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In vivo spectrophotometric evaluation of skin barrier recovery after topical application of soybean phytosterols
Abstract
The skin's uppermost thin layer, stratum corneum, plays a crucial role in protecting the body against unwanted influences from the environment. Disruption of the stratum corneum, by tape stripping or chemical injury, results in epidermal recovery of the skin barrier. Soy phytosterols are widely used in the cosmetic field as active ingredients in creams and lipsticks. Furthermore, they deserve an important place among nutracosmeceuticals; in fact, after their absorption from the diet they are transferred from the plasma to the skin, playing an important role in the constitution of skin surface lipids. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of the topical application of soybean phytosterols on skin barrier recovery in human volunteers using the extent of methyl nicotinate (MN)-induced erythema in damaged skin as a parameter to evaluate the rate of stratum corneum recovery. MN was chosen as an erythematogenous substance for its capability to cause an erythema whose intensity and duration are proportional to the quantity of the substance that has entered the living epidermis over time. MN-induced erythema was monitored using reflectance spectrophotometry as a noninvasive instrumental technique. The results show clearly that soy phytosterols exert positive results on skin repair; in fact, three days after tape stripping, the sites treated with a formulation containing phytosterols showed an appreciable recovery of barrier function compared to those treated with a vehicle control without soy phytosterols.
... NS-21 (Plunkett Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Sydney, Australia) is a natural cortisone-free cream that includes calendula [9], Aloe vera [4], allantoin, vitamin E [10], beta-glucan [11], hydrolyzed soy protein [12], grape seed oil [13,14], zinc [15], honey [16], emu oil [17], avocado oil [18,19], jojoba oil [20], rose hip oil [21,22], urea [23] and so on. Separately, these ingredients are topical agents and are used to treat dermatitis, suggesting that NS-21 may have a potential ability to promote healing and prevent ARD. ...
... For the wound healing process, the ingredients of NS-21 also include vitamin E [10], honey [16] and Zn-Cu [15]. Plant oils may play a role in promoting skin barrier homeostasis as well as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties to help wound healing [21], such as grape seed oil [13,14], soybean oil [12,36], avocado oil [19], jojoba oil [20,37,38] and rose hip oil [21,22]. The results from the abovementioned studies as well as the current study suggest that NS-21 may be a potential candidate for skin moisture maintenance during RT or CCRT. ...
Abstract Background To evaluate the practicality of NS-21 cream with regard to its skin-related toxicity in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) who are undergoing concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT) or radiotherapy (RT). Methods Between July 2015 and November 2017, 30 HNC patients who underwent RT or CCRT were randomly allocated to receive either NS-21 or control treatment on their irradiated skin three times per day, starting at the initiation of RT or CCRT and ending 2 weeks after the completion of RT or until the appearance of grade 3 acute radiation dermatitis (ARD). Dermatitis was recorded weekly according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.0. Skin humidity was monitored by a digital moisture meter. The generalized estimating equation (GEE) and logit link function method were used for statistical analysis. Results No serious adverse events were observed in either group. Itching dermatitis occurred on the right lower neck in one patient of the NS-21 group during the 3rd week of CCRT, but the severity was mild. The median skin moisture value at the time of the final treatment was significantly different between the study and control groups (30.6 vs. 27.3, p = 0.013). Additionally, there was an inverse relationship between skin moisture and ARD grade (B = -0.04, p = 0.005). The incidence of ARD at the time of the last treatment was not significantly different between the study and control groups (6.7% vs 26.7%, p = 0.165). The risk of grade 3 ARD for skin that had received an irradiation dose of 47–70 Gy was higher than that of skin that had received an irradiation dose ≤46 Gy (OR = 31.06, 95% CI =5.95–162.21, p
... β-Sitosterol is the major phytosterol in plant oils. It provides a biological function like cholesterol and provides pharmacological and biological activities useful for the treatment of various skin illnesses, such as swelling and erythema [22,30] because of its structural similarity to cholesterol [31,32]. It was reported as a safe chemical without undesirable side effects [32,33]. ...
... It was reported as a safe chemical without undesirable side effects [32,33]. Several studies tested the effects of phytosterols as anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, and cell migration stimulators and have confirmed its positive effects on skin barrier recovery and skin wound repair [14,16,31,32,34,35]. Since the S. mukorossi seed oil contains abundant β-sitosterol, it also showed the potential to be a skin wound healing enhancer. ...
Sapindus mukorossi seed oil is commonly used as a source for biodiesel fuel. Its phytochemical composition is similar to the extracted oil from Sapindus trifoliatus seeds, which exhibit beneficial effects for skin wound healing. Since S. mukorossi seed shows no cyanogenic property, it could be a potential candidate for the treatment of skin wounds. Thus, we evaluated the effectiveness of S. mukorossi seed oil in the treatment of skin wounds. We characterized and quantified the fatty acids and unsaponifiable fractions (including β-sitosterol and δ-tocopherol) contained in S. mukorossi seed-extracted oil by GC-MS and HPLC, respectively. Cell proliferation and migratory ability were evaluated by cell viability and scratch experiments using CCD-966SK cells treated with S. mukorossi oil. The anti-inflammatory effects of the oil were evaluated by measuring the nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Antimicrobial activity tests were performed with Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans using a modified Japanese Industrial Standard procedure. Uniform artificial wounds were created on the dorsum of rats. The wounds were treated with a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/hyaluronic acid (HA)/sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel for releasing the S. mukorossi seed oil. The wound sizes were measured photographically for 12 days and were compared to wounds covered with analogous membranes containing a saline solution. Our results showed that the S. mukorossi seed oil used in this study contains abundant monounsaturated fatty acids, β-sitosterol, and δ-tocopherol. In the in vitro tests, S. mukorossi seed oil prompted cell proliferation and migration capability. Additionally, the oil had significant anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. In the in vivo animal experiments, S. mukorossi seed oil-treated wounds revealed acceleration of sequential skin wound healing events after two days of healing. The size of oil-treated wound decreased to half the size of the untreated control after eight days of healing. The results suggest that S. mukorossi seed oil could be a potential source for promoting skin wound healing.
... NS-21 (Plunkett Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Sydney, Australia) is a natural cortisone-free cream that includes calendula [9], Aloe vera [4], allantoin, vitamin E [10], beta-glucan [11], hydrolyzed soy protein [12], grape seed oil [13,14], zinc [15], honey [16], emu oil [17], avocado oil [18,19], jojoba oil [20], rose hip oil [21,22], urea [23] and so on. Separately, these ingredients are topical agents and are used to treat dermatitis, suggesting that NS-21 may have a potential ability to promote healing and prevent ARD. ...
... For the wound healing process, the ingredients of NS-21 also include vitamin E [10], honey [16] and Zn-Cu [15]. Plant oils may play a role in promoting skin barrier homeostasis as well as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties to help wound healing [21], such as grape seed oil [13,14], soybean oil [12,36], avocado oil [19], jojoba oil [20,37,38] and rose hip oil [21,22]. The results from the abovementioned studies as well as the current study suggest that NS-21 may be a potential candidate for skin moisture maintenance during RT or CCRT. ...
... Hollingsworth (2001) and Hicks and Moreau (2001) reviewed the recent development of functional foods containing phytosterols. Besides the cholesterollowering effect of phytosterols, soy phytosterols are used as nutracosmeceuticals (Carmelo and Francesco 2008), because the absorption and distribution bring them from the plasma to the skin, where they play an important role in the constitution of skin-surface lipids. The skin's uppermost thin layer, the stratum corneum, plays a crucial role in protecting the body against unwanted influences from the environment. ...
... The skin's uppermost thin layer, the stratum corneum, plays a crucial role in protecting the body against unwanted influences from the environment. Topical application of soybean sterols had positive results on the repair of damaged skin (Carmelo and Francesco 2008) in a model system. For food uses, a water-dispersible plant phytosterols powder can be prepared using emulsifiers, thickeners, homogenization, and spray-drying (Auriou 2003). ...
This chapter includes information on the composition of soybeans, soybean oil, and other soybean lipids, especially as affected by environment, variety, and genetic modification. Other topics discussed are the physical properties of soybean oil, grading of soybeans, oil extraction, and the effect of various extraction techniques on oil quality and the various soy protein ingredients. Basic refining and processing of soybean oil includes degumming, neutralization, bleaching, hydrogenation, and deodorization, but alternative refining methods are also discussed along with soybean refinery coproducts (lecithin, deodorizer distillate, and soapstock). The major uses of soybean oil are itemized and trading rules for crude and refined soybean oil are provided. The major food products produced from soybean oil are cooking and salad oils, frying fats, mayonnaise, margarine, shortening, confectionary and imitation dairy products, and “low-calorie fat substitutes.” The oxidative quality of soybean oil is reviewed, including flavor reversion, factors affecting oil oxidation, measures of control and measures of finished oil quality, storage and handling, and special processing for off-quality soybean oil. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the health aspects of soybean oil, including the health effects of cholesterol, unsaturated oils, trans-isomers, and total fat intake.
... Skin refl ectance spectra were recorded using a refl ectance visible spectrophotomer, X-Rite model 968 (XRite Inc. Grandville, MI), having 0° illumination and a 45° viewing angle, calibrated and controlled as previously reported (19). Refl ectance spectra were obtained over the wavelength range of 400-700 nm using illuminant C and a 2° standard observer. ...
... The photosensitivity % values were calculated from the erythema index obtained 24 hours after UVB exposure for each subject participating in the study. (19). To better evaluate the skin tolerance of the tested acids, three different concentrations commonly used in light, medium, and deep peeling were topically applied. ...
The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness and the safety of different topical agents (glycolic acid, mandelic acid, and grape juice acid mixture) in skin exfoliation by objective instrumental methods. To evaluate the exfoliating effects of these substances, a new experimental in vivo protocol based on DHA (dihydroxyacetone)-induced skin pigmentation was used. Skin acceptability towards acid application was investigated by the evaluation of skin erythema induced by topical application of these substances at increased concentrations. Furthermore, their photosensitizing effects were evaluated by determining the increase in sensitivity to UV-light exposure in cutaneous sites previously treated with acids. These in vivo evaluations were monitored by reflectance spectophotometry. From the results obtained, we observed the differing capacities of the tested acids to increase the rate of skin regeneration, with a significant reduction in the time required to obtain skin renewal. The study pointed out that glycolic acid (10% w/w) induced a faster skin exfoliation, a more intense erythema, and a higher photosensitizing effect in comparison with the mandelic acid and grape juice acid mixtures. Further evidence showed that the mandelic acid and grape juice acid mixtures were able to induce a slower and safer peeling action in comparison with glycolic acid. Finally, our results suggest that the methodologies and protocols used in this study may help in choosing the most appropriate topical agents for skin exfoliating treatments.
... In a separate research, the direct application of soy extract onto the skin of women who had prolonged exposure to sunshine resulted in skin lightening [21]. A study has demonstrated that the utilization of soy phytosterols in conjunction with other components yields a more pronounced impact on enhancing erythema in patients [22]. Hence, in this investigation, we employed a blend of soybean and horsetail extract to enhance skin wrinkles that may arise from either inherent or environmental aging. ...
Background
Skin aging is a multifaceted condition marked by the development of wrinkles, reduced suppleness, and uneven pigmentation. Both endogenous and exogenous factors contribute to skin aging. Studies have examined the possible anti‐aging advantages of horsetail and soybean extracts, which are abundant in antioxidants.
Methods
A study was conducted to develop and assess the stability of an anti‐wrinkle cream combining horsetail and soybean extracts over a period of 6 months. This study was a pilot study that was prospective and noncomparative in nature. An investigation was performed to explore the efficiency of a treatment on wrinkles on the forehead. The study involved 15 volunteers between the ages of 35 and 55, and the modified Fitzpatrick wrinkle grading scale (FWS) method was used to assess the results. The participants were directed to administer cream to the forehead region for a duration of eight sequential weeks. Images were acquired at the initial stage and after 8 weeks of treatment. An independent investigator evaluated the improvement in the overall appearance of the forehead skin by comparing clinical images taken before and after the therapy.
Results
The cream exhibited exceptional stability, showing no noteworthy alterations in pH, viscosity, or microbiological count. The clinical findings demonstrated a notable decrease in the average FWS score from 8.7 ± 1.3 to 6.1 ± 1.8 (p < 0.005) after the treatment. 93.4% of the individuals experienced a positive alteration in the appearance of their forehead wrinkles.
Conclusion
The formulated cream presents a hopeful method to tackle skin aging issues, backed by its durability and effectiveness in diminishing wrinkles. Additional investigation is necessary to clarify the underlying mechanisms.
Trial Registration: IRCT20190917044799N1
... γ-tocopherol traps and neutralizes existing free radicals [58]. Phytosterols promote skin barrier recovery [59]. Besides these benefits, the cream formulated in this work also contains pomegranate pectin extracted by the enzymatic method, which exhibits its own antioxidant capacity, as the present work proves. ...
The processing of fruit and vegetables generates globally high amount of organic waste, which is suitable to be valorized because of the chemistry it encloses. Conventional treatment methods for waste biomass generate low value products and cause climate altering emissions. Small biorefineries are valid alternatives for the sustainable waste biomass conversion, but their feasibility is strictly related to the use of low-energy process, and the market positioning of the final product. The present work provides an innovative approach for the green conversion of vegetable waste into high value product, with the aim to encourage the deployment of biorefinery at a local scale. It involves the enzymatic disassimilation of plant cell wall into chemicals with specific functions, and their recombination in form of emulsion, as a product prototype for food and cosmetic sector. To explain the biorefinery model, we applied it to pomegranate pomace, the residue from juicing, for the recovery of oil, pectin and antioxidant molecules via enzyme assisted extraction. The process left behind 30% of the initial solid waste. Finally, the dispersion of pomegranate oil into pomegranate pectin solution as emulsifier, brought to a novel emulsion, 98.9% waste-derived, further functionalizable with pomegranate exocarp hydrolysate with high antioxidant capacity.
Graphical Abstract
... Soybean oil (Glycine max L.) Soybean oil is characterized by the presence of soy phytosterols (such as genistein), which have positive effects on skin barrier regeneration [60,70]. Genistein has a protective effect on keratinocytes, protecting them from the damaging effects of free radicals responsible for aging at the cellular level [71,72]. ...
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic and multifactorial inflammatory dermatosis. Recurrent eczematous lesions and intense pruritus very often reduce the quality of life of patients, affecting their mental health. For this reason, it is necessary to undertake treatment. Treatment should be characterized by an individual approach to the patient, taking into account the predominant pathogenetic factors in the development of atopic dermatitis and systematic skin care. Soothing the typical symptoms of AD, i.e., dry skin and persistent itching, involves emollients, which counteract xerosis and reduce the feeling of itching. Studies confirm that the regular use of emollients in patients with AD prolongs the period between relapses and alleviates the intensity of symptoms during periods of disease severity. This review paper aims to highlight the challenges that patients with atopic dermatitis face. This work will also present an indication of the rationale for the use of emollients in this condition, as well as an indication of the forms of their application in therapeutic and care preparations.
... Phytosterols also offer mosturization and barrier protection, as well as provide nutrition for healthy skin (Fowler et al., 2010). A previous study proved that topical administration of soy phytosterols helped to repair skin cells and recover skin barrier function on the skin damage (Puglia and Bonina, 2008). ...
Kenaf is an alternative fiber crop which is economically viable and ecologically friendly. Kenaf seeds oil, kenaf seeds extract, and kenaf leaves extract were found to have a high content of bioactive compounds to offer antioxidants and medicinal benefits, which could be a potential source in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The application of encapsulation technologies on kenaf derivatives can help to develop new highly effective cosmetic formulations. Different encapsulation technologies were applied on kenaf derivatives to improve the stability and functionality for cosmeceutical application. Technologies such as nanoemulsion, nanostructured lipid carriers, co-extrusion, and spray drying of kenaf seed oil were found to enhance its stability and manage the release of unsaturated oils in cosmetic formulations. Besides, the applications of solid lipid nanocarriers, liposomes, niosomes, and Pickering emulsion were discussed in this paper to show its potential in the encapsulation of kenaf derivatives. This review described the chemical composition and nutritional quality of the kenaf derivatives, and the technologies for cosmetic formulation to enhance our knowledge to use these by-products in the cosmetic application and their advantages. This review has important implications to stimulate its possible utilization and application of kenaf in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry.
... Studies have shown that tocopherols are involved in moisturizing the horny layer, increasing epithelization of surface wounds, anti-inflammation and protection of the skin against UV radiations (Casas, 2007). Topical application of formulations with phytosterols helps in skin repair (Puglia and Bonina, 2007) and seemed to exhibit anti-aging properties (Grether-Beck et al., 2008). ...
Mafura butter (MB) obtained from seeds of Trichilia emetica Vahl is widely used in traditional cosmetic formulations throughout Southern Africa. It is gaining increasing popularity in the modern cosmetic industry due to growing consumer demand for natural cosmetics. However, the butter has a high melting point and low spreadability, which limits its emollient properties. In the present study, MB was chemically and enzymatically interesterified with camellia oil (CO, Camellia oleifera C.Abel) at different ratios (90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 w/w) to produce formulations with improved physicochemical and cosmeceutical properties. Chemical interesterification (CI) was performed using sodium methoxide catalyst, while enzymatic interesterification (EI) was carried out with three different immobilized enzymes, including Lipozyme® TL IM, Lipozyme® RM IM and Lipozyme® 435. The original and interesterified blends were examined for fatty acid (FA) and triglycerides compositions, slip melting point (SMP), solid fat content (SFC), tocopherol and sterol contents, toxic heavy metal contents, radical scavenging activity (RSA) and in vitro ultraviolet radiation protection ability. Both CI and EI reduced SMP and SFC of interesterified products, resulting in products with improved consistency. Interesterification distributed cosmeceutically relevant unsaturated FA such as oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid in the products, depending on the ratios of MB and CO. The tocopherol and phytosterol contents in MB was 495.08 ± 19.02 and 842.61 ± 35.77 μg/g, respectively, while it was 438.6 ± 20.89 and 163.57 ± 20.47 μg/g, respectively in CO. The CI dramatically reduced the tocopherol contents up to 50 % in the products, while EI did not affect its content significantly. The ICP-MS analysis revealed that MB, CO and interesterified products does not contain toxic metals such as Sn and Hg, while Cr (< 0.18 ppm) and Pb (< 0.14 ppm) were present within the acceptable limits. Interesterified products showed promising RSA (with IC50 values in the range of 10.15 ± 0.79–12.30 ± 1.15 mg/mL), however, had a low in vitro sun protection factor (SPF < 0.2).
... A previous study further showed the protective effects of vitamin E on keratinocyte damage in a cell culture experiment [21], while Harrabi et al. [22] reported that the policosanol level in seed oils may contribute to their antioxidant. Phytosterols have also shown positive effects on skin barrier recovery [23]. These data indicate that these compounds, present in USM, may promote skin protection. ...
Unsaponifiable matter (USM) from perilla seed meal contains numerous phytochemicals, including tocopherols, phytosterols, squalene, and policosanols, that exhibit antioxidant and health-promoting properties. In this study, the protective effects of USM on UVB-induced skin aging were investigated in Hs68 cells. UVB irradiation decreased cell viability by 26% compared to the control. However, USM blocked UVB-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, USM treatment significantly decreased the UVB-induced production of reactive oxygen species and attenuated the UVB-induced production and mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by inhibiting the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and activator protein 1 (AP-1). Furthermore, UVB exposure led to a 49.4% reduction in collagen synthesis. However, USM treatment restored collagen synthesis through upregulation of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)/Smad2/3 pathways. These data indicate that USM regulates the production of MMPs and collagen by modulation of the TGF-β/Smad pathway and AP-1 activity, suggesting that USM may be a useful anti-photoaging ingredient.
... Natural oils differ in their content of triglycerides, free polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) and omega-6 fatty acids (including linoleic acid, gamma linolenic acid (GLA), eicosadienoic acid, arachidonic acid), monounsaturated oleic acids (e.g., oleic acid) and saturated fatty acids (e.g., lauric acid and caprylic acid) as well as in their content of vitamins (vitamin E, vitamin A), flavonoids, triterpenes and phytosterols (see ceramides) [107] and in their antiseptic properties (e.g., lauric acid) [108][109][110] (Table 7). Important cosmetic issues to be considered include the speed with which a given oil spreads on the skin, how rapidly it is absorbed and how long its emollient effect persists. ...
Background and rationale:
Xerosis cutis (also referred to as xeroderma, dry skin, asteatosis) affects more than 10 million individuals in Germany. It is among the most common dermatological diagnoses and a cardinal symptom of many dermatological, internal and neurological diseases. Even though it has been established that basic skin care plays a significant role in the management of patients with xerosis cutis, there are as yet no evidence-based algorithms for diagnosis and treatment.
Objective:
The present position paper provides physicians across all specialties with a practical, symptom-based approach to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of xerosis cutis.
Methods:
Within a structured decision-making process, a panel of experienced dermatologists first defined questions relevant to everyday clinical practice, which were then addressed by a systematic review of the literature. Based on the evidence available as well as expert consensus, diagnostic and treatment algorithms were subsequently developed and agreed upon.
Results:
Xerosis cutis is generally diagnosed on clinical grounds. Possible trigger factors must be avoided, and comorbidities should be adequately and specifically treated. Suitable skin care products should be chosen with a view to improving skin hydration and restoring its barrier function. They should therefore contain both rehydrating and lipid-replenishing components. The "drier" the skin appears, the greater the lipid content should be (preferably using water-in-oil formulations). The choice of ingredients is based on a patient's individual symptoms, such as scaling (e.g., urea), fissures/rhagades (e.g., urea or dexpanthenol), erythema (e.g., licochalcone A) and pruritus (e.g., polidocanol). Other factors to be considered include the site affected and patient age. Ingredients or rather combinations thereof for which there is good clinical evidence should be preferentially used. The best evidence by far is available for urea, whose efficacy in the treatment of xerosis is further enhanced by combining it with other natural moisturizing components and ceramides. The "xerosimeter" is a tool developed in an effort to facilitate patient management and for training purposes. It not only includes practical tools for diagnosis and follow-up but also a classification of ingredients and a structured treatment algorithm.
Conclusion:
The structured symptom- and evidence-based approach proposed herein contains a road map for diagnosis and treatment of xerosis cutis. It aims to raise awareness in terms of prevention and early treatment of this condition and may thus improve quality of life and prevent potential sequelae.
... Phytosterole ( [105]. ...
Falten reduzieren, die Haut straff halten und einen frischen Teint herbeizaubern — diese Versprechungen machen Cosmeceuticals. Sie enthalten meist effektivere Inhaltsstoffe als herkömmliche Kosmetika.
... Ölsäure) und gesättigten Fettsäuren (z.B. Laurinsäure und Caprylsäure) ebenso wie in ihrem Gehalt an Vitaminen (Vitamin E, Vitamin A), Flavonoiden, Triterpenen und Phytosterolen (siehe Ceramide) [ 107 ], sowie ihren antiseptischen Eigenschaften (z.B. Laurinsäure) [108][109][110]. ...
Zusammenfassung
1 Hintergrund und Rationale
Die Xerosis cutis (Synonym: Xerodermie, trockene Haut, hydrolipidarme Haut) ist mit > 10 Millionen Betroffenen nicht nur eine der häufigsten dermatologischen Diagnosen in Deutschland, sondern auch Leitsymptom vieler dermatologischer, internistischer und neurologischer Erkrankungen. Trotz der medizinischen Relevanz der topischen Basistherapie für die Xerosis cutis gibt es in Deutschland für ihr Management bisher keinen wissenschaftlich belegten Diagnostik‐ und Therapiealgorithmus.
2 Ziel
Dieses Positionspapier vermittelt Ärzten fachübergreifend einen an individuellen Symptomen orientierten, praxisnahen Leitfaden für die Prävention, Diagnostik und Therapie der Xerosis cutis.
3 Methodik
Im Rahmen eines strukturierten Entscheidungsprozesses wurden von erfahrenen dermatologischen Experten zunächst praxisrelevante Fragestellungen definiert und systematisch aufgearbeitet. Auf der Basis von Evidenz und Expertenkonsens wurden daraus diagnostische und therapeutische Algorithmen mit Empfehlungen für die Praxis entwickelt und konsentiert.
4 Ergebnis
Die Xerosis cutis kann grundsätzlich klinisch diagnostiziert werden. Auslöser und/oder Grunderkrankungen müssen abgeklärt und vermieden bzw. spezifisch behandelt werden. Bei der Wahl der geeigneten Basistherapie ist es wichtig, dass nicht nur die Hauthydratation verbessert, sondern auch die Barrierefunktion der Haut wiederhergestellt wird. Sie sollte daher aus einer Kombination von rückfeuchtenden und rückfettenden Inhaltsstoffen bestehen. Je trockener die Haut, desto lipidhaltiger sollte die Hautpflege sein (bevorzugt Wasser‐in‐Öl‐Formulierungen). Die individuelle Auswahl der Inhaltsstoffe orientiert sich nach kausaler Prüfung an den Symptomen Schuppung (v.a. Urea), Fissuren/Rhagaden (v.a. Urea oder Dexpanthenol), Rötung (v.a. Licochalcone A) und Pruritus (v.a. Polidocanol), sowie an der Lokalisation und dem Alter der Patienten. Inhaltsstoffe bzw. Inhaltsstoffkombinationen mit guter Studienevidenz sind zu bevorzugen. Die mit Abstand beste Evidenz bei der Xerosis cutis weist Urea auf, dessen Wirksamkeit in Kombination mit anderen natürlichen Feuchthalte‐Komponenten und Ceramiden noch gesteigert werden kann. Zur Arbeitserleichterung am Patienten und zum besseren Erlernen wurde das Xerosimeter entwickelt, das die praktische Umsetzung der Diagnostik und Verlaufskontrolle, eine Klassifikation der Inhaltsstoffe und einen strukturierten Therapiealgorithmus enthält.
5 Schlussfolgerung
Das hier vorgeschlagene strukturierte symptom‐ und evidenzorientierte Vorgehen mit Diagnostik‐ und Behandlungspfad soll für die Prävention und frühzeitige Behandlung der Xerosis cutis sensibilisieren. Damit können die Lebensqualität verbessert und Folgeerkrankungen verhindert werden.
... Ölsäure) und gesättigten Fettsäuren (z.B. Laurinsäure und Caprylsäure) ebenso wie in ihrem Gehalt an Vitaminen (Vitamin E, Vitamin A), Flavonoiden, Triterpenen und Phytosterolen (siehe Ceramide) [107], sowie ihren antiseptischen Eigenschaften (z.B. Laurinsäure) [108][109][110]. ...
Background
Dry skin is a frequent and multifaceted condition which can be associated with skin irritation, itch, patient discomfort and manifest skin disease. In spite of being frequent, little is known about the epidemiology of dry skin in the population.
Objective
To determine the prevalence of dry skin in the German adult population.
Methods
Data of 48,630 employed persons were assessed on a cross‐sectional level in whole body examinations by experienced dermatologists during company‐based skin screenings conducted in 343 German companies. Next to the current dermatologic findings age, gender, allergies, atopic diseases and the skin type were assessed.
Results
In total, n = 14,300 persons (29.4 %) were rated as having xerotic skin. Older age but not gender were associated with xerosis. In the regression analyses controlling for age and gender, dry skin was a significant predictor for: Axillary dermatitis (OR 4.51; CI 2.70–7.54), atopic eczema (OR 3.99; CI 3.42–4.65), exsiccation eczema (OR 2.96; CI 2.40–3.65), psoriasis (OR 1.57; CI 1.38–1.78), plantar warts (OR 1.42; CI 1.26–1.60), seborrheic dermatitis (OR 1.28; CI 1.16–1.42), and atopic disposition (OR 1.17; CI 1.12–1.22).
Conclusion
Dry skin is a frequent condition in the adult general population and needs special attention. Known risk factors may facilitate identifying patients at risk for deterioration.
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... Plant sterols are also provides moisture, barrier protection and antioxidant ability which present nutrition for health and skin (Fowler Jr. et al. 2010). Puglia and Bonina (2008) presented a work to evaluate the effect of topical application of soy phytosterols on skin damage and recovery of skin barrier. Two formulations were used; phystosterols + di-n-butyl adipate solution and vehicle only; in order to compare the efficiency of active component with untreated site of skin damage. ...
Consumer consciousness on the concept of natural-based ingredients triggers the natural cosmetics market to grow. The active compounds in natural ingredients offer valuable bioactivities such as antioxidant, photoprotection, anti-aging and anti-inflammatory actions that useful for skincare, hair care and dental care. This review presents an overview on natural ingredient, especially plant-derived, used in cosmetic products and the examples of Malaysian plants used for cosmetic purposes. © 2018 Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. All Rights Reserved.
... Topical application of soybean oil extracts has been shown to decrease the TEWL of forearm skin [11]. This feature may be linked to the presence of soy phytosterols, which have shown a positive effect on skin barrier recovery [124]. On the other hand, anthocyanin contents in the seed coat of black soybean were shown to have anti-human tyrosinase activity and antioxidative activity [85]. ...
Plant oils have been utilized for a variety of purposes throughout history, with their integration into foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. They are now being increasingly recognized for their effects on both skin diseases and the restoration of cutaneous homeostasis. This article briefly reviews the available data on biological influences of topical skin applications of some plant oils (olive oil, olive pomace oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, safflower seed oil, argan oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, avocado oil, borage oil, jojoba oil, oat oil, pomegranate seed oil, almond oil, bitter apricot oil, rose hip oil, German chamomile oil, and shea butter). Thus, it focuses on the therapeutic benefits of these plant oils according to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on the skin, promotion of wound healing and repair of skin barrier.
... In addition, the abundant lipid fractions of A. speciosa, C. guianensis, and O. bataua, have peculiar compositions, especially in the non-saponifiable fraction, that could provide interesting bioactive molecules. A few pieces of literature have highlighted the importance of these compounds for the development of skin care applications, providing examples for phytosterols [81], limonoids [82], astilbin, and engeletin [83,84]. However, such a complex of knowledge is the tip of an iceberg of hitherto undiscovered bioactivities and constituents in the phytocomplexes of these plant species. ...
This review concerns five species of trees and palm trees that occur as dominant plants in different rainforest areas of the Amazon region. Due to their abundance, these species can be exploited as sustainable sources of botanical materials and include Carapa guianensis Aubl., family Meliaceae; Eperua falcata Aubl., family Fabaceae; Quassia amara L., family Simaroubaceae; and Attalea speciosa Mart. and Oenocarpus bataua Mart., family Arecaceae. For each species, the general features, major constituents, overall medicinal properties, detailed dermatological and skin care applications, and possible harmful effects have been considered. The major products include seed oils from A. speciosa and C. guianensis, fruit oil from O. bataua, and active compounds such as limonoids from C. guianensis, flavonoids from E. falcata, and quassinoids from Q. amara. The dermatologic and cosmetic applications of these plants are growing rapidly but are still widely based on empiric knowledge. Applications include skin rehydration and soothing; anti-inflammatory, antiage, and antiparasite effects; hair care; burn and wound healing; and the amelioration of rosacea and psoriasis conditions. Despite a limited knowledge about their constituents and properties, these species appear as promising sources of bioactive compounds for skin care and health applications. An improvement of knowledge about their properties will provide added value to the exploitation of these forest resources.
... Normalization of the enhanced skin surface pH in aged humans (80+ years of age) by acidic skin care products improves EPB function, SC integrity/cohesion and recovery. In addition, the beneficial effect of cosmetically applied oils and lipids is commonly accepted [34][35][36][37]. ...
Objective:
Xerosis is a serious problem among the very old. It is a dermatological challenge caused by significant alterations in stratum corneum (SC) function and structure. Two negative changes in aged skin are: (i) the enhanced skin surface pH and (ii) the altered SC lipid content, composition and ordering.
Methods:
Therefore, we investigated the way in which an acidic skin care product with different plant oils affects SC function, structure and lipid profile in older subjects with dry skin. Before and after a three-week application period, different biophysical measurements were performed: transepidermal water loss, SC hydration and skin surface pH. In addition, the SC lipid matrix was evaluated by analysis of the intercellular lipid lamellae and the SC lipid profile.
Results:
After treatment, a significant increase in lipid lamellae in the intercellular space of the SC was observed in the area treated with the test product compared to the untreated area. Furthermore, the ceramide level was found to be increased, although ceramides were not provided by the acidic test formulation.
Conclusion:
In summary, topical application of a pH 4.0 product containing plant oils improves epidermal barrier formation and SC lipid ordering and ratio in aged dry skin. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Phytosterols have potential beneficial effects on obesity, protect against atherosclerosis, and prevent tumor growth [29] [30]. These compounds, as additives in cosmetics, can help repair a damaged skin barrier, while b-sitosterol has been shown to reduce symptoms of atopic dermatitis [31] [32] Of the total lipophilic extractives identified, the free sterol content varied between 0.001% w/w (A. alba seed extract) and 1.1% w/w (P. ...
The chemical content and composition of the lipophilic extracts from seeds of some fir species: Abies alba, A. cephalonica, A. concolor and A. koreana, as well as of a few spruce species: Picea abies, P. orientalis and P. pungens, were examined. The amount of lipophilic extractives diverse among the tree species; from 9.8% to 41%. The chemical characterization showed significant differences, not only in the content, but also in the composition of extractives. However, most of the identified compounds like resin alcohols, -aldehydes, and -acids, as well as fatty acids, were detected in seed extracts of all the examined tree species. The dominating identified compound group was esterified fatty acids (2.5-55.4% w/w of dry extract), occurring mainly as tri- and diglycerides, as well as free acids. The main representatives of this group were linoleic and oleic acids. The resin acids, among which the main were abietic, neoabietic, dehydroabietic and palustric acids, were also detected at high levels, from 1.8% to 16.9% of the dry seed extracts. Phytosterols, tocopherols, resin hydrocarbons and resin esters, as well as fatty alcohols were also identified. The coniferous tree seeds as a renewable natural material could represent a prospective raw material for producing valuable chemicals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Their ingestion decreases plasma levels of pro-inflammatory components, including C-reactive protein, phospholipase A 1 , IL-6, TNF-α, NF-kB and other cytokines and transcription factors (Othman and Moghadasian 2011). In addition, many studies have reported the efficacy of plant sterols as topical anti-inflammatory agents (Gómez et al., 1999;Navarro et al., 2001;Medeiros et al., 2007;Puglia and Bonina, 2008). ...
The leaves of Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae), known as Barbados gooseberry, are used in Brazilian traditional medicine as emollients and to treat skin wounds and inflammation. This study investigated the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the hexane fraction (HF) obtained from the methanol extract of the leaves of this species in models of acute and chronic ear dermatitis in mice.
Mice ear edema was induced by topical application of croton oil, arachidonic acid, capsaicin, ethyl-phenylpropiolate and phenol; and by subcutaneous injection of histamine. Ear biopsies were obtained to determine the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α cytokines by ELISA assay. Histopathological analysis was also performed to evaluate the HF activity in croton oil multiple application test. In addition, acute dermal irritaton/corrosion test in rats was accomplished. HF chemical characterization was performed by GC-MS analysis.
HF intensively reduced the inflammatory process induced by all irritant agents used, except for arachidonic acid. This activity is related, at least in part, to the reduction of IL-6 and TNF-α cytokines levels. Moreover, when the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone was used, HF failed to respond to the croton oil application.The results strongly suggested a glucocorticoid-like effect, which was reinforced by the presence of considerable amounts of sterol compounds identified in HF. The acute dermal irritaton/corrosion test showed no signs of toxicity.
This study showed that the acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity of P. aculeata leaves is very promising, and corroborates to better understand their ethnopharmacological applications.
Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
... H formulation is able to recover a quantity greater than 90% of skin barrier integrity eight days after tape stripping (p<0,05). Puglia and Bonina [31] demonstrated the increased recovery rate of skin barrier function observed in FITO application in stripped cutaneous sites and they hypothesized a "cholesterol-like" mechanism involving phytosterol species (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol) contained in FITO formulation. In fact, these compounds are triterpenes similar to cholesterol, both in structure and in function; Bhattacharyya et al. [32] demonstrated that the phytosterols and cholesterol that were absorbed from the diet into the plasma were transferred into the skin for excretion. ...
In this study, we evaluated different strategies to optimize the percutaneous absorption of niacinamide (NA) and soy phytosterols (FITO) by making use of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and penetration enhancers, such as the hydrogenated lecithin. The evaluation of the skin permeation of NA and FITO has been effected in vitro using excised human skin (i.e., stratum corneum-epidermis or SCE). Furthermore, we evaluated the in vivo effect that NA and FITO has on skin barrier recovery after the topical application; using the extent of methyl nicotinate (MN)-induced erythema in damaged skin as a parameter to determine the rate of stratum corneum recovery. Results pointed out the importance of these strategies as valid tools for NA and FITO topical delivery. In fact, soy lecithin based formulations were able to increase the percutaneous absorption of the two active ingredients, while SLN guaranteed an interesting delayed and sustained release of FITO. In vivo evaluation showed clearly that the formulation containing both the actives (NA and FITO) is able to recover about 95% of skin barrier integrity eight days after tape stripping. This effect is probably due to the "synergistic effect" of NA and FITO.
... There are also studies that prove the effectiveness of soybean phytosterol in recovering the stratum corneum (SC), the thin uppermost layer of skin, when subjected to chemical injury [6]. Thus, it is suitable to act as a substitute for 2 The Scientific World Journal active ingredients in cosmeceutical products. ...
Okara, soybean waste from tofu and soymilk production, was utilised as a natural antioxidant in soap formulation for stratum corneum application. D-optimal mixture design was employed to investigate the influence of the main compositions of okara soap containing different fatty acid and oils (virgin coconut oil A (24-28% w/w), olive oil B (15-20% w/w), palm oil C (6-10% w/w), castor oil D (15-20% w/w), cocoa butter E (6-10% w/w), and okara F (2-7% w/w)) by saponification process on the response hardness of the soap. The experimental data were utilized to carry out analysis of variance (ANOVA) and to develop a polynomial regression model for okara soap hardness in terms of the six design factors considered in this study. Results revealed that the best mixture was the formulation that included 26.537% A, 19.999% B, 9.998% C, 16.241% D, 7.633% E, and 7.000% F. The results proved that the difference in the level of fatty acid and oils in the formulation significantly affects the hardness of soap. Depending on the desirable level of those six variables, creation of okara based soap with desirable properties better than those of commercial ones is possible.
The term natural oil refers to a fixed (non‐volatile) oil of animal or plant origin. These types of oils – in contrast to essential (volatile) oils, which are obtained by steam distillation methods of plant matter – are typically obtained from plant seeds and nuts by a mechanical pressing technique or solvent extraction. The natural movement in cosmetics of the 21st century has led to renewed interest in formulating skin care products with botanical ingredients. In this article, we discuss the benefits and caveats of natural oil treatments as moisturizing agents (as occlusives and emollients) as well as their utility in wound healing and treatment of skin diseases. We also address the paradoxical behaviour of natural oils in relation to barrier function and highlight the current state of our knowledge with respect to the use of natural oils in neonatal skin care. Finally, we provide a comparison of natural oils to conventional petroleum‐based oils.
Background
There is a dearth of effective treatments to counter retinol‐induced skin irritation.
Objective
This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of three potential mitigants: (i) phytosteryl/octyldodecyl lauroyl glutamate (PLG), (ii) a physiologic lipid mixture (PLM) comprised of ceramide three and cholesterol, and (iii) niacinamide, in ameliorating irritation instigated by retinol.
Methods
An occlusive human patch test, spanning 5 days, was undertaken on 18 Chinese participants aged between 23 and 40. It was designed as a randomized, double‐blind, and vehicle‐controlled study. Clinician erythema assessment (CEA) and instrumental evaluations were employed pre and post‐test. Subsequently, a 4‐week consumer in‐use test, randomized and double‐blind in nature, was executed to substantiate the soothing effects of PLG.
Results
Data from CEA and bioengineering assessments revealed that, in comparison to the vehicle control, both 2% PLG and 5% PLM notably curbed retinol‐induced skin erythema and inflammation. Notably, PLG outperformed PLM. Conversely, 3% niacinamide did not offer relief against retinol‐induced discomfort. The subsequent consumer in‐use test affirmed that treatments with 2% PLG were better tolerated than those with the vehicle alone.
Conclusion
To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first confirmation that physiologic lipids effectively mitigate retinol‐induced irritation. Given their capacity to counter retinol‐induced irritation, physiologic lipids, particularly PLG, are recommended for incorporation in retinol regimens. Additionally, the Visia‐CR a* value can serve as a robust objective measure for interpreting patch test outcomes.
Background
Seed oils have been exploited for an array of purposes with their addition to dietary, cosmetics, or therapeutic products. The process of skin aging is a natural and complex phenomenon in living beings. Skin aging is classified into two independent processes, i.e., chronological aging and premature aging. Aging is observed as a loss of strength and elasticity of the skin, leading to wrinkles on the skin. It is due to a decrease in various components of the skin matrix, like elastin, collagen, and hyaluronic acid. Furthermore, aging is potentiated by excessive exposure to UV radiation (Photoaging) and can be prevented or reduced by using products that combat photoaging.
Objective
Anti-aging and antiwrinkle agents are in demand for maintaining skin tone. Seed oils composed of polyunsaturated fatty acids are traditionally used in cosmetic products as moisturizers and emollients, while palmitic acid and oleic acid are known for their penetration-enhancing effect. With the changing trend for extraction of oils like cold pressed methods, seed oils enriched with polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and phytosterols are good antioxidants and antimicrobials and therefore have an ever-growing demand for their usage in the treatment of skin diseases. In this review, an attempt will be made to brief the phytoconstituents present in various seed oils and their utilization against skin ailments. Furthermore, a mechanistic approach towards the benefit of oils in skin barrier repair, antiaging, and photo-aging with the help of extensive well-designed clinical trials carried out in the recent past is elaborated.
Method
A literature search in the Scopus database, Pubmed, and Medline was carried out using the terminology “aging, photoaging, antioxidant, UV-protection, sunscreens, skin barrier repair, and fatty acids, formulations” in the study. Data were retrieved over the last twenty years.
Result
The review summarises the mechanistic approach and beneficial application of seed oils for healthy and glowing skin. The oils obtained from olives, sesame, borage, grape seeds, and carrot seeds have multitargeted effects. However, the variation in pharmacological effect may vary based on geographically differing varieties, skin type, and person-to-person variation. The need to standardize the varieties for their phytoactive ingredients and the composition of formulation used for skin care can help utilize the seeds as a potential source of actives against skin diseases.
Conclusion
Conclusion: The potential of seed oils can be increased with appropriate analytical tools, validation protocols, and systematic experimental studies at preclinical and clinical trials for their application to skin care products.
Oleic acid esters of phytosterols (PSs) and triterpene alcohols (TAs), derived from rice bran, were synthesized using lipases under mild conditions. Some lipases, especially from Candida rugosa, type VII, showed very high substrate specificity towards both PSs and TAs, when a mixture of PS and TA (PS/TA mixture) was used as the substrate source. The maximum yield of PS esters was ca. 80 % in each case; however, the maximum yield of TA esters was much lower when the reaction was continued for 7 days. Due to the difficulty in purifying the esters obtained when the PS/TA mixture was used as source of substrate, free PSs and TAs were separated from the PS/TA mixture by silica-gel and reverse-phase chromatography prior to esterification. The pure PSs or TAs were esterified with oleic acid to obtain the corresponding esters with high purity. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis of the resulting esters revealed that their melting points ranged from 7.0 to 42 degrees C. These values were at least 100 degrees C lower than those of the free PSs and TAs.
IntroductionComposition of soybean and soybean oilRecovery and refining of soybean oilOil composition modification by processing and biotechnologyPhysical properties of soybean oilOxidation evaluation of soybean oilNutritional properties of soybean oilFood uses of soybean oilReferences
Natural ingredients have been used traditionally for millennia and their application in topical creams, lotions and preparations within the traditional medicines and healing traditions of many cultures has been observed. Over the last 20 years, clinical and laboratory studies have identified the benefits of an array of natural ingredients for skin care. Consequently, a number of these ingredients and compounds are today being developed, used or considered not only for anti-aging effects, but also for use in dermatologic disorders. Certain ingredients, such as colloidal oatmeal and aloe vera, have been identified as beneficial in the treatment of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, respectively, due to their anti-inflammatory properties. For combating acne and rosacea, green tea, niacinamide and feverfew are considered efficacious. As to hyperpigmentation and antioxidative capabilities, licorice, green tea, arbutin, soy, acai berry, turmeric and pomegranate are among those plants and compounds found to be most beneficial. Additional research is needed to determine to confirm and elucidate the benefits of these ingredients in the prevention and management of skin disease.
Very few over-the-counter cosmetic 'anti-ageing' products have been subjected to a rigorous double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial of efficacy. Previously we have shown that application of a cosmetic 'anti-ageing' product to photoaged skin under occlusion for 12 days can stimulate the deposition of fibrillin-1. This observation infers potential to repair and perhaps clinically improve photoaged skin.
We examined another similar over-the-counter cosmetic 'anti-ageing' product using both the patch test assay and a 6-month double-blind, randomized controlled trial (RCT), with a further 6-month open phase to assess clinical efficacy in photoaged skin.
For the patch test, commercially [corrected] available test product and its vehicle were applied occluded for 12-days to photoaged forearm skin (n = 10) prior to biopsy and immunohistochemical assessment of fibrillin-1; all-transretinoic acid (RA) [corrected] was used as a positive control. Sixty photoaged subjects were recruited to the RCT (test product, n = 30 vs. vehicle, n = 30; once daily for 6-months; face & hands) [corrected] with clinical assessments performed at recruitment and following 1-, 3- & 6-months of use [corrected]. Twenty-eight subjects had skin biopsies (dorsal wrist) at baseline and at 6 months of treatment for immunohistochemical assessment of fibrillin-1 (test product, n = 15; vehicle, n = 13). All subjects [corrected] received test product for a further 6-months. Final clinical assessments were performed at the end of this open period; 27 subjects received test product for 12-months [corrected].
In the 12-day patch test assay, we observed significant immunohistological deposition of fibrillin-1 in skin treated by test product and RA as compared to untreated baseline (P = 0.005 and 0.015 respectively). In the clinical RCT, at 6 months, compared to baseline assessment, 43% of subjects on test product had an improvement in facial wrinkles (P = 0.013), whereas only 22% of subjects using vehicle had clinical improvement (P = ns). Between group comparison of test product and vehicle was non-significant (P = 0.10). After 12 months, there was a significant benefit of test product over that projected for vehicle (70% vs. 33% of subjects improving; combined Wilcoxon rank tests, P = 0.026). There was significant deposition of fibrillin-1 in skin treated for 6 months with test product (mean +/- SE; vehicle, 1.84 +/- 0.23; test product, 2.57 +/- 0.19; P = 0.019).
An over-the-counter cosmetic 'anti-ageing' product demonstrated clear benefit over vehicle in fibrillin-1 deposition over a 6-month trial period. There was a corresponding but non-significant trend towards clinical improvement in facial wrinkles. Clinical improvements in the treated group were increased after a further 6-months of use. This study demonstrates that a cosmetic may improve the appearance of wrinkles and further supports the use of fibrillin-1 as a robust biomarker for repair of photoaged dermis.
The preparation and detailed composition of an oil newly extracted from pure soy germ (not less than 96 % hypocotyle) are presented. Experiments in vivo showed that soybean-germ oil (SGO) possesses a remarkable protective activity against UVB-induced skin inflammation, exceeding that of tocopherol acetate by a factor of 2. These results suggest that SGO might have interesting therapeutic and cosmetic applications in the management of skin diseases initiated, sustained, or exacerbated by an over production of free radicals.
Water uptake was measured into delipidated stratum corneum corneocytes either alone, combined with their indigenous lipids, or with model lipids of similar composition. The results showed that reaggregated stratum corneum accepts water to the same extent as the original isolated layer but that the water uptake by the reaggregated structure (delipidated corneocytes plus lipids) was greater than that for its individual components. In addition, we demonstrated a strong moisturization effect by the lipids, based on the fact that higher lipid/corneocyte ratios gave rise to a most pronounced increase of water uptake.
In this short review, I have described recent advances in our understanding of mammalian stratum corneum. New ultrastructural methods complement powerful physical-chemical methods, together providing precise information about the structure and molecular architecture of stratum corneum intercellular domains. Secretion of epidermal lamellar body contents, not only of lipid precursors, but also of hydrolytic enzymes, results in dynamic modulations within the stratum corneum interstices; i.e., this tissue can no longer be considered inert. Furthermore, the epidermis is now appreciated to be a lipid biosynthetic factory, with all of the nucleated layers participating actively. Finally, though largely independent of the regulatory influence of circulating lipids, epidermal lipid synthesis is regulated by barrier requirements, and transepidermal water loss appears to be a regulatory factor.
Chemoprevention by natural products is an emerging therapeutic approach for free radical-mediated diseases including cancer. This is a consequence of its wide applicability and acceptance. In the present study, the antioxidant activity of the soybean extract (Isoflavin Beta Ò) and of formulations added with this extract were evaluated using stable free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH Å) and deoxyribose as well as the lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. For all the assays the extract showed a dose-dependent activity, and IC 50 of 21.03 lg/mL in lipid peroxidation inhibition, 161.8 lg/mL in DPPH Å , and 33.5 ng/mL in hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. The antioxidant activity of the extract added in the formulations could not be assessed using the deoxyribose assay. However, the lipid peroxidation inhibition and DPPH Å scavenging assays could be successfully applied for the antioxidant activity evaluation of the formu-lations added with soybean extract to protect the skin against free radicals, which can be generated by the ultraviolet radiation exposure. Ó 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In this paper we evaluate the influence of phospholipid based formulations (PBFs) on skin absorption. In particular we describe the production and characterization of different PBFs, namely liposomes and w/o microemulsion gels, and their influence on in vitro and in vivo absorption of methyl nicotinate (MN) used as model compound. In order to compare the influence of various vehicles on skin absorption, Franz cell and MN induced erythema were used as in vitro and in vivo experimental models respectively. The formulations tested were: (a) unilamellar liposomes consisting of soybean lecithin/ cholesterol (9:1 w/w) suspended in water or incorporated into hydrophilic gels (Carbomer and carboxymethyl cellulose based gels) and (b) soybean lecithin based gels. The results indicate that vehicles containing phospholipids in liposomal form provided enhanced in vivo MN skin permeation compared to the corresponding vehicles without phospholipids. Lecithin gel showed a different behaviour characterized by a short and intense persistence of MN induced erythema.
The penetration of drugs through aged skin is important both in terms of transdermal delivery to elicit systemic pharmacological effects, and for topical treatment. Cutaneous microcirculation efficiency, an integral parameter in the overall process of percutaneous absorption, was studied in young (20-34 years) and old (64-86 years) individuals. Cutaneous erythema as induced by topical administration of methyl nicotinate to the ventral forearm, was monitored non-invasively using laser-Doppler flowmetry. Dose-response behaviour was characterized by five parameters: (i) the time of onset of action; (ii) the time to reach maximum response; (iii) the magnitude of the maximum response; (iv) the area under the response-time curve; and (v) the time to decay to 75% of the maximum response. Additionally, the sensitivity and efficiency of the cutaneous microcirculation in both age groups was evaluated using a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. Statistical analysis of all data showed no significant differences between the age groups for the same concentrations. The results indicate that microvessel reactivity to the applied stimulus is comparable in the ventral forearm of both young and old populations.
In order to further clarify the role of intercellular lipids in the water-retention properties of the stratum corneum, forearm skin of six healthy male volunteers was treated with 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) for 1, 10, and 30 min. All treatment periods induced chapping and scaling of the stratum corneum without any inflammatory reaction, accompanied by a significant decrease in its water-retention function. Electron-microscopic analysis of SDS-treated stratum corneum revealed selective depletion of the lipids from the intercellular spaces, accompanied by marked disruption of multiple lamellae structures. Lipid analysis also showed a considerable and selective loss of intercellular lipids such as cholesterol, cholesterol ester, free fatty acid, and sphingolipids. To evaluate the recovery potential for intercellular lipids, lipids which were separated as sebaceous-rich lipids (SLs) and stratum corneum lipids (SCLs) were applied daily on SDS-treated forearm skin. Two daily applications of the SCLs which were emulsified at 10% concentration in W/O (water in oil) cream caused a significant increase in conductance, accompanied by a definite improvement in the level of scaling over no application or W/O emulsion base only, whereas SLs in the W/O emulsion base led to no significant recovery in either conductance value or scaling. When two daily topical applications of four chromatographically separated lipid fractions (cholesterol ester, free fatty acid, cholesterol, and sphingolipid) from the SCL were carried out at 1% concentration in the same system, the cholesterol ester and sphingolipid fractions were found to induce a significant increase in the conductance value over no application.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
To test the hypothesis that plant sterols found in the skin surface lipids of humans originated from diet after their absorption from intestine into plasma and then transferred to skin, we studied the 24-h excretion of plant sterols and cholesterol from skin and in feces in a hyperlipoproteinemic (type IIa) patient fed formula diets providing varying quantities of plant sterols (0-30 g/day) and cholesterol (0-1000 g/day). Upon feeding a sterol-free diet, the beta-sitosterol excretion from the skin decreased progressively, from about 6 mg/day to 0.08 mg/day by 83 days and then completely disappeared. With addition of plant sterols (about 30 g/day) to the diet, beta-sitosterol reappeared in the skin surface lipids and rose to nearly 5 mg/day by 6 weeks. With feeding of the sterol-free diet, the fecal excretion of beta-sitosterol and the 2 other plant sterols decreased gradually and by week 4 disappeared completely from the feces and continued to be absent from the feces as long as the diet was free of plant sterols. The results demonstrated clearly that plant sterols which were absorbed into the plasma from the diet were excreted into the skin surface lipids after being transferred from the plasma to the skin.
Topical acetone treatment extracts lipids from the stratum corneum, and disrupts the permeability barrier, resulting in a homeostatic response in the viable epidermis that ultimately repairs the barrier. Recently, we have developed an optimal lipid mixture (cholesterol, ceramide, palmitate and linoleate 4.3:2.3:1:1.08) that, when applied topically, accelerates barrier repair following extensive disruption of the barrier by acetone. The present study determined if topical treatment with this optimal lipid mixture would have beneficial effects following disruption of the barrier by petroleum ether, tape stripping, or by detergent treatment. Also, we determined if barrier repair was accelerated after moderate disturbances of barrier function. Following moderate or extensive disruption of the barrier by acetone or petroleum ether (solvents), or tape stripping (mechanical), application of the optimal lipid mixture accelerated barrier repair. Additionally, following barrier disruption with N-laurosarcosine free acid or dodecylbenzensulphuric acid (detergents), the optimal lipid mixture similarly accelerated barrier repair. However, following disruption of the barrier with different detergents, sodium dodecyl sulphate and ammonium lauryl sulphosuccinate, the optimal lipid mixture did not improve barrier recovery. Thus, the optimal lipid mixture is capable of accelerating barrier repair following disruption of the barrier by solvent treatment or tape stripping (mechanical), and by certain detergents such as Sarkosyl and dodecylbenzensulphuric acid. The ability of the optimal lipid mixture to accelerate barrier repair after both moderate and extensive degrees of barrier disruption suggests a potential clinical use for this approach.
Three stratum corneum lipids, ceramides, cholesterol (CHOL), and free fatty acids (FA), are required for permeability barrier homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that application of one or two of these lipids to perturbed skin delays barrier recovery; only equimolar mixtures allow normal recovery. We asked here whether any physiological lipid mixtures improve barrier repair, as assessed by transepidermal water loss. Whereas an equimolar ratio of ceramides, CHOL, and FA (either the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid, or the nonessential FAs, palmitic or stearic acids) allows normal repair, further acceleration of barrier repair occurs as the ratio of any of these ingredients is increased up to 3-fold. Similar preliminary results were obtained in damaged human skin. Likewise, while acylceramides alone delay barrier recovery, acylceramides: CHOL mixtures within a specific range of molar rations dramatically improve barrier repair. Furthermore, glycosyl ceramides, sphingomyelin, and triglycerides substitute effectively for ceramides and FA, respectively, but neither phospholipids nor cholesterol esters substitute for FA and CHOL, respectively. These studies show the specific requirements of selected stratum corneum lipid mixtures for optimized barrier repair in murine skin, with further validation in human skin. Utilization of physiologic lipids according to these parameters could lead to new forms of topical therapy for dermatoses (e.g., psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and irritant dermatitis) triggered by abnormal barrier function.
The aim was to assess the feasibility of cutaneous microdialysis as a method to study percutaneous penetration of methyl nicotinate through human skin in vitro and in vivo.
Microdialysis was applied in vitro in excised human skin, in isolated dermis, in reconstructed human epidermis and in vivo in the volar forearm skin of volunteers using methyl nicotinate (MN) as a model compound. After topical application of MN, aliquots of the perfusate were collected and analyzed for the presence of MN spectrophotometrically and by HPLC. In vivo, visual scoring and laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) were used to monitor the effects on skin blood flow.
In vitro, MN was detected in the dialysate after a 1 min exposure of excised skin to concentrations as low as 25 mM. Higher concentrations up to 500 mM showed increased levels. Prolongation of the application time to 60 min resulted in increased levels of MN in the perfusate as the duration of application increased. Reconstructed epidermis and isolated dermis showed an almost 2- and 20-fold higher penetration compared to excised skin, respectively. In vivo, LDPI measurements showed a rapid increase in skin blood flow after application of 25 to 100 mM MN for 1 min. MN was only detectable in the microdialysate after application of 100 mM for 10 min (two of three subjects).
Cutaneous microdialysis may be a tool for comparative studies linking responses in human skin in vivo to in vitro data using the same technique and endpoint.
The lipids of the stratum corneum are considered responsible for the most important functions of the skin, such as the transepidermal water loss, as well as the transdermal penetration of the chemical substances. Topical application of lipids similar to the physiological stratum corneum (SC) on barrier disrupted skin, could enhance the recovery rate of the skin barrier. A mixture of natural lipids or liposomes with the same lipid composition, were applied and their pharmacological action was investigated. The tests were done in vivo, on the back of hairless mice. Comparative results were obtained and showed that the liposomes had a higher turnover of the skin barrier in contrast to that of the mechanical mixture of lipids.
The uppermost thin layer, stratum corneum, plays a crucial role as a water impermeable barrier. After acute damage, it recovers automatically, but with aging or psychological stress, the recovery is delayed. Frequent damage, or damage under a dry environment, induces epidermal hyperplasia or inflammation. A specific protease inhibitor, histamine antagonist, and some magnesium salts have been demonstrated to accelerate the barrier recovery. These treatments also mitigated the epidermal hyperplasia induced by repeated barrier disruption or the damage under a dry condition. For the delay of the barrier repair induced by psychological stress, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist or reduction of the stress by some specific odorant was significantly effective. Recently, the ion flux in the epidermis was found to be crucial for the barrier homeostasis. An external negative electric field accelerated the skin barrier recovery. These new methods to improve skin barrier homeostasis could be useful strategies to solve skin problems.
It is generally acknowledged that well-formulated moisturizing skin care products can restore disturbed barrier function that can be assessed by transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements. When ceramides and/or other barrier lipids are incorporated, it is, however, not always clearly demonstrated which ingredients of the formulation exert the beneficial effects.
In this study the effects of topically applied ceramide-containing mixtures on the barrier repair of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS)- and acetone-induced skin damage have been studied in human volunteers. TEWL and stratum corneum hydration measurements were carried out. The emulsions applied contained either a mixture of two types of ceramides, CerIII and CerIIIB (emulsion 1) or a complete mixture of ceramides III, IIIB and VI together with phytosphingosine, cholesterol and the free fatty acid linoleic acid (emulsion 2).
After SLS damage, it was observed that barrier recovery was significantly accelerated by topical application (14 days, 2 x/d) of emulsion 2 compared with the results obtained with emulsion 1. Corneometrical results were not relevant due to the occurrence of scaly fissured skin, failing to provide a good skin/probe contact. Although no effect on TEWL could be observed, the improvement of skin hydration after acetone treatment and a single application of the emulsions, was significantly more positive for emulsion 2 than for emulsion 1.
The investigative methods used in this study show that ceramides combined with other skin lipids can improve barrier repair after damage.
Biochemical and structural changes of the dermal connective tissue substantially contribute to the phenotype of aging skin. To study connective tissue metabolism with respect to ultraviolet (UV) exposure, we performed an in vitro (human dermal fibroblasts) and an in vivo complementary DNA array study in combination with protein analysis in young and old volunteers. Several genes of the collagen metabolism such as Collagen I, III and VI as well as heat shock protein 47 and matrix metalloproteinase-1 are expressed differentially, indicating UV-mediated effects on collagen expression, processing and degradation. In particular, Collagen I is time and age dependently reduced after a single UV exposure in human skin in vivo. Moreover, older subjects display a lower baseline level and a shorter UV-mediated increase in hyaluronan (HA) levels. To counteract these age-dependent changes, cultured fibroblasts were treated with a specific soy extract. This treatment resulted in increased collagen and HA synthesis. In a placebo-controlled in vivo study, topical application of an isoflavone-containing emulsion significantly enhanced the number of dermal papillae per area after 2 weeks. Because the flattening of the dermal-epidermal junction is the most reproducible structural change in aged skin, this soy extract appears to rejuvenate the structure of mature skin.
The aim of this study was the evaluation, in vitro and in vivo, of indomethacin (IND) release through the skin from nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). NLC were prepared by ultrasonication, and were characterized in order to determine drug content, and particle size; finally the NLC were processed to hydrogels (A and B). The IND release pattern from NLC hydrogels was evaluated in vitro, to determine its percutaneous absorption through excised human skin (stratum corneum and epidermis, SCE), and in vivo. To evaluate the in vivo IND release, two methods were employed: (1) the IND topical anti-inflammatory activity was determined at different time-points after its cutaneous application; in this case, the UVB-induced erythema on healthy human volunteers, chosen as inflammatory model, was monitored by reflectance visible spectrophotometry; (2) the extent of IND absorption into human skin was performed by the tape-stripping technique. The in vitro percutaneous absorption studies showed lower fluxes of IND through SCE membranes from NLC hydrogels (A and B) in comparison to an aqueous dispersion (C) and a hydro-alcoholic gel (D) both containing free IND. The findings from the former in vivo method showed that the anti-inflammatory effect, following IND topical application, was more prolonged with IND-loaded NLC gel formulation (A) if compared to formulation C and D. The results from tape stripping technique confirmed the trend obtained by the former in vivo method and indicated that IND topical bioavailability in the stratum corneum varied substantially depending upon the formulations (A-D).
The efficacy and safety of a bath oil containing soya oil and anti-pruritic lauromacrogols have been demonstrated in experimental and clinical studies. In order to generate more efficacy and safety-related data on the day-to-day use in paediatric practice, a post-marketing surveillance study has been conducted. More than 3500 patients--the vast majority (61.4%) aged 0-4 years--were included in this investigation. Atopic eczema was diagnosed in 86.4% of the cases. The average duration of treatment was 42 days. The results confirm that the anti-pruritic bath oil is both well-tolerated and effective in treating dry and itchy skin diseases. The sum score of symptoms decreased during the treatment period from 7.21 to 2.71 mean score points. The physicians assessed the global efficacy in 89.4% of the cases as 'very good' or 'good'. Anti-pruritic properties of the combination were rated 'very good' or 'good' in 84.3%. The local tolerability was stated to be 'good' or 'very good' in 96.8% of the patients. In total, only 10 out of the 3566 patients, 0.28% respectively, experienced discomfort.Moreover, the physicians estimated that the bath oil therapy helped to reduce therapeutics like steroids in nearly 60% of patients. The potential to reduce use of external steroids and other specific therapeutics is also of particular relevance from a pharmacoeconomic point of view.
The primary function of the skin is to protect the body for unwanted influences from the environment. The main barrier of the skin is located in the outermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum. The stratum corneum consists of corneocytes surrounded by lipid regions. As most drugs applied onto the skin permeate along the lipid domains, the lipid organization is considered to be very important for the skin barrier function. It is for this reason that the lipid organization has been investigated quite extensively. Due to the exceptional stratum corneum lipid composition, with long chain ceramides, free fatty acids and cholesterol as main lipid classes, the lipid organization is different from that of other biological membranes. In stratum corneum, two lamellar phases are present with repeat distances of approximately 6 and 13 nm. Moreover the lipids in the lamellar phases form predominantly crystalline lateral phases, but most probably a subpopulation of lipids forms a liquid phase. Diseased skin is often characterized by a reduced barrier function and an altered lipid composition and organization. In order to understand the aberrant lipid organization in diseased skin, information on the relation between lipid composition and organization is crucial. However, due to its complexity and inter-individual variability, the use of native stratum corneum does not allow detailed systematic studies. To circumvent this problem, mixtures prepared with stratum corneum lipids can be used. In this paper first the lipid organization in stratum corneum of normal and diseased skin is described. Then the role the various lipid classes play in stratum corneum lipid organization and barrier function has been discussed. Finally, the information on the role various lipid classes play in lipid phase behavior has been used to interpret the changes in lipid organization and barrier properties of diseased skin.
Phytosterols, or plant sterols, are compounds that occur naturally and bear close structural resemblance to cholesterol, but have different side-chain configurations. Phytosterols are relevant in pharmaceuticals (production of therapeutic steroids), nutrition (anti-cholesterol additives in functional foods, anti-cancer properties), and cosmetics (creams, lipstick). Phytosterols can be obtained from vegetable oils or from industrial wastes, which gives an added value to the latter. Considerable efforts have been recently dedicated to the development of efficient processes for phytosterol isolation from natural sources. The present work aims to summarize information on the applications of phytosterols and to review recent approaches, mainly from the industry, for the large-scale recovery of phytosterols.