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Perceived psychosocial job stress and sleep bruxism among male and female workers

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Abstract

Psychosocial job stress has been associated with sleep disturbances, but its association with sleep bruxism (SB), the stereotype movement disorder related to sleep, is not well understood. The aim of this epidemiological study was to examine the relationship between psychosocial job stress and SB. 1944 male and 736 female factory workers participated in this study (response rate 78.1%). Perceived job stress was evaluated with the Japanese version of the generic job stress questionnaire, which covered 13 job stress variables. SB was assessed by the question, 'Do you grind or clench your teeth during your sleep or has anyone in your family told you that you grind your teeth during your sleep?' Response options were 'never', 'seldom', 'sometimes' or 'often'. SB was considered present if the answer was 'sometimes' or 'often'. Overall, 30.9% of males and 20.2% of females reported SB. In males, workers with low social support from supervisors [odds ratio (OR) = 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-1.68] or from colleagues (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.17-1.83), and high depressive symptoms (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.26-2.03) had a significantly increased risk of SB after controlling for confounders. By contrast, no significant association was found in females. We conclude that SB is weakly associated with some aspects of job stress in men but not in women among the Japanese working population.

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... Dental professionals are more worried about bruxism due to its side effects on the oral and maxillofacial area. According to several studies, there were deviant reports on the prevalence of bruxism (9)(10)(11)(12). Bruxism can be initiated from multiple factors among which stress could be on the top, however, an explicit relationship remains unclear. ...
... Several studies reported an association between anxiety and depression with bruxism. (7)(8)(9)(10)(11) The stress experienced in the work environment has been shown to be related to perceived bruxism (12). ...
... The results of this study fall in the range of prevalence of bruxism in military pilots reported in other international studies that ranged from 30.4% to 69% (13,14,19,20). When compared with other populations with different occupations associated with stress, the prevalence of bruxism ranged from 50% to 60% (11,12,21,22). Some other global studies assessed the prevalence of bruxism in the general population without associating occupation and the range was 20% to 30% (23,24). ...
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Objectives: To assess the prevalence of bruxism and occupational stress among Saudi Arabian fighter pilots. Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional study where 110 fighter pilots were compared with 110 control non-pilots. The data collection was carried out by two dentists between February 2018 and May 2019. The subjects who consented to the study completed the Karasek's Demand-Control questionnaire (short version) comprising 11 questions (5 for demand and 6 for control) designed to measure occupational stress. The assessment of bruxism was made using the non-instrumental approach of the International Consensus on the Assessment of Bruxism which includes both clinical examination and self-report of diurnal and nocturnal bruxism. A logistic regression test was performed with bruxism as the dependent variable controlling for occupational stress, type of occupation, and smoking status. Results: The total sample comprising pilots and non-pilots had an overall bruxism prevalence of 41.8%, with more pilots (52.7%) than non-pilots (30.9%) having the condition. Occupational stress was experienced by more pilots than non-pilots (45.5% vs. 27.3%, respectively). Bruxism was significantly associated with type of occupation (pilots vs. non-pilots) controlling for occupational stress in both univariate and multivariate logistic regression tests; odd ratio (OR) = 2.5; (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-5.4, p = 0.016) and OR = 2.6; (95% CI:1.2-5.8, p = 0.020), respectively. Conclusions: The pilots demonstrated significantly higher occupational stress and bruxism than the non-pilots. The pilots were 3.9 times more likely to have a combination of stress and bruxism than non-pilots. Further investigations are necessary to determine whether any causal relationship exists between occupational stress and bruxism.
... Various psychosocial factors associated with bruxism have also received much attention in the literature. A number of studies have shown a relationship with bruxism of certain personality traits (e.g., aggression or emotional suppression) [1,15,[31][32][33][34], psychosocial factors (e.g., perceived time pressure or competition) [35,36], and psychological stress (cf. stressful lifestyle) [8,[35][36][37][38][39]. Anxiety and neuroticism personality traits have especially been reported in individuals with bruxism [1,[38][39][40][41]. ...
... A number of studies have shown a relationship with bruxism of certain personality traits (e.g., aggression or emotional suppression) [1,15,[31][32][33][34], psychosocial factors (e.g., perceived time pressure or competition) [35,36], and psychological stress (cf. stressful lifestyle) [8,[35][36][37][38][39]. Anxiety and neuroticism personality traits have especially been reported in individuals with bruxism [1,[38][39][40][41]. ...
... Nobody showed a low level. ese data showed stable associations between bruxism and stressful life styles observed in other studies where bruxism has been reported to be correlated with stress [8,[35][36][37][38][39]. e findings of Abekura et al. [37] suggest that there is an association between sleep bruxism and psychological stress sensitivity. ...
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Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the psychosocial predictors of bruxism. The association of various psychosocial factors such as alexithymia, emotional processing, state and trait anxiety, and stress with awake bruxism was analysed. Methods: The study involved 52 volunteers diagnosed with awake bruxism. The toolkit that was used included the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), the Emotional Processing Scale (EPS), the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), and the State- and Trait-Anxiety Inventory (STAI), with independent individual psychological diagnoses being made for every patient. The results were statistically analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics 24. Results: The obtained data clearly show that psychological traits-both permanent dispositions (e.g., state anxiety and alexithymia) and temporary states (e.g., trait anxiety, emotional processing deficits, and psychological stress)-are significant determinants of awake bruxism. The percentage of explained variance indicates the presence of other factors as well. Conclusions: Psychosocial factors such as state anxiety and trait anxiety, alexithymia, and perceived stress are as important as somatic causes in the occurrence and maintenance of awake bruxism. The profile of the obtained data suggests the possibility of preventing or minimizing the symptoms of awake bruxism through properly constructed psychoprophylactic interactions.
... Different etiological factors have been investigated, e.g. occlusal interferences [6,7] , transient sleep arousal epi- sodes8910, a side imbalance in striatal D2 receptor binding [11,12], personality traits [5,13141516, psychosocial factors171819 and psychological stress [17,18,202122. At the same time, the multifactorial nature of SB is widely accepted [5,12,2324252627. ...
... Different etiological factors have been investigated, e.g. occlusal interferences [6,7] , transient sleep arousal epi- sodes8910, a side imbalance in striatal D2 receptor binding [11,12], personality traits [5,13141516, psychosocial factors171819 and psychological stress [17,18,202122. At the same time, the multifactorial nature of SB is widely accepted [5,12,2324252627. ...
... Another epidemiological study examined the relationship between psychosocial job stress and SB in a Japanese population of 1944 male and 736 female factory workers. The study found that SB was weakly associated with some aspects of job stress in men among the Japanese working population [18]. Two further studies demonstrated an association between SB and an overtly ambitious character or behavior (Type A), which in turn is related to a stressful life [14,15]. ...
Article
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Stress is discussed as a potential factor in the development of sleep bruxism (SB). The aim of this study was to investigate whether specific stress-factors correlate with SB-activity. Sixty-nine subjects, of which 48 were SB-patients, completed three German questionnaires assessing different stress-parameters and stress-coping-strategies: Short questionnaire for recognition of stress-factors (Kurzer Fragebogen zur Erfassung von Belastungen, KFB), Questionnaire for recuperation and strain (Erholungs-Belastungs-Fragebogen, EBF-24 A/3) and the stress-coping questionnaire (Stressverarbeitungsfragebogen-78, SVF-78). The diagnosis of SB was based on the clinical criteria of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). The degree of SB-activity was measured by the Bruxcore-Bruxism-Monitoring-Device (BBMD, Bruxcore, Boston, USA), worn for five consecutive nights and analyzed using a computer-based method. Non-parametric Spearman correlation coefficients, rho, were calculated between the psychometric data and the amount of SB-activity measured by a pixel score of the BBMD. Significant correlations were found for 'daily problems' (r = 0.461, p < 0.01), 'trouble at work' (r = 0.293), 'fatigue' (r = 0.288), 'physical problems' (r = 0.288) and the coping-strategy 'escape' (r = 0.295) (all p < 0.05). Within the limitations of this study it could be shown that subjects with high SB-activity tend to feel more stressed at work and in their daily life, which in turn might influence their physical state. These subjects also seem to deal with stress in a negative way. However, due to the rather low to almost moderate correlation coefficients and the descriptive character of the study, further investigations are necessary to examine a possible causal relationship.
... The variations in results may be attributed to the different diagnostic methods, differences in culture, and life experience in university settings and population differences between studies. [24] Studies have indicated an association between bruxism and personality characteristics, [2,6,25] psychosocial factors, [25,26] and psychological stress. [26,27] Also, anxiety and neurotic personality features are also reported to be related to bruxism. ...
... [24] Studies have indicated an association between bruxism and personality characteristics, [2,6,25] psychosocial factors, [25,26] and psychological stress. [26,27] Also, anxiety and neurotic personality features are also reported to be related to bruxism. [2,27] Some mental problems and problems in coping with them may occur in university students with high stress. ...
Article
Background: Although its etiology is not fully known, the accepted view is that bruxism is a multifactorial disorder. Aims: This study aims to evaluate the prevalance of self-reported bruxism and to investigate its relationship with psychological and sociodemographical factors amongst undergraduate dental students in Zonguldak, Turkey. Subjects and methods: 250 dental students were asked to fill the bruxism questionnaire - to detect the prevelance of bruxism; personal information form - to determine sociodemographic variables; and symptom checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) - to asses psychological state. Data were analyzed statistically by Kolmogorov Smirnov, Shapiro Wilk, Mann Whitney U, and Kruskal Wallis tests through Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program. Results: The prevalance of self-reported bruxism was 40%. 46% of the students showed higher levels of psychological symptoms. SCL-90-R subscales showed statistically significant differences in students with bruxism compared to those without bruxism (P < 0.05). It was observed that bruxism was associated with gender (P < 0.05) and both bruxism and psychological symptom levels were statistically higher in females (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The findings revealed that, although bruxism was common among dental students, gender and psychosocial factors are also mostly associated with the etiology of bruxism. In this context, during the challenging dentistry education period, it is important to direct students who are found to have high levels of psychological symptoms to psychological counseling and guidance services.
... The results of presented studies are limited because of the fact that the diagnosis of sleep bruxism was based on a questionnaire and intraoral examination and polysomnography was not performed. There are scientific studies that only partially support the hypothesis of the relationship between bruxism and stress [26][27][28]. Cavallo et al. in the study on the prevalence of awake and sleep bruxism and its correlation with perceived stress in a group of undergraduate students reported that correlation between stress and bruxism exists only for male gender [26]. Nakata et al. after the examination the relationship between psychosocial job stress and sleep bruxism also reported that sleep bruxism is only weakly associated with some aspects of job stress in men [27]. ...
... Cavallo et al. in the study on the prevalence of awake and sleep bruxism and its correlation with perceived stress in a group of undergraduate students reported that correlation between stress and bruxism exists only for male gender [26]. Nakata et al. after the examination the relationship between psychosocial job stress and sleep bruxism also reported that sleep bruxism is only weakly associated with some aspects of job stress in men [27]. Furthermore, Muzalev et al. reported that psychological stress was a more important predictor factor for temporomandibular disorders pain than sleep bruxism [28]. ...
Article
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Background and objectives: Sleep bruxism is a common phenomenon that can affect approximately 13% of adult population. It is estimated that bruxism can be caused by three types of factors: biological, psychological, and exogenous. There are many scientific reports about the coexistence of bruxism, stress, and psychoemotional disorders. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible correlation between occurrence of sleep bruxism and perceived stress and depressive symptoms. Material and methods: The material of this study consisted of 77 patients of Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry operating at the Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland in which after using guidelines of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine probable sleep bruxism was fund. Patients then underwent video-polysomnography. Exposure to perceived stress was evaluated with Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10). Occurrence of depressive symptoms was evaluated with Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: The analysis showed lack of statistically significant correlation between Bruxism Episodes Index (BEI) and Perceived Stress Scale–10 and Beck’s Depression Inventory scores (p = 0.64, p = 0.65; respectively), also when comparing study group (bruxers) and control group (non-bruxers) (p = 0.88, p = 0.77; respectively). Conclusion: Intensity of sleep bruxism was not statistically significantly correlated with self-reported perceived stress and depression. This issue requires further research.
... The etiology of SB includes alcohol and tobacco use, use of some medicinal drugs, anatomical variations, and psychological factors such as emotional stress, depression, and anxiety [5]. Many researchers emphasize the importance of psychological factors among the causes of SB [6][7][8]. Some researchers argue that rhythmic contractions in the maxillofacial muscles during sleep due to psychological effects induce neurophysiological and neurochemical processes in the body. ...
... Several factors are mentioned in the pathogenesis of SB. Among these factors, psychological disorders are of great importance, and many studies have indicated that psychological disorders such as emotional stress, depression, anxiety, and personality disorders may be factors in the formation of SB [5][6][7][8]. In a study conducted by Major et al. [22], anxiety levels were assessed by examining the motor functions and attention levels in SB patients and in healthy subjects; SB patients were found to have high anxiety scores. ...
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Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the anxiety and optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings in patients with sleep bruxism (SB) and to develop objective measurements to assess the neurodegenerative and inflammatory processes associated with this disease. Methods: A group of 40 SB patients were compared with a control group consisting of 40 healthy individuals (without SB). Anxiety results and the OCT measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and choroidal thickness were assessed in both groups. Results: Anxiety values in the bruxism group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The measurements of RNFL, IPL, and GCL in the bruxism group were significantly lower than the control group, whereas the choroidal thickness was significantly higher. Conclusion: According to literature, this is the first study that analyzed the changes in the retinal structures in bruxism, which revealed that SB is a neurodegenerative and inflammatory process.
... [5] Previous studies reported that individuals under stress are more likely to exhibit bruxism; [16,17] others failed to confirm this correlation. [18,19] An earlier study by Rugh and Solberg reported that sleep bruxism (SB) seemed to appear after exhausting and stressful days. Similarly, Hicks and Chancellor showed an association between bruxism and an overtly ambitious character or behavior (Type A), which in turn is related to a stressful lifestyle. ...
... In contrast, Nakata et al. examined the relationship between psychological job stress and SB in a Japanese population of 1944 male and 736 female factory workers found that SB was weakly associated with some aspects of job stress in men. [19] Soft splints, which are more convenient for patients than hard splints, can be used immediately after provisional diagnosis. [20] The rationale for using soft splints is that the soft resilient material may help in distributing the heavy load associated with parafunctional habits. ...
Article
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Introduction Bruxism is defined as a nonfunctional activity or a parafunctional habit characterized by the unconscious repetitive motion of clenching and/or grinding of the teeth. Soft occlusal splints have been considered as the first-line strategy for treating nocturnal bruxism. Cortisol is a major steroid hormone secreted by fascicular zone of the adrenal cortex, belonging to the glucocorticosteroidal group of hormones. Clinical studies have shown that when humans are placed under stress, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis is activated, leading to an increase in cortical secretion. However, the effect of splint is questionable by some researchers, and best way to perceive the effect of soft splints in patients with bruxism is by evaluating the stress levels. Materials and Methods A total of 20 individuals suffering from bruxism were selected from the Outpatient Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, JSS Dental College and Hospital, Mysore. Saliva samples were collected before and after using the occlusal soft splints and subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determining the salivary cortisol levels. Results The collected data were subjected to appropriate descriptive statistics, paired sample t-test, and one sample t-test. The paired sample t-test shows that intragroup comparison of the mean cortisol level in the study group shows near significant values, which means there is a decrease in the salivary cortisol levels in patients after using soft occlusal splint, but statistically nonsignificant. Conclusion In the present study, it has been found that 70% of individuals after using the soft occlusal splint showed decreased cortisol levels.
... [39][40][41][42][43][44] But it also has been reported that sleep bruxism is weakly associate with certain job stresses in man. [45][46][47] The studies have shown positive correlation between smoking and tobacco chewing to the brusixm [39,43] and It was noted that administration job people had less chances of bruxism development [39] Contrastingly, another study reported no diff erence in perceived level of stress between bruxers and nonbruxers. [45] However, a statistically signifi cant diff erence was noted for diff erent job categories and the bruxism, with higher prevalence in highly responsible jobs. ...
... [45][46][47] The studies have shown positive correlation between smoking and tobacco chewing to the brusixm [39,43] and It was noted that administration job people had less chances of bruxism development [39] Contrastingly, another study reported no diff erence in perceived level of stress between bruxers and nonbruxers. [45] However, a statistically signifi cant diff erence was noted for diff erent job categories and the bruxism, with higher prevalence in highly responsible jobs. [46] There exists a direct correlation between temopromandibular joint disorder and bruxism. ...
Article
Dental health is as important as general health, but the irony is; it has not received the same amount of importance as that of the general health. This fact is even more prevalent in the labourers, who are bond to neglect their oral health because of busy scheduled and stressful life. The present review article will explore the facts about the relationship between the working environment and the dental health status in diff erent occupation scenarios. An extensive literature survey was performed using the Google scholar, EBSCOhost, science direct and the PubMed central to explore the various dental health conditions existing in diff erent occupational scenarios. The most prevalent oral health conditions were dental caries, periodontitis, dental attrition and erosion, bruxism and missing teeth. All these conditions were either due to the physical environment of the occupation or else due to occupational related stress and the habits to relieve the same stress. Field workers had a higher prevalence of oral health conditions then the offi ce workers. Exposure of the labour class to the varying physical environment in the work place may be the major reason for the deterioration of their oral health and demand of the present time is 'prevention is better than cure.' Thus, providing of the protection mask and the utilization of the same are the need of the day.
... Sleep bruxism is common in females [111]. Although the complete etiology of sleep bruxism is not clear, some factors include occlusal interference [112], psychosocial stress [113][114][115], psychologic stress [113,114,[116][117][118], smoking [113], striatal D2 receptor activation [119], and transient sleep arousal [120]. Some studies suggest that stress is a causal agent of sleep bruxism because sleep bruxism occurs more often after exhausting and stressful days [121]. ...
... Sleep bruxism is common in females [111]. Although the complete etiology of sleep bruxism is not clear, some factors include occlusal interference [112], psychosocial stress [113][114][115], psychologic stress [113,114,[116][117][118], smoking [113], striatal D2 receptor activation [119], and transient sleep arousal [120]. Some studies suggest that stress is a causal agent of sleep bruxism because sleep bruxism occurs more often after exhausting and stressful days [121]. ...
Article
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Exposure to chronic stress induces various physical and mental effects that may ultimately lead to disease. Stress-related disease has become a global health problem. Mastication (chewing) is an effective behavior for coping with stress, likely due to the alterations chewing causes in the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system. Mastication under stressful conditions attenuates stress-induced increases in plasma corticosterone and catecholamines, as well as the expression of stress-related substances, such as neurotrophic factors and nitric oxide. Further, chewing reduces stress-induced changes in central nervous system morphology, especially in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. In rodents, chewing or biting on wooden sticks during exposure to various stressors reduces stress-induced gastric ulcer formation and attenuates spatial cognitive dysfunction, anxiety-like behavior, and bone loss. In humans, some studies demonstrate that chewing gum during exposure to stress decreases plasma and salivary cortisol levels and reduces mental stress, although other studies report no such effect. Here, we discuss the neuronal mechanisms that underline the interactions between masticatory function and stress-coping behaviors in animals and humans.
... Bruxismo se define como el contacto con fuerzas excesivas entre las superficies oclusales de las piezas dentarias (AAPD, 2006(AAPD, -2007; es una parafunción oclusal, involuntaria, y consiste en el apriete y rechinamiento dentario durante movimientos no funcionales del sistema masticatorio (Carlsson & Magnusson, 1999;Widmalm et al., 1995). Es considerado como un factor importante para el desarrollo de atrición dentaria (Nakata et al., 2008); caracterizándose por causar un deterioro de la dentición. Se presenta con mayor frecuencia en la noche (Bayardo et al., 1996), y se ha asociado a estrés físico o emocional (Grechi et al., 2008). ...
... Como se mencionó anteriormente, estudios recientes han demostrado una fuerte asociación entre bruxismo, estrés y ansiedad (Lobbezoo & Naeiji, 2001;López & Lütty, 2006) pero también existen estudio que señalan lo contrario (Nakata et al.;Manfredini et al., 2005;Monaco et al., 2002). Además, existen electromiógrafos portátiles que permiten objetivar el diagnóstico de bruxismo. ...
Article
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Bruxism is a parafunction of masticatory system. The prevalence depends of the diagnosis method, between a 6 and 90 %. Diagnosis gold standard is polysomnography with an electromyographic study, that results umconfortable and expensive to the patient. BiteStrip® is an exact, economical device for single use to diagnose bruxism. It detects the existence and the intensity of bruxism, and can be used by the patient at home. It has to be applied on the cheek over the masseter muscle. Any bruxism interval will be counted internally and recorded by the BiteStrip. The result represents the area of the recorded intervals and is shown by a permanent electrochemical display. Some studies have show association between bruxism, stress and anxiety, but others do not demonstrate this association. Because of that the objective of this study is to determinate if association between the presence of bruxism signs and anxiety in high school students exists, along with determining BiteStrip® diagnosis utility. A sample of 20 last year high school students of a particular school located in Las Condes, Santiago, Chile was used. To determine anxiety we used a quiz, for attrition we used a model analysis and a interoclusal device to quantify bruxism activity. BiteStrip® was used to determine bruxism intensity in students who present more bruxism activity. We did not find statistically significant association between anxiety and bruxism signs. In conclusion based on the methodology used there was no association between anxiety and signs of bruxism. The BiteStrip is a complementary diagnostic element simple, convenient, useful and reliable for bruxism, however, suggests further studies.
... Our study found that work-life imbalance is related to increased sleep problems in Korean workers as well. Job satisfaction has been consistently associated with sleep problems in earlier studies (Doi et al. 2003; Kuppermann et al. 1995; Nakata et al. 2004a Nakata et al. , 2007 Nakata et al. , 2008 Scott and Judge 2006). The results of our study are in line with these findings. ...
... In our study, social support at work was not associated with sleep problems after adjusting for confounding factors . Although the majority of published studies (Cahill and Landsbergis 1996; Eriksen et al. 2008; Jansson and Linton 2006; Kageyama et al. 1998; Kim et al. 2011; Nakata et al. 2001 Nakata et al. , 2007 Nordin et al. 2005; Pelfrene et al. 2002; Runeson et al. 2011) indicate that poor social support at work is related to sleep problems, some studies suggest that the statistical significance of this relationship is attenuated after controlling for confounders (Nakata et al. 2004aNakata et al. , 2006Nakata et al. , 2008). This finding may be relevant to the fact that social support often exerts a buffering effect on health outcomes and that the significant relationship disappears if controlled for related variables. ...
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the association of organizational factors with work-related sleep problems (WRSP) among Korean workers. Methods The data were derived from the First Korean Working Conditions Survey conducted in 2006 with a representative sample of the Korean working population (n = 10,039). Results The overall prevalence of WRSP was 5.1 % (95 % confidence interval (CI) 4.7–5.5). Those who experienced sexual harassment at work (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.47: 95 % CI 1.77–6.81), discrimination due to sex (aOR 2.44: 95 % CI 1.36–4.36) or age (aOR 2.22: 95 % CI 1.52–3.23), violence at work (aOR 1.98: 95 % CI 1.06–3.68), threat of violence (aOR 1.96: 95 % CI 1.05–3.66), poor work-life balance (aOR 1.78: 95 % CI 1.44–2.20), low job satisfaction (aOR 1.69: 95 % CI 1.37–2.09), high cognitive (OR 1.64: 95 % CI 1.32–2.03) and emotional (aOR 1.53: 95 % CI 1.22–1.91) demands, job insecurity (aOR 1.32: 95 % CI 1.07–1.63), and high work intensity (aOR 1.55: 95 % CI: 95 % CI 1.25–1.92) had an increased risk of WRSP compared to their respective counterparts (p < 0.01). Low social support was not significantly associated with WRSP (aOR 0.88: 95 % CI 0.67–1.15). Conclusion The results revealed that poor psychosocial working conditions may be related to a high prevalence of WRSP among representative Korean workers.
... However, prolonged exposure to stressors can cause the organism to go through a period of [24,25]. However, there are studies that do not support this association [26,27]. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis showed a positive association between bruxism and stress symptoms [6]. ...
Article
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Objectives This clinical study aims to analyze the levels of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of persons with bruxism and to compare the efficacy of botulinum toxin (botox) and occlusal splint treatments through biomarkers. Materials and methods A total of 40 patients with bruxism were selected according to the clinical examination and anamnesis of which 20 received occlusal splint treatment and 20 botox treatment. GCF samples were taken from the patients before and after treatment. Cortisol, DHEA, and TNF-α levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. The change in measurements between time and groups and the time-group interaction were tested by repeated measures ANOVA. Results There was a statistically significant difference between the cortisol levels before and after treatment in both groups (p = 0.001). In individuals with bruxism, a statistically significant decrease in cortisol levels was observed after both treatments (p < 0.05), while DHEA levels increased after treatment but were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between TNF-α intra-group measurements (p > 0.05). Conclusions Stress and inflammatory biomarkers were found to be associated with bruxism. Cortisol levels decreased in people with bruxism after treatment with both occlusal splint and botox. Clinical relevance Both splint and botox treatments were effective for bruxism by reducing the stress levels.
... Studies have reported that people under stress are more likely to have bruxism [24,25]. However, there are studies that do not support this association [26,27]. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis showed a positive association between bruxism and stress symptoms [6]. ...
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Objectives: This clinical study aims to analyse the levels of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of persons with bruxism and to compare the efficacy of Botox and occlusal splint treatments through biomarkers. Materials and methods: A total of 40 patients with bruxism were selected according to the clinical examination and anamnesis of which 20 patients received occlusal splint treatment and 20 botulinum toxin treatment. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were taken from the patients before and after treatment. Cortisol, DHEA and TNF-alpha levels were measured by ELISA test. The change in measurements between time and groups and the time-group interaction were tested by repeated measures ANOVA. Results: In individuals with bruxism, a statistically significant decrease in cortisol levels was observed after both treatments (p < 0.05), while DHEA levels increased after treatment but were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between tnf-alpha intra-group measurements (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Stress and inflammatory biomarkers were found to be associated with the bruxism. Cortisol levels decreased in people with bruxism after treatment with both occlusal splint and Botox. Clinical Relevance: It can be suggested that splint and botox treatment are effective for bruxism by reducing the stress levels. Botox treatment is also more effective in reducing stress levels.
... Psychosocial factors like anxiety and depressed mood act as secondary factors that can elevate normal behaviors. Nakata et al. [16] found a signifi cant and positive relationship between the total score of life stress events and bruxism. They showed that wake-time clenching appears to be associated with psychosocial factors. ...
Article
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The most important clinical indicators of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are pain in the temporomandibular joints, masticatory and cervical muscles, as well as a reduction in the opening capacity of the mouth. Psychosocial factors have a significant impact in the persistence of the disease and should be taken in consideration in the treatment plan. The aim of the present study was to perform clinical and statistical evaluation on the management of pain symptoms and overcome of pronounced arthro- and myogenic mandibular contractures in GAD 7 positive patients with chronic temporomandibular disorders using combined irradiation with infrared gallium-aluminum-arsenide laser (785 nm), superluminescent visible red (633 nm) and infrared (880 nm) light emitting devices. Materials and methods The study included 62 individuals with various types of temporomandibular disorders, which were established using the latest diagnostic criteria – DC/TMD, 2014, revision 2020. Fifteen out of 62 patients responded positively to the GAD 7 questionnaire, which indicates depression and/or anxiety. In 8 out of these 15 cases, the presence of pain symptoms, mandibular contractures and psychosocial comorbidities exceeded 6 months. According to DC/TMD standards, these are patients with chronic temporomandibular disorders and they were the target group for our study. The average interincisal distance from this eight-member group was 27.62 mm (SD – 8.17). Results The Student t-test for the dependent samples showed a significant reduction in VAS pain scores and an increased interincisal distance after phototherapy procedures. Conclusions Combined phototherapy has proven to be an effective treatment of mandibular contractures, joint and muscle pain in TMD patients with psychosocial comorbid conditions.
... the threat, it goes into a state of disequilibrium or breakdown. This may be temporary, pending readjustment, or may proceed to a more profound disorder, leading to functional or structural pathology. This theory is credited for using the inverted U when explaining the relationship between demand and performance, which has some biological validity (Nakata et. al., 2012). Bloona (2011) argues that just like the response based theory, the Welford performance and demand theory leaves out individual characteristics which explain why people perform differently under the same stressor. Cox et. al. (2010) proposed a more complex theory, which grew out of the need to systematically understand the transaction b ...
... Entretanto, entre aqueles que relataram estresse, a maioria apresentou autorrelato de bruxismo. Estudos anteriores não encontraram associação entre bruxismo definitivo, em especial BS, e autorrelato de estresse 17,18 . Karakoulaki et al. 19 utilizaram biomarcadores na saliva (cortisol e amilase) para avaliar a relação entre BS definitivo e estresse percebido entre 45 voluntários (30 bruxistas confirmados por registros eletromiográficos -Bitestrip -e 15 não bruxistas) e perceberam que BS estava relacionado a altos níveis de estresse psicológico percebido e cortisol salivar. ...
Article
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Resumo Introdução O bruxismo é uma condição prevalente e pode ser destrutivo à cavidade bucal, sendo amplamente abordado na Odontologia, especialmente por sua etiologia multifatorial e prevalência controversa. Objetivo Este estudo teve o objetivo de investigar a prevalência do autorrelato de bruxismo entre universitários e correlacionar a parafunção com a ansiedade e o estresse autopercebidos Material e método Utilizaram-se o autorrelato de bruxismo, Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado (IDATE) e Inventário de Sintomas de Estresse de LIPP (LIPP) para avaliar a prevalência de bruxismo, ansiedade e estresse, respectivamente. Setecentos e quatorze estudantes de todos os cursos da universidade foram entrevistados, com idade entre 18 e 45 anos. Análises estatísticas descritivas foram realizadas por cálculos de frequências (absolutas e relativas), bem como medidas de tendência central e dispersão (média e desvio padrão). Quanto às análises estatísticas inferenciais, o teste qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher foi utilizado na comparação de proporções e o teste t de Student ou ANOVA, como critério para comparar médias, todos com nível de significância de 5%. Resultado A prevalência de bruxismo foi 46,92%; houve diferença significante da proporão do bruxismo com a ansiedade estado (p = 0,00) e traço (p ≤ 0,0001) de personalidade. Conclusão Conclui-se que, apesar de o bruxismo não ter prevalecido entre estudantes, um elevado percentual de estudantes afirmou realizar essa atividade repetitiva e a proporção de bruxistas com ansiedade foi relevante, evidenciando a importância desse fator psicológico na fisiopatologia da parafunção.
... 22,27 However, Nakata et al. found that sleep bruxism was poorly associated with the male gender. 28 In this study, the prevalence of bruxism in women was higher than men, which can be explained by the fact that the majority of the nurses and medical secretaries who accepted to participate in our survey were female. ...
Article
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Purpose: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease of pandemic proportions. Healthcare professionals who treat COVID-19 patients are exposed to a high risk of infection and long work shifts to meet the country’s health needs. This situation can lead to prolonged exposure to stress. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of bruxism, anxiety and depression and their relationships with each other. Materials and Methods: Our study is a cross-sectional survey study conducted through online channels. Health care workers in Turkey who were caring for patients with COVID-19 were invited to participate with a self-administered questionnaire to evaluate the frequency of bruxism, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale that was analyzed as global scoring, anxiety and depression sub-scale in addition to information on demographic characteristics. Results: Four hundred and twenty-one healthcare professionals were included in our study. The average age was 32.8 ± 7.06. Of the 263 people who did not have complaints before the pandemic process, 57 stated that they had suffered bruxism, and 32 stated that they had a sleep bruxism complaint at night for the first time. In anxiety and depression evaluations, women had significantly higher anxiety and depression scores compared to men (p
... Cavallo et al. (11), evaluated the prevalence of awake and sleep bruxism and concluded that there was a positive correlation between perceived stress and bruxism only in male gender and they also reported that university students had higher stress levels compared to general population. In a study examining the job associated psychological stress and sleep bruxism reported weak relationship between stress and bruxism in men (21). Ohlmann et al. (22), conducted a study in order to assess the association between sleep quality, the presence of chronic stress and sleep bruxism and have shown no significant relationship. ...
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Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the stress levels and alterations in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and masticatory muscle thickness determined by ultrasonography (USG) in young individuals with and without bruxism.Materials and Methods:A total number of 63 eligible subjects were included. In both test (n=33) and control (n=30) groups, Fonseca Questionnaire, Beck’s Depression inventory (BDI) were used as determinants of the presence of bruxism and stress levels. Clinical examination of TMJ and USG measurements of masticatory muscle thicknesses were recorded.Results:Age, sex distribution, and BDI scores were comparable in the test and control groups (p>0.05). The presence of pain during palpation was significantly higher in TMJ (bilateral) and in masseter, temporal muscles, and temporal tendon (unilateral) of the test group (p0.05).Conclusion:As opposed to pain during palpation, USG evaluation revealed no differences in masticatory muscle thicknesses in young subjects with and without bruxism. Considering the rather young study sample, these results suggest that alterations in the stomatognathic system could occur in the long term.
... 12 Previous studies in animals 13 as well as in humans [14][15][16][17] have associated SB with stress symptoms; however, not all studies have found this association. [18][19][20] Moreover, a literature review 21 was performed in 2009 about the role of psychological factors and bruxism. Most of the included studies did not assess SB through polysomnography (PSG), which is the standard test for detection of SB. 22 Additionally, bruxism was evaluated as a whole and not separated in relation to the circadian cycle, such as in awake versus sleep bruxism. ...
Article
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Aim To synthesize and critically review the association between sleep bruxism (SB) and stress symptoms in adults. Methods A systematic review was performed. The search was completed using seven primary electronic databases in addition to a grey literature search. Two reviewers blindly selected studies based on pre‐defined eligibility criteria. Risk of bias of the included articles was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross‐Sectional Studies. RevMan 5.4 was used to perform the meta‐analysis. The quality of evidence was evaluated according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Results Ten studies were included for qualitative analysis, of which three were included for quantitative analysis. Three studies were evaluated to have low risk of bias and seven were assessed with moderate risk of bias. Quality of evidence was classified as very low for all outcomes. Individuals with SB were found to have higher levels of some self‐reported stress symptoms as assessed through questionnaires with a mean difference of 4.59 (95% CI 0.26 to 8.92). Biomarkers like epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, adrenaline, dopamine, noradrenaline and prolidase enzyme levels also showed a positive association with SB. Conclusions Although some associations were identified between probable SB and self‐ reported stress symptoms and biomarkers of stress in adults, given that the quality of evidence was found to be very low, caution should be exercised in interpreting these results. These findings suggest that additional and better designed studies are warranted in order to clarify the link between SB and stress.
... Various psychosocial factors associated with bruxism have also received much attention in the literature. A number of studies have shown a relationship with bruxism of certain personality traits (e.g., aggression or emotional suppression) [11, 12 -15], psychosocial factors (e.g., perceived time pressure or competition) [16,17], and psychological stress (cf. stressful lifestyle) [23, 16 -20]. ...
Article
Introduction: Bruxism is defined as a stereotypical hyperactivity of the masseter characterized by clenching and grinding of the teeth. Etiopathology of bruxism still remains unclear, is one of the least known dysfunctions of the stomatognathic system. However, a lot of research have shown the correlation between stress and bruxism.The aim of the study: Paying attention to the correlation between the occurrence of stress and the presence of bruxism in the population.Material and method: The research was done by the usage of the PubMed and Google Scholar articles about the topic of: bruxism; stress; epidemiology; characteristic; psychotherapy;Description of the state of knowledge: Psychosocial factors such as state anxiety and trait anxiety, alexithymia, and perceived stress are as important as somatic causes in the occurrence and maintenance of bruxism. Impact of stress is especially noticeable during research conducted on students. Management of bruxism should embrace dental, pharmacological and psychobehavioural procedures. It requires a wider analysis in the aspect of concomitant disorders. The involvement of different specialists is required.Summary: We can undoubtedly say that stress is an inherent condition that accompanies us in everyday life. However, it is important to pay attention to its coexistence with bruxism and its harmful effect not only on organs such as the heart or stomach, but also the stomatognathic system - which is confirmed by many studies. However, the multidimensionality and complexity of the etiology of bruxism require further considerations and research.
... Caffeine, smoking, stress, alcohol, and anxiety are well-known risk factors for SB [13,22]. Reflux esophagitis [27], depression [28], and nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy [29] were also described as a risk factor for bruxism. Few studies indicate OSA as a risk factor for bruxism [14,26,30]. ...
Article
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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep disorder. Sleep bruxism (SB) is a masticatory muscle activity during sleep that commonly co-occurs with OSA. The presented study aimed to assess this relationship and to identify factors affecting this co-occurrence. Adult patients (n = 110) were evaluated for OSA and SB in a sleep laboratory using polysomnography. The episodes of bruxism and respiratory events were scored according to the standards of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The prevalence of OSA and SB was found to be 86.37% and 50%, respectively. The bruxism episode index (BEI) was increased in the group with mild and moderate OSA (apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) <30) compared to that in the group with severe OSA (AHI ≥ 30) (5.50 ± 4.58 vs. 1.62 ± 1.28, p < 0.05). A positive correlation between AHI and BEI was observed in the group with AHI < 30. Regression analysis indicated that higher AHI, male gender, and diabetes were independent predictors for the increased BEI in group with AHI < 30. The relationship between OSA and SB depends on the degree of severity of OSA. OSA is correlated with SB in mild and moderate cases of OSA in the group of patients with increased risk of OSA.
... [6][7][8]11,12 These studies confirm a stronger association of AB with stress compared to SB. Some studies report significant correlations for self-reported work-related stress and self-reported SB. 13,14 Other studies report associations between self-reported bruxism and anxiety, with odds ratios (at 1.3-2.2) that are comparable with those for stress and bruxism. 7,11,12 For SB, a correlation has been found with the anxiety trait, which is a consistent personality attribute, but not with the anxiety state, which is a temporary emotional state that everyone experiences. ...
Article
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Background Even though bruxism has been shown to be associated with several psychological factors, few studies have been performed on its relationships with anger and frustration. Objective This study aimed to determine the association between self‐reported awake and sleep bruxism and anger and frustration. Methods In this longitudinal observational study, 55 healthy adult participants with ‘possible’ bruxism reported their experienced level of bruxism and several psychosocial factors and lifestyle factors for 28 consecutive days using a personal logbook. The logbook consisted of a daily diary and a weekly questionnaire composed of Dutch versions of validated questionnaires. The primary outcome data was analyzed using multiple regression models. Results An increase in sleep bruxism of 1 unit (on a scale ranging from 1 to 10) was associated with an increase in the anger‐scale of 0.03 units, and the frustration‐scale of 0.04 units. However, the random intercepts were 0.22 for anger and 0.19 for frustration, meaning that there were major differences between individuals. For awake bruxism, the effects were an increase of 0.04 for anger with a random intercept of 0.21 and an increase of 0.03 for frustration with a random intercept of 0.06. The effects of anger and frustration on both sleep and awake bruxism were not statistically significant. Conclusion The association between anger and frustration and self‐reported bruxism is small on group level. In individual cases anger and frustration and self‐reported bruxism may be co‐existent. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Graph 5: Situation wise incidence of bruxism among the students DISCUSSION Our study revealed that higher incidence of bruxism was found to be among female undergraduates 69% while 42% males out of 100 suffered from this dental condition (n= 200).The females significantly reported bruxism more than males which were opposite to report of study among Japanese working population [14] but similar with findings of a study in Istanbul, Turkey [15].High incidence of bruxism in female undergraduates accounts for their sensitive nature as indicated by their high stress level due to fearful anticipation, irritability, restlessness, inability to relax, depression etc. However on the other hand low stress level was observed in males which accounts for their low incidence of bruxism among them as they take the effect of these factors or feelings less. Therefore the level of stress was also found to be minimum among male undergraduates which was found to be 37%. ...
Article
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Bruxism, a common oral para-functional activity recognized by the grinding of teeth or jaw clenching during the sleep and awaking and it causes different problem to the oral system which include the pain in jaws, teeth damage (dental problem), facial pain etc. This cross sectional study was conducted among the undergraduate students at BUITEMS.The participants included in this study were selected randomly from different departments keeping the sample size 200. Study was conducted with the help of a self-developed validated questionnaire designed to find information about bruxism and its association with stress. Data from this study revealed that etiological factor of bruxism in term of stress were evident more in the self-reported Bruxists which was found to be (69%) in females undergraduates as compared to (42%) in males that had prominent dental fractures
... According to these authors, it is suggested that a relation exists between bruxism, high levels of salivary cortisol and stress perception as it was found by Winocur et al. (2011) and Hicks & Conti (1991). However, a study done by Nakata et al. (2008), where the relation between workplace stress and bruxism was evaluated in a sample of Japanese factory workers, found a weak association between these variables in men. The results from the studies by Karakoulaki et al., may not be representative of bruxism severity, as this variable was evaluated only one night of a random week day. ...
Article
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The objective of this study was to verify the existence of an association between daytime and/or nighttime bruxism and the levels of cortisol in patients that carry this parafunction. A systematic review of observational studies were conducted in the following databases: PubMed; OVID and VHL (Virtual Health Library, LILACS, IBECS; MEDLINE and Scielo), until January of 2016 and without language restriction. An evaluation of titles and abstracts was conducted, followed by the full reading of the articles to determine which researches would be included. Observational studies that associated daytime and nighttime bruxism with salivary cortisol levels were included. Evaluation of the methodological quality was performed and extraction of data from the researches included. Two articles were included in this review. One of them showed moderate positive correlation between the BiteStrip scores and the levels of salivary cortisol in patients with bruxism. On the other hand, the other research demonstrated that children with sleep bruxism are more likely to have low levels of salivary cortisol. There is no conclusive evidence of association between bruxism and salivary cortisol.
... Males significantly reported bruxism more than females which were similar to report of study among Japanese working population [23] but contrasted with findings of a study in Istanbul, Turkey. [20] The mounted responsibilities and challenges facing males in paternalistic society such as Nigeria may explain this gender difference. ...
Article
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Objective: To determine self‑reported bruxism experience among the undergraduates of a Nigerian university, other associated parafunctional habits and oral health problems. Materials and Methods: This cross‑sectional study was conducted on undergraduates dwelling in University of Benin, main campus hostel located in Ugbowo, Benin City, Nigeria. The 640 participants that met the inclusion were randomly recruited from four hostels (two males and two females) during the weekend. A self‑developed validated questionnaire was the data collection tool. Results: Out of the 578 (response rate = 93.2%) study participants, aged between 15 and 48 years with a mean age of 23.6 ± 8.5, 143 reported bruxism, giving 24.7% prevalence. This was significantly associated with gender. The reported patterns of bruxism were awake (48.3%), nocturnal (15.4%), and diurnal (36.4%). The prevalence of nail biting and anxiety/stress was 56.6% and 29.9%, respectively. These were significantly higher in bruxists than nonbruxists. More of the participants, who reported chewing/biting biro as well as tobacco and alcohol consumption, also reported bruxism. Oral health problems reported include tooth mobility (9.5%), shocking sensation (40.3%), chewing difficulty (6.7%), temporomandibular joint noise/or pain (5.4%), and jaw injury (7.6%). These conditions were significantly more common among those who reported bruxism. Conclusion: Data from this study revealed that one out of every four studied participants is a bruxist. There is need for the dentists to suspect bruxism in undergraduates presenting with oral health problems such as shocking sensation, tooth mobility, nail biting, chewing difficulty, anxiety/stress, jaw injury, joint noise and pain on mouth opening/closing, to give a holistic care.
... Further, the questionnaire has been used as a key tool in various other studies concerning job stress. 10 Validity and reliability of the generic job stress questionnaire were verified by the NIOSH by doing independent content analysis and recommendations concerning candidate scale inclusion. The researcher and the administration agreed prior that each participant would spend no more than 10 min on the translated questionnaire into the local language (Hindi). ...
Article
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Background: Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease, commonly associated with most of the lifestyle diseases. In the recent years, the association between periodontitis with occupational stress has evolved in various studies in many developed settings. This study aims at studying the prevalence of periodontal disease and its relationship with job stress among industrial labor workers covered under Employee's State Insurance Corporation Scheme. Materials and methods: The study included 180 subjects who were informed about the research goals, and also requested to sign consents. The questionnaire included parts from the generic job stress questionnaire from the National Institute of Job Stress and Health. Dental examinations based on community periodontal index protocol were done using WHO probe. Participants with moderate to severe periodontitis (score 3, 4) were informed about the salivary cortisol test. The saliva samples were collected and transported to the lab. Data were entered in EPI info 3.1.1 and analyzed in SPSS 14. The Chi-square analysis was done to measure association, and logistic regression analysis was done to identify the independent association of job stress to periodontitis. Results: The study shows that 48% of the participants reported to have job stress, and 55% had periodontitis. The mean salivary cortisol level was 3.42 ng/dl. The results also indicated a higher odds of having low levels of salivary cortisol among those who reported job stress. Bi-variant regression analyses show the relationship of periodontitis with job stress to be much higher on controlling for other risk factors. The odds of having periodontitis in relation to positive job stress were 6 times higher than those who did not have positive job stress. Conclusions: This study shows a high prevalence of job stress related periodontitis among industrial workers in India. This research recommends the health and labor ministry to improve access to dental care especially in rural areas and include psychiatric units and oral health care as a part of primary health care. The factories administration should encourage recreation and retreat of the workers so as to reduce the level of stress at work. The factory administrations were recommended to have counselors to help their employees.
... 7 In contrast, Nakata et al 29 examined the relationship between psychosocial job stress and SB in a Japanese population of 1944 male and 736 female factory workers and found that SB was weakly associated with some aspects of job stress in men. 29 Contradictory results in the literature may be attributable to the fact that different methods have been described for the diagnosis of SB and different psychological factors have been investigated; therefore the findings of these studies are not conclusive. In the present study, SB was evaluated subjectively by a standard questionnaire based on a previous study by Winocur et al 18 and on the diagnostic criteria of the AASM. ...
Article
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between sleep bruxism (SB) and perceived stress through the estimation of stress-related biomarkers (cortisol, α-amylase) in saliva. Forty-five volunteers (20 men, 25 women) participated in this study. Participants were divided into two groups (bruxers and nonbruxers) according to their answers in a standard bruxism assessment questionnaire outlined by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. To confirm the preliminary diagnosis and to determine the severity of SB in the group of patients who had a positive self report for SB, a miniature, single-use electromyographic (EMG) device for SB detection (BiteStrip) was used. The perceived stress of the 45 participants was measured using the Perceived Stress Scale questionnaire. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected and levels of salivary cortisol and α-amylase were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test and enzyme kinetic reaction, respectively. Nonparametric statistical methods were applied for data analyses. Bruxers showed higher levels of perceived stress than nonbruxers (P < .001). There was a moderate positive correlation between the 25 bruxers' BiteStrip scores and the salivary cortisol levels (Spearman rank correlation = 0.401, P = .047). Additionally, bruxers showed higher levels of cortisol than nonbruxers (P < .001). On the contrary, salivary α-amylase levels were not significantly different in bruxers and nonbruxers (P = .414). These findings suggest that SB activity was related to higher levels of perceived psychological stress and salivary cortisol. Despite the limitations of the EMG recording device, a moderate positive correlation between BiteStrip score and cortisol levels was observed in bruxers.
... The study demonstrated a significantly positive association between bruxism and severe stress experiences. Psychosocial job stress, low social support from supervisors or colleagues and high depressive symptoms demonstrated a significantly increased risk of bruxism in a study involving 2680 participants (Nakata et al., 2008). These findings tend to agree with those of other studies demonstrating a significant association between tooth wear, depression, stress and emotional stability (Uchida et al., 2008, Gungormus and Erciyas, 2009, Giraki et al., 2010, Strausz et al., 2010, Sutin et al., 2010, Abekura et al., 2011, Fernandes et al., 2012. ...
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Aim: The primary aim of this study was to develop,calibrate and assess a novel methodology that employs 3D scanning technology in quantifying the progression of tooth wear and then assess the applicability and validity of this methodology in-vivo over a period of 12 months. Methods and materials: A Stainless Steel Model (SSM) was fabricated consisting of seven stainless-steel ball-bearings. Dimensions of the SSM were ascertained using a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). The CMM calibrated SSM was used to identify the accuracy and precision of a contact stylus profilometer scanner and a non-contact class-II laser arm-scanner. The next stage involved using the SSM to identify the initial dimensional accuracy of Type IV dental stone casts poured from impressions of the SSM, using 3 types of impression materials: alginates (Alg), polyethers (PE) and polyvinylsiloxanes (PVS), and the dimensional stability of dental stone over a period of one-month. Thereafter, the overall 3D scanning system performance was calculated. A clinical study involving tooth wear patients was also carried-out. At initial visit and after 1 year, PE impressions were taken of participants’ dentition and poured. At 1 month post-pouring, the casts were 3D-scanned. The resultant scans of initial visit casts and after 1 year casts were 3D analysed. Results: Contact scanner demonstrated greater accuracy compared to non-contact scanner. The overall 3D scanning system performance was 66μm. Clinically, all participants presented with tooth wear >140μm in depth; however, affecting a limited surface area of anterior teeth. Conclusion: In this pilot study, we were able to formulate a novel descriptive 3D scanning methodology for quantifying tooth wear that accounts for the various factors affecting 3D scanning in-vivo. We have also demonstrated the clinical applicability of the methodology in monitoring the rate of tooth wear progression in patients. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5148/
... In a study on the association between psychosocial job stress and sleep bruxism, performed on 1,944 male subjects, 30.9% of them reported bruxism (a value very near to our 29.7%), and, in another study, the risk of bruxism was associated with low social support and high depressive symptoms (Nakata et al., 2008). Furthermore, in a study on 854 children, a child with a psychological disorder had a 3.6 times greater likelihood of bruxism (Cheifetz et al., 2005). ...
Article
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Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of self-assessed bruxism, the level of Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and their relationship in a group of male inmates. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN, SETTING: The present study was cross-sectional, its setting was two penal institutions in Italy. Participants: A sample of 280 male prisoners (mean age 39.7 years). Due to the very small number of female prisoners, it was not possible to study both genders. Interventions and main outcome measures: Subjects were administered a questionnaire with items investigating demographic data, self-assessed bruxism and HRQoL using EuroQoL EQ-5D instrument. Results: Bruxism was present in 29.7% of inmates. Results for EQ-5D (in brackets are data for the general population age and gender matched) were: EQ-index 1.3 (0.8), EQ-VAS 62 (80). Percentage reporting a problem for each dimension: Mobility (MO): 7.5 (9.6), Self Care (SC): 6.1 (4.3), Usual Activities (UA): 17.9 (10.1), Pain/discomfort (PD): 43.9 (40.8), Anxiety/depression (AD): 54.6 (31.9). There was a strong correlation between bruxism and EQ-index, showing concordance and dependence and, as expected, discordance and dependence between bruxism and EQ-VAS. Conclusion: Bruxism prevalence is higher and HRQoL is worse in the prison population than in the general population; the presence of bruxism is correlated with lower HRQoL levels, and correlation is stronger for subjects at first prison experience and for higher education levels, thus suggesting higher effect of stress on these subjects.
... Furthermore, Manfredini et al. [54] showed that wake-time clenching appears to be associated with psychosocial factors. Regarding the difference between men and women, SB is reportedly weakly associated with some aspects of job stress in the male but not in female the Japanese working population [55]. In this study, because the standardized path coefficient from psychosocial factors to habitual behavioral factors was significant, we suggest that psychosocial factors are associated with SB and TCH. ...
Article
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The symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are directly influenced by numerous factors, and it is thought that additional factors exert indirect influences. However, the relationships between TMD-related symptoms (TRS) and these contributing factors are largely unknown. Thus, the goal of the present study was to investigate influences on TRS in a working population by determining the prevalence of TRS, analyzing contributing factors, and determining their relative influences on TRS. The study subjects were 2203 adults who worked for a single company. Subjects completed a questionnaire assessing TRS, psychosocial factors (stress, anxiety, depressed mood, and chronic fatigue), tooth-contacting habit, and sleep bruxism-related morning symptoms, using a 5-point numeric rating scale. Our analysis proceeded in 2 phases. First, all variables of the descriptor were divided into parts by using an exploratory factor analysis. Second, this factorial structure was verified by using a confirmatory factor analysis with structural equation modeling. Of 2203 employees, 362 reported experiencing TRS (16.4%). Structural equation modeling generated a final model with a goodness of fit index of 0.991, an adjusted goodness of fit index of 0.984, and a root mean square error of approximately 0.021. These indices indicate a strong structural model. The standardized path coefficients for "habitual behavioral factors and TRS," "psychosocial factors and habitual behavioral factors," "psychosocial factors and TRS," and "gender and habitual behavior factors" were 0.48, 0.38, 0.14, and 0.18, respectively. Habitual behavioral factors exert a stronger effect on TRS than do psychosocial factors.
... Psychosocial job stress, low social support from supervisors or colleagues and high-depressive symptoms demonstrated a significantly increased risk of bruxism in a study involving 2680 participants. 36 These findings tend to agree with those of 83 The tooth wear risk of alcohol use disorders arises, not only from the acidic erosive potential of alcohol, but also from the high comorbidity between alcohol, depression, GORD and smoking, as previously discussed. Current practices and intentions to provide alcohol-related health advice in primary dental care were examined in a study that involved 175 General Dental Practitioners (GDPs) randomly selected from across Scotland. ...
Article
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To review the main psychological and mental conditions that are manifested dentally in the form of tooth wear. These conditions include depression, eating disorders, and alcohol and drug use disorders. The paper will also review the comorbidity of these conditions and the relevance of other medical conditions and lifestyle factors, such as gastroesophageal reflux disorder, smoking and diet, in the expression of tooth wear. A holistic, multidisciplinary, healthcare approach is required in management of tooth wear patients with underlying mental health disorders. Dentists and Dental Care Professionals can have an important role in identifying these mental disorders through the observed tooth wear. They can also play a key role in monitoring patients’ response and compliance to medical treatment through the monitoring of tooth wear progression and expression.
... We could not find association between depression and bruxism probably because depression is a psychological disorder that does not trigger the state of tension in the body that leads to tooth clenching ⁄ grinding. The decision to study a possible association of depression with bruxism in children was based on studies in adults that have shown this association (4,31,40,38). The present investigation is important because it consisted of the use of two large prospective cohorts, such that the investigation was population-based in two centers. ...
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Previous studies have found an association between bruxism and emotional and behavioral problems in children, but reported data are inconsistent. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of bruxism, and of its components clenching and grinding, and its associations with mental problems and depression. Data from two Brazilian birth cohorts were analyzed: one from 869 children in Ribeirão Preto - RP (São Paulo), a more developed city, and the other from 805 children in São Luís - SL (Maranhão). Current bruxism - evaluated by means of a questionnaire applied to the parents/persons responsible for the children - was defined when the habit of tooth clenching during daytime and/or tooth grinding at night still persisted until the time of the assessment. Additionally, the lifetime prevalence of clenching during daytime only and grinding at night only was also evaluated. Mental health problems were investigated using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and depression using the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Analyses were carried out for each city: with the SDQ subscales (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, peer problems, attention/hyperactivity disorder), with the total score (sum of the subscales), and with the CDI. These analyses were performed considering different response variables: bruxism, clenching only, and grinding only. The risks were estimated using a Poisson regression model. Statistical inferences were based on 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). There was a high prevalence of current bruxism: 28.7% in RP and 30.0% in SL. The prevalence of clenching was 20.3% in RP and 18.8% in SL, and grinding was found in 35.7% of the children in RP and 39.1% in SL. Multivariable analysis showed a significant association of bruxism with emotional symptoms and total SDQ score in both cities. When analyzed separately, teeth clenching was associated with emotional symptoms, peer problems, and total SDQ score; grinding was significantly associated with emotional symptoms and total SDQ score in RP and SL. Female sex appeared as a protective factor for bruxism, and for clenching and grinding in RP. Furthermore, maternal employment outside the home and white skin color of children were associated with increased prevalence of teeth clenching in SL. Mental health problems were associated with bruxism, with teeth clenching only and grinding at night only. No association was detected between depression and bruxism, neither clenching nor grinding. But it is necessary to be cautious regarding the inferences from some of our results.
... In addition, men and women may share occupational roles and responsibilities in different ways and work under different styles/conditions. In Japan, men tend to work in managerial positions with longer work hours and generally report higher levels of job stress than women (Nakata et al., 2008;Utsugi et al., 2009). Therefore, our study was undertaken to fill a gap in the current knowledge about the psychoneuroimmunologic mechanism of ERI/overcommitment by assessing cellular immune parameters in Japanese working men and women. ...
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We investigated whether chronic job stress, i.e., effort-reward imbalance (ERI) and overcommitment is associated with cellular immunity among 190 male and 157 female white-collar daytime employees (mean age 38; range 22-69 years). Participants provided a blood sample for the measurement of circulating immune (natural killer (NK), B, and T) cell counts and NK cell cytotoxicity (NKCC) and completed a questionnaire survey during April to June 2002. Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses revealed that NK cells were associated with effort (β=-.230; p=.013), reward (β=.169; p=.047), and ERI (β=-.182; p=.047) scores but not with overcommitment in men; reward score was positively associated with NKCC (β=.167; p=.049) and inversely associated with B cells (β=-.181; p=.030). No significant associations were found in women. Although the picture remains less clear in women, our findings suggest a potential immunological pathway linking adverse working conditions and stress-related disorders in men.
... Por otra parte, Nakata y cols. (Nakata et al. 2008) han concluido que los trabajadores que presentan condiciones en el trabajo como relaciones humanas pobres, altas demandas del puesto, ambigüedad en la tarea, como consecuencia generan mala calidad en el trabajo, menos aptitud para trabajar. Características negativas del ambiente del trabajo tales como cargas de trabajo pesadas, una carencia del control sobre horario, y el aprendizaje y el desarrollo limitado de las habilidades se ha sugerido que activan el sistema regulador neuroendocrino. ...
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Background/Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the global prevalence of sleep bruxism and awake bruxism in pediatric and adult populations. Methods: This systematic review was conducted by analyzing studies published from 2003 to 2023. The following keyword combination was utilized: prevalence, epidemiology, population, and bruxism. The PubMed database was analyzed, supplemented by manual searches using the Google search. Additionally, the snowballing procedure method was applied. A double assessment of the quality of publications was carried out to preserve the highest possible quality of evidence (e.g., Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist). Analyses were conducted using the R statistical language. Results: The global bruxism (sleep and awake) prevalence is 22.22%. The global sleep bruxism prevalence is 21% and awake prevalence is 23%. The occurrence of sleep bruxism, based on polysomnography, was estimated at 43%. The highest prevalence of sleep bruxism was observed in North America at 31%, followed by South America at 23%, Europe at 21%, and Asia at 19%. The prevalence of awake bruxism was highest in South America at 30%, followed by Asia at 25% and Europe at 18%. Conclusions: One in four individuals may experience awake bruxism. Bruxism is a significant factor among women. It was observed that age is a significant factor for the occurrence of sleep bruxism in women. Among the limitations of the study is the lack of analysis of the prevalence of bruxism in Africa and Australia due to not collecting an adequate sample for analysis. The study was registered in the Open Science Framework (10.17605/OSF.IO/ZE786).
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Sleep bruxism (SB) corresponds to physiologically based manducatory muscle reactions, with no identifiable neuropathic cause, in relation to anxiety disorders, respiratory disorders or behavioral "tocs". The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between SB and perceived stress by measuring salivary cortisol levels. The study included 61 consenting adult participants: 31 for the study group (bruxers) and 30 for the control group (no bruxers). The diagnosis of BS was made using a standard bruxism assessment questionnaire defined by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). The preliminary diagnosis was confirmed by clinical assessment according to AASM criteria. The BRUXi index, a tool proposed by Orthlieb, was used to determine the intensity of bruxism. Perceived stress was measured using the Perceived Stress Scale questionnaire. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected and morning salivary cortisol levels were determined by ELISA. Non-parametric statistical methods were used to analyze the data. The bruxers (study group) had significantly high levels of mean salivary cortisol (12.3±4.2 ng/mL or 34.5±14.6 nmol/L) than the non-bruxers (control group) (5.3±1.2 ng/mL or 14.5±4.6 nmol/L) (p<0.001). The elevated salivary cortisol level was positively associated with perceived stress and SB (p<0.0001) in the study group. These results suggest that bruxing activity is associated with higher levels of perceived psychological stress and salivary cortisol. Despite the absence of polysomnographic recording for the diagnosis of SB, a positive correlation between SB and salivary cortisol levels was observed in bruxers.
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Modern lifestyle and social demands induce changes in sleep routines that may not meet individual circadian preferences (chronotype). Such changes may be associated with the development of unhealthy lifestyles and the emergence of diseases relevant to public health services, such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, as well as sleep bruxism (SB) and awake bruxism (AB). The present study aimed to assess the relationship between the evening, morning or intermediate chronotypes with the report of possible SB and AB in adult individuals assisted by the Family Health Strategy (FHS). The selection of participants was performed through probabilistic cluster analysis. The sample size (n = 384) was calculated to include a representative sample of the 52,628 adults registered in the FHS of a countryside city located in the Southeast Region of Brazil. The Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) was used to determine the chronotype, and Questionnaire-Based Self-Reported Bruxism was used for identifying possible SB and AB. The following clinical and social-behavioral variables were also evaluated: age, sex, BMI, income, physical activity, schooling, alcohol consumption and smoking, chronic diseases and depression. Two logistic regression models were used: one for SB and one for AB. Possible SB was associated with female sex, lack of physical activity and income above 2 minimum wages. Regarding chronotype, a 19% reduction in the chance of possible SB was observed in morning individuals compared to evening individuals (p = .017). Possible AB was associated with younger individuals, smoking and depression. In conclusion, compared with the evening circadian preference, the morning circadian preference was associated with greater protection against possible SB in an adult population assisted by the FHS.
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Background: Military life leads to a great personal sacrifice and labor in the aircrew because they are constantly subjected to innumerable activities which have a great work pressure; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the level of work stress associated with bruxism in the aircrew of the Peruvian Air Force. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 204 crew members of the Peruvian Air Force from the Air Group were surveyed, and the stomatological clinical inspection was carried out. Each crew member was evaluated using the validated International Labor Organization-World Health Organization (ILO-WHO) Work Stress Scale, and clinical records were used to diagnose bruxism using the Smith and Knight wear index. Results: It was found that 93.7% (n = 191) of the crew members were men and 6.3% (n = 13) were women; and the percentage of intermediate-level stress was found to be high in the grade of non-commissioned officers, whereas in the officer grade, the level of stress was low. There was also a statistically significant association between the variables military grade, sex, and age group. The sub-officers presented a higher percentage in the category "with bruxism", while in the rank of officers the category of "non-bruxism" was the most prevalent. Conclusions: This study showed a statistically significant association between the variable bruxism and the level of work stress between the military aviators of the Peruvian Air Force (p<0.001).
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Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of sleep bruxism, as well as its principal signs and symptoms, in the city of Rio Grande. Evaluate the association of sleep bruxism with gender, age, education and psychological stress. Method: The study was cross-sectional type. A representative sample of the population (1280 people residing in the urban area of the city aged greater than or equal to 18 years old) were interviewed. The evaluation of sleep bruxism was by mean of questionnaire based on diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. Results: The prevalence of sleep bruxism found in the population was 8,1% (confidence interval of 95% - 95%CI - 6,6 - 9,5). Among the signs and symptoms of dysfunction used for the diagnosis of sleep bruxism, tooth wear (70,3%) and pain in masticatory muscles (44,5%) were the most frequently reported by people who report teeth grinding during sleep. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of sleep bruxism between sexes. People older than 40 had a higher prevalence of sleep bruxism. The dysfunction was associated with a higher level of education (prevalence ratio - PR = 1.92; 95%CI 1,35 - 2,72) and psychological stress (PR 1,76; 95%CI 1,11 - 2,81). Conclusion: There was a significant prevalence of sleep bruxism in the general population, causing various damages to the Stomatognathic system. The psychological stress is a risk factor for this dysfunction.
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The aim of the present study was to summarize the risk factors for bruxism that were identified by a systematic search of the literature published between 2007 and 2016. Depending on the size of the odds ratios (ORs) and the lower limit of the 95% confidence intervals indicated by the reports, four risk categories were differentiated. Among others, emotional stress, consumption of tobacco, alcohol, or coffee, sleep apnea syndrome, and anxiety disorders were recognized as important factors among adults. In children and adolescents, apart from distress, behavioral abnormalities and sleep disturbances predominated. Knowledge of the identified risk factors may be useful when taking the medical history of bruxing patients. Although many of the described variables cannot be influenced by prophylactic or therapeutic means, we recommend the following patient-centered approach (“SMS therapy”): self-observation, muscle relaxation, stabilization (Michigan) splint.
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Purposes: For patients with disc displacement disorders (DDDs), psychiatric illness increases the risk of worsening postsurgical pain, postoperative delirium, postoperative incomplete recovery, and worse postoperative life quality. This study provides a fast and practical protocol to evaluate psychological conditions of patients with DDDs of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in clinical care. Materials and methods: The populations under investigation in this cross-sectional study included patients with DDD who received treatment from October 2012 through June 2016. Variables included age, gender, education level, and TMJ (Axis I) and psychological (Axis II) evaluations. The 13-item protocol of Axis II evaluations contained a 5-item Brief Symptom Rating Scale (BSRS-5), a pain visual analog scale (VAS; 1 item), major life events (3 items), suicidal risk (3 items), and substance use (1 item). Analysis of variance, χ(2) test, and multivariate logistic regression were used for analyses. Results: Of 177 patients, 75.14% were women (mean age, 37.46 ± 14.06 yr). Pain VAS scores clearly supported the following ranking of psychosocial discomforts: disc displacement without reduction with limited opening (DDWORWLO) > disc displacement without reduction without limited opening > disc displacement with reduction. Pain VAS and BSRS-5 correlated with 5 variables in Axis I (trismus, acute TMJ pain, chronic awake bruxism, chronic sleep bruxism, and deep bite). The DDD study indicated that 9.6% of patients required urgent referrals to mental health resources (MHRs) for their moderate and high suicidal risk DDD and 77% required nonurgent referrals to MHRs for their psychiatric morbidity. Conclusions: This study found that patients with DDD showed a prevalence of suicidal ideation and mean BSRS scores that were higher for anxiety, hostility, depression, interpersonal hypersensitivity, and insomnia than in the general population. Patients with trismus or acute TMJ pain could have a higher pain VAS score; chronic awake bruxism could involve greater hostility and lower depression; chronic sleep bruxism could increase sensitivity to interpersonal interactions; and deep bite could involve a higher anxiety level. DDWORWLO produced the highest pain VAS score in patients with DDD. The 13-item Axis II evaluations can offer useful clues for oral and maxillofacial surgeons and other specialists to collaborate with MHRs.
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Aims: To detail and assess the capability of a novel methodology to 3D-quantify tooth wear progression in-vivo in a patient over a period of 12-months. Materials and methods: A calibrated stainless steel model (SSM) was used to identify the accuracy of the scanning system through assessing the accuracy and precision of the contact scanner and the dimensional accuracy and stability of casts fabricated from three different types of impression materials. Thereafter, the overall accuracy of the 3D scanning system (scanner+casts) was ascertained. Clinically, polyether impressions were made of the patient’s dentition at initial examination and at 12-month review then poured in Type IV dental stone to assess the tooth wear. The anterior teeth on the resultant casts were scanned and images analysed using 3D matching software to detect dimensional variations between patient impressions. Results: The accuracy of the 3D scanning system was established to be 33μm. 3D clinical analysis demonstrated localised wear on the incisal and palatal surfaces of the patient’s maxillary central incisors. The identified wear extended to a depth of 500μm with a distribution of 4 – 7% of affected tooth surfaces. Conclusion: The newly developed 3D scanning methodology was capable of assessing and accounting for the various factors affecting tooth wear scanning. Initial clinical evaluation of the methodology demonstrates successful monitoring of tooth wear progression, however, further clinical assessment is needed. Accepted for publication in November 2015.
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Little is known about the association between psychosocial factors and injury absence in the workplace. This study aims to assess the association of comprehensive workplace psychosocial factors with work-related injury absence among Korean workers. The data (n = 7,856) were derived from the First Korean Working Conditions Survey conducted in 2006 with a representative sample (n = 10,043) of the Korean working population. The survey instrument contained questions about hours of work, physical risk factors, work organization, and the effect of work on health/injury. Work-related injury absence was indicated by a dichotomous variable with at least 1 day absence during the preceding 12 months. Logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratio and confidence interval (CI). Incremental adjustments for sociodemographic, health behavior, and occupational confounding variables were employed in the models. The overall 1-year prevalence of work-related injury absence in this study was 1.37 % (95 % CI, 1.11-1.63 %). Those who experienced violence at work (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 7.05 (95 % CI, 2.69-18.5)), threat of violence at work (aOR, 4.25 (95 % CI, 1.32-13.64)), low job autonomy (aOR, 1.79 (95 % CI, 1.17-2.74)), and high job strain (aOR, 2.38 (95 % CI, 1.29-4.42) had an increased risk of injury absence, compared with their respective counterparts (p < 0.05). Among all job types, skilled workers in Korea were at a near fourfold risk of work absence due to occupational injuries, compared with managers in low-risk jobs. Workplace violence and increased job strain were two key workplace psychosocial factors associated with work-related injury absence.
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Aims: To identify potential predictors of self-reported sleep bruxism (SB) within children's family and school environments. Methods: A total of 65 primary school children (55.4% males, mean age 9.3 ± 1.9 years) were administered a 10-item questionnaire investigating the prevalence of self-reported SB as well as nine family and school-related potential bruxism predictors. Regression analyses were performed to assess the correlation between the potential predictors and SB. Results: A positive answer to the self-reported SB item was endorsed by 18.8% of subjects, with no sex differences. Multiple variable regression analysis identified a final model showing that having divorced parents and not falling asleep easily were the only two weak predictors of self-reported SB. The percentage of explained variance for SB by the final multiple regression model was 13.3% (Nagelkerke's R² = 0.133). While having a high specificity and a good negative predictive value, the model showed unacceptable sensitivity and positive predictive values. The resulting accuracy to predict the presence of self-reported SB was 73.8%. Conclusion: The present investigation suggested that, among family and school-related matters, having divorced parents and not falling asleep easily were two predictors, even if weak, of a child's self-report of SB.
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The relationship between workplace characteristics and nocturnal sleep in a working population was investigated. Data from 709 employees (mean age=39 years; 87% men) from two German companies were analysed at the entry of the longitudinal cohort study (overall accrual 73%). We investigated the association between the effort-reward imbalance model at work (Siegrist, 199638. Siegrist , J . (1996) . Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions . Journal of Occupational Health Psychology , 1 : 27 – 41 . [CrossRef], [PubMed], [CSA]View all references) and self-reported sleep quality and sleep disturbances, as assessed by the Jenkins Sleep Quality Index. Effort and overcommitment were found to be higher, and reward was lower in participants with lower (N=328) vs. higher sleep quality (N=381), as well as in participants with (N=217) vs. without (N=492) disturbed sleep (all ps<.001). In regression analyses, lower sleep quality (R 2=.33) and sleep disturbances (R 2 Nagelkerke=.33) were predicted by older age, female gender (only significant for sleep disturbances), shift-work, lower physical and mental health functioning, and higher overcommitment. Individuals were 1.7 times more likely to report disturbed sleep per standard deviation increase in overcommitment. Gender-stratified analyses revealed that higher overcommitment was associated with unfavourable sleep in men, while in women poor sleep was related to lower reward. The findings suggest that overcommitment at work interferes with restful sleep in men, while in women disturbed sleep may be associated with the amount of overcommitment and perceived job reward and sleep quality associated with the perceived reward.
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The aim of this epidemiological study was to examine associations between temporomandibular (TMD)-related problems and variables from three domains: (1) socio-economic attributes, (2) general health and health-related lifestyle, and (3) dental attitudes and behaviors. The overall response rate to a questionnaire mailed to the total population of 50-year-old subjects in two Swedish counties (8,888 individuals) was 71%. Among the 53 questions in the questionnaire, those related to social, general health, and health-related factors were used as independent variables in logistic regression models. Three TMD-related symptoms and reported bruxism were used as dependent variables. Impaired general health was the strongest risk factor for reported TMD symptoms. Along with female gender and dissatisfaction with dental care, impaired general health was significantly associated with all three TMD symptoms. A few more factors were associated with pain from the TMJ only. In comparison, reported bruxism showed more significant associations with the independent variables. In addition to the variables associated with TMD symptoms, being single, college/university education, and daily tobacco use were also significantly correlated with bruxism. Besides female gender, impaired general health, dissatisfaction with dental care, and a few social and health-related factors demonstrated significant associations with TMD symptoms and reported bruxism.
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A survey conducted through personal interviews was done in Canada to estimate the prevalence of subjective symptoms related to restless legs syndrome (RLS) and to sleep bruxism. Of the 2,019 respondents, all over 18 years of age, 15% reported leg restlessness at bedtime; 10% reported unpleasant leg muscle sensations associated with awakening during sleep and with the irresistible need to move or walk. Both these complaints are related to RLS. The prevalence of RLS-related symptoms increased linearly with age. Tooth grinding, a symptom related to sleep bruxism, was reported by 8% of the subjects; in contrast to RLS-related symptoms, the prevalence of tooth grinding decreased linearly with age. RLS-related symptoms were reported more frequently in Eastern provinces than in Ontario and Western Canada, and more frequently in Roman Catholic and French-speaking responders. This was not the case for sleep bruxism; between 14.5% and 17.3% of the subjects who reported subjective RLS-related symptoms also reported tooth grinding. Conversely, 9.6-10.9% of the tooth grinders reported RLS-related symptoms. These data suggest that both sleep movement disorders can be concomitant and that socio-geographic and age characteristics influence the prevalence of reports.
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Several issues remain to be clarified in the future research and management of SB. It is important to differentiate SB from other normal sleep orofacial activities and concomitant sleep disorders. Other orofacial activities may obscure the diagnosis of SB and may give an ambiguous clinical picture when evaluating treatment efficacy. Laboratory recordings provide a more specific diagnosis. Most of the clinical signs (e.g., tooth wear, masseter hypertrophy) are not exclusive to SB but could be concomitant with other habits or activities during wakefulness. No pathologic features in the central nervous system, such as a dysfunction of the dopaminergic system, have been observed in SB patients. Recent neurophysiologic studies have suggested that SB is a powerful microarousal event associated with central and autonomic nervous system activity during sleep. The additive contribution of psychosocial stress cannot be overlooked. There have been no recent major breakthroughs in SB management. Cognitive and behavioral managements, which include stress management, lifestyle changes, or improved coping mechanisms, may be beneficial. Oral splint appliances are useful to protect teeth from damage. A few medications (e.g., benzodiazepines, muscle relaxants) may be helpful for a short-term period, particularly when there is secondary pain, but controlled studies are needed to assess their efficacy, safety, and patient acceptance and tolerance.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the existence of associations between bruxism and psychic and occlusal factors. Participants in this study (n=85) were recruited from the Section of Odontostomatology, Deparent of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Italy. They were split into two groups, bruxers (n=34) and non-bruxers (n=51), on the basis of the presence of both clinical and anamnestical indicators of bruxim. All participants were administered two self-reported validated questionnaires to evaluate (MOODS-SR) and panic-agoraphobic (PAS-SR) spetra. A number of occlusal variables (deep-bite: cross-bite, open-bite, mediotrusive and laterotrusive interferences, slide RCP-ICP, laterotrutsive guides, canine and molar classes) were also recorded. With regards to occlusal factors, the only association was revealed between bruxism mediotrusive interferences (p < 0.05). As for psychiatric investigation, significant differences between bruxers and controls emerged for the presence of both depressive (p < 0.01) and manic symptoms (p < 0.01) in MOODS-SR, and for stress sensitivity (p < 0.01), anxious expectation (p < 0.05), and reassurance sensitivity symptoms (p < 0.05) in PAS-SR. In particular, both mood (p < 0.01) and panic-agoraphobic (p < 0.05) spectra symptoms seem to differentiate bruxers from controls in males, while in females strong differences emerged for stress sensitivity symptoms (p < 0.05). It can be confirmed that certain psychic traits are present in bruxers, while occlusal factors are not useful parameters to discern bruxers from non-bruxers.
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A standardized questionnaire was mailed to all employees of the Finnish Broadcasting Company with irregular shift work (n = 750) and to an equal number of randomly selected controls in the same company with regular 8-hour daytime work. The aims were to investigate the prevalence and severity of perceived orofacial pain (Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders Axis II) and to analyze whether current orofacial pain was associated with reported bruxism and insomnia symptoms (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV and the International Classification of Sleep Disorders Revised). The response rate in the irregular shift-work group was 82.3% (56.6% men) and in the regular daytime-work group 34.3% (46.7% men). Current orofacial pain was found overall in 19.6%, of which 88.3% had experienced the pain over 6 months. All claimed that their pain fluctuated. No subjects with chronic orofacial pain reported disabling pain, and grades III and IV were not found. Insomnia symptoms and frequent bruxism were significantly more prevalent in chronic pain grade II than in lower grades. According to logistic regression, current orofacial pain was significantly positively associated with frequent bruxism (p < 0.001), female gender (p < 0.001), and disrupted sleep (p < 0.01), and significantly negatively associated with age over 45 years (p < 0.01). Our results revealed a clear-cut association between perceived orofacial pain and reported bruxism. The association held with both chronic orofacial pain intensity and current pain. Based on the multivariate analyses, it can be concluded that disrupted sleep and bruxism may be concomitantly involved in the development of orofacial pain.
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Workers involved in manufacturing are known to comprise a high-risk population for occupational injury, and this risk is greater in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The purpose of this study was to examine the association between psychosocial job stress and occupational injuries among workers in SMEs. One thousand forty-nine men and 721 women from 244 SMEs participated in this study. Perceived job stress was evaluated with the Japanese version of the generic job stress questionnaire, which covered 14 job stress variables. Occupational injury was assessed by self-report during the last 1-year period. Workers with high quantitative workload (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55 for men, 1.62 for women), high cognitive demands (OR = 1.70 for men, 1.53 for women), and low job satisfaction (OR = 1.33 for men, 1.93 for women) had a significantly increased risk of occupational injury in the multivariate model. High variance in workload (OR = 1.70) and high job future ambiguity (OR = 1.35) in men, and low job control (OR = 2.04) and high intragroup conflict (OR = 1.66) in women were significantly associated with occupational injury. In manufacturing/production workers, high quantitative workload (OR = 1.91), high variance in workload (OR = 2.02), and high depressive symptoms (OR = 1.55) were significantly associated with injury in men, while low social support from colleagues (OR = 2.36) or family (OR = 2.51) was related to injury in women. These data point to an independent relationship between psychosocial job stress and self-reported occupational injury in SMEs.
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The Karasek Job Demand–Control model has as its central tenet the so-called ‘strain hypothesis’, stating that the most adverse health outcomes are to be expected in ‘high strain’ jobs characterized by high job demands and low job control. Later, this model was elaborated, stating that ‘isolated’ high strain workers experiencing low worksite social support are even more worse off. This is labelled the ‘iso-strain hypothesis’. However, in the literature, the question was raised whether a high level of job control may (1) mitigate or buffer the effects of high job demands on psychological well-being, or alternatively whether (2) a high level of social support may buffer the negative impact of high strain on psychological well-being. In this study among 16 335 male workers and 5084 female workers in Belgium, four indicators of psychological well-being are considered: feelings of depression, feelings of fatigue, sleep problems and use of psychoactive drugs. Both in men and in women, the general strain hypothesis and the iso-strain hypothesis alike are corroborated regarding the cross-sectional associations adjusted for age, level of education and living situation. This is most clear with respect to feelings of depression, less so with respect to the use of psychotropic drugs. The buffer hypotheses however are definitely not supported by our data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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There is evidence that sleep bruxism is an arousal-related phenomenon. In non-REM sleep, transient arousals recur at 20- to 40-second intervals and are organized according to a cyclic alternating pattern. Polysomnographic recordings from six subjects (two females and four males) affected by sleep bruxism (patients) and six healthy age-and gender-matched volunteers without complaints about sleep (controls) were analyzed to: (1) compare the sleep structure of bruxers with that of non-complaining subjects; and (2) investigate the relations between bruxism episodes and transient arousals. Patients and controls showed no significant differences in conventional sleep variables, but bruxers showed a significantly higher number of the transient arousals characterized by EEG desynchronization. Bruxism episodes were equally distributed between non-REM and REM sleep, but were more frequent in stages 1 and 2 (p < 0.0001) than in slow-wave sleep. The great majority of bruxism episodes detected in non-REM sleep (88%) were associated with the cyclic alternating pattern and always occurred during a transient arousal. Heart rate during the bruxism episodes (69.3+/-18.2) was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than that during the pre-bruxing period (58.1+/-15.9). Almost 80% of all bruxism episodes were associated with jerks at the anterior tibial muscles. The framework of the cyclic alternating pattern offers a unified interpretation for sleep bruxism and arousal-related phenomena.
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Bruxism, the nonfunctional gnashing and grinding of the teeth, has been primarily viewed as a dental phenomenon. The literature reviewed in this paper, however, demonstrates that bruxism may be viewed as a psychophysiological disorder. A brief discussion of the relevant literature on the incidence and effects of bruxism indicates that the behavior may have significant symptomatic effects for a substantial proportion of the population. The contribution of dental, psychological/behavioral, and systematic/neurophysiological factors to the development and maintenance of the disorder are extensively reviewed. Treatments derived from these models are also evaluated. Finally, methodological problems intrinsic to the study of this behavior are presented, and suggestions for future research are made. (139 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Welssman, M. M. (Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Depression Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519), D. Sholomskas, M. Pottenger, B. A. Prusoff and B. Z. Locke. Assessing depressive symptoms in five psychiatric populations: A validation study. Am J Epidemiol 106:203–214, 1977. Data from five psychiatric populations and a community sample are presented on the CES-D, a 20-item self-report depression symptom scale developed by the Center for Epldemlologlc Studies. Results show that the scale is a sensitive tool for detecting depressive symptoms and change in symptoms over time in psychiatric populations, and that it agrees quite well with more lengthy self-report scales used in clinical studies and with clinician interview ratings. Although a symptom scale cannot differentiate between diagnostic groups, the CES-D has demonstrated its validity as a screening tool for detecting depressive symptoms in psychiatric populations.
Article
Of 511 undergraduates responding to a questionnaire, 96 identified themselves as bruxers and reported more symptoms of stress than the nonbruxers. Stress may contribute etiologically to bruxism.
Article
Bruxism is a destructive habit that is defined as the nonproductive diurnal or nocturnal clenching or grinding of the teeth. This study investigated whether the combination of physical abnormalities, type A behavior pattern, and the perceived desirability and controllability of life stress are related to bruxism. The subjects for the study were 125 dental patients who were classified as bruxers or nonbruxers by a licensed dentist and who completed two measures, the Jenkins Activity Survey, and a modified version of the Holmes and Rahe Life Events Scale. Regression analyses indicate there is a difference in the separate impact of each variable. Type A behavior and physical abnormalities are significant in a stepwise analysis, while stress is not. Stress appears to be significant only in conjunction with type A behavior, and suggests that the combination of type A behavior, and stress is more predictive of bruxism than either of the individual variables. The linear combination of physical abnormalities, type A behavior, and stress is significant, and suggests that it is the best predictor of bruxism.
Article
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether men employed in the metal industry have sperm of poorer quality than men in other types of work. A postal questionnaire was sent to men employed in the metal industry, certain other types of nonmetal industries, and other types of employment in which the factors suspected to influence sperm quality were not present. By means of this questionnaire survey, it was hoped to define the possible influences of the work environment on sperm quality. Out of the total of 3,119 men included in the investigation, 2,517 (81%) filled out the questionnaire satisfactorily. Semen analysis was performed for all 3,119 men. There was a greater risk for poor sperm quality among welders than among men not employed in welding. The risk for poor sperm quality was increased for those welders who worked with stainless steel. Welding in general, and specifically with stainless steel, is connected with a risk of reduced sperm quality.
Article
SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUA INCIDENTIA DE BRUXISMO.—Le incidentia de bruxismo esseva investigate inter studentes de etates de inter 3 e 36 annos per medio de un questionario. In omne le gruppos de etate, le incidentia de bruxismo amontava a circa 5 pro cento. Pro le gruppos de etate ab 3 ad 17 annos, antecedentes de bruxismo esseva constatate in 15 pro cento del subjectos. Le differentias inter le procentage de bruxistas mascule e feminin non esseva statisticamente significative. Esseva trovate un association significative inter (1) bruxismo currentemente presente in le proposito e (2) bruxismo currentemente o previemente presente in consanguineos del proposito.
Article
Bruxism, or the grinding and clenching of teeth, occurs in approximately 15 percent of children and in as many as 96 percent of adults. The etiology of bruxism is unclear, but the condition has been associated with stress, occlusal disorders, allergies and sleep positioning. Because of its nonspecific pathology, bruxism may be difficult to diagnose. In addition to complaints from sleep partners, signs of teeth grinding include masticatory pain or fatigue, headaches, tooth sensitivity and attrition, oral infection and temporomandibular joint disorders. Signs of bruxism include tooth wear and mobility, as well as tender or hypertrophied masticatory muscles and joints. Children with bruxism are usually managed with observation and reassurance. Adults may be managed with stress reduction therapy, alteration of sleep positioning, drug therapy, biofeedback training, physical therapy and dental evaluation. If significant tooth attrition, mobility or fracture occurs, dental referral is mandatory.
Article
Cigarette smoking has been associated with sleep disturbances. However, little is known about how smoking affects restless legs syndrome (RLS) and sleep bruxism, two movement disorders associated with sleep. From a nationwide survey of 2,019 Canadian adults, we estimated the prevalence of smoking to be 36%. Although there was no difference between smokers and nonsmokers for RLS prevalence, almost twice as many smokers (12%) as nonsmokers (7%) were aware of experiencing sleep bruxism. The estimated risk of a smoker suffering from RLS was nonsignificant. On the other hand, the risk of a smoker grinding his or her teeth was moderate (odds ratio = 1.9). Analysis of sleep laboratory findings revealed no differences in motor RLS and periodic leg movements in sleep (PLMS) indices between smoking and nonsmoking patients; after adjustment for age, there were no differences in sleep efficiency, latency, number of awakenings, or the arousal index for the RLS/PLMS patients. Among those suffering from bruxism, smokers had more tooth-grinding episodes than did nonsmokers (35.0 vs. 7.0; p = 0.056); none of the sleep variables differentiated sleep bruxism smokers from nonsmokers. It appears that cigarette smoking does not influence RLS/PLMS, whereas the risk that smoking and tooth grinding are concomitant is moderate. Smoking was not significantly associated with more motor activity in RLS/PLMS, but more grinding was noted in sleep bruxism.
Article
The relative roles of genetic and environmental factors in bruxism are not known. In 1990 a questionnaire sent to the Finnish Twin Cohort yielded responses from 1298 monozygotic and 2419 dizygotic twin pairs aged 33-60 years. We used structural equation modelling to estimate genetic and environmental components of variance in the liability to bruxism. There was a significant gender difference both in childhood (P = 0.001) and adult (P = 0.007) bruxism. Females compared to males reported childhood bruxism 'often' 5.2% vs 4.1% and 'sometimes' 17.4% vs 17.3%, and as adults 'weekly' 3.7% vs 3.8% and 'monthly' 3.9% vs 4.6%, respectively. Bruxism in childhood and adulthood is highly correlated (0.86 in males and 0.87 in females). The proportion of total phenotypic variance in liability to bruxism attributed to genetic influences in childhood bruxism was 49% (95% CI 37-60%) in males and 64% (55-71%) in females, and for adults 39% (27-50%) among males and 53% (44-62%) among females. The correlation between the genetic effects on childhood bruxism and the genetic effects on adult bruxism was estimated in a bivariate model to be 0.95 (95% CI 0.94-0.96) in males and 0.89 (0.88-0.90) in females. Bruxism appears to be quite a persistent trait. There are substantial genetic effects on bruxism both in childhood and as adults, which appear to be highly correlated.
Article
Responses of 18 smokers and 165 nonsmokers to two items which assessed experience with symptoms of bruxism were compared. Smokers were about three times more likely to experience symptoms of bruxism but not over-all stressful experience.
Article
The association of stress, distress, and coping behaviors with periodontal disease was assessed. A cross-sectional study of 1,426 subjects between the ages of 25 and 74 years in Erie County, New York, was carried out to assess these relationships. Subjects were asked to complete a set of 5 psychosocial questionnaires which measure psychological traits and attitudes including discrete life events and their impact; chronic stress or daily strains; distress; coping styles and strategies; and hassles and uplifts. Clinical assessment of supragingival plaque, gingival bleeding, subgingival calculus, probing depth, clinical attachment level (CAL) and radiographic alveolar crestal height (ACH) was performed, and 8 putative bacterial pathogens from the subgingival flora measured. Reliability of subjects' responses and internal consistencies of all the subscales on the instruments used were high, with Cronbach's alpha ranging from 0.88 for financial strain to 0.99 for job strain, uplifts, and hassles. Logistic regression analysis indicated that, of all the daily strains investigated, only financial strain was significantly associated with greater attachment and alveolar bone loss (odds ratio, OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.09 to 2.65 and OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.20 to 2.37, respectively) after adjusting for age, gender, and cigarette smoking. When coping behaviors were evaluated, it was found that those with more financial strain who were high emotion-focused copers (a form of inadequate coping) had a higher risk of having more severe attachment loss (OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.15 to 4.38) and alveolar bone loss (OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.15 to 3.17) than those with low levels of financial strain within the same coping group, after adjustment for age, gender, and cigarette smoking. Similar results were found among the low problem-focused copers for AL (OR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.11 to 4.38) and ACH (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.28 to 3.51). However, subjects with high levels of financial strain who reported high levels of problem-based coping (considered adequate or good coping) had no more periodontal disease than those with low levels of financial strain, suggesting that the effects of stress on periodontal disease can be moderated by adequate coping behaviors. We find that psychosocial measures of stress associated with financial strain and distress manifest as depression, are significant risk indicators for more severe periodontal disease in adults in an age-adjusted model in which gender (male), smoking, diabetes mellitus, B. forsythus, and P. gingivalis are also significant risk indicators. Of considerable interest is the fact that adequate coping behaviors as evidenced by high levels of problem-based coping, may reduce the stress-associated risk. Further studies also are needed to help establish the time course of stress, distress, and inadequate coping with respect to the onset and progression of periodontal disease, and the mechanisms that explain this association.
Article
The aim was to test the hypothesis of a direct association between sleep-disordered breathing and sleep bruxism. The frequency of masseter contraction (MC) episodes and rhythmic jaw movements (RJM) was measured in patients with mild and moderate obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). The diagnosis of sleep bruxism was made from a combination of questionnaire, clinical observation and all-night polysomnographic recording which included masseter electromyography. A total of 21 patients (19 males/two females, mean age 40.0 years+/-9.2 SD) were randomly selected from a provisional diagnosis of snoring and OSA by a sleep physician. In the patients with mild OSA [n=11, mean apnoea hypopnoea index (AHI)=8.0+/-4.1 SD, body mass index (BMI)=29.1+/-5.0], the diagnosis of sleep bruxism was made in six out of 11 patients (54%); similarly, four out of 10 patients (40%) with moderate OSA (n=10, mean AHI=34.7+/-19.1, BMI=30.6+/-5.0) were identified as bruxists. Although the combination of clinical, subjective estimation and nocturnal electromyographic recording of masseter muscle might provide a more solid base for the diagnosis of sleep bruxism, the result is biased by the variation in the bruxing activity. MC episodes were associated with the termination of apnoea or hypopnoea episodes in only 3.5% of the mild group and 14.4% of the moderate group (p<0.05). It appears that sleep bruxism is rarely directly associated with apnoeic events, but is rather related to the disturbed sleep of OSA patients.
Article
Sleep bruxism can have a significant effect on the patient's quality of life. It may also be associated with a number of disorders. However, little is known about the epidemiology of sleep bruxism and its risk factors in the general population. Cross-sectional telephone survey using the Sleep-EVAL knowledge based system. Representative samples of three general populations (United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy) consisting of 158 million inhabitants. Thirteen thousand fifty-seven subjects aged > or = 15 years (United Kingdom, 4,972 subjects; Germany, 4,115 subjects; and Italy, 3,970 subjects). None. Clinical questionnaire on bruxism (using the International Classification of Sleep Disorders [ICSD] minimal set of criteria) with an investigation of associated pathologies (ie, sleep, breathing disorders, and psychiatric and neurologic pathologies). Grinding of teeth during sleep occurring at least weekly was reported by 8.2% of the subjects, and significant consequences from teeth grinding during sleep (ie, muscular discomfort on awakening, disturbing tooth grinding, or necessity of dental work) were found in half of these subjects. Moreover, 4.4% of the population fulfilled the criteria of ICSD sleep bruxism diagnosis. Finally, subjects with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (odds ratio [OR], 1.8), loud snorers (OR, 1.4), subjects with moderate daytime sleepiness (OR, 1.3), heavy alcohol drinkers (OR, 1.8), caffeine drinkers (OR, 1.4), smokers (OR, 1.3), subjects with a highly stressful life (OR, 1.3), and those with anxiety (OR, 1.3) are at higher risk of reporting sleep bruxism. Sleep bruxism is common in the general population and represents the third most frequent parasomnia. It has numerous consequences, which are not limited to dental or muscular problems. Among the associated risk factors, patients with anxiety and sleep-disordered breathing have a higher number of risk factors for sleep bruxism, and this must raise concerns about the future of these individuals. An educational effort to raise the awareness of dentists and physicians about this pathology is necessary.
Article
Keywords:sleep;bruxism;temporomandibular disorders;dopamine D2 receptors;polysomnography;arousal;parasomnias
Article
Bruxism is a controversial phenomenon. Both its definition and the diagnostic procedure contribute to the fact that the literature about the aetiology of this disorder is difficult to interpret. There is, however, consensus about the multifactorial nature of the aetiology. Besides peripheral (morphological) factors, central (pathophysiological and psychological) factors can be distinguished. In the past, morphological factors, like occlusal discrepancies and the anatomy of the bony structures of the orofacial region, have been considered the main causative factors for bruxism. Nowadays, these factors play only a small role, if any. Recent focus is more on the pathophysiological factors. For example, bruxism has been suggested to be part of a sleep arousal response. In addition, bruxism appears to be modulated by various neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. More specifically, disturbances in the central dopaminergic system have been linked to bruxism. Further, factors like smoking, alcohol, drugs, diseases and trauma may be involved in the bruxism aetiology. Psychological factors like stress and personality are frequently mentioned in relation to bruxism as well. However, research to these factors comes to equivocal results and needs further attention. Taken all evidence together, bruxism appears to be mainly regulated centrally, not peripherally.
Article
To study the relation between work and background factors on the one hand and disturbed sleep and fatigue on the other. A representative national sample of 58,115 individuals was selected at regular intervals over a period of 20 years and interviewed on issues related to work and health. The data were subjected to a multiple logistic regression analysis. The number of cases was 18,828 (32.8%) for fatigue and 7347 (12.8%) for disturbed sleep. For disturbed sleep, the significant predictors became: female gender, age above 49 years, present illness, hectic work, physically strenuous work, and shift work. For fatigue, the significant predictors became female gender, age below 49 years, high socioeconomic status, present illness, hectic work, overtime work, and physically strenuous work. Work stress, shift work, and physical workload interfere with sleep and are related to fatigue.
Article
The aim of the study was to analyze whether perceived bruxism was associated with stress experience, age, gender, work role, and occupational health care use among a nonpatient multiprofessional population. Altogether, 1784 (age 30-55 years) employees of the Finnish Broadcasting Company were mailed a self-administered questionnaire covering demographics, perceived bruxism, total stress experience and the use of health care services provided by the company. The response rate was 75% (n = 1339, 51% men) and mean age was 46 years (SD = 6) in both genders. There were no significant differences in demographic status by age and gender. Bruxism and stress experiences did not significantly vary with regard to category of work, but both were significantly more frequent among women (P < 0.05). In all work categories frequent bruxers reported more stress, and the perceptions were significantly differently polarized between the groups (P < 0.001). According to logistic regression, frequent bruxism was significantly positively associated with severe stress experience (Odds ratio = 5.00; 95% CI = 2.84-8.82) and female gender (Odds ratio = 2.26; 95% CI = 1.43-3.55). Frequent bruxism was also significantly positively associated with the numbers of occupational health care and dental visits (P < 0.01), and slightly negatively associated with increasing age and work in administration (P < 0.05). It was concluded that bruxism may reveal ongoing stress in normal work life.
Article
Sleep bruxism (SB) is a stereotyped movement disorder characterized by grinding or clenching of the teeth during sleep. The majority of the population will at some time during their lifetime grind or clench their teeth. It becomes a pathological condition when the subject presents severe tooth damage or complains of non-restorative sleep. The prevalence of SB is difficult to estimate, since quite often the subjects are unaware of having the disorder. There is no gender difference. SB is more frequent in the younger generation, with a decline over age. The symptom recognized in children can persist in adulthood. The aetio-pathophysiology is still unclear. SB has been associated with tooth interference, psychosocial and environmental factors, brain transmitters and basal ganglia dysfunction. Attempts have been made to specify the personality traits of bruxers, reported to be greater anxiety or vulnerability to stress; however, this is still controversial. SB subjects were observed to present vigilance-sleepiness and somatic problems. However, they are generally good sleepers. Some authors reported SB during all sleep stages, others observed the majority of bruxe episodes during light sleep and REM and often associated with arousal transients. No abnormalities of the autonomic nervous system could be shown in awake SB subjects. While some studies have shown an association between SB and PLM or breathing disorders, others did not confirm this. There is no specific treatment for SB: each subject has to be individually evaluated and treated. Three management alternatives are used: dental, pharmacological and psychobehavioural.
Article
To test whether 3-week duration recordings of sleep bruxism are correlated with daily behaviors. Twelve patients with a sleep bruxism disorder were monitored to see if any daily behaviors (stress, physical activity, anger), jaw-pain/headache symptoms, or sleep quality were correlated with their sleep bruxism levels. A telemetric-based system was used for monitoring bruxism levels, which were detected with an intra-appliance piezoelectric film system. Bruxism was defined as a force applied to the occlusal surface of the splint at or above a level of 10% maximum voluntary contraction. Bruxism levels were recorded at night for at least 3 weeks on the 12 subjects in this study (6 females and 6 males). Patients used standard (100 mm) visual analog scaling methods during this period to rate their daily behaviors, sleep quality, and jaw-pain/headache symptoms in a diary. Correlation analysis was performed between these recorded variables. The subjects demonstrated both bruxism and sleep disturbance, and the mean bruxism score for the male subjects was significantly higher than that for the female subjects. Overall, no single diary variable was consistently correlated with the bruxism levels in these subjects. These data support the conclusion that bruxism is not strongly related to any of the subject's self-monitored daytime activities or sleep quality.
Article
This study estimated the prevalence, examined associated impacts, and identified correlated factors of poor sleep quality among Japanese white-collar employees who were working in a labor market that included extensive downsizing and restructuring. A cross-sectional self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted as part of 2 consecutive studies on sleep. Sleep quality was measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. A telecommunications company in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Of 5,924 workers, 5,090 responded (85.9%). Results from 4,868 daytime employees were analyzed. N/A. The 1-month point prevalence of poor sleep quality was approximately 30% to 45% across age and gender and was significantly higher than in the general population of Japanese adults. The overall prevalence of absenteeism, poor physical and psychological health, problems in work performance and personal relationships, and accidents were 16.5%, 18.3%, 17.3%, 2.5%, 2.1%, and 1.8%, respectively. Poor sleepers were more likely to take sick leave, suffer from poor physical and psychological health, and have problems in occupational activities and personal relationships. The most strongly associated factor underlying poor sleep quality was perceived stress, followed by job dissatisfaction, being unmarried, poor bedroom environment, lower academic attainment, younger age, and hypertension. This study suggests that the cost related to poor sleep quality is extremely high. Comprehensive countermeasures against poor sleep quality at not only the individual, but also the organizational and societal levels, need to be considered for both employees and employers in order that health, safety, and productivity are ensured.
Article
The frequencies of self-reported nocturnal bruxism in four large samples of college students were compared to assess change in the incidence of this disorder since 1966. Analysis showed incidence of nocturnal bruxism increased from 5.1% to 22.5% over this period. However, the increase from our 1989 sample was not statistically significant.
Article
A standardized questionnaire was mailed to all employees of the Finnish Broadcasting Company with irregular shift work (n = 750) and to an equal number of randomly selected controls with regular 8-hour daytime work. The aim was to analyze whether irregular shift work, workload in terms of weekly working hours, dissatisfaction with current workshift schedule, health-care use, age and gender were associated with self-reported bruxism and experienced stress. The response rates were 58.3% (n = 874, 53.7% men) overall, 82.3% (n = 617, 56.6% men) for irregular shift workers and 34.3% (n = 257, 46.7% men) for the regular daytime work group. Those with irregular shifts were more often dissatisfied with their current workshift schedule than those in daytime work (25.1% versus 5.1%, P < 0.01). Irregular shift work was significantly associated with more frequent stress (P < 0.001), but not with self-reported bruxism. Workers dissatisfied with their current schedule reported both bruxism (P < 0.01) and stress (P < 0.001) more often than those who felt satisfied. In multivariate analyses, frequent bruxism was significantly associated with dissatisfaction with current workshift schedule (P < 0.05), number of dental visits (P < 0.05), and visits to a physician (P < 0.01), and negatively associated with age (P < 0.05), while severe stress was significantly positively associated with number of visits to a physician (P < 0.001). It was concluded that dissatisfaction with one's workshift schedule and not merely irregular shift work may aggravate stress and bruxism.
Article
In this follow-up study of 30-50-year-old employees (n = 211) of the Finnish Broadcasting Company (YLE), respondents completed questionnaires in both 1999 and 2000 containing items on demographic data, tobacco use, levels of perceived bruxism, affective disturbance, sleep disturbance, somatic symptoms, pain symptoms and temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms. Bruxism was significantly more prevalent among smokers (P = 0.005). Age, marital status, and gender were not associated with bruxism. Subjects in the frequent bruxism group (n = 74) reported the TMD-related painless symptoms, affective disturbance and early insomnia significantly more often than average. In the multivariate analyses, clustered pain symptoms (P = 0.001), TMD-related painless symptoms (P = 0.004) and smoking (P = 0.012) were significantly positively associated with frequent bruxism, when the independent effects of age and gender were controlled for. It was concluded that successful management of TMD necessitates smoking cessation, as tobacco use may both amplify the patient's pain response and provoke bruxism. Psychosocial factors and perceived stress should not be ignored, however.
Article
To clarify the relationship between perceived job stress, social support and prevalence of insomnia in Japanese daytime workers, 1161 male white-collar employees of an electric equipment manufacturing company (age, 23-60 years, mean age of 37.0) were surveyed by means of a mailed questionnaire. Perceived job stress was evaluated with the Japanese version of the generic NIOSH job stress questionnaire. Insomnia was diagnosed if workers had at least 1 of 3 types of symptoms on an almost nightly basis. The symptoms were (1) taking more than 30 min to fall asleep (Difficulty Initiating Sleep, DIS), (2) difficulty in maintaining sleep (DMS), or (3) early morning awakening (EMA). The overall prevalence of insomnia was 23.6% and the prevalences of the three subtypes were 11.3% for DIS, 14.2% for DMS, and 1.9% for EMA. Workers with high intragroup conflict (OR 1.6), high job dissatisfaction (OR 1.5), and high symptoms of depression (OR 2.0) (CES-D > 16) had a significantly increased risk for insomnia after adjusting for multiple confounding factors. Low employment opportunities, physical environment and low coworker support also were weakly associated with risk for insomnia among workers. Furthermore, high depressive symptoms significantly increased the risk of DIS (OR 2.4). Therefore in white-collar male daytime workers, psychological job stress factors such as interpersonal conflicts with fellow employees, job satisfaction, and social support were independently associated with a modestly increased risk of insomnia that included three different subtypes that were considered to be defining for the disorder.
Article
The details of risky psychosocial job characteristics related to insomnia are unclear, although potential relationships between the two have been suggested. The study objective was to clarify these relationships by using the demand-control-support (DCS) model and the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted with 1081 middle-aged (39 years and older) workers in a corporate group of electric products in Osaka, Japan. The study variables included insomnia symptoms (non-refreshing sleep, difficulty falling asleep, frequent sleep disruption, and early morning arousal) and psychosocial job characteristics which were evaluated using the DCS and ERI models, gender, age, disease, sleep-related factors, occupational status, and health practices. ERI [odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 2.27 (1.43, 3.60)], overcommitment [1.86 (1.40, 2.47)], and high job strain [1.55 (1.12, 2.15)] were independently associated with insomnia. The odds ratio of insomnia for individuals with high job strain was increased by adding ERI or overcommitment. The ERI and DCS models describe the adverse psychosocial job characteristics related to insomnia. Simultaneously employing these two models is more useful than employing a single model to identify workers at risk of insomnia. The conceptual framework derived from the job stress models assists in defining preventive measures for insomnia in workers.
Article
A standardized questionnaire was mailed to all employees of the Finnish Broadcasting Company with irregular shift work (n = 750) and to an equal number of randomly selected controls in the same company with regular 8-h daytime work. The questionnaire covered demographic items, employment details, general health experience, physical status, psychosocial status, stress, work satisfaction and performance, tobacco use, bruxism, and restless legs symptoms (RLS). The aim was to investigate among a multiprofessional media personnel the associations between reported bruxism and RLS, while simultaneously controlling the effects of gender, age, tobacco use, shift work, and dissatisfaction with current workshift schedule. The overall response rate was 58.3% (53.7% men). The response rate in the irregular shift work group was 82.3% (56.6% men) and in the regular daytime work group 34.3% (46.7% men). In the bivariate analyses, RLS was more prevalent in workers at either end of the studied age range (p < 0.05). Self-reported frequent bruxism was significantly associated with younger age (p < 0.05). Females reported RLS (11.4%) slightly more often than males (7.7%) (NS). In logistic regression, frequent bruxism (p < 0.05) and older age (p < 0.05) were significantly positively associated with RLS. Dissatisfaction with one's current workshift schedule (p < 0.05) and RLS (p < 0.05) were significantly positively associated with frequent bruxism, while age (p < 0.05) was significantly negatively associated. In conclusion, perceived bruxism may be a sign of a stressful situa