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High Self‐Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success
Abstract
What good is self-control? We incorporated a new measure of individual differences in self-control into two large investigations of a broad spectrum of behaviors. The new scale showed good internal consistency and retest reliability. Higher scores on self-control correlated with a higher grade point average, better adjustment (fewer reports of psychopathology, higher self-esteem), less binge eating and alcohol abuse, better relationships and interpersonal skills, secure attachment, and more optimal emotional responses. Tests for curvilinearity failed to indicate any drawbacks of so-called overcontrol, and the positive effects remained after controlling for social desirability. Low self-control is thus a significant risk factor for a broad range of personal and interpersonal problems.
... Prior to the priming task, participants completed the Self-Control Scale [48]. We used the brief version, which consists of 19 items (see Supplementary Materials). ...
... Research shows that individuals with high self-control tend to be more disciplined, perform better academically, and are less likely to experience issues with impulse control [38]. Additionally, they exhibit fewer symptoms of psychopathology, demonstrate better psychological adjustment, and tend to have greater empathy, healthier interpersonal relationships, and more fulfilling emotional lives [37,48]. These characteristics enable individuals with high self-control to align more closely with societal expectations, thereby garnering greater respect and social recognition [44]. ...
... Individuals with higher self-esteem are better able to cope with mortality salience because they perceive their lives as more meaningful and valued within their cultural context [1]. Given the positive correlation between trait self-control and trait self-esteem [48], individuals with high self-control may be able to buffer death anxiety through self-esteem. Moreover, many cultures, particularly collectivist ones, place a high value on self-control, seeing it as essential for maintaining collective interests and social harmony [54]. ...
Fairness-related decision-making often involves a conflict between egoistic and prosocial motives. Previous research based on Terror Management Theory (TMT) indicates that mortality salience can promote both selfish and prosocial behaviors, leaving its effect on fairness-related decision-making uncertain. This study integrates TMT with the strength model of self-control to investigate the effects of mortality salience on fairness-related decision-making and to examine the moderating role of dispositional self-control. Participants were primed with either mortality salience or negative affect and then asked to make a series of binary choices (equal allocation vs. unequal allocation favoring themselves) to distribute monetary resources. In both studies, mortality salience heightened selfish tendencies, leading to less equitable monetary allocation. Study 2 further revealed that this effect occurred among participants with low, but not high, self-control. These findings indicate that mortality salience promotes selfishness and inequitable monetary allocation, but that self-control can buffer these effects.
... According to the motivational dynamics model of learning engagement, the influence of FoMO on learning engagement is mediated by self-control, which is a crucial psychological function through which individuals actively regulate irrational thoughts, emotions, and behaviors to align with social norms and support the achievement of long-term goals [30]. The essence of self-control lies in the capacity to inhibit undesirable thoughts or behavioral tendencies (such as impulsivity) and restrain oneself from engaging in inappropriate actions [31]. Individuals with high levels of FoMO may be preoccupied with concerns about missing out on the activities and updates on social media, leading to distractions from learning-related tasks. ...
... Individuals with high levels of FoMO may be preoccupied with concerns about missing out on the activities and updates on social media, leading to distractions from learning-related tasks. One key function of self-control is to counteract distraction, which involves ignoring intrusive thoughts or resisting temptations [31]. According to the limitedresource theory, individuals have finite control resources [30]. ...
... Self-control was measured using a scale developed by Tangney et al. [31] and translated into Chinese by Tan & Guo, which exhibited satisfactory reliability and validity [48]. The scale encompasses a total of 19 items (e.g., "I can resist temptation very well" and "It is difficult for me to change bad habits. ...
Background
Despite the recognition of the impact of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) on learning engagement, research conclusions remain inconsistent. This inconsistency may be due to a lack of exploration of the underlying mechanisms and the singularity of research perspectives.
Methods
Drawing from motivational dynamics model for learning engagement, this study investigated the relationship between FoMO and learning engagement from both variable-centered and person-centered perspectives, and further explored the mediating role of self-control. A total of 1,510 college students from eastern China were selected via an online platform, including 642 males and 868 females.
Results
The results from the variable-centered analysis indicated that FoMO had a significant positive direct effect on learning engagement (effect = 0.293, 95% CI = [0.185, 0.401]). FoMO negatively predicted self-control, which in turn had a negative impact on learning engagement (effect = -0.375, 95% CI = [-0.456, -0.295]). This suggests that self-control acts as a masking effect between FoMO and learning engagement. The person-centered results suggest the presence of four latent profiles of FoMO: the low trait-FoMO low state-FoMO group, the high trait-FoMO low state-FoMO group, the low trait-FoMO high state-FoMO group, and the high trait-FoMO high state-FoMO group. Specifically, compared to the low trait-FoMO low state-FoMO group, self-control acts as a masking role between the low trait-FoMO high state-FoMO group, the high trait-FoMO high state-FoMO group and learning engagement.
Conclusions
FoMO exhibits a “dual-edged sword effect”. Educators should adopt diverse instructional methods to leverage the positive aspects of FoMO while guiding students in self-control training to mitigate its negative effects to enhance college students’ learning engagement.
... Self-control can be defined as "the ability to change or override one's inner responses, as well as to interrupt undesired behavioral tendencies (such as impulses) and refrain from acting on them" [34, p. 274]. Tangney et al. [34] developed the Self-Control Scale after reviewing previous studies. This measure encompasses many spheres of self-control, including impulse control, emotional control, control over thoughts, habit breaking, and performance regulation. ...
... This measure encompasses many spheres of self-control, including impulse control, emotional control, control over thoughts, habit breaking, and performance regulation. Using this measure in a study [34], these researchers found that higher scores correlated with academic success, higher self-esteem, better relationships and interpersonal skills, and other positive emotional responses. Other researchers have found similar correlations between self-control and psychological well-being and better life outcomes [35][36][37][38]. ...
... The measures used in this study were the Suicidal Ideation Scale [56], the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, Short Form [57], the Oppositional Defiant Scale [27], and the Self-Control Scale [34]. The questionnaire also included demographic questions about the participants. ...
Background
Many psychological changes occur during adolescence, as well as, for some, behavioral disorders. Two such deviant behaviors are internet gaming disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. Prior research has documented the relationships between oppositional defiant disorder and internet gaming addiction with suicidal ideation among adolescents, but none has studied the potential mediating role of self-control nor the moderation role of gender.
Objective
This study investigated the relationships between oppositional defiant disorder, internet gaming disorder, and suicidal ideation, and applied a moderated mediation model including the roles of gender and self-control.
Method
273 adolescents (mean age = 15.47, 57% females) participated in the study. Respondents completed the Suicidal Ideation Scale; the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, Short Form; the Oppositional Defiant Scale; and the Self-Control Scale; as well as a set of socio-demographic questions. A moderated mediation model was applied using the PROCESS software package.
Results
Oppositional defiant disorder and internet addiction were positively related with suicidal ideation (β = 0.89, p < 0.001 and β = 0.31, p < 0.001, respectively). Self-control was found to mediate these relationships (βind = 0.10, CI = 0.03 to 0.18 for the oppositional defiant disorder –suicidal ideation relationship) and (βind = 0.19, CI = 0.12 to 0.26 for internet gaming disorder–suicidal ideation relationship). Further, it was found that these relationships were stronger in females compared to males.
Conclusions
Efforts to reduce suicidal ideation among adolescents with defiant behaviors and gaming disorder should be directed at enhancing their self-control and should be gender mindful.
... SD = 3.26 years), and the ethnic breakdown of our sample is presented in Table 1 Measures Participants responded to a Mass Testing survey as part of a standard practice deployed at the beginning of each semester at the University of Waterloo. The Mass Testing survey contained a wide range of questionnaires, including measures of trait and state boredom, the single item boredom measure and several measures known to correlate with boredom proneness, such as the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS; Tangney et al., 2004) and the Sense of Agency Scale (SAS; Tapal et al., 2017). We could have chosen to present a number of metrics from the Mass Testing survey that a priori might be expected to show correlations with boredom or boredom proneness. ...
... We measured trait self-control with the BSCS (Tangney et al., 2004). This scale includes 13 items that assess trait levels of self-control, defined as the ability to marshal one's cognitions, emotions, and behaviors in the pursuit of goals. ...
... Participants respond to items such as "I am good at resisting temptation" on a 5-point Likert scale with anchors of "not at all" (1) to "very much" (5). Higher scores reflect greater self-control and the scale demonstrated good internal consistency in two studies (alpha = 0.83 and 0.85), as well as good test-retest reliability (0.87; Tangney et al., 2004). Prior research shows a consistent and strong negative correlation between boredom proneness and self-control such that those high in boredom proneness tend to report lower levels of self-control (Boylan et al., 2021;Isacescu et al., 2017;Struk et al., 2016;Wolff et al., 2020). ...
... Self-control is an individual's ability to consciously regulate their internal responses by modifying or changing them as needed. It involves the ability to suppress undesirable behavioral tendencies and refrain from impulsive actions (Tangney et al., 2004). An important aspect of self-control is the active and intentional suppression of an immediate impulse or temptation that conflicts with a long-term goal, requiring an effort to prioritize the goal over short-term gratification (Leduc-Cummings et al., 2017). ...
... Respondents rated themselves on each personality descriptor on a 7-point scale. The Brief Self-Control Scale (Tangney et al., 2004) was used to measure self-control. The 13 items of the scale ask participants to rate the extent to which each statement reflects their typical behavior on a scale of 1 (= not at all) to 5 (= very much). ...
Using longitudinal data from over 14,000 participants in the Household, Income, and Labor Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, this study examined how levels of personality traits and their changes predict future self-control. The Big Five traits were assessed at four points between 2005 and 2017. Self-control was evaluated in 2019. For data analysis, latent growth curve analyses were performed. While the initial levels of extraversion and openness showed negligible predictive effects, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and agreeableness more strongly predicted future self-control. Furthermore, the results showed that increases in conscientiousness, emotional stability, and agreeableness were associated with higher future self-control. These results provide new insights into the relationship between personality traits and self-control by showing the predictive power of initial trait levels and their developmental trajectories.
... The Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS), developed by Tang et al., was a widely used measure of self-control, a construct linked with positive psychological outcomes [22,23]. The BSCS scale was divided into two dimensions: Self-control and Impulse Control. ...
... Thirdly, we analyzed the network structure using the bootnet package [23] for accuracy and robustness tests. We applied the bootstrapping method for 1,000 autonomous samples (8 cores) for the difference test of centrality indicators. ...
Introduction
With the growing prevalence of anxiety symptoms among university students, self-control is an important potential influence. This study aims to understand the network structure of self-control and anxiety, and to identify the core symptoms within this network. It will provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and intervention of anxiety symptoms in university students.
Method
We used network analysis to study anxiety and self-control in 3,792 university students from six schools in Heilongjiang Province, China. We checked for linear connections in the networks using a restricted cubic spline. We conducted the analyses and made graphs using R software.
Results
(i) The total sample network showed that higher levels of self-control in university students were associated with lower anxiety levels and were validated by the restrictive cubic spline. (ii) There was the strongest negative correlation (edge weight = -0.42) between Without thinking (SC7) and Panic (A5), and the edge weight coefficients of this self-control component and anxiety symptoms were greater than those of other self-control components. (iii) Physical exertion (A6) and Scared (A7) were identified as the core symptoms of the overall network, with expected influence of 1.08 and 1.08 (Z-score). (iv) A significant difference was observed between the anxiety positive network structure and the total sample network structure, with the strongest positive correlation between Iron self-control (SC3) and Breathing difficulty (A2) (edge weight = 0.22), with the strongest negative correlation between Certain things (SC2) and Situations (A4) (edge weight = -0.35). (v) The self-control component Iron self-control (SC3) had only one positive edge in the rural network, and only two positive edges in not one child network.
Conclusion
The present study offered a new perspective on the relationship between self-control and anxiety using network analysis for the first time. The control component Without thinking (SC7) was an important concept influencing the negative correlation of anxiety, and Physical exertion (A6) and Scared (A7) were core symptoms in the total network. Heterogeneity analyses showed a tendency for the more self-controlled to be more anxious in the anxiety positive sample. These results may be a potential target for preventing and intervening anxiety in university students.
... Second, we also expect negative effects of trait selfcontrol on the within-person variability of goal dimensions. Trait self-control is a facet of conscientiousness that specifically refers to people's control over their impulses, that is, their ability to interrupt emerging impulses or refrain from acting on impulses that are incompatible with longterm goals (Hoyle & Davisson, 2016;Tangney et al., 2004). This control over unwanted impulses makes people with high self-control more successful at immediately initiating tasks without procrastination (Wijaya & Tori, 2018), at eating healthier (Hankonen et al., 2014), and achieving better academic outcomes (de Ridder et al., 2012). ...
... Trait self-control. We measured trait self-control with the German version (Bertrams & Dickhäuser, 2009) of the brief self-control scale (Tangney et al., 2004), which contained 13 items rated on a scale from 1 = "does not apply at all" to 7 = "fully applies," for example "I am good at resisting temptations." ...
When pursuing personal goals, individuals may experience fluctuations in goal-related dimensions like commitment and enjoyment. We present an approach to describe, analyze, and explain such within-person variability. In Part I, we determined to which extent within-person variability over time contributes to the total variability in goal dimensions, including between-person and between-goal variability. We observed strongest variability between goals, followed by variability over time, and between persons. In Part II, we estimated the within-person variability for each goal dimension using the indices dispersion (individual standard deviation), instability (root of squared successive differences), and inertia (autoregressive parameter). Dispersion was above-average for goal facilitation and progress and below-average for external motivation, value, and demand. Instability was above-average for facilitation and progress and below-average for commitment and demand. Inertia was above-average for facilitation and below-average for progress. Highlighting the relevance of self-regulatory competencies, we found that, when excluding outliers with extremely high variability, people with higher trait self-control, higher conscientiousness, and lower neuroticism showed lower variability. Both higher levels of trait self-control and conscientiousness predicted lower instability and higher inertia of goal dimensions. Conversely, higher neuroticism predicted higher dispersion and instability. We discuss these findings in the context of the Cybernetic Big Five theory.
... The independent variable in this study was self-control, while the dependent variable was the level of internet addiction. The instruments utilized included the Self Control Scale (SCS) (13) and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) (14,15), respectively. Data collection commenced after obtaining consent from willing respondents. ...
Introduction: The increasing interest of adolescents in internet usage has heightened the risk of internet addiction. Self-control, a crucial internal factor, has been the focus of our study. We aimed to investigate the relationship between self-control and internet addiction. Methods: Using a correlational design with a cross-sectional approach, we surveyed 165 senior high school students selected through cluster sampling. Self-control was the independent variable, and internet addiction was the dependent variable.
... The perception of control is the tendency to have the ability, resources, or opportunities to obtain favorable outcomes or avoid adverse effects through one's actions (Englert et al., 2021;Thompson, 1981). Perception of control connotes an athlete's ability to overcome and change ascendant response proclivity and accord with the athlete's ability to withstand pressure and temptations, remain focused and thought cogitation during training or competitions (Parker et al., 2023;Tangney et al., 2004). It is influenced by locus of control and self-efficacy (Bandura, 1997;Wrosch et al., 2002). ...
Understanding the role of perception of control in the relationship between competence evaluation and athletes’ sports motivation is sacrosanct for optimal performance and participation. The present study examined the direct effect of competence evaluation by (a) investigating its relationship with athletes' sports motivation, (b) the direct effect of perception of control on athletes' sports motivation, and (c) testing the indirect effect of perception of control on the relationship between competence evaluation and athletes’ sports motivation. Student-athletes (N = 200, Mage = 20.61 years; SD = 3.73) completed self-report measures assessing competence evaluation, sports motivation and perception of control. Regression analysis showed that competence evaluation and perception of control were significantly associated with sports motivation; however, the perception of control moderated the interaction of competence evaluation and athletes' sports motivation. Thus, competence evaluation was significantly associated with sports motivation for athletes with moderate and high perceptions of control. The findings underscore the need for athletes, coaches, sports psychologists, and other sports stakeholders to understand how competence evaluation and perception of control interrelate to boost motivational levels among athletes in sports competitions.
... For example, in a situation where individuals might overindulge in alcohol, self-control strategies can shift their behavior from impulsive overconsumption to moderated enjoyment, reducing the risk of negative outcomes [41] [42]. Self-control is often confused with self-regulation, though some differentiate between the two: self-control involves volitional actions toward goals, while self-regulation involves maintaining behavior aligned with emotions [43] [44]. Both, however, are limited by their susceptibility to exhaustion, akin to a muscle [45] [46]. ...
... Cognitive neuroscience research has similarly found that mild exercise induces cortical activation in the dorsolateral left prefrontal and frontal pole regions and that activation of these brain regions is associated with increased self-control [26]. In addition, the developmental perspective of positive psychology suggests that self-control in adolescents is one of the most critical indicators of an individual's positive socialization [27] and that self-control is a critical element of positive adaptation, as well as a favorable predictor of an individual's positive life outcomes, and is associated with essential aspects of adolescents' daily lives and positive development. For example, self-control predicts the grade point average (GPA) of students in school, and individuals with solid self-control are also more likely to overcome difficulties in completing their education [28], have better interpersonal adjustment and life satisfaction, as well as protect their mental health and promote adaptive competence [29,30]. ...
Background
Adaptive elements such as learning and interpersonal interactions of high school students need to be developed in the school environment. Thus, school adjustment is an essential developmental task in the academic growth of adolescent students. Based on the developmental task theory, combined with the conservation of resources theory and the strength model of self-control, this study aims to investigate the chain-mediated roles of psychological resilience and self-control in the physical activity and school adaptation of high school students, in terms of the internal development of the individual mentality.
Methods
The study utilized whole population sampling and selected 2054 first- and second-year students from eight high schools in four regions of Jiangsu Province (M = 16.45 years, SD = 0.72 years). The questionnaires included the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-S), Adolescent Psychological Resilience Scale, Self-Control Scale, and School Adjustment Scale for High School Students. Descriptive and correlation analyses were conducted for each variable, and a chain mediation model was constructed after controlling for the gender and region of the participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Process 4.0 macros.
Results
The direct and indirect associations of physical activity on high school students’ school adjustment were significant, and the indirect associations included three pathways: first, the separate mediating association of psychological resilience; second, the separate mediating association of self-control; and third, the chain mediating association of psychological resilience and self-control.
Conclusion
The study’s results revealed the relationship and mechanism of action of physical activity on high school students’ school adjustment, which provides essential theoretical and reference value for improving their school adjustment.
... Emotional Dysregulation and Irritability Adolescents reported on their emotional dysregulation and irritability in the morning, afternoon, and evening surveys using a four-item Irritability and Emotional Dysregulation Scale. The four items were adapted from the Affect Regulation Checklist (Moretti, 2003) and the Brief Self-Control Scale (Tangney et al., 2004). These items asked adolescents to rate their ability to concentrate ("I'm having a hard time concentrating or focusing"), impulsivity ("I've been doing or saying things without thinking first"), irritability ("Even the little things are getting on my nerves"), and inability to control emotions ("I've been having a hard time controlling my emotions") on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 ("not at all") to 5 ("very"). ...
Concerns regarding the potential negative impacts of digital technology use on youth mental health and well-being are high. However, most studies have several methodological limitations: relying on cross-sectional designs and retrospective reports, assessing technology use as an omnibus construct, and focusing on between- instead of within-person comparisons. This study addresses these limitations by prospectively following young adolescents (n = 388) over a 14-day ecological momentary assessment study to test whether adolescents’ digital technology use is linked with self-reported emotional dysregulation and self-esteem and whether these relationships are stronger for adolescent girls than boys. We found no evidence that adolescents experienced higher emotional dysregulation (b = − .02; p = .07) and lower self-esteem (b = .004; p = .32) than they normally do on days where they use more technology than they normally do (within-person). Adolescents with higher average daily technology use over the study period did not experience lower levels of self-esteem (between-person, b = − .02; p = .13). Adolescents with higher average daily technology use across the two-week period did report higher levels of emotional dysregulation (p = .01), albeit the between-person relation was small (b = .08). There was no evidence that gender moderated the associations, both between and within adolescents (bs = − .02–.13, p = .06 − .55). Our findings contribute to the growing counter-narrative that technology use does not have as large of an impact on adolescents’ mental health and well-being as the public is concerned about.
... Multimedia Multitasking Index(Ophir et al., 2009) NEO PI-R NEO Personality Inventory-Revised(Costa and McCrae, 2008) PSSI Personality Style and Disorder Inventory(Kuhl and Kazén, 2009) SCS Brief Self-Control Scale(Tangney et al., 2004) SDS Social Desirability Scale-17 (Crowne and Marlowe, 1960)SES Self-Esteem Scale (O'Malley and Bachman, 1979)SD3 Short Dark Triad(Jones and Paulhus, 2014) S-D-MW Spontaneous and Deliberate Mind-Wandering(Carriere et al., 2013;Golchert et al., 2017) STAXI State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory TPS Tuckman Procrastination Scale(Tuckman, 2016) ...
Complex macro-scale patterns of brain activity that emerge during periods of wakeful rest provide insight into the organisation of neural function, how these differentiate individuals based on their traits, and the neural basis of different types of self-generated thoughts. Although brain activity during wakeful rest is valuable for understanding important features of human cognition, its unconstrained nature makes it difficult to disentangle neural features related to personality traits from those related to the thoughts occurring at rest. Our study builds on recent perspectives from work on ongoing conscious thought that highlight the interactions between three brain networks – ventral and dorsal attention networks, as well as the default mode network. We combined measures of personality with state-of-the-art indices of ongoing thoughts at rest and brain imaging analysis and explored whether this ‘tri-partite’ view can provide a framework within which to understand the contribution of states and traits to observed patterns of neural activity at rest. To capture macro-scale relationships between different brain systems, we calculated cortical gradients to describe brain organisation in a low-dimensional space. Our analysis established that for more introverted individuals, regions of the ventral attention network were functionally more aligned to regions of the somatomotor system and the default mode network. At the same time, a pattern of detailed self-generated thought was associated with a decoupling of regions of dorsal attention from regions in the default mode network. Our study, therefore, establishes that interactions between attention systems and the default mode network are important influences on ongoing thought at rest and highlights the value of integrating contemporary perspectives on conscious experience when understanding patterns of brain activity at rest.
... The Chinese brief version of the SCS, developed by Tangney et al. (2004), is a unidimensional scale with 13 items (e.g., "I am good at resisting temptation"). Participants rated each item on a 5-point scale from 1 ("Not at all") to 5 ("Very much"), with higher total scores indicating greater self-control. ...
... Children's mothers reported children's self-control using the Tangney's Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS) (Tangney et al., 2004). The one-dimensional structure and good reliability and validity of the BSCS have also been validated in Chinese adolescents . ...
Emotion regulation, as a typical “top-down” emotional self-regulation, has been shown to play an important role in children’s oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) development. However, the association between other self-regulation subcomponents and the ODD symptom network remains unclear. Meanwhile, while there are gender differences in both self-regulation and ODD, few studies have examined whether their relation is moderated by gender. Five hundred and four children (age 6–11 years; 207 girls) were recruited from schools with parents and classroom teachers completing questionnaires and were followed up for assessment six months later. Using moderation network analysis, we analyzed the relation between self-regulation and ODD symptoms, and the moderating role of gender. Self-regulation including emotion regulation, self-control, and emotion lability/negativity had broad bidirectional relations with ODD symptoms. In particular, the bidirectional relations between emotion regulation and ODD3 (Defies) and between emotion lability/negativity and ODD4 (Annoys) were significantly weaker in girls than in boys. Considering the important role of different self-regulation subcomponents in the ODD symptom network, ODD is better conceptualized as a self-regulation disorder. Each ODD symptom is associated with different degrees of impaired “bottom-up” and “top-down” self-regulation, and several of the associations vary by gender.
... Self-control is defined as the capacity to override or change one's inner responses and to interrupt unwanted behavioral tendencies, and to refrain from acting on these tendencies [39]. Self-control is the regulation of a person's physical, psychological and behavioral processes, in other words a series of processes that can shape oneself [40]. ...
This research aims to determine the influence of parenting styles on self-control which is moderated by ethnicity in adolescents. The research design used is a correlational quantitative design. Sampling technique using method convenience sampling. The research used 2 scales, namely the Parental Style Inventory II (PSI-II) to measure parenting style and the Brief Self Control Scale to measure self-control. The data analysis technique in this research is using moderated regression analysis and simple regression tests. The research results show that ethnicity does not moderate the influence of parenting style on self-control (P Int_1 = 0.5323 > 0.05). Besides that, independent testing obtained significant results (parenting style influence self-control). However, when there is a covariate (another variable present), namely ethnicity and controlled simultaneously, it becomes insignificant (in the test using Hayes).
... Self-control represents the intrinsic capacity of individuals to withstand external temptations and attain objectives [16]. Empirical studies have demonstrated that self-control functions as a safeguard against the onset of MPA [17]. ...
Background
Mobile phone addiction (MPA) has numerous deleterious effects on college students, including depression, anxiety, cognitive impairments, and sleep disorders. Undergraduate nursing students play a crucial role as a significant reserve workforce in clinical nursing practice, and their compromised mental health status significantly influences the quality of nursing work and nurse-patient relationships in the future.
Objectives
This study aims to investigate the associations between neuroticism and MPA among undergraduate nursing students, the mediating effect of self-control and the moderating effect of psychological capital.
Methods
A total of 900 undergraduate nursing students participated in the survey, wherein the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Short Form Scale China Version-Neuroticism Subscale (EPQ-RSC-N), Self-Control Scale (SCS), Positive Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PPQ), and Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale (MPATS) were employed for assessment. To analyze the available data, various statistical methods were utilized, including common method bias test examination, descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, independent samples t-tests, Pearson’s correlation analyses, as well as the Hayes’ PROCESS Macro models 4 and 14.
Results
(1) The prevalence of MPA in this study was found to be 34.89%. (2) The MPA was positively correlated with neuroticism (r = 0.287, p < 0.001), and was negatively correlated with self-control (r = -0.467, p < 0.001) and psychological capital (r = -0.260, p < 0.001). (3) Self-control played a partially mediating role in the association between neuroticism and MPA, with an effect size of 0.151, accounting for 52.98% of the total effect. (4) Psychological capital played a moderating role in the association between self-control and MPA. More specifically, with an increase in the level of psychological capital increases, the predictive effect of self-control on MPA gradually strengthens (β = -0.072, SE = 0.019, t = -3.708, p < 0.001).
Conclusion
The prevalence of MPA was relatively high among undergraduate nursing students, with neuroticism exerting a direct influence on it. Self-control served as a mediating factor that could partially alleviate MPA associated with neuroticism. Psychological capital has the ability to regulate the relationship between self-control and MPA. Therefore, enhancing self-control capabilities and cultivating psychological capital levels can effectively manage MPA among undergraduate nursing students.
... Measurements of motivation during the CO 2 rebreathing challenge may have also allowed a more complete evaluation of the shifting priorities model of selfcontrol, as it has previously been implicated as a potential mechanism in prior self-control exertion (Hunte et al., 2021). Finally, it is worth noting that participant trait self-control scores were considerably higher in the current study (45 ± 7) than the average score reported in other studies (37− 39) (Papanikolopoulos et al., 2022;Tangney et al., 2004). Individuals with high-trait self-control are less susceptible to the negative effects of prior self-control exertion than individuals with low-trait self-control (S. ...
... The Self-Control Scale (SCS; Tangney et al., 2004) is used to measure the self-control ability of the participants. The Chinese version of this scale was revised by Tan and Guo (2008) and has demonstrated good reliability and validity in many studies (e.g., Jia et al., 2021;Yin et al., 2022). ...
Problematic loot-box use has received increasing attention from researchers due to its prevalent and negative consequences, such as its close relationship with problem gaming and problem gambling, but few interventional studies have addressed this issue. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a self-control intervention on reducing problematic loot-box use, and further test the mediating role of problem gaming and impulse buying tendency. The intervention integrated various theoretically supported self-control strategies into a systematic course. A randomized controlled trial with 241 participants (Mage = 21.61, SD = 2.92, 172 males) was conducted using the Self-Control Scale, the Impulse Buying Tendency scale, the Internet Gaming Disorder scale, and the Risky Loot-box Index scale. The results showed that the intervention increased self-control significantly, as well as decreasing problem gaming, impulse buying tendency and problematic loot-box use significantly. Our work expands the research on problematic loot-box use by examining its relationship with self-control and provides a promising new intervention for practice.
... It is assumed that people exert self-control by resolving conflicts in a way that lets them pursue one of two competing goals, often favoring long-versus short-term goals (Inzlicht et al., 2021;Werner & Ford, 2023). This way, self-control seems to benefit people's careers, health, and wellbeing (e.g., de Ridder et al., 2012;Tangney et al., 2004). ...
The regulation of self-control conflicts is integral to exerting self-control and pursuing (long-term) goals. Nonetheless, prevailing conceptualizations of self-control conflict remain vague, and the mechanisms and boundary conditions through which self-control conflict emerges are rarely empirically tested. In the present research, we thus propose that self-control conflicts originate in accessible ambivalent attitudes. To examine our attitudinal perspective on self-control and self-regulation, we investigated how (ambivalent) attitudes influence self-control conflicts and how resolving these attitudinal origins may enhance self-control and avert future conflicts. We ran a 21-day diary study assessing daily inhibition conflicts about eating meat among conflicted vegetarians (N = 156, k = 2,346). Our findings suggest that holding (positive) attitudes that conflict with predominant (negative) attitudes predicted heightened conflict frequency in people’s daily lives, and the situational accessibility of both positive and negative attitudes is associated with conflict magnitude. Moreover, to cope with these conflicts, people often engaged in attitude-based self-regulation involving the affirmation of negative and the disaffirmation of positive attitudes toward eating meat, thereby successfully exerting self-control. Contrary to our prediction, however, we did not find evidence for the effectiveness of attitude-based self-regulatory strategies for mitigating subsequent conflict. In fact, various self-regulatory strategies, including the disaffirmation of positive attitudes, self-distraction, and thought suppression, even escalated subsequent conflict. These findings suggest that our attitudinal perspective on self-control and self-regulation provides a parsimonious and testable conceptualization of self-control conflicts.
... Research indicates that midwives commonly experience physical and mental fatigue [8]. This fatigue can impair self-management, make emotional regulation more di cult, and reduce con dence in their ability to manage themselves [10][11][12][13][14]. Also, recent studies have shown that nurse ego depletion is associated with work alienation and may cause a decline in the quality of midwifery care [15, 16]. ...
Background: Low birth rates pose significant challenges for Chinese midwives, which may lead to ego depletion and subsequently impact the quality of nursing care. Career resilience acts as a protective factor against ego depletion. However, previous studies have not confirmed the fine-grained relationship between ego depletion and career resilience, and the complex pathways between them require further investigation. Methods: From December 2023 to January 2024, we recruited 571 midwives from hospitals in thirteen cities in Jiangsu Province to complete an online survey. The questionnaire included general information, the Self-Regulatory Fatigue Scale, and the Chinese Employees' Career Resilience Scale. R software was used to construct network structures and compute expected influence (EI) and bridge expected influence (BEI) to compare the role of nodes in the network. Results: (1) The majority of the connections between ego depletion and career resilience were negative. The most strongly negative associations were found between EC2 (Difficulty in setting goals) and CC2 (Confidence in facing challenges), EC4 (Difficulty with decision-making) and CC2 (Confidence in facing challenges), EC1 (Lethargy) and CE3 (Passionate work, overcoming challenges), and EE2 (Difficulty managing stress) and CC4 (Control of unpleasant emotions), with edge weight values of -0.07, -0.06, -0.05, and -0.05, respectively. (2) EE1 (Upset) and CB5 (Enhancing skills for adversity) had the highest EI values in the network (EI = 1.18, 1.11). (3) EE2 (Difficulty managing stress), EC5 (Difficulty maintaining relationships), and CC4 (Control of unpleasant emotions) had the highest BEI values within their respective communities (BEI = -0.11, -0.11, and -0.16). Conclusions: This study revealed a generally negative association between ego depletion and career resilience. "Upset" and "Enhancing skills for adversity" were identified as core items of ego depletion and career resilience, respectively. Additionally, "Difficulty managing stress," "Difficulty maintaining relationships," and "Control of unpleasant emotions" functioned as bridge items connecting the ego depletion and career resilience communities, offering potential intervention targets for alleviating ego depletion and enhancing career resilience.
... The Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (Horne & Ostberg, 1976): A 19-item measure capturing aspects of morningness across sleep habits, sleepiness, and optimal functioning times. The questionnaire utilises 1 to 5-point scales within its multiple-choice questions, with cumulative scores ranging from 16 to 86, categorising respondents into extreme evening type (16-30), moderately evening type (31-41), intermediate type (42-58) The Brief Self-Control Scale (Tangney et al., 2004): A 13-item instrument assessing trait self-control, with items rated on a 5-point Likert scale and higher scores indicating greater self-control. The Slovenian adaptation shows a Cronbach alpha of 0.77 (Zorjan, 2014). ...
Several studies have identified a relationship between an individual’s chronotype and academic performance. Specifically, individuals with a morning preference often outperform those with an evening preference. Our research explored whether trait self-control and sleep quality mediate this association. We conducted an online survey completed by Slovenian university students. Chronotype, trait self-control, and sleep quality were measured using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, the Brief Self-Control Scale, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Additionally, the participants’ academic achievement was assessed using an objective measure (the average grade for the winter 2022/2023 exam period) and a subjective measure (students’ own assessment of their performance compared to their peers). The results show that all researched concepts are positively correlated. Additionally, mediation analyses revealed that trait self-control significantly mediated the relationship between chronotype and both measures of academic achievement. Conversely, while sleep quality did not mediate the relationship between chronotype and objective academic achievement, it did partially mediate the relationship between chronotype and the subjective achievement measure. These insights provide a novel comprehension of the intrinsic modalities that might link chronotype and academic performance.
... To measure participants' self-control, we utilized the 13-item Brief Selfcontrol Measure from Tangney et al. (2004). Participants rated their self-identification with provided statements on a 5-point scale, including "I am able to work effectively toward long-term goals" and "I refuse things that are bad for me." ...
This study considered associations between sense of purpose and diet by evaluating outcomes related to what and why one eats. Participants (n = 333) completed an online survey, reporting on their sense of purpose, dietary behavior and motivations, consumption of a Mediterranean diet, concerns for food and health, self-rated health, self-control, food literacy, food insecurity, BMI, and their Big Five personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism). Results showed that sense of purpose was positively associated with motivations to eat due to health and hunger, but negatively linked to motivations related to social image or affect regulation. Sense of purpose also correlated with less perceived lifetime health risk and greater consumption of a Mediterranean diet, self-control, and food literacy. Associations between sense of purpose and dietary outcomes were strongest with respect to self-control and reduced motivation to eat for affect regulation. Associations between sense of purpose and self-rated health, self-control, eating to regulate affect, and perceived lifetime health risk held even when controlling for all Big Five personality traits. Incorporating sense of purpose in dietary discussions may enrich health-related education and marketing, and healthcare providers who consider patients’ sense of purpose may better promote healthy behaviors in patients.
... Since Walter Mischel reported results of the popular marshmallow experiment in the 1960s (for review, e.g., Mischel et al. 2011), much research has examined the predictive value of individuals' tendency to resist temptations and to delay gratification for desirable outcomes like academic achievement, life satisfaction, and (mental) health (e.g., de Ridder et al. 2012;Moffitt et al. 2011;Tangney et al. 2004). Thereby, self-control can be considered as one type of self-regulation, referring to processes to override impulses to resolve a conflict between competing behavioral options (for reviews , Fujita 2011;Inzlicht et al. 2021;Wennerhold and Friese 2023). ...
Need for Cognition (NFC) is an investment trait reflecting interindividual differences in intrinsically motivated engagement in cognitive endeavors. While other motivational constructs like the ability self-concept are typically conceptualized domain-specific, NFC was initially conceived to describe domain-general behavior. Building on a previous study reporting the relevance of domain-specific aspects of NFC in the school context, we investigated the domain-specificity of NFC in predicting various aspects of subjective well-being across three samples with N = 1074 participants and subsamples of students and professionals ranging from n = 140 to n = 346. Our findings reveal positive associations of both domain-general and domain-specific NFC with positive affect, life satisfaction, and job- and study-related satisfaction. In part, domain-specific NFC was more strongly related to domain-specific life satisfaction compared to domain-general NFC. Additionally, we found evidence for small incremental values of domain-specific NFC over and above domain-general NFC in predicting subjective well-being. Confirming previous research, self-control and the emotion regulation strategy reappraisal partially mediated the prediction of well-being by NFC. Our results indicate that additionally considering NFC as domain-specific can meaningfully complement the domain-general conceptualization.
According to the schema model of self-control, repetitive self-control efforts falter due to the activation of a reduced vitality schema, resulting in increased motivation to conserve energy and reduced cognitive efforts. Building on these assumptions, we conducted two randomized controlled studies to examine the mental associations individuals form between subjective vitality, motivation to conserve energy, and motivation for cognitive effort. In both studies, the participants were presented with vignettes featuring fictitious characters described as either vital or non-vital. In Study 1 (N = 487), participants attributed higher motivation to conserve energy and lower cognitive motivation to the character described as having low subjective vitality. This finding indicates that participants seem to hold a vitality schema, in which perceived levels of vitality influence how cognitive resources are allocated. Furthermore, the motivation to conserve energy was found to partially mediate the relationship between subjective vitality and cognitive motivation, aligning with the schema model’s predictions. Study 2 (N = 449) successfully replicated the findings of Study 1 using different measures. Overall, the empirical evaluation of this sub-component of the schema model adds a crucial piece to the postulated causal chain, emphasizing the importance of schema-based approaches in self-control research and opening new perspectives for investigating the mechanisms of cognitive resource allocation. Our results provide a promising foundation for future studies to investigate the schema model at a behavioral level, as mental representations can be viewed as precursors that prompt individuals to translate their cognitive concepts into corresponding actions.
Self-regulated learning (SRL) is a process in which learners take control of their own learning, managing their own cognitive, motivational, and behavioral processes to achieve academic success. It is an approach that has gained considerable attention in educational psychology because of its profound implications for improving academic performance and lifelong learning skills. Self-regulated learning also refers to the process by which learners set goals for their learning, monitor their progress, and regulate their cognitive, motivational, and behavioral strategies to achieve these goals.
Pusat rehabilitasi adalah tempat yang penting dalam upaya pemulihan individu yang terlibat dalam penyalahgunaan narkoba. Dalam konteks ini, Cognitive Behavior Therapy dipilih sebagai intervensi yang efektif dalam mengatasi kontrol diri dengan cara memaksimalkan aktivitas kognitif untuk menghasilkan perubahan pada pemikiran emosi perilaku, dan reaksi fisiologis. Pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk menerapkan Cognitive Behavior Therapy sebagai upaya dalam meningkatkan kontrol diri Residen Napza di Panti Rehabilitasi Orbit Surabaya. Sasaran dalam kegiatan ini adalah 3 klien pecandu narkoba.. Pengabdian masyarakat dapat memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik mengenai efektivitas penerapan Cognitive Behavior Therapy dalam konteks pusat rehabilitasi narkoba, serta memberikan dasar bagi pengembangan program rehabilitasi yang lebih efektif dan berkelanjutan
Introduction: the Self-control has been understood as the ability to override or modify internal responses, interrupt unwanted internal responses, interrupting unwanted behavioral tendencies, and refraining and tendencies and to refrain from acting accordingly. Its study has been approached clinical and non-experimental research through the use of self-report scales self-report scales. Objective: assess the validity and precision evidence of the Brief Self-Control Scale (EBA-AM), the creation of a scale score and the association between Self-Control with substance use in 1,004 Mexican adolescents (59.4% female) aged 11 - 19 years from a public middle school and high school in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara. Method: a self-administered questionnaire was administered using Google Forms that included the assessment of sociodemographic variables, substance use and the 13-item Brief Self-Control Scale. An exploratory factor analysis was carried out in which a structure with 10 items grouped into two factors was identified. Subsequently, a second-order confirmatory factor analysis was performed, the internal consistency of the scale was estimated using McDonald’s Omega, the EBA-AM was scored using percentiles and the association of the scale with substance use was assessed. Results: different structural, single and multidimensional models were tested, and the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis presented better goodness of fit with ten items grouped into two factors: Impulse Control, with six items, and Self-discipline, with four items. Internal consistency was ω = .82. It was identified that the overall self-control score showed a high correlation with the use of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, inhalants and illicit drugs. The linear correlation was significant and explained 56% of substance use with self-control. Discussion and conclusions: validity and precision evidence support the use of the Brief Self-Control Scale in Mexican Adolescents.
Long‐term imprisonment often results in negative psychological and behavioural effects that hinder effective reintegration into society, exacerbating antisocial behaviour and increasing recidivism rates. In response to a Supreme Court mandate, California, the state with the second‐largest prison population in the United States, embarked on a significant prison downsizing initiative. Designed to help violent offenders develop emotional intelligence, mindfulness, and understanding of victim impact, Guiding Rage into Power (GRIP) is an example of a rehabilitation program expanding within California's state prison system in part because it has generated promising results. Building on previous investigations of the same program, this study evaluates the effectiveness of GRIP in altering incarcerated men's self‐perceptions and observed behaviours, with a focus on trust and self‐control. Employing a mixed‐methods approach, including a qualitative photo elicitation task and psychological scales, data were collected from GRIP and non‐GRIP participants in two California prisons. GRIP participants demonstrated a profound commitment to self‐awareness and transformation, as evidenced by their narratives and photo choices. Differential levels of trust between the two groups also predicted distinct outcomes in the photo elicitation task. While this study has limitations, it underscores GRIP's potential to challenge entrenched identities and foster positive internal changes, paving the way for future research to assess broader program impacts. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement .
Purpose
The paper aims to propose a mediation moderated model to examine the influence of academic reliance on students' intellectual engagement.
Design/methodology/approach
Four hundred and seventy-one respondents who completed a self-reported questionnaire were chosen to participate in the study using a convenient sampling technique. The hypotheses were tested using PLSc.
Findings
Findings from the study reveal academic resilience and academic diligence positively predicts students' intellectual engagement. Academic diligence positively predicts students' intellectual engagement and further mediates the effect of academic resilience on intellectual engagement. Finally, learning support positively predicts intellectual engagement and further moderates the effect of the association between academic resilience and academic diligence on intellectual engagement.
Practical implications
This research shows that higher education administrators must establish effective and efficient policies that integrate students' academic resilience, academic diligence and learning assistance.
Originality/value
This paper is amongst the first to have tested a model including resilience, academic diligence, intellectual engagement and learning support in a university setup from a developing country perspective.
Background
A positive professional identity is key for nursing students in determining career direction and predicting future engagement in the profession. Despite its complexity and susceptibility to various influences, the factors shaping nursing students' professional identity remain poorly understood.
Objectives
This study aims to investigate how perceived stress can directly and indirectly influence professional identity among nursing students, with self-control and self-directed learning ability as mediators.
Materials and methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted from October to December 2023, collecting data from 675 nursing students across five tertiary hospitals in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. The survey captured detailed data on sociodemographic characteristics, perceived stress, self-control, self-directed learning ability, and professional identity among the participants. Descriptive analysis and correlation matrices were used to analyze participant characteristics and assess bivariate correlations. The mediation model was analyzed using the PROCESS macro for SPSS.
Results
Perceived stress showed a direct and negative influence on professional identity among nursing students; self-control was shown to play a mediating role between perceived stress and professional identity; self-directed learning ability was shown to play a mediating role between perceived stress and professional identity; and self-control and self-directed learning ability were shown to play a chain mediating role between perceived stress and professional identity.
Conclusion
Self-control and self-directed learning ability have a chain mediating role in between perceived stress and professional identity among nursing students. It suggests that nursing managers and educators can improve the self-control and self-directed learning ability of nursing students to mitigate the negative impact of perceived stress on professional identity.
The rise in popularity of violent video games has sparked debates on their influence, particularly on aggression and self-control. Concerns about adult-rated games like PUBG, COD, Grand Theft Auto, and Red Dead Redemption prompt scrutiny of virtual experiences and real-world behavior. This study explores the link between exposure to violent video games, aggression, and self-control among student gamers in Davao del Sur, Philippines. Data were collected from fourth-year Psychology students at Cor Jesu College during the first semester of SY 2023-2024, using purposive and convenience sampling. Most respondents were male, reflecting broader gaming trends. Results show moderate aggression and balanced self-control among student gamers. While no significant differences were found in exposure to violent games, aggression, and self-control across age groups, gender variations were notable, with males showing higher exposure and self-control scores. Correlation analysis revealed a negative relationship between violent video game exposure and aggression, indicating potential desensitization, while exposure correlated positively with self-control. Moderation analysis indicated gender and age significantly moderated the relationship between exposure to violent video games and aggression, but not with self-control. These findings highlight the intricate dynamics between gaming habits, psychological traits, and demographic factors among student gamers. The findings suggest that increased exposure to violent video games may be associated with lower levels of aggression and higher self-control among student gamers. This indicates a need to reconsider the common perception of the negative impacts of violent video gaming, emphasizing the importance of context and individual differences in understanding these effects. Keywords: psychology, adult video-games, aggression, quantitative, Philippines
Depression and Internet addiction are two prevalent mental health issues among college students. Although some studies have explored the relationship between depression and Internet addiction from both cross-sectional and longitudinal perspectives, there has been limited research on the longitudinal mechanisms between them, especially during the repeated COVID-19 pandemics. This one-year longitudinal study aimed to explore the longitudinal relationship between depression and Internet addiction and the mechanism of self-control between them during this period, based on the I-PACE model. In October 2021 (Time 1 [T1]), 365 Chinese college students voluntarily completed anonymous questionnaires (Young’s Diagnostic Questionnaire, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, and Brief Self-Control Scale), and 333 of them completed the same questionnaires at follow-up survey one year later (Time 2 [T2]). At both the baseline and follow-up surveys, there was a significant positive correlation between depression and Internet addiction while self-control exhibited a significant negative correlation with both. Cross-lagged analyses showed that T1 depression positively predicted T2 Internet addiction and negatively predicted T2 self-control, but not vice versa. Mediation analyses further demonstrated a significant indirect effect of T1 depression on T2 Internet addiction through T1 self-control. These findings indicated that depression is a risk factor for Internet addiction, while self-control is a protective factor, mitigating the impact of depression on Internet addiction among college students during the repeated COVID-19 pandemics.
This study aims to determine the effect of self-control on student learning discipline at SMPS Bilingual Al Azhar Paciran Lamongan. The sampling technique used in this study was saturated sampling technique, the sample in the study amounted to 61 students at SMPS Bilingual Al Azhar. The measuring instrument in this study is the Indonesian version of the Self-Control Scale with a total of 13 items and a 40-item Learning Discipline scale. The scale used uses a Likert scale with a choice of four alternative answers. The data analysis technique used in this study used simple linear regression. From the results of the research, it can be seen that there is an influence of self-control on student learning discipline at SMPS Bilingual Al Azhar Paciran Lamongan. It is known that the calculated F value is 19.432 with a significance level of 0.000 <0.001. So it can be said that the hypothesis is accepted, meaning that there is an influence of self-control on learning discipline at SMPS Bilingual Al Azhar Paciran Lamongan. The magnitude of the influence of self-control variables on learning discipline is 19.6%.
L’agression sexuelle (AS) à l’enfance est associée à plusieurs conséquences, telles que des problèmes de comportement extériorisés et intériorisés. En plus de l’environnement social et familial, l’environnement scolaire est susceptible d’influencer le développement de l’enfant (Pérez-González et al., 2017). Peu d’études ont exploré l’impact du fonctionnement en milieu scolaire sur l’adaptation des enfants victimes. Cette étude vise à explorer la contribution du fonctionnement scolaire à la prédiction de problèmes de comportement évalués six mois plus tard chez des enfants victimes d’AS. L’échantillon comprend 152 enfants victimes d’AS âgé.es de 6 à 12 ans (M = 9,09; ÉT = 2,01) recruté.es dans différents centres spécialisés en AS, leur parent non-agresseur et leur enseignant.e. L’enfant et l’enseignant.e ont rempli des questionnaires au premier temps de mesure (T1) mesurant le fonctionnement adaptatif, la victimisation par les pairs, les compétences sociales, les stratégies d’adaptation et les attributions hostiles de l’enfant. Six mois plus tard (T2), le parent et l’enseignant.e ont complété des mesures de problèmes de comportement intériorisés et extériorisés de l’enfant. Les analyses de régressions hiérarchiques révèlent qu’un score élevé de fonctionnement adaptatif au T1 est associé à moins de problèmes de comportement extériorisés et intériorisés rapportés par l’enseignant.e au T2. Par ailleurs, un score élevé de contrôle de soi au T1 est lié à moins de comportements extériorisés évalués par le parent et l’enseignant.e au T2. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance d’évaluer différentes variables du fonctionnement scolaire des enfants victimes d’AS, puisqu’elles contribuent à prédire l’adaptation des enfants à court terme.
Yapılan araştırmanın amacı, okul öncesi eğitimi bölümünde öğrenim gören öğretmen adaylarının dikkat kontrolü ve duygu düzenleme becerileri ile sosyal medya bağımlılıkları arasındaki ilişkinin ortaya konmasıdır. Araştırma, nicel araştırma
yöntemlerinden ilişkisel tarama desenine uygundur. Araştırmaya kolay ulaşılabilir örnekleme yoluyla belirlenen ve çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katılma konusunda istekli olan 459 okul öncesi eğitimi öğretmen adayı katılmıştır. Araştırma verilerinin
toplanmasında sosyal medya bağımlılığını değerlendirmek için Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı Ölçeği, dikkat kontrolü becerisini değerlendirmek için Öz Düzenleme Ölçeği ile duygu düzenleme becerilerini değerlendirmek için Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğü Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, betimsel analiz, korelasyon ve regresyon analizi ile ANOVA testinden yararlanılmıştır. Verilerin güvenirliğini ortaya koymak için Cronbach Alpha değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Bu araştırma için ise; Sosyal Medya Bağımlılık Ölçeği’nin meşguliyet, duygu-durum düzenleme, tekrarlama ve çatışma alt boyutları ile toplam puanının Cronbach Alpha katsayısı değerleri sırasıyla 0,92, 0,92, 0,89, 0,95 ve 0,97 olarak bulunmuştur. Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğü Ölçeği alt boyutları olan açıklık, amaçlar, dürtü, stratejiler ve kabul etmeme faktörlerine ait Cronbach Alpha katsayısı değerleri sırasıyla 0,80, 0,81, 0,85, 0,88 ve 0,83 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Öz Düzenleme Ölçeği, Cronbach Alpha katsayısı değeri ise .84’tür. Araştırma sonucuna göre, okul öncesi eğitimi öğretmen adaylarının dikkat kontrolü ortalamanın üzerinde, duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ortalamanın altında ve sosyal medya bağımlılıklarının az bağımlı kategorisinde olduğu görülmüştür. Bununla beraber, sınıf düzeyi okul öncesi eğitimi öğretmen adaylarının duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ile sosyal medya bağımlılıkları puanlarında anlamlı farklılık yaratmıştır.
Araştırmada ayrıca okul öncesi eğitimi öğretmen adaylarının dikkat kontrolü ve duygu düzenleme becerilerinin birlikte sosyal medya bağımlılıklarını yordadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Predominantly based on a static perspective, existing studies have documented that supervisor support is a key facilitator of front-line employees’ service behaviors. Incorporating a change perspective, our study examines the effects of daily shift and variability in supervisor support on employees’ service performance at both the within- and between-person levels. We draw on affective events theory to propose positive affect as the underlying mediating mechanism and examine the moderating role of employee self-control capability. We test the hypotheses using data from 56 front-line service employees across 10 consecutive workdays ( N = 547) and from their supervisors in the follow-up survey. The results indicate that, at the within-person level, an upshift (downshift) in daily supervisor support is positively (negatively) related to daily positive affect, leading to higher (lower) levels of daily service performance. At the between-person level, variability in supervisor support is negatively related to employees’ positive affect, which in turn, reduces their service performance. A lower (versus higher) level of employee self-control capability at the between-person level enhances the within-person relationship between daily supervisor support change and daily positive affect and the between-person relationship between variability in supervisor support and employees’ positive affect. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Background : Research investigating the psychological determinants of physical activity (PA) tends to conceptualize determinants as stable, trait-like factors. Growing evidence suggests that people and the processes that regulate people’s behavior fluctuate over short timescales (eg, hours and days). This study explores the extent to which subject-level variability (vs stability) in determinants of PA, as well as the interaction between subject-level mean and variability in those determinants, is associated with moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) in older adults. Methods : Older adults ( N = 202) enrolled in a measurement burst design study with 3 data collection waves occurring over a 1-year period. Each data collection wave consisted of accelerometers and ecological momentary assessment to capture MVPA and psychological determinants of MVPA, respectively. Mixed-effects location scale modeling was first used to estimate subject-level means and variability in psychological determinants. These estimates were then used as predictors of daily MVPA using multilevel modeling. Results : Subject-level variability in PA intentions ( β = 0.199, SE = 0.062, P = .001), self-efficacy ( β = 0.133, SE = 0.064, P = .037), and planning ( β = 0.154, SE = 0.062, P = .014) were positively associated with daily MVPA. Associations between subject-level variability in PA intentions and self-efficacy decreased in strength, becoming nonsignificant at higher mean levels of PA intentions ( β = −0.147, SE = 0.062, P = .018) and self-efficacy ( β = −0.116, SE = 0.063, P = .062). Conclusions : Greater subject-level variability in psychological determinants may be adaptive for PA engagement, especially among older adults experiencing low levels of those determinants. Moving beyond mean levels to include subject-level variability in psychological determinants of PA may help to improve our understanding of the processes that drive PA engagement.
Self-control is crucial for goal attainment and related to several beneficial outcomes, such as health and education. For a long time, it was predominantly understood in terms of inhibition, namely the ability to suppress immediate urges for the sake of long-term goals. Still, research on other self-control strategies has a longstanding tradition and recent research has moved towards a broader approach, integrating different strategies of self-control (e.g., reappraisal or pre-commitment) to gain a more comprehensive perspective on relevant processes in goal protection. The current study aimed to translate and validate the Self-Control Strategy Scale (SCSS, Katzir et al., 2021) to enable its application in German speaking populations while assuring high measurement quality. Across 5 studies (N = 3,400), we assessed the internal structure, reliability and convergent and discriminant validity. Additionally, the strategies’ relationship with several self-control outcomes (e.g., achievement, health behavior, or pro-environmental behavior) were tested. The assumed eight-factor structure was confirmed, internal consistency and retest reliability were sufficient for most subscales and the model was invariant between gender and age groups. Convergent and discriminant validity were overall adequate. Different associations emerged between strategies and outcomes, depending on the outcome domain. Thus, the SCSS appears to be a valid and reliable measure, which can be used in German. The results provide a good starting point for future research on the utility of self-control strategies in different domains.
En las últimas décadas ha existido un interés creciente sobre las soft skills. Si bien no existe una definición única al respecto, lo que se reitera en los alcances del concepto es que estas habilidades complementan a las técnicas, que desarrollan la personalidad, que inciden en el desarrollo académico y laboral del alumno y que también tienen repercusión en su bienestar e integración social. El presente estudio tiene como principal objetivo analizar el grado de incorporación de soft skills en los centros educativos de Educación Primaria. Para lograrlo, se analizaron de forma aleatoria las páginas web de 403 centros educativos de la Comunidad de Madrid. Los resultados muestran que los centros educativos exponen programas e innovaciones en prácticamente en un 80% de las páginas consultadas. En cuanto a las soft skills, en torno al 25% de los centros poseen actividades que las desarrollan. En los centros públicos las actividades más relevantes son las que tienen que ver con la comunicación, mientras que en los centros concertados y privados las que tienen más énfasis son las relacionadas con el aprendizaje cooperativo. Se concluye que, aunque hay un gran interés por este tipo de competencias, su desarrollo todavía es incipiente dentro los centros educativos.
The authors tested a mediational model of temperament dimensions and substance use with a sample of 1,826 urban adolescents, M age 12.3 years. Five scales from the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS–R) were administered together with measures of substance (tobacco, alcohol, marijuana) use and measures of related variables derived from a self-regulation model. Unique contributions to substance use were found for DOTS–R dimensions of high activity level (positively related) and positive mood (inversely related). High activity level and low positive mood were also related to lower levels of parental support. Analyses, including multiple regression and structural modeling, identified generalized self-control, maladaptive coping (anger and helplessness), novelty seeking, and affiliation with peer substance users as mediating the effect of temperament on substance use, with control for effects of parental support. Parental support was inversely related to substance use through several pathways. Implications for the theory of vulnerability are discussed.
This article explores the possibility that romantic love is an attachment process--a biosocial process by which affectional bonds are formed between adult lovers, just as affectional bonds are formed earlier in life between human infants and their parents. Key components of attachment theory, developed by Bowlby, Ainsworth, and others to explain the development of affectional bonds in infancy, were translated into terms appropriate to adult romantic love. The translation centered on the three major styles of attachment in infancy--secure, avoidant, and anxious/ambivalent--and on the notion that continuity of relationship style is due in part to mental models (Bowlby's "inner working models") of self and social life. These models, and hence a person's attachment style, are seen as determined in part by childhood relationships with parents. Two questionnaire studies indicated that relative prevalence of the three attachment styles is roughly the same in adulthood as in infancy, the three kinds of adults differ predictably in the way they experience romantic love, and attachment style is related in theoretically meaningful ways to mental models of self and social relationships and to relationship experiences with parents. Implications for theories of romantic love are discussed, as are measurement problems and other issues related to future tests of the attachment perspective.
Claims that attributions and their related behaviors may reflect a type of perceived control that is generally overlooked. People attempt to gain control by bringing the environment into line with their wishes (primary control) and by bringing themselves into line with environmental forces (secondary control). Four manifestations of secondary control are considered: (a) Attributions to severely limited ability can serve to enhance predictive control and protect against disappointment; (b) attributions to chance can reflect illusory control, since people often construe chance as a personal characteristic akin to an ability ("luck"); (c) attributions to powerful others permit vicarious control when the individual identifies with these others; and (d) the preceding attributions may foster interpretive control, in which the individual seeks to understand and derive meaning from otherwise uncontrollable events in order to accept them. (5½ p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The development and validation of a new measure, the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) is described. The EDI is a 64 item, self-report, multiscale measure designed for the assessment of psychological and behavioral traits common in anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia. The EDI consists of eight sub-scales measuring: 1) Drive for Thinness, 2) Bulimia, 3) Body Dissatisfaction, 4) Ineffectiveness, 5) Perfectionism, 6) Interpersonal Distrust, 7) Interoceptive Awareness and 8) Maturity Fears. Reliability (internal consistency) is established for all subscales and several indices of validity are presented. First, AN patients (N = 113) are differentiated from female comparison (FC) subjects (N = 577) using a cross-validation procedure. Secondly, patient self-report subscale scores agree with clinician ratings of subscale traits. Thirdly, clinically recovered AN patients score similarly to FCs on all subscales. Finally, convergent and discriminate validity are established for subscales. The EDI was also administered to groups of normal weight bulimic women, obese, and normal weight but formerly obese women, as well as a male comparison group. Group differences are reported and the potential utility of the EDI is discussed.
Data from a longitudinal study of a large sample of boys followed from kindergarten to high school were used to test two alternative hypotheses concerning the association between delinquency and accidents. The first hypothesis proposes that delinquency and accidents are correlated because they are both the product of a failure to learn self-control during childhood. The alternative hypothesis proposes that self-control during childhood will explain part of the association between delinquency and accidents during adolescence, but delinquency will still increase the risk for accidents. Linear structural equation modelling was used to test the alternative hypotheses with data collected from teachers, mothers and self-reports, at 6, 10, 14 and 15 years of age. Results supported the hypothesis that childhood self-control levels only explain part of the association between driving accidents and delinquency during early adolescence, and delinquency increases the risk of accidents. Results also indicated that the association between delinquency and accidents increased with age, suggesting that the risk of accidents during adolescence increases as involvement in delinquency increases. Details of a case of delinquent behaviour which led to a fatal car accident are given. It was also suggested that longitudinal studies of the association between self-control and antisocial behaviour should focus on their early development during the preschool years.
Research on the link between the self and emotional distress has produced many measures that have unknown conceptual and empirical interrelations. The authors identified two classes of self-related variables shown previously to be important predictors of emotional distress. The first class, termed self-regulatory vari- ables, included ego-resiliency, ego-control, ego-strength, and har- diness. The second class, termed self-structure variables, included self-complexity, self-discrepancy, self-consistency, self- attitude ambivalence, and role conflict. Using a two-step struc- tural equation modeling (SEM) strategy, the authors examined first the factor structure of this set of measures. Second, they determined that Elasticity and Permeability (two self-regulatory factors) accounted for unique variance in the prediction of per- ceived emotional distress (Agitation and Dejection), whereas Self-Discrepancy and Self-Complexity (two self-structure factors) did not.
The possibility that love and work in adulthood are functionally similar to attachment and exploration in infancy and early childhood was investigated. Key components of attachment theory—developed by Bowlby, Ainsworth, and others to explain the role of attachment in exploratory behavior—were translated into terms appropriate to adult love and work. The translation centered on the 3 major types of infant attachment and exploration identified by Ainsworth: secure, anxious/ambivalent, and avoidant. Two questionnaire studies indicated that relations between adult attachment type and work orientation are similar to attachment/exploration dynamics in infancy and early childhood, suggesting that the dynamics may be similar across the life span. Implications for research on the link between love and work are discussed, as are measurement problems and other issues related to future tests of an attachment-theoretical approach to the study of adults.
This article assesses empirically whether Gottfredson and Hirschi's “general theory” can account for the “gender gap” in crime and, when rival theories are included in the analysis, can explain criminal behavior for both males and females. Based on a sample of 555 adults, the results indicate that the relationship of gender to crime becomes nonsignificant when self-control is introduced into the analysis. Further, when males and females are analyzed separately, self-control is related, albeit differently, to males' and females' criminal involvement. These results suggest that Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory should be incorporated into future empirical assessments of gender and crime.
Procrastination is variously described as harmful, innocuous, or even beneficial. Two longitudinal studies examined procrastination among students. Procrastinators reported lower stress and less illness than nonprocrastinators early in the semester, but they reported higher stress and more illness late in the term, and overall they were sicker. Procrastinators also received lower grades on all assignments. Procrastination thus appears to be a self-defeating behavior pattern marked by short-term benefits and long-term costs.
This study uses academic dishonesty as a unique type of fraudulent behavior upon which to test Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime. The study utilizes self‐report data from a survey of undergraduate students enrolled in sociology courses at a large southwestern university. With these data, the authors examine a number of the core theoretical propositions of Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory. That is, we test issues concerning the dimensionality of low self‐control, the influence of parenting on the development of self‐control, the association between levels of self‐control and involvement in academic dishonesty, and the interactive effects of low self‐control and opportunity on the frequency of academic dishonesty. The results of our analyses, although rather mixed, do provide qualified support for the theory.
Variations of the self-imposed delay-of-gratification situation in preschool were compared to determine when individual differences in this situation may predict aspects of cognitive and self-regulatory competence and coping in adolescence. Preschool children from a university community participated in experiments that varied features of the self-imposed delay situation. Experimental analyses of the cognitive–attentional processes that affect waiting in this situation helped identify conditions in which delay behavior would be most likely to reflect relevant cognitive and attentional competencies. As hypothesized, in those conditions, coherent patterns of statistically significant correlations were found between seconds of delay time in such conditions in preschool and cognitive and academic competence and ability to cope with frustration and stress in adolescence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Examined body shape preferences, body dissatisfaction, and self-focus between dieters and nondieters. Ss were 70 women. 35 were classified as chronic dieters, and 35 were classified as nondieters. Dieters were found to be more dissatisfied with their bodies than were nondieters. Although dieters did not have more stringent standards for body shape than nondieters, there was a larger discrepancy between ideal and current shape for dieters owing to their greater body weights. Dieters were also found to be highly and negatively self-focused on the Exner Sentence Completion Task. Dieting status was correlated with public rather than private self-consciousness, suggesting that dieters were concerned with their public image. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
On the basis of a series of recent investigations linking personality, social behavior, and social satisfaction, as well as the theoretical concept of relational competence, we propose a model of relationship satisfaction. The model is based on the notion that personality in general and empathy in particular affect relationship satisfaction through their influences on specific mediating behaviors. The tenets of the model were tested by assessing the key constructs for both members of 264 heterosexual romantic couples. In general, the model was strongly supported, as three separate facets of dispositional empathy had separate and predictable influences on self-reported behavior, which in turn significantly influenced partners' perceptions of those behaviors. Also as expected, perceptions of partner behavior were significant influences on one's satisfaction with the relationship. The model worked especially well for longer term relationships and somewhat better for predicting female behavior; the role of one facet of empathy—perspective taking—was especially strong for longer relationships. Thus, the model appears to be a fruitful way to examine the role of personality on social and psychological well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
review the theoretical literature, showing that many psychologists have failed to distinguish between shame and guilt when discussing the role of these emotions in psychological disorders / focus on depression . . . to argue that proneness to shame—not guilt—is a potent and potentially maladaptive affective style with negative implications for psychological adjustment / review the relevant empirical literature to demonstrate that when shame and guilt are measured in a theoretically appropriate manner, shame-proneness is associated with depression and other psychological symptoms, whereas a tendency to experience "shamefree" guilt is essentially unrelated to maladjustment / highlight results from a recent study considering 2 different methods for assessing a dispositional tendency toward shame and guilt / speculate about the nature of "pathological" guilt . . . suggesting that guilt experiences become maladaptive largely when they become fused with shame (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Using student interviews, teacher ratings, and achievement test outcomes, we validated a strategy model of student self-regulated learning as a theoretical construct. Forty-four male and 36 female high school students were asked to describe their use of 14 self-regulated learning strategies in six contexts, and their teachers rated these students for their self-regulated learning during class. Factor analyses of the teachers' ratings along with students' scores on a standardized test of mathematics and English revealed a single self-regulated learning factor that accounted for nearly 80% of the explained variance and two smaller factors that were labeled Student Verbal Expressiveness and Achievement. Students' reports of using self-regulated learning strategies during a structured interview correlated .70 with the obtained teachers' rating factor and were negatively related to the Student Verbal Expressiveness and Achievement factors. Our results indicate both convergent and discriminative validity for a self-regulated learning construct. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This book presents a thorough overview of a model of human functioning based on the idea that behavior is goal-directed and regulated by feedback control processes. It describes feedback processes and their application to behavior, considers goals and the idea that goals are organized hierarchically, examines affect as deriving from a different kind of feedback process, and analyzes how success expectancies influence whether people keep trying to attain goals or disengage. Later sections consider a series of emerging themes, including dynamic systems as a model for shifting among goals, catastrophe theory as a model for persistence, and the question of whether behavior is controlled or instead 'emerges'. Three chapters consider the implications of these various ideas for understanding maladaptive behavior, and the closing chapter asks whether goals are a necessity of life. Throughout, theory is presented in the context of diverse issues that link the theory to other literatures.
The development and validation of a new measure, the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) is described. The EDI is a 64 item, self-report, multiscale measure designed for the assessment of psychological and behavioral traits common in anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia. The EDI consists of eight subscales measuring: Drive for Thinness, Bilimia, Body Dissatisfaction, Ineffectiveness, Perfectionism, Interpersonal Distrust, Interoceptive Awareness and Maturity Fears. Reliability (internal consistency) is established for all subscales and several indices of validity are presented. First, AN patients (N=113) are differentiated from femal comparison (FC) subjects (N=577) using a cross-validation procedure. Secondly, patient self-report subscale scores agree with clinician ratings of subscale traits. Thirdly, clinically recovered AN patients score similarly to FCs on all subscales. Finally, convergent and discriminant validity are established for subscales. The EDI was also administered to groups of normal weight bulimic women, obese, and normal weight but formerly obese women, as well as a male comparison group. Group differences are reported and the potential utility of the EDI is discussed.
Both guilt and empathic perspective taking have been linked to prosocial, relationship-enhancing effects. Study 1 found that shame was linked to personal distress, whereas guilt was linked to perspective taking. In Studies 2 and 3, subjects were asked to describe a recent experience of interpersonal conflict, once from their own perspective, and once from the perspective of the other person. Guilt-prone people and guilt-dominated stories were linked to better perspective taking (measured by changes between the two versions of the story) than others. Shame had no effect. Guilt improved relationship outcomes but shame harmed them. Path analysis suggested that trait guilt-proneness leads to perspective taking, which leads to actual guilt feelings, which produces beneficial relationship outcomes. Guilt feelings may mediate the relationship-enhancing effects of empathy.
This article proposes that binge eating is motivated by a desire to escape from self-awareness. Binge eaters suffer from high standards and expectations, especially an acute sensitivity to the difficult (perceived) demands of others. When they fall short of these standards, they develop an aversive pattern of high self-awareness, characterized by unflattering views of self and concern over how they are perceived by others. These aversive self-perceptions are accompanied by emotional distress, which often includes anxiety and depression. To escape from this unpleasant state, binge eaters attempt the cognitive response of narrowing attention to the immediate stimulus environment and avoiding broadly meaningful thought. This narrowing of attention disengages normal inhibitions against eating and fosters an uncritical acceptance of irrational beliefs and thoughts. The escape model is capable of integrating much of the available evidence about binge eating.
Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale is a widely used measure of global self-esteem; however, the unidimensional nature of the scale has been questioned. A unidimensional confirmatory factor analytic model was tested and found consistent to the data.
In this study, we sought preliminary information about the relationships among measures of self-efficacy, self-regulation, collaborative learning behavior, and grades. The collaborative verbal behavior of 20 students in a computer course was observed. Also, students responded to a questionnaire to assess their academic self-efficacy. A teacher rated each student's self-regulated learning behaviors. The measures were taken at various points throughout the school year, and the data were analyzed using path analysis. Although students scoring higher on self-regulation tended to score higher also on the measures of collaborative verbal behavior than did those who scored lower on self-regulation, scores on self-regulation rather than on verbal engagement were correlated with grades. The findings were discussed in the light of social cognitive theory and recommendations were made for further study.
The general theory of crime (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990) proposes that self-control is the primary individual-level cause of crime and that its effect is contingent on criminal opportunity. This study conducted a prospective test of self-control and opportunity as predictors of property crime and personal crime among drug-using offenders. Each predictor had a main effect; property crimes and personal crimes were more frequent among offenders lower on self-control and those with higher opportunity. A significant interaction between these predictors was also detected. About four percent of the variance in each type of crime was explained by these predictors. Results support the proposition that self-control is a causal factor in criminal behavior and suggest that its effect is partially contingent on opportunity, but self-control and opportunity, as measured here, had very modest explanatory power.
• In the last half-generation or so there has been increased emphasis on an understanding of personality functioning. It is asked what, if anything, is known or agreed to in this field. Is there a typical mother of schizophrenics, for example? In all the talk about the "creative personality" or the "authoritarian personality" just what is meant by these terms? What really is "hysteria"? Doctor Jack Block's monograph introduces the California Q-set—a method for describing comprehensively in contemporary psychodynamic terms an individual's personality. This method for encoding personality evaluation will prove highly useful in research applications by psychiatrists, psychologists, and sociologists, for it permits quantitative comparisons and calibrations of their evaluations of patients. He compares the Q-sort procedure with conventional rating methods and adjective check lists. He considers in detail the various forms of application of Q-sort procedure and appropriate statistical procedures to employ for these applications. Included in the Appendices are conversion tables for calculation of Q-sort correlations, California Q-set descriptions of various clinical concepts to be employed for calibration purposes, and an adjective Q-set for use by non-professional sorters. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)
• In the last half-generation or so there has been increased emphasis on an understanding of personality functioning. It is asked what, if anything, is known or agreed to in this field. Is there a typical mother of schizophrenics, for example? In all the talk about the "creative personality" or the "authoritarian personality" just what is meant by these terms? What really is "hysteria"? Doctor Jack Block's monograph introduces the California Q-set—a method for describing comprehensively in contemporary psychodynamic terms an individual's personality. This method for encoding personality evaluation will prove highly useful in research applications by psychiatrists, psychologists, and sociologists, for it permits quantitative comparisons and calibrations of their evaluations of patients. He compares the Q-sort procedure with conventional rating methods and adjective check lists. He considers in detail the various forms of application of Q-sort procedure and appropriate statistical procedures to employ for these applications. Included in the Appendices are conversion tables for calculation of Q-sort correlations, California Q-set descriptions of various clinical concepts to be employed for calibration purposes, and an adjective Q-set for use by non-professional sorters. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)
Previous research has indicated the potential value of Anger Control Training as an intervention in work with individuals who have acted aggressively towards others. However, the general suitability of this method for work with convicted violent offenders has not been explored in any systematic way. This paper reports results from a small scale survey of offenders (n = 39) with convictions for violence and placed on probation. The aim of the study was to assess the extent to which lack or loss of control had contributed to the occurrence of violent acts. Data were gathered from supervising Probation Officers by means of a structured questionnaire and interview schedule, in which offence incidents were to be described and analysed using a prescribed set of guidelines. Results suggest that loss of self-control is seen as having played an important part in acts of personal violence, and that a significant proportion of offender/clients may be able to benefit from direct training in self-control and be motivated to change. The study involved only an indirect form of data collection, and future research is recommended to examine these issues in more depth using direct interview and psychometric assessments.
Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) is a self-report inventory designed to assess Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, and Reward Dependence, the three primary dimensions of his Biosocial Learning Model of normal and abnormal personality. We examined the structural validity of the TPQ and the relations among the TPQ lower- and higher-order scales to those of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ; Tellegen, 1982) in a sample of 1,236 adults. The factor structure of the TPQ was congruent with Cloninger's predicted three-factor genotypic structure with one notable exception: the component scales of the Reward Dependence dimension share essentially no variance, and thus load on different factors. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses indicate that the TPQ and the MPQ share considerable variance, but that each inventory contains variance unpredicted by the other. In addition, the TPQ Harm Avoidance dimension appears to tap primarily a Negative Emotionality or neuroticism factor, rather than a disposition toward behavioral inhibition. These results support a number of Cloninger's predictions concerning the structural and external validity of the TPQ, but also suggest that the TPQ may fail to adequately operationalize several components of his model.
In this study, the authors tested two hypotheses drawn from the general theory of crime. The first hypothesis is that low self-control is a major individual-level cause of crime. The second, that the effect of self-control is contingent on criminal opportunity. The measure of self-control used was a 23-item self-report index. To measure criminal opportunity, two proxy variables were used: gender and crime-involved friends. Crime measures included number of criminal acts of force and number of criminal acts of fraud reported in a 6-month recall period by a sample of 522 criminal offenders. Self-control was lower among offenders reporting more crimes of force and fraud, but the variance explained by self-control was low in each case. The relationship between self-control and fraud crimes was contingent on criminal opportunity, but the relationship between self-control and force crimes was not. Implications of these findings for the general theory of crime are reviewed.
The present study investigated problem drinking and symptoms of disordered eating in relation to (a) restrained drinking and eating, and (b) cognitive self-control. One hundred and ninety-eight high school students (97 males and 101 females; mean age = 16.45 years) completed questionnaires that assessed problem drinking, symptoms of disordered eating, restrained eating and drinking, and cognitive self-control. Using principal components analysis, three factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were found to summarize the interrelationships among the examined measures. For both sexes, the first two factors primarily reflected problem drinking and restrained drinking, and problem eating and restrained eating, respectively. The third factor reflected a more general problem with control underlying aspects of both problem drinking and problem eating.
The present study examines the link between alcohol consumption and personality, using the California Psychological Inventory in a large well-adjusted sample and tests four hypotheses, including one that states that persons who drink no alcohol at all are less well adjusted than persons who drink moderate amounts. The results confirm the hypotheses. Alcohol consumed correlates positively with sociability and extraversion, but negatively with conscientiousness and willingness to conform. The results also show, in a large sample and using a comprehensive personality inventory, that persons who drink no alcohol at all are a little more withdrawn, a little less ambitious, a little less generally well-organised and competent, than people who drink in moderation.
A self-report instrument that included a parental management scale, a self-control scale, and measures of deviance was administered to 289 university students. Models based on Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory were tested by using path analysis. The analysis generally supported Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory, and suggested the usefulness of a measure of self-control that includes cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects.
Ethological attachment theory is a landmark of 20th century social and behavioral sciences theory and research. This new paradigm for understanding primary relationships across the lifespan evolved from John Bowlby's critique of psychoanalytic drive theory and his own clinical observations, supplemented by his knowledge of fields as diverse as primate ethology, control systems theory, and cognitive psychology. By the time he had written the first volume of his classic Attachment and Loss trilogy, Mary D. Salter Ainsworth's naturalistic observations in Uganda and Baltimore, and her theoretical and descriptive insights about maternal care and the secure base phenomenon had become integral to attachment theory. Patterns of Attachment reports the methods and key results of Ainsworth's landmark Baltimore Longitudinal Study. Following upon her naturalistic home observations in Uganda, the Baltimore project yielded a wealth of enduring, benchmark results on the nature of the child's tie to its primary caregiver and the importance of early experience. It also addressed a wide range of conceptual and methodological issues common to many developmental and longitudinal projects, especially issues of age appropriate assessment, quantifying behavior, and comprehending individual differences. In addition, Ainsworth and her students broke new ground, clarifying and defining new concepts, demonstrating the value of the ethological methods and insights about behavior. Today, as we enter the fourth generation of attachment study, we have a rich and growing catalogue of behavioral and narrative approaches to measuring attachment from infancy to adulthood. Each of them has roots in the Strange Situation and the secure base concept presented in Patterns of Attachment. It inclusion in the Psychology Press Classic Editions series reflects Patterns of Attachment's continuing significance and insures its availability to new generations of students, researchers, and clinicians.
The relation of 4- to 6-year-olds' sociometric status to teacher- or peer-reported negative emotionality and regulation was examined across two semesters (Tl and T2), Social status at T2 was positively related to teacher-reported regulation and negatively related to emotional intensity, as well as peer-reported anger and crying. Regulation and emotionality (in combination) accounted for additional variance in T2 social status after controlling for initial social preference. Initial (Tl) social status infrequently predicted subsequent regulation and emotionality after controlling for scores on initial emotionality/regulation. Thus, emotionality/regulation predicted future social status whereas social status did not appear to account for changes in emotionality and regulation over time. Social behavior (aggression) did not mediate the relation of emotionality/regulation to later social status.
Total SAT score, average grade earned in high school, and 32 personality variables are examined via forward multiple regression analyses to identify the best combination for predicting GPA in a sample of 201 psychology students. Average grade earned in high school enters first, accounting for 19% of the variance in GPA. Self-control enters second, and SAT third; these account for 9% and 5% of the variance, respectively. No other predictors accounted for substantial portions of variance. This pattern of results converges with findings reported by other investigators using other measures of personality. It was recommended that the global trait of self-control or conscientiousness be systematically assessed and used in college admissions decisions.
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, a widely used self-report instrument for evaluating individual self-esteem, was investigated using item response theory. Factor analysis identified a single common factor, contrary to some previous studies that extracted separate Self-Confidence and Self-Depreciation factors. A unidimensional model for graded item responses was fit to the data. A model that constrained the 10 items to equal discrimination was contrasted with a model allowing the discriminations to be estimated freely. The test of significance indicated that the unconstrained model better fit the data-that is, the 10 items of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale are not equally discriminating and are differentially related to self-esteem. The pattern of functioning of the items was examined with respect to their content, and observations are offered with implications for validating and developing future personality instruments.
Disadvantaged preschool children attending a program of compensatory education were studied to determine if change in self-concept, delay of gratification, and exercise of self-control were related to growth in achievement. Girls displayed self-concept growth and a decline in delay of gratification, while boys showed growth in self-control. (Author/DST)
Examined the relationship between individual differences in self-control at an early age and adult behavior, using data from a Finnish longitudinal study on the social development of 196 males and 173 females, followed up between ages 8–32 yrs. Results show that the concept of self-control was useful when the risks of crime and accidents were described: Low self-control in childhood and adolescence was a precursor to crime and accidents. However, the relationship between low self-control and crime and accidents was found to be non-linear, as significant results were obtained only for Ss exhibiting prominent negative behavior (above the 75th percentile) patterned with other problem behaviors. Findings suggest that problem behaviors and adverse life conditions accumulated in these Ss. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)