It is characterized by pain, stiffness, and a reduced range of motion with regard to the arthritic joints. These symptoms can cause in the long term a greater risk of overweight/obesity, diabetes mellitus, and falls and fractures. Although the current guidelines for the treatment of OA suggest, as the gold standard for this condition, pharmacological treatment characterized by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), opioids, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-specific drugs, a great interest has been applied to nutraceutical supplements, which include a heterogeneous class of molecules with great potential to reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, pain, and joint stiffness and improve cartilage formation. The purpose of this review is to describe the potential application of nutraceuticals in OA, highlighting its molecular mechanisms of actions and data of efficacy and safety (when available).
... The primary amino acids in dietary collagen supplements (HC, gelatin, and bone broth) may improve collagen synthesis in the body when paired with an appropriate loading stimulus (Lis & Baar, 2019;Shaw et al., 2017). To date, several studies have shown acute increases in PINP and longer term improvements in joint pain scores in athletes with 10-20 g of HC or gelatin prior to loading (Clark et al., 2008;Lis & Baar, 2019;Shaw et al., 2017). Although the current study did not measure PINP levels, the provision of the primary amino acids of collagen (glycine, proline, and the hydroxylated amino acids hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine) to the cells of the extracellular matrix and tendon may augment collagen synthesis. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: Exercise and vitamin C-enriched collagen supplementation increase collagen synthesis, potentially increasing matrix density, stiffness, and force transfer. Purpose: To determine whether vitamin C-enriched collagen (hydrolyzed collagen [HC] + C) supplementation improves rate of force development (RFD) alongside a strength training program. Methods: Using a double-blinded parallel design, over 3 weeks, healthy male athletes (n = 50, 18-25 years) were randomly assigned to the intervention (HC + C; 20 g HC + 50 mg vitamin C) or placebo (20 g maltodextrin). Supplements were ingested daily 60 min prior to training. Athletes completed the same targeted maximal muscle power training program. Maximal isometric squats, countermovement jumps, and squat jumps were performed on a force plate at the same time each testing day (baseline, Tests 1, 2, and 3) to measure RFD and maximal force development. Mixed-model analysis of variance compared performance variables across the study timeline, whereas t tests were used to compare the change between baseline and Test 3. Results: Over 3 weeks, maximal RFD in the HC + C group returned to baseline, whereas the placebo group remained depressed (p = .18). While both groups showed a decrease in RFD through Test 2, only the treatment group recovered RFD to baseline by Test 3 (p = .036). In the HC + C group, change in countermovement jumps eccentric deceleration impulse (p = .008) and eccentric deceleration RFD (p = .04) was improved. A strong trend was observed for lower limb stiffness assessed in the countermovement jumps (p = .08). No difference was observed in maximal force or squat jump parameters. Conclusion: The HC + C supplementation improved RFD in the squat and countermovement jump alongside training.
... Recent studies indicate that both cardiometabolic [2,3], as well as nutritional factors [4,5] can modulate local tendon healing. Although clinical studies are still scarce, a recent International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus statement on dietary supplements in high-performance athletes [6] proposes that dietary supplementation containing gelatin or hydrolysed collagen could potentially be useful for athletic populations as increased intake of collagen-derived peptides has been shown to modulate collagen synthesis [7] and reduce tendon- [8] and joint-related pain [9,10]. Others have shown that glycine, as the most abundant component of collagen hydrolysates [11], has disease-modifying properties in both animal [12,13] and in vitro [14] models of tendinopathy. ...
... 72,73 The daily consumption of 3-6 g of FPH for 17 weeks was reported to be safe as a supplementary diet for malnourished children, 74 and 10 g/d FPH for 24 weeks was recommended for healthy adults. 75 The lack of sufficient biochemical and clinical evidence includes (1) inadequate pharmacokinetic data on bioactive peptides; (2) stability of bioactive peptides during food formulation; (3) effective delivery of bioactive peptide for a specific health benefit; (4) insufficient human clinical trials showing health benefits; and (5) insufficient data on the detailed mechanism of action and dose effect of FPH on various claimed bioactivities. Therefore, substantial proof of human studies is needed for health claims and regulatory approvals of FPH. ...
Article
Dietary habits and lifestyle-related diseases indicate that food has a direct impact on individual health. Hence, a diet containing essential nutrients is important for healthy living. Fish and fish products are important in diets worldwide because of their nutritional value, especially their easily digestible proteins with essential amino acids. Similarly, fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) obtained from fish muscle and by-products has been reported to exhibit various biological activities and to have functional properties, which make FPH a suitable nutraceutical candidate. This review focuses on the health-promoting ability of FPH in terms of skin health, bone and cartilage health, blood lipid profile, and body-weight management studied in rats and human model systems. The absorption and bioavailability of FPH in humans is discussed, and challenges and obstacles of FPH as a functional food ingredient are outlined.
... In line with these findings, FCP was shown to promote the chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells 52) . In clinical studies, FCP has been proven to promote the synthesis of cartilage matrix and reduce pain in patients with osteoarthritis, making it a promising candidate for the treatment of human osteoarthritis 46,[53][54][55] . Collagen peptides are thus cryptic peptides with a variety of bioactivities 56) ; however, the detailed mechanisms underlying their effects in these diseases are unclear. ...
Article
Fish collagen peptides (FCP) derived from the skin, bones and scales are commercially used as a functional food or dietary supplement for hypertension and diabetes. However, there is limited evidence on the effects of FCP on the osteoblast function in contrast to evidence of the effects on wound healing, diabetes and bone regeneration, which have been obtained from animal studies. In this narrative review, we expound on the availability of FCP by basic research using osteoblasts. Low-concentration FCP upregulates the expression of osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and collagen modifying enzyme-related genes. Furthermore, it could accelerate matrix mineralization. FCP may have potential utility as a biomaterial to improve collagen quality and promote mineralization through the mitogen-activated protein kinase and Smad cascades. However, there are few clinical studies on bone regeneration in human subjects. It is desirable to be applied clinically through clinical study as soon as possible, based on the results from basic research.
... The scientific literature also highlights the use of collagen hydrolysate in patient populations other than those diagnosed with osteoarthritis. For example, one observational study in 100 athletes, evaluated the effects of 10g of oral collagen hydrolysate each day over 12 weeks in those not diagnosed with osteoarthritis, but who experienced joint pain in the knee, hip or shoulder [38]. Those with an inflammatory condition and/or in the acute phase of a joint injury were excluded, as was anyone taking any medications other than Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs, corticosteroids, COX-2 inhibitors, or glucosamine or chondroitin or who experienced an interfering concomitant condition. ...
Article
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The increasing commercial necessity to valorise commodities such as gelatine has led to significant developments in its processing and the outcome of these refinements has resulted in new applications in fields such as pharmaceuticals, medical devices, cosmetics, food and nutraceuticals. This in turn has led to the investigation of alternative sources of compounds with collagen-like properties, other than the conventionally used raw materials from mammalian species. Moreover, the current desire to seek natural, rather than synthetic compounds-especially regarding oral consumption and/or topical application-combined with the ability of gelatine derived products to form gels with varying degrees of flexibility and hydroplasticity has also accelerated research into previously unexplored applications. In the food sector, these include:- use of gelatine derivatives as an encapsulating agent (including the development of micro-beads as carriers of active compounds) foaming agents, emulsifiers, biodegradable films, colloid stabilizers and as nutraceuticals. The latter sector has especially benefitted from developments in enzymatic hydrolysis processes, where specific and highly characterised bioactive peptides often containing the amino acid hydroxyproline are end-products which have been identified to be orally bioavailable and metabolised and hence likely to deliver potential clinical benefits. This review examines manufacturing processes employed to typically produce hydrolysed collagen, evaluates studies examining bioavailability, metabolism and likely health benefits as well as potential clinical applications as a nutraceutical.
Article
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Introduction: Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a common condition characterized by muscle stiffness, pain, and inflammation following intense or unaccustomed exercise. Despite its prevalence, the underlying mechanisms of DOMS remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of collagen supplementation on tissue repair and pain associated with DOMS in exercise-trained individuals. Methods: Fourteen exercise-trained men (n=7) and women (n=7) were enrolled in a randomized, counterbalanced, crossover trial. Participants were assigned to either a whey protein group (n=8) or a collagen protein group (n=6). Each participant consumed 40g of their respective protein supplement daily for four consecutive days. Peak soreness was assessed using self-reported ratings and algometer measurements. Statistical analysis included independent samples t-tests and Levene's test for equality of variances. Results: The analysis revealed no significant difference in peak soreness between the whey protein and collagen protein groups at the 24-hour time point (t(12) = 1.33, p = 0.208). Both groups experienced a decrease in peak soreness over the 24-hour period, but the reduction was not statistically different between the groups. No significant differences were observed in other variables measured. Conclusions: These findings suggest that collagen protein supplementation did not significantly reduce peak soreness associated with DOMS compared to whey protein supplementation in exercise-trained individuals. While collagen supplementation has shown potential benefits in tissue repair and joint health, further research is needed to explore its specific effects on DOMS. Larger studies with different dosages and participant populations are warranted to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of collagen's impact on muscle soreness and tissue repair.
Article
Introduction: Chronic pain affects 19% of adults in the United States, with increasing prevalence in active and aging populations. Pain can limit physical activity and activities of daily living (ADLs), resulting in declined mental and social health. Nutritional interventions for pain currently target inflammation or joint health, but few influence both. Collagen, the most abundant protein in the human body and constituent of the extra cellular matrix, is such a nutraceutical. While there have been reports of reductions in pain with short-term collagen peptide (CP) supplementation, there are no long-term studies specifically in healthy middle-aged active adults. Purpose: To determine the effects of daily CP consumption over 3, 6, and 9 months on survey measures of pain, function, and physical and mental health using The Knee Injury & Osteoarthritis Outcomes Score (KOOS) and Veterans Rand 12 (VR-12) in middle-aged active adults. Methods: This study was a double-blind randomized control trial with three treatment groups (Placebo, 10 g/d CP, and 20 g/d CP). Results: Improvements in ADLs (p = .031, ηp2 = .096) and pain (p = .037, ηp2 = .164) were observed with 10 g/d CP over 6 months, although pain only improved in high frequency exercisers (>180 min/week). Additionally, VR-12 mental component scores (MCS) improved with 10 g/d of CP over 3-9 months (p = .017, ηp2 = .309), while physical component scores (PCS) improved with 20 g/d of CP over 3-9 months, but only in females (p = .013, ηp2= .582). Conclusion: These findings suggest 10 to 20 g/d of CP supplementation over 6 to 9 months may improve ADLs, pain, MCS, and PCS in middle-aged active adults.
Conference Paper
В статье представлены данные о разработке напитка из смеси различных сортов кофе, с добавлением коллагена и сублимированной вишни. В анализе современной литературы приведена актуальность выбранных компонентов напитка. С помощью профильно-дескрипторного метода подобрана рецептура, а также исследованы основные физико-химические показатели готового напитка. The article presents data on the development of a drink from a mixture of different varieties of coffee, with the addition of collagen and freeze-dried cherries. The analysis of modern literature shows the relevance of the selected components of the drink. With the help of the profile-descriptor method, the formulation was selected, as well as the main physico-chemical parameters of the finished drink were studied.
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Collagen is one of the main components of the extracellular matrix of the dermis and articular cartilage and influences the body’s mechanical, organizational, and tissue formation properties. Produced from food industry by-products, it is considered a nutraceutical product widely used as an ingredient or supplement in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. This study aimed to conduct a literature review on the scientific evidence regarding the beneficial effects of collagen consumption in the treatment of skin and orthopedic diseases. Literature data have shown that hydrolyzed collagen supplementation promotes skin changes, such as decreased wrinkle formation; increased skin elasticity; increased hydration; increased collagen content, density, and synthesis, which are factors closely associated with aging-related skin damage. Regarding orthopedic changes, collagen supplementation increases bone strength, density, and mass; improves joint stiffness/mobility, and functionality; and reduces pain. These aspects are associated with bone loss due to aging and damage caused by strenuous physical activity. Thus, this review addresses the economic and health potential of this source of amino acids and bioactive peptides extracted from food industry by-products.
Article
In order to study the mechanism of early and late neuropathic pain, Ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq) technique was used to analyze the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) transcriptome of rat induced by spinal nerve ligation (SNL). It was found that most of the reactions leading to neuropathic pain at dorsal root ganglion, such as pro-inflammatory response and immunity, occurred in the early phase.378 genes are up-regulated and 42 genes are down-regulated in the early phase, while in the late phase, there are 27 up-regulated genes and 23 down-regulated genes. Four new pain related genes are found: Cd8a, Bub1b, Ccna2 and Cdk1. From the analysis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways and Gene Ontology (GO) functions enriched by differentially expressed genes (DEGs), dorsal root ganglion should carry out immunities, pro-inflammations and related compensatory regulation in response to peripheral nerve injury in the early phase. The late phase is characterized by maintaining long-term or chronic inflammation.
Article
Purpose of review: Connective tissue injuries are prevalent in active and aging populations, leading to chronic pain and decreased function. Turnover of this tissue is not well understood, especially as it relates to aging and injury. Supplementation of collagen peptides has been shown to improve connective tissue recovery and pain through increased collagen production. Recent findings: Collagen peptide supplementation improves pain and function, and upregulates metabolic pathways associated with muscle and tendon growth. Literature from the past 12-18 months supports that these pathways are also involved with increased synthesis and degradation of collagen and other elements of the extracellular matrix. Improvements in body composition and strength have been noted with collagen peptide supplementation when paired with resistance training. Collagen peptide supplements are hydrolyzed into small peptides, termed bioactive peptides, and individual amino acids. These bioactive peptides are associated with the benefits observed with collagen peptide supplementation and may play a critical role in the collagen turnover. Summary: Collagen peptide supplementation has been shown to promote recovery, decrease pain, and improve strength and body composition when paired with resistance training. These benefits may be attributed to bioactive peptides in collagen peptide supplements. Additional research is warranted to examine the specific effects of these bioactive peptides.
Article
For the mixed aqueous solution of LSL and COP, the interaction mode and mechanism have been comprehensively studied using multispectral methods including fluorescence spectrum, ultraviolet‐visible adsorption spectrum (UV‐Vis), and circular dichroism spectrum (CD). Then its surface activity, particle size, foaming, emulsifying, viscosity, and antibacterial properties are evaluated in detail by surface tension measurement (ST), dynamic light scattering (DLS), oscillametric method, spectrophotometer, ubbelohde viscometer and zone of inhibition separately. Compared with the single LSL or COP aqueous solution, the mixed system shows different performance optimizations in different aspects. The surface activity and foaming properties are mainly attributed to LSL, and the viscosity is attributed to COP. Fluorescence spectroscopy results show that the fluorescence distribution of COP has significant changes by the LSL addition and a static quenching mechanism is proved. The results of UV‐Vis and CD spectra also show the changing conformation of COP by the LSL addition. The data of thermodynamic parameters prove that the combination of LSL and COP is a spontaneous exothermic process and is an enthalpy‐driven process. The interaction mechanism between LSL and COP is very helpful for the application and development of the mixed mild biosurfactant‐protein system used in the cosmetic and food industries.
Chapter
As conditions that are strongly related to pain are associated with inflammation, the “itises” (conditions that usually end with “itis”) are extraordinarily important in terms of individuals’ suffering and the tremendous burden that they place on health care delivery systems throughout the world. While these conditions are important in and of themselves, they also are often strongly associated with other comorbid conditions that drive healthcare cost and detract from health-related quality of life. Based on scientific evidence reviewed in previous chapters of this book and that will be reviewed in greater detail in subsequent chapters, we know that there is a strong connection between all of these itises and diet. These disparate conditions are inextricably connected though the common feature of inflammation. The “itises” included in this chapter are gingivitis, esophagitis, gastritis, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, hepatitis, dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. Furthermore, the chapter includes closely related conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s disease, psoriasis, gout, and multiple sclerosis. There is evidence that some of these conditions are directly connected to dietary factors, with several of the listed conditions having evidence that a diet high in fruits and vegetables yields favourable outcomes. Other conditions have been shown to be affected through inflammatory pathways influenced by nutrient intake. In conclusion, for most conditions, the anti-inflammatory nature of healthy diets (such as the Mediterranean diet and other diets high in fruit and vegetables) are considered a low-risk option which is likely to improve or prevent inflammation. An enhanced understanding of how these factors can be manipulated, and how they can prevent and reduce inflammation has the potential to make great advancement in the use of nutrition to manage disease.
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The physical demands of professional female football have intensified in recent years. Supplements are only advised in addition to a healthy, balanced diet, but may warrant a greater prevalence in the professional game to support well-being, recovery, and performance. Supplements used by players should be safe, legal, and scientifically proven to be effective. An individual approach should be taken to using supplements dependant on the needs and goals of the player. Female players should aim to improve the frequency of protein intake throughout the day, whilst tailoring doses to individual body mass. Vitamin D supplementation is vital throughout the winter months in countries with limited sun exposure, however doses should be administered based on individual blood test results. Iron is likely to be important to the well-being of female athletes throughout the season, in particular during the menses. Omega-3 and collagen may be of greater benefit to female than male athletes during recovery from soft tissue injury, whilst probiotics and creatine are beneficial throughout the season for reducing risk of illness and optimising recovery, respectively. Ergogenic supplements for football include beta-alanine, nitrate and caffeine. Caution should be taken with caffeine use due to the varying tolerance of difference athletes and sleep impairments that can follow.
Chapter
This chapter discusses the uses of biologically active peptides in sports nutrition and their potential mechanisms. In the beginning, it presents physiological parameters that determine athletic performance and how they may be positively influenced by nutrition and potentially the intake of bioactive peptides. It then discusses the potential effects of bioactive peptides on first body composition and muscular performance, second muscle damage, and lastly adaptions of connective tissue. The following section outlines the limitations of previous research about bioactive peptides and their potential mechanisms. By the end of the chapter, it presents practical applications that may help athletes to integrate bioactive peptides into sports nutrition to improve athletic performance as well as injury prevention and rehabilitation.
Article
Several investigations showed a positive influence of orally administered gelatin on degenerative diseases of the musculo-skeletal system. Both the therapeutic mechanism and the absorption dynamics, however, remain unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the time course of gelatin hydrolysate absorption and its subsequent distribution in various tissues in mice (C57/BL). Absorption of (14)C labeled gelatin hydrolysate was compared to control mice administered (14)C labeled proline following intragastric application. Plasma and tissue radioactivity was measured over 192 h. Additional "gut sac" experiments were conducted to quantify the MW distribution of the absorbed gelatin using SDS-electrophoresis and HPLC. Ninety-five percent of enterally applied gelatin hydrolysate was absorbed within the first 12 h. The distribution of the labeled gelatin in the various tissues was similar to that of labeled proline with the exception of cartilage, where a pronounced and long-lasting accumulation of gelatin hydrolysate was observed. In cartilage, measured radioactivity was more than twice as high following gelatin administration compared to the control group. The absorption of gelatin hydrolysate in its high molecular form, with peptides of 2.5-15kD, was detected following intestinal passage. These results demonstrate intestinal absorption and cartilage tissue accumulation of gelatin hydrolysate and suggest a potential mechanism for previously observed clinical benefits of orally administered gelatin.
Article
To review the current status of collagen hydrolysate in the treatment of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. Review of past and current literature relative to collagen hydrolysate metabolism, and assessment of clinical investigations of therapeutic trials in osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. Hydrolyzed gelatin products have long been used in pharmaceuticals and foods; these products are generally recognized as safe food products by regulatory agencies. Pharmaceutical-grade collagen hydrolysate (PCH) is obtained by hydrolysis of pharmaceutical gelatin. Clinical studies suggest that the ingestion of 10 g PCH daily reduces pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip; blood concentration of hydroxyproline is increased. Clinical use is associated with minimal adverse effects, mainly gastrointestinal, characterized by fullness or unpleasant taste. In a multicenter, randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial performed in clinics in the United States, United Kingdom, and Germany, results showed no statistically significant differences for the total study group (all sites) for differences of mean pain score for pain. There was, however, a significant treatment advantage of PCH over placebo in German sites. In addition, increased efficacy for PCH as compared to placebo was observed in the overall study population amongst patients with more severe symptomatology at study onset. Preferential accumulation of 14C-labeled gelatin hydrolysate in cartilage as compared with administration of 14C-labeled proline has been reported. This preferential uptake by cartilage suggests that PCH may have a salutary effect on cartilage metabolism. Given the important role for collagen in bone structure, the effect of PCH on bone metabolism in osteoporotic persons has been evaluated. Studies of the effects of calcitonin with and without a collagen hydrolysate-rich diet suggested that calcitonin plus PCH had a greater effect in inhibiting bone collagen breakdown than calcitonin alone, as characterized by a fall in levels of urinary pyridinoline cross-links. PCH appeared to have an additive effect relative to use of calcitonin alone. Collagen hydrolysate is of interest as a therapeutic agent of potential utility in the treatment of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. Its high level of safety makes it attractive as an agent for long-term use in these chronic disorders.
Article
Since the publication in 2000 of the updated American College of Rheumatology (ACR) recommendations for the medical management of patients with lower limb osteoarthritis (OA), additional recommendations, newer epidemiologic studies, systematic reviews, and clinical trials have been published. The results of these reviews, studies, and trials, which highlight the greater efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for controlling pain and the potential serious upper gastrointestinal toxicity of acetaminophen, require us to reassess the use of acetaminophen as the first-line pharmacologic agent for all patients with knee OA. Furthermore, the documented efficacy of glucosamine for pain relief and function improvement in patients with knee OA, with an effect size that is comparable with that of NSAIDs, requires us to reassess the use of glucosamine as a potential first-line agent at least for patients with knee OA who have mild-to-moderate pain. The availability of the cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2)-specific inhibitors and their documented greater safety relative to traditional dual-inhibitor NSAIDs with regard to serious upper gastrointestinal toxicity lead us to reassess the use of traditional NSAIDs in patients with OA, especially in those at increased risk for such adverse events. The COX-2-specific inhibitors cost less than the combination of a generic NSAID plus a proton-pump inhibitor. The results of ongoing and future studies, especially of structure-modifying anti- osteoarthritis drugs, will lead to further reassessment and updating of recommendations for the medical management of patients with knee OA. Hopefully, the use of such recommendations will improve the outcomes for patients with this debilitating chronic condition.
Article
The functional integrity of articular cartilage is dependent on the maintenance of the extracellular matrix (ECM), a process which is controlled by chondrocytes. The regulation of ECM biosynthesis is complex and a variety of substances have been found to influence chondrocyte metabolism. In the present study we have investigated the effect of degraded collagen on the formation of type II collagen by mature bovine chondrocytes in a cell culture model. The culture medium was supplemented with collagen hydrolysate (CH) and biosynthesis of type II collagen by chondrocytes was compared to control cells treated with native type I and type II collagen and a collagen-free protein hydrolysate. The quantification of type II collagen by means of an ELISA technique was confirmed by immunocytochemical detection as well as by the incorporation of (14)C-proline in the ECM after a 48 h incubation. Chondrocytes in the control group were maintained in the basal medium for 11 days. The presence of extracellular CH led to a dose-dependent increase in type II collagen secretion. However, native collagens as well as a collagen-free hydrolysate of wheat proteins failed to stimulate the production of type II collagen in chondrocytes. These results clearly indicate a stimulatory effect of degraded collagen on the type II collagen biosynthesis of chondrocytes and suggest a possible feedback mechanism for the regulation of collagen turnover in cartilage tissue.
Article
There is a need for an effective treatment for the millions of people in the United States with osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative joint disease. The demand for treatments, both traditional and non-traditional, will continue to grow as the population ages. This article reviews the medical literature on the preclinical and clinical research on a unique compound, collagen hydrolysate. Articles were obtained through searches of the PubMed database (www.pubmed.gov) through May 2006 using several pairs of key words (collagen hydrolysate and osteoarthritis; collagen hydrolysate and cartilage; collagen hydrolysate and chondrocytes; collagen hydrolysate and clinical trial) without date limits. In addition, other sources of information, such as abstracts presented at scientific congresses and articles in the German medical literature not available on PubMed, were reviewed and included based on the authors' judgment of their relevance to the topic of the review. According to published research, orally administered collagen hydrolysate has been shown to be absorbed intestinally and to accumulate in cartilage. Collagen hydrolysate ingestion stimulates a statistically significant increase in synthesis of extracellular matrix macromolecules by chondrocytes (p < 0.05 compared with untreated controls). These findings suggest mechanisms that might help patients affected by joint disorders such as OA. Four open-label and three double-blind studies were identified and reviewed; although many of these studies did not provide key information--such as the statistical significance of the findings--they showed collagen hydrolysate to be safe and to provide improvement in some measures of pain and function in some men and women with OA or other arthritic conditions. A growing body of evidence provides a rationale for the use of collagen hydrolysate for patients with OA. It is hoped that ongoing and future research will clarify how collagen hydrolysate provides its clinical effects and determine which populations are most appropriate for treatment with this supplement.
Impact of collagen fragments on the synthesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of cartilage tissue
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Oesser S, Seifert J. Impact of collagen fragments on the synthesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of cartilage tissue. Orthopaedische Praxis 2005:565-8
Zur unterstützenden Therapie bei Osteo-und Chondropathien
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Krug E. Zur unterstützenden Therapie bei Osteo-und Chondropathien [On supportive therapy for osteo-and chondropathy].
Gut genährter Knorpel knirscht nicht mehr
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Götz B. Gut genährter Knorpel knirscht nicht mehr [Wellnourished cartilage does not grind].
Individuelle Arthrosetherapie ist möglich
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Oberschelp U. Individuelle Arthrosetherapie ist möglich [Individual arthrosis therapy is possible]. Therapiewoche 1985;44: 5094-7
Kann eine Gelatine/L-Cystin-Mischung die Kollagen-und Proteoglykansynthese stimulieren?
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Ergebnisse einer Anwendungsbeobachtung zu Kollagen-Hydrolysat CH-Alpha
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Flechsenhar K, Alf D. Ergebnisse einer Anwendungsbeobachtung zu Kollagen-Hydrolysat CH-Alpha. Orthopaedische Praxis 2005;9:486-94
What a difference a year makes: reflections on the ACR recommendations for the medical management of osteoarthritis CrossRef links are available in the online published version of this article: http://www.cmrojournal.com Paper CMRO-4309_408 Accepted for publication: 29 February
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Hochberg MC. What a difference a year makes: reflections on the ACR recommendations for the medical management of osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2001;3:473-8 CrossRef links are available in the online published version of this article: http://www.cmrojournal.com Paper CMRO-4309_4, 10:12-14.04.08 Accepted for publication: 29 February 2008 Published Online: 15 April 2008 doi:10.1185/030079908X291967
year makes: reflections on the ACR recommendations for the medical management of osteoarthritis CrossRef links are available in the online published version of this article
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Hochberg MC. What a difference a year makes: reflections on the ACR recommendations for the medical management of osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2001;3:473-8 CrossRef links are available in the online published version of this article: http://www.cmrojournal.com Paper CMRO-4309_4, 10:22-21.04.08 Accepted for publication: 29 February 2008 Published Online: 15 April 2008 doi:10.1185/030079908X291967 Curr Med Res Opin Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by State U of Ny at Buffalo on 06/07/13 For personal use only.
Collagen hydrolysate increases the mechanical properties and type II collagen synthesis of tissue engineered articular cartilage. Paper presented at: 51st Annual Meeting of the Orthopedic Research Society
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Ng KW, Saliman JD, Tan K, Statman LY, et al. Collagen hydrolysate increases the mechanical properties and type II collagen synthesis of tissue engineered articular cartilage. Paper presented at: 51st Annual Meeting of the Orthopedic Research Society; February 2005, Washington, DC
Welche Wirkung haben Gelatinepräparate? Therapie der Osteoarthrose
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Adam M. Welche Wirkung haben Gelatinepräparate? Therapie der Osteoarthrose [What effects do gelatin preparations have?].
Collagen hydrolysate increases the mechanical properties and type II collagen synthesis of tissue engineered articular cartilage
  • K W Ng
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Ng KW, Saliman JD, Tan K, Statman LY, et al. Collagen hydrolysate increases the mechanical properties and type II collagen synthesis of tissue engineered articular cartilage. Paper presented at: 51st Annual Meeting of the Orthopedic Research Society; February 2005, Washington, DC