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The Assessment: International Competitiveness

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... Porter [27] (pp. [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. This theory brings together two categories, which are competitiveness and specialization [28]. ...
... Porter's concept of competitive advantages [41] (pp. [44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62]. It proposes that by improving efficiency it is possible to obtain factors that contribute to the expansion of the enterprise and obtain competitive advantage [42]. ...
... Competitive advantage can be understood both as static and dynamic, i.e., as its ownership of and ability to gain possessions [43]. Competitive advantage is distinguished from market advantage; the latter does not guarantee the obtaining of the former [44]. The origins of competitive advantage are currently mainly intensive factors, which are caused by increasing the volatility, turbulence, and complexity of the business environment [45]. ...
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The research aims to present a comparative and cause–effect assessment of the competitiveness of small and medium production enterprises. The author’s research comprises 13,943 enterprises in 2007–2019—the entire population of enterprises included in public statistics in Poland as macro-, meso- and micro-structures. The research study presents the extent, trends, and intensity of changes in competitiveness and its factors. The author analyses the characteristics of structures—the stability of positions and changes in the ranking of objects, and presents the classification and comparative analysis of structure profiles. In the methodological approach, the study makes use of a specially designed multivariate competitiveness measure (statistical procedure), its partial measures (productivity of labour cost and cost productivity in regard to export), and determinants. The research on object relocation is based on the ranking method. The research of the relocation of objects is based on the ranking method. The average rank position and its variability are determined. The assessment of the density of objects is based on the specially designed density measure. Analysis of profile similarities are based on the taxonomic similarity measure. As research results have proven: first, small and medium enterprises represent different levels of competitiveness, and the intensity of changes varies in the course of time; second, increased competitiveness in both groups of companies results from export activities rather than an increase in labour productivity; third, in the context of great similarities between small and medium enterprise profiles in terms of their normative competitiveness patterns, the results of the analysis of the existing differences are in favour of medium entities. The value of the research lies in the usage of a unique set of enterprises and the constructed multivariate model for assessing competitiveness, structure variability, and its profiling.
... In other hand, the enthusiasm of media for a blurred, advertising and poetic concept's, ambiguous and vague, but wrapped in ingenuity increased uncertainty around it (Voinescu & Moisoiu 2014). As a consequence there is a little agreement as to what competitiveness actually means or how it can be conceptualized (Berger 2008;Boltho 1996;Reichel 2002). ...
... Competitiveness has a limited sense, used in a comparative sense or analysis of national economic performance without implying any international economic rivalry The comparative advantage "evolves" to reflect the evolution of "capabilities" of innovation and growth (competitive advantage) Boltho , 1996;Fagerberg, 1996, Cantwell, 2006 School of competitiveness A central issue in economic development: it is to be engaged and be effective in high-value sectors capable of raising the national welfare as a whole (as opposed to the mere ability to sell or attractiveness) "Comparative advantage" in some products is more desirable than others. And "comparative advantage" can be created through external economies 'autocatalytic' (namely the chance, history and public policy can produce a commercial structure Reinert (1994,1995,1999,2009,2011); (Chang, 2002(Chang, , 2013 Source: By author ...
... In this perspective, Competitiveness has a limited sense: A comparative analysis of national economic performance without implying any economic rivalry between nations (Boltho, 1996); (Fagerberg, 1996(Fagerberg, , 2002Cantwell (2006). ...
Book
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Competitiveness of nations is the most used and abused concept of modern economy. It is presented by economists as a natural law equivalent to Gravity or Darwinian law; it seems to have answers to all economic questions as an economic "theory of everything". However, despite its attraction for economists, competitiveness concept still elusive and misleading, it is like a house of cards that cannot resist to any empirical validation. Thus, competitiveness manifests itself as an ideology more than an economic concept. Indeed, actually there is a need for a broader approach and a deep critical review of competitiveness concept. Therefore, this book aims at explain the sources of contradiction and the essence of the debate about the validity of national competitiveness concept. It summarizes the rejection of the concept in three reasons: Ideological aspect of competitiveness, exclusive microeconomic nature and political manipulation of the concept. In brief, this book presents itself as a critical review of competitiveness at nation level; it proposes the main fracture points in the theoretical basis of this contentious concept.
... Organizations are more productive if there is open communication between top management and employees. Certain authors [1] imply that a lot of researches have shown that selling is more successful if the organization is characterized by open communication. The relationship between those in leadership positions and employees are very important, but also, dedication to tasks and goals are vital for organization productivity. ...
... The Leadership Grid portrays five major leadership styles: authority-compliance (9,1), country-club management (1,9), impoverished management (1,1), middle-of-the-road management (5,5), and team management (9,9) [38]. ...
... The Leadership Grid portrays five major leadership styles: authority-compliance (9,1), country-club management (1,9), impoverished management (1,1), middle-of-the-road management (5,5), and team management (9,9) [38]. ...
Conference Paper
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Leadership is essential for organizations' effectiveness. Better leadership leads to a more productive organization. One of the problems in practice is the measurement of leadership. As a solution to the aforementioned problem, this paper introduces the Adapted Leadership Grid. The proposed Grid is based on the Managerial Grid developed by Blake and Mouton and can be used for the leadership measurement. The paper can be useful for leaders, members of top management, leadership practitioners and the general public, the professional and scientific public in general.
... There are numerous management models available; these models are continuously evolving through model innovation (Birkinshaw et al, 2008). The general management model framework brings out four management models by separating the "end" (defining objectives and motivating employees") from the "means" (coordinating activities and making decisions) (Boltho, 1996). ...
... The approach provides various ways of utilizing opportunities to move forward through trial and error. The model mainly plays the role of a transitional model, whereas organizations are bound to shift to different models in time as it becomes more successful, formalized, and organized with clearly defined objectives (Boltho, 1996). ...
... This model aims at using a simple approach for defining objectives and employee motivation. The framework encourages the organization to maintain a loose definition of objectives to give employees more freedom while ensuring they deliver according to the established organizational values and mission (Boltho, 1996). ...
Article
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Management has been the focus of studies in the field of tourism and hospitality and other related sectors. However, recently, investigators began examining the role of a management model in improving the competitiveness of a country both at the firm and state level. The literature reviewed in the current study has shown that management models affect the success, productivity, and effectiveness of firms in the sector. More researchers have noted that the management model should focus on the sustainability of the ecosystem and economy. The management model adopted by Greece has not been effective in improving its level of competitiveness compared to other European nations. Although various studies have examined the phenomenon, there is yet a need for more explorations to exploit how various antecedents of management models affect the tourism sector in the long-run. The current study has established that the management model supported by positive government policies affects the tourism industry and attracts more visitors, growth, and competitiveness.
... Dünya Ekonomik Forumu'nun yayınladığı Küresel Rekabet Raporu'nda küresel rekabet gücü, bir ekonominin serbest piyasa koşullarında ulusal ve uluslararası piyasaların taleplerini karşılayabilecek mal ve hizmet üretebilme kabiliyeti olarak tanımlanmaktadır. İhracat performansı, bir ülkenin sahip olduğu şartlarda gerçekleştirilen dış ticaret başarısıdır (Boltho, 1996;OECD, 1992). Bu kapsamda küresel rekabet edebilirlik, ülkenin ticaret performansı ve ekonomik verimliliğiyle ilgilidir (Chikan, 2008;Madzova, 2018). ...
... AMG tahmincisi, ülke regresyonuna bir ortak dinamik süreç ekleyerek yatay kesit bağımlılığı açıklamaktadır. Bu değişken, birinci farklarda havuzlanmış bir regresyonun yıl kukla katsayılarından çıkarılır ve tüm ülkelerde gözlemlenmemiş ortak faktörlerin düzey eşdeğer ortalama gelişimini temsil eder (Eberhardt & Bond, 2009 According to the Global Competitiveness Report published by the World Economic Forum, global competitiveness is defined as the ability of an economy to produce goods and services that can meet the demands of national and international markets under free market conditions (Boltho, 1996;OECD, 1992). Export performance is the success of a country in international trade under the conditions it has. ...
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Bu çalışmanın amacı, OECD ülkeleri için 2006-2019 dönemi arasında küresel rekabet endeksi, temel gereklilikler endeksi, etkinliği artırıcılar endeksi, yenilik ve gelişmişlik endeksi ile ihracat performansı arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz etmektir. Analiz kapsamında yatay kesit bağımlılığı dikkate alan ve durağan olmama durumunda da etkin bir tahminci olan Genişletilmiş Ortalama Grup (AMG) tahmincisi kullanılarak heterojen panel veri analizi uygulanmıştır. AMG tahmincisinden elde edilen bulgulara göre, panelin genelinde küresel rekabet endeksi, temel gereklilikler endeksi, etkinliği artırıcılar endeksi, yenilik ve gelişmişlik endeksi ile ihracat performansı arasında pozitif ve istatiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
... However, the empirical findings were opposite to this (Leontief, 1953). Other foreign trade theories in the literature have focused on the competitiveness of a nation which is examined by the decrease in the ER (Boltho, 1996) and by minimizing ULC. Michael Porter, who leads the way for competitiveness theory points out productivity as the best method of examining EC. ...
... Since the U.S.A. is a capital-intensive country, hence is likely to be an exporter of capital-intensive goods and an importer of those goods that require other factors, such as labour, which is scarce (Leontief, 1953). Other foreign trade theories in the literature have focussed on the competitiveness of the nation which is examined by the decrease in the real exchange rate (Boltho, 1996) and by minimizing the ULC. Michael Porter, who leads the way for competitiveness theory points out productivity as the best method of examining the EC. ...
Chapter
This chapter proposes a conceptual framework for export competitiveness (EC) in emerging markets based on combining the competitive advantage of firms and the comparative advantage. The emerging markets studied in this chapter are India, ASEAN countries, the U.S.A., the UK, Singapore, Canada, Japan, Hungary, Indonesia, Korea, Mexico, and Poland. Five components constitute the framework and are identified on the basis of theoretical studies. The conceptual framework to EC combines Heckscher Ohlin (H-O) theory. The chapter begins with the operational definitions of various determinants of EC and then examines various definitions, models, and theories specified by the scientists, management thinkers, and researchers over the period of time. The conceptual understanding reveals that labour productivity, capital productivity, unit labour cost, and exchange rate are vital in achieving the EC in emerging markets. The chapter will act as a reference point for researchers and other stakeholders interested in identifying the determinants of EC. The framework has implications for various emerging nations that are exploring opportunities in global trade and is also of use to researchers from emerging economies where the role of EC can be significant in the expansion of an industry. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Sudhir Rana and Avinash K Shrivastava.
... Again, considering that the Marshall-Lerner (ML) posits that currency depreciation will lead to balance of trade improvement given that the absolute sum of the long-term elasticities of demand for import and export is greater than one, it means that depreciation reduces export prices relative to import prices. As stated in Boltho (1996), the ML states that exchange rate SN Bus Econ (2021) 1:151 151 ...
... This will help the agriculture sector to reap huge gains from the cheaper exports and be able to support the manufacturing sector with its enhanced foreign exchange and industrial raw materials production. Thus, the negative agriculture export impact of exchange rate contradicts those of similar studies like Mishkin (1995), Boltho (1996), Kollmann (2005), Ireland (2010), and Yildirim and Ivrendi (2016), which all posited that the currency depreciation improves local export. However, it is at variance with those of Arize (1998) and Aro-Gordon (2017), which affirmed contrary negative impacts on local exports. ...
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This study examines the effect of exchange rate fluctuation on non-oil export by focusing on both manufactured exports and agriculture exports in Nigeria between 1970 and 2019. The study employs the vector error correction framework, the impulse response and variance decomposition analyses to analyse data on agriculture exports, manufacturing exports, exchange rate, interest rate, and inflation rate. Findings suggest that long run relationship exists among the variables. The vector error correction analysis reveals that exchange rate depreciation positively impacts agriculture exports but negatively impacts manufacturing exports in Nigeria. However, both the impulse response and variance decomposition analyses confirm that exchange rate fluctuation has a higher significance on manufacturing exports than agriculture exports by accounting for the largest forecast error variance in manufacturing exports than in agriculture exports over the forecast horizon. We conclude that fluctuations in exchange rate significantly impact the non-oil exports in Nigeria. Hence, to enhance the non-oil exports, government could consider enhancing the local capacity to produce for exports by reducing tariffs for manufactured inputs. They can also set up modular mechanised farms for agriculture graduates and farmers to boost agriculture exports and stabilize the exchange rate.
... However, the empirical findings were opposite to this (Leontief, 1953). Other foreign trade theories in the literature have focused on the competitiveness of a nation which is examined by the decrease in the ER (Boltho, 1996) and by minimizing ULC. Michael Porter, who leads the way for competitiveness theory points out productivity as the best method of examining EC. ...
... Since the U.S.A. is a capital-intensive country, hence is likely to be an exporter of capital-intensive goods and an importer of those goods that require other factors, such as labour, which is scarce (Leontief, 1953). Other foreign trade theories in the literature have focussed on the competitiveness of the nation which is examined by the decrease in the real exchange rate (Boltho, 1996) and by minimizing the ULC. Michael Porter, who leads the way for competitiveness theory points out productivity as the best method of examining the EC. ...
Chapter
Full-text available
The present paper proposes a conceptual framework for Export Competitiveness (EC) in emerging markets based on combining the competitive advantage of firms and the comparative advantage. The emerging markets studied in this paper are India, ASEAN countries, US, UK, Singapore, Canada, Japan, Hungary, Indonesia, Korea, Mexico, and Poland. Five components constitute the framework and are identified on the basis of theoretical studies. The conceptual framework to EC combines Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) theory. The paper begins with the operational definitions of various determinants of EC and then an attempt has been made in understanding various definitions, models and theories specified by the scientists, management thinkers and researchers over the period of time. The conceptual understanding reveals that labour productivity, capital productivity, unit labour cost and exchange rate are vital in achieving the EC in emerging markets. The paper can act as a reference point for researchers and other stakeholders interested in identifying the determinants of EC. The framework has implications for various emerging nations that are exploring opportunities in global trade and is also of use to researchers from emerging economies where the role of EC can be significant in the expansion of an industry.
... Oriented to the time dimension, (Boltho, 1996) distinguish between short-term and long-term state competitiveness. (Boltho, 1996) believes that short-term international competitiveness is the real exchange rate that ensures internal and external balance with appropriate domestic policies; conversely, long-term international competitiveness is associated with high productivity growth that is consistent with external equilibrium. ...
... Oriented to the time dimension, (Boltho, 1996) distinguish between short-term and long-term state competitiveness. (Boltho, 1996) believes that short-term international competitiveness is the real exchange rate that ensures internal and external balance with appropriate domestic policies; conversely, long-term international competitiveness is associated with high productivity growth that is consistent with external equilibrium. The driving factor that determines national competitiveness, according to (Porter M. E., 1998) is not a country but company that compete in the market. ...
Article
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Indonesia has a natural tourist attraction in the form of 54 national parks spread across regencies and cities, with an area of 16,304,707.13 hectares, featuring a diversity of ecosystems, high mountains, lowlands, savannahs to wetlands and waters. However, the appeal of natural tourism does not necessarily contribute to the performance of national tourism, so studies need to be done to strive to increase tourist visits to national parks, one of which is to study tourism competitiveness in areas that have national parks. This research aims to measure the correlation factor of tourism competitiveness in areas that have national parks in Indonesia to the number of tourist visits to national parks and the number of non-tax revenues in national parks. The theory underlying this research is the theory of tourism competitiveness through the approach of the competitiveness index of the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index, Indicators for Measuring Competitiveness in Tourism, and Competitiveness Monitor. The research design uses 17 competitiveness factors, where data collection techniques utilize data that has been available at both government and non-government institutions and the data collection method uses library research. Data were analyzed using canonical correlation methods. The results of the study showed that tourist visits and non-tax revenue reception significantly correlated simultaneously with the factor of tourism competitiveness in the districts and cities that have national parks. But of the seventeen competitiveness factors, there are three factors that have the most closely related factors, namely factors of information, communication & technology, tourist service infrastructure, and environment indicators. It is proposed that local governments, national parks management and other interested parties make policy innovations to optimize the factors of tourism competitiveness in their regions so as to increase the number of tourist visits to the region, mainly to national parks and have an impact on increasing non-tax revenue.
... Oriented to the time dimensions, [16] distinguished between the competitiveness of the short term and long term. [16] thought that international competitiveness of short-term as the real exchange rate the of actual ensure the internal and external balance with domestic policy appropriately; instead of the international competitiveness long-term associated with high productivity growth in accordance with external equilibrium. ...
... Oriented to the time dimensions, [16] distinguished between the competitiveness of the short term and long term. [16] thought that international competitiveness of short-term as the real exchange rate the of actual ensure the internal and external balance with domestic policy appropriately; instead of the international competitiveness long-term associated with high productivity growth in accordance with external equilibrium. The catalyst factors that determines national competitiveness, according to Porter [17] is not the only companies compete in the international market. ...
Article
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Indonesia has comparative advantages of tropical ecosystem, wealth tourist attraction nature, the diversity of culture, living culture peculiar and demographic dividend to participate in tourism. The comparative advantages in accordance with this tourist's behavior in the experience economy era where the tourists are seeking a tourist destination that has an authentic, such as a diversity of culture and the natural environment that is distinctive. However, this comparative advantage does not correlate with the trend of the increasing number of tourist arrivals in Indonesia. It shows that there were problems in a tourism competitive advantages and knowledge related to competitiveness of tourism inadequacy. This motivates to the need for a study in measuring the effectiveness of competitiveness tourism-based ecotourism in the tourist destinations in Indonesia. This study evaluates the competitiveness of tourism in the areas which have a national park in Indonesia on providing guidelines for tourism policy makers in Indonesia. We use travel and tourism competitiveness index by using data which has been available in the government and non-government institutions. We further employ clusters and dimensional scale to analyze the data. The Case Study Eddyono et al.; JSRR, 26(3): 25-41, 2020; Article no.JSRR.55677 26 results found that the average score of competitiveness of tourism indicates the index of 3-4. In summary, the tourism competitiveness in the area which have a varies national park can be classified into 5 clusters of tourist attractions based on characteristics of tourism competitiveness. They are health and hygiene, environment indicator, price competitiveness and purchase power parity.
... De acuerdo con la literatura económica, la competitividad es una noción compleja compuesta de múltiples elementos que principalmente aluden a aspectos inherentes a factores macroeconómicos, como infraestructura productiva, marco legal, clima de negocios, fluctuación de mercados, cualificación laboral, entre muchos otros más (Rostami, Khyareh y Mazhari, 2019). Aunque autores clásicos la han definido desde hace décadas, todavía subsisten discrepancias conceptuales en su definición académica, pues mientras algunos la relacionan con la calidad de vida (Boltho, 1996), otros la asocian a la productividad nacional (Porter, 1998). Sin embargo, aludiremos aquí a la proposición que hace el Foro Económico Mundial -capitalizando sus más de 40 años de existencia-para puntualizar que la competitividad es el desarrollo humano generado por el crecimiento económico (World Economic Forum, 2018, p. 1). ...
... Bordas argues that competitiveness exists not between nations but rather between clusters and the tourist industry [4]. Cizmar S. and S. Weber, the final and most crucial choice made by visitors regarding selection is the adoption of this decision, which is dependent on the country's image, popularity, beauty, security, and a number of other external considerations [5]. Foreign scholars provide new insights to the idea of destination competitiveness, which influences its assessment. ...
Article
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In the article, the business environment, safety and security, health and hygiene, human resources and labor market, readiness to use the act, priority given to tourism and travel, international openness, price competitiveness, environmental sustainability, air transport infrastructure, land and the degree of impact of indicators such as port infrastructure, tourist service infrastructure, cultural resources and business trips on the development of the tourism industry in this area is researched. The level of influence of the competitive factors included in the sample on the “number of incoming tourists” and “revenue from the tourism industry” which are considered as the result indicators. The theoretical and practical aspects of competitiveness and its achievement in the field of tourism have been studied. Based on the results of the analysis, conclusions and suggestions that should be taken into account in the development of tourism in the Republic of Uzbekistan have been developed.
... Tourism has been noted as one of the leading sectors of the world economy for the past two decades, and its growth rates and share in global macroeconomic indicators have led to recognition as an industry of the future [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. According to the World Tourism Organization, 49 percent of international tourist visits in 2019 were accounted for by Italy, France, the United States, Spain, Germany, the United Kingdom, China, Turkey, Thailand, Mexico, and other tourist areas with tourist potential accounted for the remaining share of the international tourism market. ...
Article
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See the retraction notice E3S Web of Conferences 420, 00001 (2023), https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342000001
... El criterio para seleccionar las herramientas utilizadas en el análisis se derivan de la discusión acerca del concepto de la competitividad internacional, el cual se enmarca en el buen desempeño del potencial exportador de un país, asumiendo que ese potencial radica en las capacidades empresariales, la disposición a adaptarse al cambio por parte de las empresas y un set de condiciones existentes de quienes participan en los mercados globales (Capobianco-Uriarte et al., 2017), así como como las herramientas que considera el Foro Económico Mundial para medir la competitividad (World Economic Forum, 2019;Boltho, 1996) y los factores que influyen en esta última han sido mencionados también por Porter (1990) y Medeiros et al. (2019). ...
Article
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Las flores de corte provenientes de Colombia al mercado norteamericano alcanzaron una participación del 65 % en 2019, confirmando la posición del país como el principal proveedor en dicho mercado por tres décadas y como el segundo exportador a nivel mundial. Con ello, se pone de relieve la importancia estratégica de mantener la competitividad de las empresas del sector exportador de flores de corte y se identifica a los competidores internacionales con condiciones similares, los cuales podrían amenazar el liderazgo mantenido hasta hoy. El objetivo en este ejercicio empírico fue estimar la ventaja relativa de exportación y la competitividad de las flores de corte colombianas y la de sus competidores en el mercado norteamericano, durante el periodo de 1992 a 2019, con la aplicación de la técnica de participación constante de mercado. Los índices obtenidos mostraron que actualmente Colombia y Ecuador están a la par en ventaja exportadora, con 4,4 % y 4,5 %, respectivamente, por lo que la competitividad de las exportaciones ha sido positiva para ambos países. Con base en lo anterior, se perfila para Colombia la oportunidad de mejorar su competitividad mediante la adición de valor agregado a las exportaciones, a través del fortalecimiento de la vinculación de los productores exportadores con los eslabones distribuidores en el mercado destino, así como la adaptación a la dinámica del mercado minorista.
... The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) specified competitiveness as "the degree to which a country can, under free and fair market conditions, produce goods and services which meet the test of international markets, while simultaneously maintaining and expanding the real incomes of its people over the longer term" (OECD 1992, p.237). By adding a time dimension to the characterization of national competitiveness, Boltho (1996) illustrates the difference between the long-and short-run of the competitiveness of nations. Therefore, short-run international competitiveness is defined as the level of the actual exchange rate that certified external and internal balance with suitable domestic policies; furthermore, longer-run international competitiveness may well accompany the highest possible progress of productivity comparable with external stability. ...
Conference Paper
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The proliferative expansion of social media applications and technologies has brought drop-shipping as an effective order-fulfilment mechanism for many start-ups and online retailers (e-tailers). A model that exploits the concept of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is adopted in this research, which provides an entry point to better understand social media-based retailers’ behaviors towards drop shipping that intercepts concepts of logistics-driven and consumer behavior-oriented performance drivers. A mixed method is employed: While the in-depth interviews provide the base for measurement instrument design that has the contextual relevancy needed to form the content validity and reliability, the questionnaire-based survey facilitates the statistical confirmation for the validity of the adapted use of TPB, which is statistically significant to p < 0.01 level.
... The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) specified competitiveness as "the degree to which a country can, under free and fair market conditions, produce goods and services which meet the test of international markets, while simultaneously maintaining and expanding the real incomes of its people over the longer term" (OECD 1992, p.237). By adding a time dimension to the characterization of national competitiveness, Boltho (1996) illustrates the difference between the long-and short-run of the competitiveness of nations. Therefore, short-run international competitiveness is defined as the level of the actual exchange rate that certified external and internal balance with suitable domestic policies; furthermore, longer-run international competitiveness may well accompany the highest possible progress of productivity comparable with external stability. ...
Conference Paper
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TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) and TPB (Theory of Planned Behaviours) are adapted to study the factors that drive the continuing intention of GPS-based fleet management owners to expand the usage and build the various domains of performance. Based on exploratory factor analysis, market development, business, service, risk and cost control are the performance areas perceived as vital to fleet management owners. As the operationalization details of the relevant constructs are not easily available in the extant literature, a mixed method is employed. While the in-depth interviews serve to identify the contents that match the key constructs of TAM and TPB, which establishes the content validity and reliability, a questionnaire-based survey has enabled this research to confirm the validity of the proposed theoretical model that intercepts both TAM and TPB. Besides, practical implications to both GPS-fleet management systems sellers and the owners would be delineated to help them identify the areas of challenges and significance that need particular attention and strategic investments.
... The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) specified competitiveness as "the degree to which a country can, under free and fair market conditions, produce goods and services which meet the test of international markets, while simultaneously maintaining and expanding the real incomes of its people over the longer term" (OECD 1992, p.237). By adding a time dimension to the characterization of national competitiveness, Boltho (1996) illustrates the difference between the long-and short-run of the competitiveness of nations. Therefore, short-run international competitiveness is defined as the level of the actual exchange rate that certified external and internal balance with suitable domestic policies; furthermore, longer-run international competitiveness may well accompany the highest possible progress of productivity comparable with external stability. ...
Conference Paper
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A model that exploits the concept of RBV (Resource-based View) of sustainable competitive advantage, which centralizes on supply chain competency and external lean practices, is theoretically reasoned and empirically supported for application to the chili-paste industry in Chiang Rai, Thailand. Sustainable competitive advantage is operationalized based on the principles of VRIO (Value, Rare, Inimitability, Organized) and the ability of the organization to deliver operations performance objectives in aspects of order winners or/and order qualifiers. External lean practices identify the important roles of suppliers and customers as leanness supports. The use of a mixed method incorporating in-depth interviews with the producers and questionnaire-based surveys has led to the supportability of the hypotheses raised and with variants of details. This research has clear implications, by suggesting a prioritization of the different facets of supply chain competencies, and in particular production and product factors. Supplier feedback and customer involvement are the two external lean practices that support both competencies and sustainable competitive advantage. The empirical outcomes also shed light on four performance categories perceived as relevant and useful to the chili-paste industry: customer loyalty, profit, market expansion and revenue. Limitations of this research are caused by the difficulty in assessing and convincing the producers, both registered and non-registered with the government, for the survey participants.
... This paper aims to explore how air pollution affects city competitiveness, particularly for African cities. Although different alternatives to measure city competitiveness have been explored in the literature (see for example Porter (1990), Faberberg (1996), Boltho (1996), World ...
... There exist a broad debate among politicians and scholars about the meaning and components of this concept. Boltho (1996) explains it as an ability of an economy to secure a higher standard of living than comparable economies, whilst argues that the only meaningful concept of competitiveness is national productivity. The World Economic Forum's (WEF) Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) (Schwab & Sala-i-Martin, 2013), which has been extensively referenced as a credible metric instrument of national competitiveness, is based on the definition. ...
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Despite the recent flurry of scientific interest in the Dark Triad – narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism – the research has been mostly descriptive in nature. Relatively ignored by researchers, darker personality variables may prove valuable in understanding counterproductive work behaviors. In the present study, we attempt to integrate the Dark Triad personality traits into organizational life by correlating them with the level of counterproductive work behavior and with work locus of control. Although those three facets have different origins, the personalities described as dark personalities share a number of features. In different degrees, all of them entail a socially malevolent character with behavior tendencies toward self-promotion, emotional coldness, duplicity, and aggressiveness. A narcissistic person is described in terms of a high vanity, constantly seeking for attention and admiration, with a sense of superiority or authority. Most often he or she manifests manipulative and exhibitionist behaviors. Machiavellianism is a tendency to be cynical, pragmatic, emotionally detached in interpersonal relations but, at the same time a good organizer and having long-term strategically thinking. Psychopathy presents as cardinal features: impulsiveness, emotional detachment, manipulative antisocial behavior. The recently published meta-analysis by O'Boyle, Forsyth, Banks and McDaniel (2011), showed that counterproductive behavior in the workplace is associated with all three facets of the dark triad. In the current study 122 participants (36 males and 86 females) were invited to fill in the following measures: Work Locus of Control Scale (Spector, 1988), MACH IV (Christie & Geis, 1970), Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Raskin & Hall, 1979), Self-Report Psychopathy scale – version III (Paulhus, Neumann, & Hare, in press) and Counterproductive Work Behavior Checklist (Spector & Fox, 2002). Results did not showed positive correlations between Machiavellianism and counterproductive work behaviour, or between narcissism and counterproductive work behaviour. Nevertheless, one strong positive correlation was found between psychopathy and counterproductive work behaviour (r= .438, p<.01), mirroring Patrick’s results (2007, as cited in Paulhus and Williams, 2002). Regarding the work locus of control, it was identified a positive significant correlation with Machiavellianism (r= .204, p<.05), meaning that the higher the score on work locus of control – internal, the higher the tendency to act in a machiavellic way.
... For a country, it is necessary to know at which time point a structural adjustment policy is considered to have achieved its objectives. For example, Andrea Baltho, in his assessment of international competitiveness, discussed the short run interactions between competitiveness and external balance, and the longer run relationship between competitiveness and productivity growth besides examining the problem of defining competitiveness (Boltho, 1996). ...
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Due to the intensification of global competition and the increasing openness of national economies, a growing number of business people, policy makers and researchers have recognised the importance of international competitiveness for economic growth and standard of living (Török, Borsi, & Telcs, 2005) (Hämäläinen, 2003). A cursory examination of literature on competitiveness contributed by economic, business and management scholars revealed a wide variety of notions and no unique definition. Competitiveness is a diffuse concept subject to many different interpretations, multi-disciplinary in nature and subject to different level of analysis and focus (national, industry, firm or product) (Buckley, Pass, & Prescott, 1988). Policies to promote competitiveness at the national level have not been proven easy to devise partly because of this diffuse nature of the concept of ‘competitiveness’ (Lall, 2001). Since the ability of a country as a whole to compete globally is affected by many factors, a coherent analysis of competitiveness at the national level must include defining the scope or focus of the competitiveness study, identifying the most important determining factors and their interactions, measure them and provide a rational explanation for it. In this paper, I attempt to review key conceptual frameworks or constructs of competitiveness, and available empirical indicators. This would include providing a working definition of national competitiveness and its scope, reviewing the key determinants and outcomes of competitiveness and the associated measures. Specifically, I attempt to separate the determinants of competitiveness from the outcomes, make a distinction between input and output measures, short term and long term measures. Data on Asia were used for illustration. The main objectives are to provide a starting point for competitiveness analysis by making sense out of competitiveness conceptually and assess available measures of competitiveness, their quality and limitations.
... Many academic researchers, in contrast, have expressed skepticism about the term itself (Krugman, 1994;De Grauwe, 2010), partially due to some policies that are put forward to promote competitiveness (e.g., currency devaluation, 'strategic' industrial policy). A major problem is the different definitions of competitiveness that abound in the literature (Boltho, 1995). While policymakers often link competitiveness to objectives such as "jobs, opportunity, and prosperity" (President's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness, 2011), many definitions of competitiveness commonly used have at best an indirect connection to overall national economic performance. ...
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In economics, "competitiveness" remains a very general concept, and its use in applied research does not allow combining their results and making unambiguous conclusions. This process is also complicated by the fact that the concept is composite and has two components – the price competitiveness and the value competitiveness. The latter can serve as an indicator of qualitative changes in the economy. However, this aspect of competitiveness in developing countries is still disregarded by researchers. Therefore, it is safe to say that today there are no studies, which, with a high level of accuracy, can analyze the value competitiveness of exports in such countries. Economists usually focus their efforts on the analysis of export price competitiveness and one of its main factors, which is the exchange rate of the national currency. However, this approach has limited cognitive capabilities, because the emergence of new centers of global growth, such as China and India is impossible to explain, based only on the high price competitiveness of their exports. The article attempts to solve some accumulated problems in economic science. In particular, based on the results of the analysis of modern definitions of the concept of "competitiveness", the author proposes to expand its content, generalizing the level of conformity of goods (services) to consumer preferences of market participants. This conceptual position is used to deepen the understanding of the basic, value and price competitiveness of products. A method for assessing the dominant role of value (price) competitiveness of exports in ensuring its dynamics has been developed. According to the results of the of methodology, it was found that in Ukraine’s export markets, the cyclical process of alternating growth of value or price competitiveness of this country’s products is mostly interrupted. The reason for this is the high price competitiveness of raw material exports, which is mainly attained due to low wages in the economy. In international markets, value competitiveness is inherent in a relatively small number of product groups of Ukrainian products. These include: insulated wires, cables and other insulated electrical conductors; fiber optic cables; turbojet engines, turboprop and other gas turbines; weapons, ammunition, their parts and accessories; electric heating devices and apparatus; vessels intended for the carriage of persons or goods; tugs and pushers; parts of aircraft; cars for transportation of passengers, cargoes, including self-propelled ones; water steam turbines and other steam turbines; and women's and men's clothing. It is substantiated that from the point of view of finding a new strategy of economic growth for Ukraine, the most urgent issues are not those of intensifying export activities, but those of updating the composition of the largest export commodity groups. Leading positions among them should be occupied by goods with a large share of value added, and increased technological complexity and value competitiveness. The beginning of this process will mean the emergence of new qualitative changes in the economy, and the effectiveness of public policy of economic reform.
... Many definitions of competitiveness refer to a nation's ability to produce and deliver goods to international markets by increasing the citizens' real income (Boltho, 1996). However, studying competitiveness in terms of entrepreneurship at the micro-level and meso-level enriches this national competitiveness analysis. ...
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In economies where most firms are family-owned, there is a risk of poor management and problematic strategic and technological comprehension. Multiple cases prove the existence of a series of socio-economic pathologies in such firms that undermine an economy’s ability to overcome economic crises through innovative and entrepreneurial thinking and adaptability. The paper aims to present the relationship between entrepreneurship and “development and crisis” from the perspective of Greece’s current socio-economic crisis. It first analyzes the neo-Schumpeterian entrepreneurship theory and the structures that allow innovative and competitive models to appear and then links this context with Greece’s case. The “Stra.Tech.Man” theoretical framework of physiological types of entrepreneurship is suggested as the analytical base for elaborating a local development policy instrument for economies where such less competitive businesses prevail.
... It includes not only the basic 2 This paper aims to explore how air pollution affects city competitiveness, particularly for African cities. Although different alternatives to measure city competitiveness have been explored by the literature (see for example Porter (1990), Faberberg (1996, Boltho (1996), World Bankl (2016)), we choose to look at firm productivity. Our decision is motivated by two arguments. ...
... Competitiveness is achieved by comparing with other businesses in the national and world markets (Boltho 1996). Therefore, the competitiveness of businesses is a relative concept: For example, the same company may have high competitiveness among the competitors in the local market and may not have any chance of competing in the international market. ...
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“Innovations” in the changing world of competition together with the developing technology and globalizing markets have become the most important factor in the fact that businesses create difference. In the beginning, companies whose aim was offering maximum product/service to the market with the advantage of cost and make maximum profit have to offer different products or services at low cost in today’s complicated and challenging circumstances. Technology and Innovation management should be placed within the culture of organization and this culture should be able to be experienced in each member from the employee to the senior management in scope of Industry 4.0. Innovation management has become a necessity beyond being a strategy for businesses that aim to grow by offering new products/services. While it is taken for the companies that produce and manage will create a difference in the competition market granted, it is known that the companies that are far from development, and change will be easily vanquished off the market. Within the scope of the study, competitiveness, competitiveness at institutionalization level, industry 4.0, technology based and international competitiveness are examined.
... There is widespread debate among politicians and scholars today about the meaning and components of competitiveness. Boltho (1996) defines competitiveness as the ability of the economy to provide a higher standard of living. However, Porter (1998) argues that the only meaningful concept of competitiveness is national productivity (2). ...
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Problems of motivation and training of its members is increasingly hard logistical and economic task for armed forces and security services in general, so in the last two decades solving of problems of selection of innovative but cheap training of soldiers became crucial. Strategists of defense and security systems are creating efficient methods for motivation, attraction, selection and training of the personnel. One of the most innovative HR techniques is gamification. Officers are becoming managers who are using experiences and procedures of the gaming industry to transform the mass of their recruits into a military or security collective that can answer to difficult challenges posed by imaginary or real opponent. By using gamification, mechanisms of games are used for representative presentation of a projected goal as attractive and easy-to-win rewards that will motivate a person to act as it is expected. Games and its narratives are one of the most efficient methods of teaching and it can be applied regardless of age or goal of the teaching. Gamification is also an efficient tool for overcoming psychological and mental barriers that occur in stressful training of soldiers and security agents. Keywords - gamification, game, military, security systems
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Amaç –Uluslararası hizmet ticareti açısından dünya ekonomilerinde giderek artan bir öneme sahip olan rekabetçi sektörlerden biri de turizm sektörüdür. Bubağlamda çalışmada, Türkiye özelinde turizm sektörün uluslararası rekabetçiliğini araştırmak amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem –Bağımlı değişken Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükler Endeksi (RCA) olmak koşuluyla; verimlilik, reel döviz kuru, insani gelişme endeksi, yerli-yabancı patent sayısı, AR-GE harcamaları bağımsız değişkenleri ile bir model kurulmuştur. 1990-2024 dönemi yıllık verileri kullanılarak Granger nedensellik testi gerçekleştirilmiştir.Bulgular –Bulgularına göre reel döviz kuru turizm sektörünün karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğünü etkilemekte ancak sektörün karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğünden etkilenmemektedir. AR-GE harcamaları, yerli-yabancı patent başvuru sayısı ve insani gelişme endeksi ise hem turizm sektörünün karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğünü etkilemekte hem de sektörün karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğünden etkilenmektedir. Bağımlı değişken RCA için yapılan sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde; yüzde 5 anlamlılık düzeyinde hem İnsani Gelişme Endeksi (HDI) Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükler (RCA)’ın nedenidir hem de Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükler (RCA), İnsani Gelişme Endeksi (HDI)’ın nedenidir. Benzer şekilde yüzde 5 anlamlılık düzeyinde Yerli –Yabancı Patent Başvuru Sayısı (YYPB) Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükler (RCA)’ın nedenidir hem de Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükler (RCA), Yerli –Yabancı Patent Başvuru Sayısı (YYPB)’ın nedenidir. Öte yandan yüzde 5 anlamlılık düzeyinde Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükler (RCA) ile AR-GE harcaması arasında RCA’dan AR-GE harcamasına doğru tek yönlü nedensel ilişki bulunmaktadır. Tartışma –Literatür dikkate alındığında, araştırmacılar ve yöneticilerin, destinasyon yönetimi teorisine odaklanarak betimsel araştırmalar üzerine yoğunlaşıldığı, ampirik analizlerin azlığı dikkat çekmektedir.Bu kapsamda Türk turizm sektörünün uluslararası rekabet gücü ile rekabet gücünü etkileyen faktörler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisinin ampirik olarak test edilmesi literatürde bu çalışmayı özgün kılacaktır
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Purpose This paper aims to examine how government policy and institutions affect national competitiveness. A combined microeconomic and institutionalist model of competitiveness is applied. This structure is suitable for incorporating factors considered by global competitiveness rankings. The paper proposes that there are various possible government policy “configurations” leading to similar competitiveness outcomes, but different resilience outcomes during a crisis. Design/methodology/approach Using the Institute for Management Development competitiveness rankings, covering 62 countries, between 2010 and 2019 the authors first build clusters based on observed “government policy configurations”. These clusters show an interpretable pattern: except for a few outliers, individual clusters contain countries that are economically and culturally similar. Then the authors examine how different clusters, with similar overall competitiveness scores, have performed in 2020–2021 during the COVID pandemic. Findings The analysis shows that government efficiency is correlated with other factors of overall competitiveness. It shows that while similar levels of competitiveness are possible with different government “configurations”, it provides evidence that more welfare-oriented government “configurations” during the crisis led to a higher resilience of national competitiveness. Originality/value The paper connects an institutionalist and microeconomic view of competitiveness in a unique model and embeds government policy in this structure. It shows that a similar level of competitiveness is possible through different government policy “configurations” and exploits the COVID shock to analyse resilience of these “configurations”.
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This research evaluates and ranks Afghanistan’s comparative and competitive advantage in fresh fruit production and export from 2011 to 2022. To assess Afghanistan’s position relative to regional countries and key trading partners, the study utilizes the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), Chi-Square, Michaely, and Balance indices. The Hillman condition was applied to ensure the reliability of the results. The findings indicate that Afghanistan possesses a comparative advantage in the production and export of grapes, watermelons, melons, apricots, apples, and fresh figs, ranking at the top among 12 principal trading partners. Additionally, based on the Michaely and Balance indices, Afghanistan has a comparative advantage in producing and exporting pomegranates. However, due to the unavailability of comparable data for certain countries, a comprehensive ranking across all countries was not feasible. The Chi-Square index highlights an important issue: despite Afghanistan’s comparative advantage in producing and exporting these fresh fruits, it has not yet secured a significant position in regional and international markets. By adopting effective strategies, ensuring standardized packaging, and implementing consistent marketing efforts, Afghanistan can enhance its presence and competitiveness in these markets.
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The aim of this paper was to define the Polish and Slovak competitiveness position of agricultural and food products on the European market, as well as for comparison purposes, on the markets of the third countries and to the other groups of products. However, the issue was show the changes of the competitiveness in this sector. The competitiveness performance in Polish and Slovak agrofood trade has been evaluated for the period of 1999-2012. Trade theories indicate that countries specialize in the production of goods, trade in these goods and have better competitiveness position, if they have an absolute or comparative advantages in relationship to your partner (Ricardo 1957, Balassa 1965, Lall 2001, Guzek 2006). In order to determine the competitive position, the comparative advantage and evaluation of agrofood trade were used. The analysis considers two indices: revealed comparative advantage (RCA) and net export index (NEI). After joining the European Union, the importance of foreign agro-food trade in both of this countries has grew up in European market, but on the third countries market only Poland notified increases. The index of RCA in these countries is quite different. It is observed comparative advantage in Poland while in Slovakia there was not. Similar situation was in NEI index. A positive value of the net export index for agri-food products was found only in Poland.
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The paper examines the conditions and conceptual principles of the strategy for increasing Russia’s competitive advantages in the context of current trends in the world economy, the requirements for ensuring long-term economic progress and the priority of national economic security. A classification of countries was carried out according to the level of their competitiveness, which made it possible to characterize the structure of modern world economic interactions, tactical and strategic guidelines for international competition and public policy; conceptual principles of state policy for increasing competitiveness have been developed, based on the consolidation of the efforts of the state, business and society, differentiation of state policy, which made it possible to highlight practical recommendations for the development of a domestic strategy for increasing competitiveness, taking into account modern trends in the world economy and national interests.
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The development of different models of tourism destination competitiveness by the specialists in the field represents a very useful tool for identifying and obtaining competitive advantages that will ensure the sustainability of the tourism activities at the level of each destination. The purpose of this paper is the comparative presentation of the most well-known models of tourism destination competitiveness in the specialized literature (Porter's Diamond, 1990; De Keyser and Vanhove's Model, 1994; Dwyer, Livaic and Mellor's Integrated model, 2004; Ritchie and Crouch's Conceptual model of destination competitiveness/sustainability, 2003; Dwyer and Kim's Competitiveness model, 2003; Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index-World Economic Forum, 2019) in order to identify the different categories of determinants of the tourism destination competitiveness. Moreover, the paper aims to highlight common and distinct aspects in the authors' approaches regarding the determinants of the tourism destination competitiveness. In order to achieve these goals, the following steps of research have been completed: studying the models of tourism destination competitiveness, identifying the determinants of competitiveness for each analyzed model, creating an analogy on the categories of determinants of tourism destination competitiveness, drawing conclusions on the issue and formulating new working hypotheses. Therefore, the review of the specialized literature on the best known models of tourism destination competitiveness has led to the identification of the following categories of determinants of tourism destination competitiveness: tourism policies, contextual factors, tourism demand and supply, natural and human resources, general and tourism infrastructure and destination management.
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Logistics has been recognized as an important weapon for competitive advantage to boost economic growth. This paper examines the integration in the logistics sector that may result in increasing the economic growth. The study is also considering the role of government policy on the relationship between the factors of integration and the economic growth. The finding of this study shows that there is positive effect of: (1) Infrastructure on economic growth, (2) productivity on economic growth, (3) competiveness on economic growth, (4) Technological Advancement on economic growth. This study also found that (5) The Relationship between infrastructure, productivity, competiveness, technological advancement on economic growth moderated by government policies.
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The evaluation and international comparison of technological competitiveness has received considerable attention from policymakers over the past decades. Technological competitiveness has been considered a desired outcome of technological innovation, which has become pivotal for a country's economic growth in this era of a global knowledge economy. Government efforts have increasingly shifted toward a long-term perspective of building a solid foundation for continually generating value from technological innovations. This suggests that progress comes in waves, each originating from a major breakthrough or generating potential wide applications. However, little is known regarding the long-term effects of research and development (R&D) on technological competitiveness at the aggregation levels of industries and countries. This article aims to provide an advanced understanding of the term technological competitiveness to enhance its usefulness for the evaluation of country and industry performance and for policy conclusions. This article attempts to propose revised originality, generality, and newly proposed longevity indicators at industry and country levels to evaluate long-term technological competitiveness. Regarding the long-term evaluation of technological competitiveness, this article argues that the originality, generality, and longevity of R&D are features of technological progress that are vital for triggering innovation, and they are becoming increasingly crucial for long-term competitiveness.
Chapter
Economic growth, as the main distinction of developed and undeveloped economies, plays a drastic role in the context of social welfare. Among all components relating to making-money, no doubt, the entrepreneurial activities affect is the most noteworthy one.
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Abstract Purpose – This review has two purposes: (1) to systematically analyse the literature on export competitiveness (EC) and (2) to provide an overview of various determinants and the methodological trends in the subject field, making it possible to develop a roadmap for future researchers. Design/methodology/approach – The systematic literature review (SLR) method was employed in this paper. The authors have covered three decades of research articles published in Scopus listed journals between 1991 and 2020. The determinants of EC are synthesized and widely used theories, and methodologies are identified and classified. The authors have also provided directions for future research. Findings – The key determinants identified are labour and capital productivity, labour costs, exchange and real effective exchange rate (REER), domestic gross domestic product (GDP), trade liberalization and barriers.The findings reveal that EC is now a scientific measure, since the studies in this subject field have moved towards measuring EC and its determinants. Originality/value – There has been no comprehensive review in this area exploring the theories, context, constructs and methodologies until now. Therefore, this review provides deep insights into the topic and also offers a unified picture of the subject field. Keywords Export competitiveness, Systematic literature review, International marketing Paper type Literature review
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Purpose This review has two purposes: (1) to systematically analyse the literature on export competitiveness (EC) and (2) to provide an overview of various determinants and the methodological trends in the subject field, making it possible to develop a roadmap for future researchers. Design/methodology/approach The systematic literature review (SLR) method was employed in this paper. The authors have covered three decades of research articles published in Scopus listed journals between 1991 and 2020. The determinants of EC are synthesized and widely used theories, and methodologies are identified and classified. The authors have also provided directions for future research. Findings The key determinants identified are labour and capital productivity, labour costs, exchange and real effective exchange rate (REER), domestic gross domestic product (GDP), trade liberalization and barriers. The findings reveal that EC is now a scientific measure, since the studies in this subject field have moved towards measuring EC and its determinants. Originality/value There has been no comprehensive review in this area exploring the theories, context, constructs and methodologies until now. Therefore, this review provides deep insights into the topic and also offers a unified picture of the subject field.
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Purpose-This review has two purposes: (1) to systematically analyse the literature on export competitiveness (EC) and (2) to provide an overview of various determinants and the methodological trends in the subject field, making it possible to develop a roadmap for future researchers. Design/methodology/approach-The systematic literature review (SLR) method was employed in this paper. The authors have covered three decades of research articles published in Scopus listed journals between 1991 and 2020. The determinants of EC are synthesized and widely used theories, and methodologies are identified and classified. The authors have also provided directions for future research. Findings-The key determinants identified are labour and capital productivity, labour costs, exchange and real effective exchange rate (REER), domestic gross domestic product (GDP), trade liberalization and barriers. The findings reveal that EC is now a scientific measure, since the studies in this subject field have moved towards measuring EC and its determinants. Originality/value-There has been no comprehensive review in this area exploring the theories, context, constructs and methodologies until now. Therefore, this review provides deep insights into the topic and also offers a unified picture of the subject field.
Thesis
The increasing importance of sustainability brings up the question of how environmental regulations affect international competitiveness. This nexus will be analyzed using three economic views, the standard economic theory, the pollution haven hypothesis and the Porter hypothesis. To investigate the accuracy of each of these views empirical findings will be consulted, revealing the inconclusive economic impact of environmental regulations.
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This article tries to assess the international competitiveness of Korean RES related products in the global market and its determinants. Many industrialized countries tires to take advantage in the newly growing market along with their national energy plans to develop renewables. The Republic of Korea is one of the represen-tative countries seeking the advantage. Therefore, assessing the international competitiveness of Korea in the RES related products market and analyzing determinants affecting the competitiveness has significances in both ways of understanding features of the Korean energy industry and features of the global RES related products market. RCA (Revealed Comparative Advantage) index is employed for assessing the international export competitive-ness of Korea in the global RES related products market and determinants affecting the index are estimated by using DOLS (Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares). RES related products of Korea have competitiveness in the global market. In particular, solar energy products have the higher competitiveness than other sources and it has shown a rapid growth rate for the last decade. To improve competitiveness it is effective for Korea to take economic policies that help technological advancement and improvement of productivity such as investments and education than energy policy for increasing production of renewable energy.
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In this article, we explore the links between city competitiveness and air pollution and business environment. Because competitive cities not only attract more productive firms but also facilitate their business, we choose to look at firm performance as a proxy for city competitiveness. We particularly focus on African firms because this region is developing fast, experiencing increasing pollution levels and the effects of agglomeration economies. We find two interesting results. First, the negative association between air pollution and firm performance can be seen at lower than expected levels of pollution. Second, the effects of capacity agglomeration on labor productivity growth are stronger compared to other regions. These findings suggest that cities in this region should address pollution issues soon, as they continue to grow fast and pollution levels are becoming an increasing concern.
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This book is a comprehensive examination of the Indian textile industry and the various determinants affecting its export performance, trends in labor, and capital productivity, in the post liberalization years. Employing 45 million people, including skilled and unskilled workers, the Indian textile and clothing industry occupies a significant position in the Indian economy in terms of industrial production, employment, and exports. This work traces the growth and expansion of this industry in the post-reform period and studies its contributions to the economic development of the nation. It discusses global trade agreements, India’s share in international exports, and its major trading partners across the globe including USA, UK, UAE, Germany, China. It also provides recommendations to Indian policy makers for a possible improvement in the textile exports across the globe. Textile Industry and Exports in Post Liberalization India will be of interest to students and researchers of politics and international relations, economics, development studies, labor economics, sociology and social policy, and South Asian studies.
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The analysis of the researcher was corroborated by the expert opinion.In the interview researcher said that, the base is small and medium enterprises, the Palestinian economy is dominated by small and medium family-owned businesses: more than 85% of all establishments are owned by a single individual. Private and public shareholder companies and partnerships constitute less than 11% of all firms. The first and most important step is to establish governance in SMS & Establishing partnerships in shape of fund of funds, we have 6 funds, 60 million fund for industry, fund for agriculture, fund for microfinance, fund for Gazza, Jerusalem, fund convertible process, is not money wise but convincing the owners to change the way of working is the most impediment.According to Porter, competitive advantage results from the presence of world- class institutions that first create specialized factors and then continually work to upgrade them. Additional steps to be undertaken according to Mustafa, SMEs widen and open new markets and further invest in local markets and sponsor high-tech industries. The analysis of the researcher was corroborated by the expert opinion.In the interview researcher said that, the base is small and medium enterprises, the Palestinian economy is dominated by small and medium family-owned businesses: more than 85% of all establishments are owned by a single individual. Private and public shareholder companies and partnerships constitute less than 11% of all firms. The first and most important step is to establish governance in SMS & Establishing partnerships in shape of fund of funds, we have 6 funds, 60 million fund for industry, fund for agriculture, fund for microfinance, fund for Gazza, Jerusalem, fund convertible process, is not money wise but convincing the owners to change the way of working is the most impediment.According to Porter, competitive advantage results from the presence of world- class institutions that first create specialized factors and then continually work to upgrade them. Additional steps to be undertaken according to Mustafa, SMEs widen and open new markets and further invest in local markets and sponsor high-tech industries.
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In the last 150 years the world economy has experienced two periods of free trade (the 1840s to the 1870s, and the mid-1940s to the mid-1970s), followed by two relapses into moderate protectionism (the years 1880-1913 and those following the oil shocks of the 1970s). Yet, despite widespread fears and continued warnings of rising protectionism, recent years have seen a sharp swing back to freer trade. History, which looked like repeating itself may have taken a diferent turn. Ideology and the pressures from transnational corporations have played some role in this. More important has been the spread of multilateral cooperation to a large number of areas; this development has anchored free trade in international agreements.
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This paper is developed from the presentation given by Walter Eltis at the National Institute's seminar 'Industrial Productivity and Competitiveness' held in London on 23 May 1995. It sets out the approach underlying the UK Government's 1994 and 1995 White Papers on competitiveness and begins by reviewing the debate on the meaning of national competitiveness. The White Papers define competitiveness as the ability to raise living standards and argue that, contrary to the views of some leading economists, competitiveness is a useful guide to policy because of the emphasis on national benchmarking. It then explains that the analytical basis of the Government's approach—which identifies ten key influences on competitiveness—lies in the theoretical and empirical analysis of economic growth (including 'new' growth theory) and on detailed studies of the sources of productivity differences across countries. Finally, it considers the role of privatisation, inward investment, the growth of small firms and labour market policies in improving UK performance. The paper concludes that, although three quarters of the productivity gap with French and Germany industry appears to have been closed since 1979, productivity in both manufacturing and services still lags behind those in the leading West European countries.
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The view that nations compete against each other like big corporations has become pervasive among Western elites--many of whom are in the Clinton administration. As a practical matter, however, the doctrine of "competitiveness" is flatly wrong. The world's leading nations are not, to any important degree, in economic competition with each other. Nor can their major economic woes be attributed to "losing" on world markets. This is particularly true in the case of the United States. Yet Clinton's theorists of competitiveness--from Laura D'Andrea Tyson to Robert Reich to Ira Magaziner--make seemingly sophisticated arguments, most of which are supported by careless arithmetic and sloppy research. Competitiveness is a seductive idea, promising easy answers to complex problems. But the result of this obsession is misallocated resources, trade frictions and bad domestic economic policies.
Book
This book describes and evaluates the literature on exchange rate economics. It provides a wide-ranging survey, with background on the history of international monetary regimes and the institutional characteristics of foreign exchange markets, an overview of the development of conceptual and empirical models of exchange rate behavior, and perspectives on the key issues that policymakers confront in deciding whether, and how, to try to stabilize exchange rates. The treatment of most topics is reasonably compact, with extensive references to the literature for those desiring to pursue individual topics further. The level of exposition is relatively easy to comprehend and the chapters are written at a level intelligible to first-year graduate students or advanced undergraduates. The book will enlighten both students and policymakers, and should also serve as a valuable reference for many research economists.
Article
One might expect that differences in income elasticities in trade and/or differences in growth rates among countries would give rise to strong secular trends in real exchange rates; for example, fast-growing countries might need steady depreciation to get the world to accept their growing exports. In fact, however, income elasticities are systematically related to growth rates by the ‘45-degree rule’, under which fast-growing countries appear to face high income elasticities of demand for their exports, while having low income elasticities of import demand. The net effect of this relationship between elasticities and growth rates is that secular trends in real exchange rates are much smaller than one might otherwise have expected: relative PPP holds fairly well. This paper documents the existence of a ‘45-degree rule’, and suggests an explanation in terms of increasing returns and product differentiation.
Article
[fre] Vingt ans de redéploiement du commerce extérieur - Au cours des années soixante, les résultats du commerce extérieur de la France témoignent de performances en apparence médiocres sur les marchés étrangers : on ne constate pas de gains décisifs de parts de marché et le taux de couverture des importations par les exportations se dégrade. Pourtant des transformations importantes ont affecté nos échanges commerciaux que l'on peut désormais interpréter comme l'ébauche de la compétitivité actuelle. Il semble en effet, que c'est en partie à ces transformations que l'on doit le dynamisme du commerce extérieur français depuis 1969. En fait, pour porter un jugement fondé sur cette question, il faut analyser en détail les deux événements majeurs que sont les dévaluations de 1957 et 1958 et celle de 1969. Réalisées dans des contextes très différents, leurs conséquences sur le commerce extérieur paraissent complémentaires. En effet, avant 1957 la capacité de la France à pénétrer les marchés étrangers était fortement limitée par deux handicaps : des prix trop élevés et peu de produits industriels élaborés à exporter. Les dévaluations de 1957-1958 ont restauré la compétitivité de nos prix, et celle de 1969, renforcée par la politique d'accompagnement, a puissamment stimulé les entreprises exportatrices de produits élaborés. Les résultats du commerce extérieur depuis 1969 — abstraction faite de la question du pétrole — ne seraient donc pas le fait de circonstances conjoncturelles particulières, mais plutôt la conséquence d'un processus, ponctué par deux dévaluations à partir desquelles nos échanges commerciaux ont pu progressivement s'appuyer sur des bases solides. [eng] Twenty years of reflation in french foreign - In the course of the sixties, French foreign trade's results in foreign markets are apparently feeble : no positive gains of new channels for trade, and deterioration of reserve ratio. Nevertheless, important changes were effected into our foreign trade which can be considered for the future as the outline of existing competitivity. It seems in fact, that French foreign trade's vitality since 1969 is partly due to those changes. In order to have a justified opinion on the matter, it is necessary to carry out a detailed analysis of two leading events : the devaluations of 1957 and 1958, and that of 1969. Carried into effect within quite a different context, their effect upon foreign trade appears as complementary. As a matter of fact, before 1957 France's aptitude to enter into foreign markets was seriously handicapped : too high prices and few exportable elaborated industrial products. 1957-1958's devaluations restored our prices'competitivity and 1969's devaluation,, reinforced by the accompanying policy, gave a strong stimulus to firms exporting elaborated products. Foreign trade's results since 1969-disregarding oil's problem-should not therefore be the consequence of particular cyclical circumstances, but rather of a process emphasized by two devaluations after which our trade settled progressively on a reliable basis. [spa] Veinte anos de reactivación en el comercio exterior francés - En el transcurso de los anos del sesenta, los resultados del comercio exterior francés en los mercados extranjeros se revelan, al parecer, modestos : no destacan nuevas penetraciones en los diversos mercados mundiales y la tasa de cobertura de las importaciones por las exportaciones se va deteriorando. No obstante, importantes transformaciones afectaron nuestros intercambios comerciales, las que pueden interpretarse de hoy en adelante como un es bozo de la competitividad actual. Parece ser, en efecto, que el dinamismo del comercio exterior francés desde 1969se debe en parte a dichas transformaciones. Efectivamente, para formarse un concepto sobre el particular, es menester analizar minuciosamente los dos mayores acontecimientos constituídos por las devaluaciones de los años 1957, 1958 y la de 1969. Llevadas a cabo en condiciones sumanente diferentes, sus consecuencias sobre el comercio exterior aparecen complementarias. Efectivamente, antes del año 1957, la penetración francesa en los mercados extranjeros estaba afectada por dos obstáculos de consideración, o sea precios harto elevados y escasez de productos industriales elaborados de exportación. Las devaluaciones de 1957-1958 restauraron la competitividad de nuestros precios y la de 1969, apoyada por una política de acompanamiento estimuló enérgicamente a las empresas exportadoras de productos elaborados. Desde 1969, los resultados del comercio exterior — prescinciendose del problema petrolero — no se averiguarían como consecuencia de circunstancias coyunturales especiales sino como la de un proceso acompanado de dos devaluaciones, a partir de las cuales nuestro intercambios comerciales pudieron ir progresando sobre bases firmes.
Article
Large trade deficits and the corresponding increase in U.S. international indebtedness have raised concerns about the long-run competitiveness of the United States. But being competitive requires more than balance in our foreign trade; it requires an improving standard of living. The long-term U.S. competitive problem is largely caused by low saving rates, high costs of capital, and the resulting inadequate level of both visible and invisible investment. As long as the U.S. national saving rate remains far below that of all our major competitor nations, there is little chance for restoring America's international economic position.
Article
This paper investigates the effect of exchange rate variations on the equilibrium of an industry in which domestic firms are competing with foreign suppliers. The paper is designed as an expository survey. It discusses the perfectly competitive industry; exchange rate pass through under imperfect competition; entry, exit and hysteresis with fixed costs and exchange rate uncertainty. Copyright 1990 by Oxford University Press.
Article
Exchange rate flexibility is commonly justified as an efficient method for adjusting the trade balance to some desirable net international capital flow. In this orthodox view, fluctuations in a country's terms of trade or its saving-investment balance would continually upset its balance of payments equilibrium if the nominal exchange rate remained rigid. But this prevailing doctrine favoring exchange flexibility is only correct when economies are “insular”, ie. have limited trade and financial arbitrage with the outside world. With the spread of exchange controls and trade restrictions in the 1930s into the 1950s, the industrial countries became somewhat insulated from each other. A devaluation could then have the conventional effect of reducing a trade deficit because monetary and exchange rate policy were separable. Among the open industrial economies of the 1980s, however, financial arbitrage is uninhibited and trade is fairly free. Monetary policy, both current and prospective, now dominates what happens to the exchange rate. Because a devaluation today reflects an easier money policy in the present, or an expected easing in the future, it no longer has any predictable impact on the monetary value of the net trade balance. Exchange rate flexibility loses its usefulness in controlling net exports while becoming highly disruptive to the economy's macroeconomic stability. For example, the American dollar's downard float over the past three years should not be (have been) expected to improve the U.S. current account. However, allowing the dollar to depreciate below its purchasing power parity greatly increases the inflationary potential in the Americian economy.
Article
This paper analyses the impact of cost competitiveness and technology on export performance using a very rich panel datset of 12 manufacturing industries in 14 OECD countries for the period between 1970 and 1992.
External Constraints on European Growth
  • R N Cooper
Cooper, R. N. (1987), 'External Constraints on European Growth', in R. Z. Lawrence and C. L. Schultze (eds), Barriers to European Growth—A Transatlantic View, Washington, DC, Brookings Institution.
Balance of-Payments Theory and the United Kingdom Experience Who's Bashing Whom? Trade Conflicts in High-Technology Industries
  • A P Thirlwall
  • Macmillan Tyson
Thirlwall, A. P. (1980), Balance of-Payments Theory and the United Kingdom Experience, London, Macmillan Tyson, L. D'A. (1992), Who's Bashing Whom? Trade Conflicts in High-Technology Industries, Washington, DC, Institute for International Economics. UNCTAD (1995), World Investment Report—Transnational Corporations and Competitiveness, Geneva, United Nations.
The Return of Free Trade ?', International Affairs
  • A Boltho
Boltho, A. (1987), 'Comments on Paper by R. N. Cooper', in R. Z. Lawrence and C. L. Schultze (eds), Barriers to European Growth—A Transatlantic View, Washington, DC, Brookings Institution. — (1996), 'The Return of Free Trade ?', International Affairs, 72(2), 247–59.
Towards a General Theory of the Balance of Payments International Trade and Economic Growth—Studies in Pure TheoryEconomic Development and International Trade
  • H G Johnson
Johnson, H. G. (1958), 'Towards a General Theory of the Balance of Payments', in H. G. Johnson, International Trade and Economic Growth—Studies in Pure Theory, London, Unwin University Books. — (1962), 'Economic Development and International Trade', in H. G. Johnson, Money Trade and Economic Growth, London, George Allen & Unwin. OXFORD REVIEW OF ECONOMIC POLICY, VOL. 12, NO. 3