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Introduction of the World Health Organization project of the International Classification of Traditional Medicine
Abstract
The World Health Organization plans to incorporate "traditional medicine" into the next revision of its International Classification of Diseases-Version 11 (ICD-11). If traditional medicine is included in ICD-11, it is definitely an epoch-making issue. The expected result is the International Classification of Traditional Medicine, China, Japan and Korea Version (ICTM-CJK). The intention of the ICTM project is not only beneficial for traditional medical components, but also might be beneficial for Western biomedicine. For this shared purpose, China, Japan and Korea must understand the meaning of this project and collaborate to develop it.
... The use of herbs and plants as medicine is very ancient. Around 70-80 percent populations of developing countries still depends on TMs for health concerns [25] .Traditional medicines are not officially recognized in many countries, even there wide spread use is there [51]. Major Asian Traditional Medicines systems are Ayurveda (Indian origin), Unani (Grecko-Arabic origin) and Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM). ...
... There are multiple terms used interchangeably for Traditional Medicines like 'Natural', herbal, 'complementary and alternative', phytomedicine, folk medicine etc [13,25,48,51].Traditional Medicines is cheaper, successful and more effective than other allopathic and homeopathic medicines [12]. This kind of indigenous and folk knowledge is transferred from generation to generation, father to eldest brother and mother to eldest sister; this will go to extinction if not properly preserved. ...
... Gao and Watanabe, 2011 [25] [17] gives the synopsis of about 45 Alternative Medicine Databases (AMD). These databases consist of different Traditional Medicines descriptions, treatments, therapies, methods and systems. ...
Use of Traditional Medicines (TMs) to resolve healthcare issues in developing countries like Pakistan is widespread and increasing. Despite of this, their knowledge is getting lost. One of the major reasons is absence of appropriate knowledge preservation and sharing systems.
In order to bring this knowledge into being, safe, protect, store, preserve and share, a system should be made. A knowledge sharing system (KSS) for TM community has been developed by doing a comparative study of existing systems and techniques. Knowledge sharing system (KSS) is designed to preserve and
share knowledge of TMs. This knowledge can be used and shared by traditional medicine practitioners, researchers, medical scientist and common users.
The aim of the research is to design a comprehensive KSS for traditional medicines (KSSTM) of Pakistan. It provides an additional feature of disease diagnosis on the basis of symptoms and guides about their treatment. The proposed KSSTM has the ability to provide data manipulation functions through web portal in knowledge base (KB). Data is store in knowledge base in form of ontology. Validation process of proposed Knowledge Sharing System for Traditional Medicines (KSSTM) is done by quantitative analysis of general and expert users response. Technology acceptance model (TAM) based questioner and system usability features based comparison is done for system validation.
... China, Korea and Japan have contributed to the development of this classification system by referencing their own national standards. Although there is some overlap in Chinese, Korean and Japanese TM practices because of their origins and evolution ( Gao and Watanabe, 2011;Watanabe et al., 2011), all of the abovementioned TM practices tend to be determined by a holistic and highly individualised approach to a patient's treatment (Ikram et al., 2015). Overall, there are many types of TM practices all over the world, which may be substantially different from each other in theory and practice. ...
... In TM, a number of standardised terminologies have been created to assist data transmission between different parties. Recently, the WHO initiated some attempts at standardisation in TM terminology and classification for data collection and comparison at an international level ( Gao and Watanabe, 2011). ...
... Furthermore, the use of ICD codes is prevalent in Japan for Western and Kampo medicine classification and insurance claims. Japan also applied disease patterns for establishing 148 formulae in Kampo medicine ( Gao and Watanabe, 2011). While Korea uses the Korea Classification of Diseases and Causes of Death, 7th edition, this system is based on the ICD-10 codes, which concentrate on disease patterns ( Gao and Watanabe, 2011;Yoon and Ahn, 2015). ...
Background
Classification of disease and interventions in traditional medicine (TM) is necessary for standardised coding of information. Currently, in Iran, there is no standard electronic classification system for disease and interventions in TM.
Objective
The current study aimed to develop a national framework for the classification of disease and intervention in Persian medicine based on expert opinion.
Method
A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 2018. The existing systems for the classification of disease and interventions in TM were reviewed in detail, and some of the structural and content characteristics were extracted for the development of the classification of Iranian traditional medicine. Based on these features, a self-administered questionnaire was developed. Study participants (25) were experts in the field of Persian medicine and health information management in Tehran medical universities.
Results
Main axes for the classification of disease and interventions were determined. The most important applications of the classification system were related to clinical coding, policymaking, reporting of mortality and morbidity data, cost analysis and determining the quality indicators. Half of the participants (50%) stated that the classification system should be designed by maintaining the main axis of the World Health Organization classification system and changing the subgroups if necessary. A computer-assisted coding system for TM was proposed for the current study.
Conclusion
Development of this classification system will provide nationally comparable data that can be widely used by governments, national organisations and academic researchers.
... Throughout history, natural products have afforded a rich repository of remedies with diverse chemical structures and bioactivities against several heath disorders including cancer. It is estimated that 122 drugs from 94 plant species have been discovered through ethnobotanical leads [2]. Additionally, the use of herbs as complementary and alternative medicine has increased dramatically in the last 20-25 years. ...
... Additionally, the use of herbs as complementary and alternative medicine has increased dramatically in the last 20-25 years. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), traditional medicines are relied upon by 65-80% of the world's population for their primary health care needs [2]. In a previous study [3], we screened a total of 28 plants and 5 herbal formulations used in Thai traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments for their cytotoxic activities against human CCA cell line CL-6. ...
... The untreated and 5-FU treated control groups were given an equal volume of normal saline daily for 30 doses and 5-FU (40 μg/ ml) for 14 doses, respectively. On day 0 (the day of first dose), 2,5,8,11,14,18,21,24, and 28 animals were weighed on a triple-beam balance and tumor size was measured in two linear dimensions (maximum longitudinal and transverse diameters) using calipers with accuracy of 0.1 mm. The tumor volume was calculated from the formula: tumor volume = (length) (width) 2 /2. ...
Chemotherapy of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a devastating cancer with increasing worldwide incidence and mortality rates, is largely ineffective. The discovery and development of effective chemotherapeutics is urgently needed.
The study aimed at evaluating anticancer activities, toxicity, and pharmacological activities of the curcumin compound (CUR), the crude ethanolic extracts of rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Ginger: ZO) and Atractylodes lancea thung. DC (Khod-Kha-Mao: AL), fruits of Piper chaba Hunt. (De-Plee: PC), and Pra-Sa-Prao-Yhai formulation (a mixture of parts of 18 Thai medicinal plants: PPF) were investigated in animal models. Anti-cholangiocarcinoma (anti-CCA) was assessed using CCA-xenograft nude mouse model. The antihypertensive, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and anti-ulcer activities and effects on motor coordination were investigated using Rota-rod test, CODA tail-cuff system, writhing and hot plate tests, carrageenan-induced paw edema test, brewer's yeast test, and alcohol-induced gastric ulcer test, respectively. Acute and subacute toxicity tests were performed according to the OECD guideline for testing of chemicals with modification.
Promising anticancer activity against CCA in nude mouse xenograft model was shown for the ethanolic extract of AL at all oral dose levels (1000, 3000, and 5000 mg/kg body weight) as well as the extracts of ZO, PPF, and CUR compound at the highest dose level (5000, 4000, and 5000 mg/kg body weight, respectively). PC produced no significant anti-CCA activity. Results from acute and subacute toxicity tests both in mice and rats indicate safety profiles of all the test materials in a broad range of dose levels. No significant toxicity except stomach irritation and general CNS depressant signs were observed. Investigation of pharmacological activities of the test materials revealed promising anti-inflammatory (ZO, PPF, and AL), analgesic (CUR and PPF), antipyretic (CUR and AL), antihypertensive (ZO and AL), and anti-ulcer (CUR, ZO, and AL) activities.
Plants used in Thai traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments may provide reservoirs of promising candidate chemotherapeutics for the treatment of CCA.
... The Korean Classification of Diseases (KCD) also reflects these efforts. In 2010, the third edition of the Korean Classification of Diseases of Oriental Medicine (KCDOM3) was incorporated into the Korean modification of the ICD-10, or KCD 6, using U codes (U20-U99) [3]. In this aspect, KCD 6 was groundbreaking as the first publication in which Western medicine and traditional medicine shared a common platform. ...
... Therefore, U codes were developed to support the patterns and symptoms diagnosed only through Korean medicine while incorporating many of the disease codes from KCDOM2 that showed similar characteristics to KCD 6 codes. For example, terminology in Korean medicine that refers to cancer was absorbed into KCD 6 because the symptoms of the two different codes were almost identical; however, terminology in Korean medicine referring to patterns of disorders, such as qi deficiency pattern/syndrome, remained under U codes [3]. Therefore, through the third revision, KCDOM eliminated the overlapping disease classifications between the previous KCDOM and KCD5 and reorganized the remaining disorders and patterns into U codes, which reduced possible duplicate coding and allowed pattern identification and diagnosis through Korean medicine. ...
. Korean medicine was incorporated into the Korean Classification of Diseases (KCD) 6 through the development of U codes (U20–U99). Studies of the burden of disease have used summary measures such as disability-adjusted life years. Although Korean medicine is included in the official health care system, studies of the burden of disease that include Korean medicine are lacking.
Methods
. A data-based approach was used with National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort data for the year 2012. U code diagnoses for patients covered by National Health Insurance were collected. Using the main disease and subdisease codes, the proportion of U codes was redistributed into the related KCD 6 codes and visualized. U code and KCD code relevance was appraised prior to the analysis by consultation with medical professionals and from the beta draft version of the International Classification of Diseases-11 traditional medicine chapter.
Results
. This approach enabled redistribution of U codes into KCD 6 codes. Musculoskeletal diseases had the greatest increase in the burden of disease through this approach.
Conclusion
. This study provides a possible method of incorporating Korean medicine into burden of disease analyses through a data-based approach. Further studies should analyze potential yearly differences.
... E-mail address: hezudaophuket2013@gmail.com the Ayurvedic medicine has Indian origin and Unani medicine is used in Arabic countries. 4 Although TTM is not considered to be a major traditional medicine in the world, it is worth a study because there is much comparability between TCM and TTM. Both China and Thailand are developing countries with similar climatic and geographical environment. ...
... It is definitely a milestone in development of TM that WHO is incorporating TM into the 11th version of its International Classification of Disease (ICD-11). 4 The ICD-11 project will promote the integration of Western and traditional medicines and provide a better health care system to the world. ...
The work presented in this paper compares traditional Chinese medicine and traditional Thai medicine, expounding on origins, academic thinking, theoretical system, diagnostic method and modern development. Based on a secondary analysis of available literature, the paper concentrates on two crucial historical developments: (1) the response to, and consequences of, the impact of the Western medicine; and (2) the revival of traditional medicine in these two countries and its prospects. From a comparative perspective, the analysis has led to the conclusion that the rise and fall of traditional medicine is an issue closely related with social and political issues; and the development of traditional medicines requires national policy and financial support from governments, human resource development, the improvement of service quality, and the dissemination of traditional medicine knowledge to the public. In addition, this paper also suggests deepening exchanges and cooperation between China and Thailand, strengthening cooperation between traditional medicine and medical tourism.
... Naturally occurring phytochemicals that contain phenolic compounds have anticancer and anti-metastasis properties (Hassabou and Farag, 2020). Over 60% of today's anticancer medications are derived from herbal products, and over 80% of the world's population mostly receives healthcare from these sources (Cragg and Newman, 2005;Gao and Watanabe, 2011). Studies showed that phytochemicals derived from plant sources possess potential bioactive compounds and show exciting antioxidant and antitumor activity (Fadeyi et al., 2005;Saeed and Shabbir, 2012). ...
Objective:
Cordyline fruticosa plant part has various ethno-pharmacological
properties against various body ailments including pain, sore throat,
bleeding haemorrhoids, fever, smallpox, inflammation of digestive
tract and rheumatoid arthritis.
Methods:
In-vivo anticancer investigation of Cordyline fruticosa leaf extract
was conducted through various established methods including
inhibition of cell growth, average tumor weight and mean survival
time, apoptosis by DAPI staining, hematological parameters and
brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Anticancer properties of Cordyline
fruticosa leaf extract were investigated using Ehrlich's ascites
carcinoma cell-bearing Swiss albino mice.
Results:
Cordyline fruticosa leaf extract exhibited statistically significant
suppression of cell growth and high percentage of apoptotic cells
(38.60% and 48.83 ± 4.75 cells, respectively) @ 400 mg/kg dose.
Concentration of 400 (mg/kg) showed significant reduction of
average tumor weight of 12.67 ± 3.27 g, whereas statistically
increased mean survival time. Plant extract significantly restored the
hematological parameters to their normal level, however, the effect
of crude extract was largely dose-dependent. Median lethal
concentration of Cordyline fruticosa leaf extract was 329.132 μg/mL
Conclusions:
Phytochemicals of Cordyline fruticosa helped to enhance apoptosis
of EAC cells and mean survival time to lower cancerous cell growth
and average tumor/body weight and restore its biochemical
parameters to normal level, owing to its anticancer potential.
... After continuous revisions, Korea published the KM volume of the KCD in 1973. In 2010, the third edition of the Korean Classification of Diseases of Oriental Medicine (KCDOM3) was incorporated into the Korean modification of the ICD-10, or KCD 6, using U codes (U20-U99) [25]. In this aspect, the KCD 6 was groundbreaking, as it was the first publication in which Western medicine and traditional medicine shared a common platform [26]. ...
Recent changes in medical education and assessment led to a focus on occupational competency, and this study investigated the perceptions of Korean medicine doctors (KMDs) on the national licensing examination for KMDs (NLE-KMD). The survey aimed to understand KMDs’ recognition of the current situation, items to improve, and items to emphasize in the future. We conducted the web-based survey from 22 February to 4 March 2022, and 1244 among 23,338 KMDs answered voluntarily. Through this study, we found the importance of competency-related clinical practice and Korean standard classification of disease (KCD), and the presence of a generation gap. KMDs considered clinical practice (clinical tasks and clinical work performance) and the item related to the KCD important. They valued (1) the focus on KCD diseases that are frequently seen in clinical practice and (2) the readjustment and introduction of the clinical skills test. They also emphasized KCD-related knowledge and skills for the assessment and diagnosis of KCD diseases, especially those frequently treated at primary healthcare institutes. We confirmed the generation gap in the subgroup analysis according to the license acquisition period, and the ≤5-year group emphasized clinical practice and the KCD, while the >5-year group stressed traditional KM theory and clinical practice guidelines. These findings could be used to develop the NLE-KMD by setting the direction of Korean medicine education and guiding further research from other perspectives.
... Bahkan tumbuhan yang digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional tidak menimbulkan efek samping dibandingkan dengan obat-obatan yang berasal dari bahan kimia. Permasalahan bagi pecinta obat tradisional yaitu kurangnya pengetahuan dan informasi tentang berbagai jenis tumbuhan yang biasa digunakan sebagai bahan dalam pengobatan tradisional dan cara penggunaannya (Gao & Watanabe, 2011;Silalahi, 2016). ...
Indonesian medicinal plants have been documented for hundreds of years. The use of plants as traditional medicine is in great demand by the wider community, because medicinal plants are proven to be more beneficial for health. The Karo people use plants not only for traditional medicine, but also for daily needs such as food, customs and culture. The Karo people create a different system of local wisdom in caring for existing plants. The processing and use of this traditional medicine has been passed down by their ancestors. The traditional forms of Karo treatment that are always used are Parem/Yellow, Tawar, Karo Oil and Oukup. The four types of treatment have different characteristics and efficacy. Key words: ethnomedicine; Karo; local culture; medicinal plants.
... Approximately 70-80% of the world population directly or indirectly depended on plant materials as their main source of treatment, and more than 60% of antitumor supplements come from many medicinal plants or plant parts. Plant samples and other food extractions have aroused great interest in biomedical research for human benefit (Gao & Watanabe, 2011;Rafiq et al., 2020). Mulberry, a multipurpose agro-forestry plant that belongs to the family of Moraceae, was widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions (Agarwal & Kanwar, 2007). ...
Abstract Breast cancer with highly heterogeneous characteristics is the main cause of cancer deaths in women all over the world. Chemotherapy-assisted diet therapy has become an effective way to improve the quality of life of cancer patients. Currently numerous dietary components have been found to inhibit the molecular events and signalling pathways associated with various stages of breast cancer development, but the dietary components extraction and its regulation mechanism were long-term and complex. In this study, low-temperature ultrasonic-assisted method was used to extract MLP, and through employing the Design-Expert software, the optimal conditions for MLP extraction were ultrasonic power 179.34 W, ultrasonic time 13.92 min, and ratio (v/w, mL/g) of water to raw material 23.55. Subsequent experiments evaluated the antioxidant activity of mulberry leaf polysaccharide and found that it has obvious ability to scavenge DPPH free radicals. Interestingly, the extracted MLP could inhibit the cell viability, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro. Therefore, we suggested MLP could been used as an antioxidant supplement that contains these micronutrients for cancer patients or used to develop anti-oxidant functional health food for breast cancer patients.
... Medicinal plants are been used in the treatment of various diseases with important contribution to therapies for various cancer (Gao and Watanabe, 2011;Hsu and Chung, 2012;Seydi et al., 2015). Several plant compounds with varying anti-carcinogenic mechanism have been reported (Hadem et al., 2016). ...
Introduction
Morinda lucida Benth has been traditionally reported as a remedy for the treatment of cancer as well as Leukemiain Africa. Therefore, this study was aimed at screening fractions of M. lucida for potential anti-leukemia constituents and activities in mice.
Methods
leukemia was induced with intra-peritoneal administration of benzene. Fractions of M. lucida were administered by oral gavaging in mice and screened for anti-leukemia and anti-clastogenic activities. The liver sections were assessed for hepatoprotective activity and possible anti-leukemia compounds in fractions were analysed using GC-MS. Docking analysis was done to understand the mechanism of anti-leukemic activity.
Results
Significant (p<0.05) anti-leukemic activity was observed in the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions while prevention of chromosomal and liver damage was exhibited by all the fractions. GC-MS analysis of the fractions revealed anti-leukemic constituents. The identified constituents showed promising pharmacokinetic properties and inhibitory potential against certain proteins involved in cancer development.
Conclusion
Overall, the anti-leukemic activity observed in this study might be attributed to the antioxidant, apoptotic induction, cell cycle control, and anti-inflammatory properties of M. lucida fractions.
... According to World Health Organization (WHO), 65~80 % of the world's population have traditional medicines as part of their healthcare system [1]. One of the oldest forms of traditional medicine is herbal medicine [2]. ...
HAD-B1 is a herbal formula originated from Korean Traditional Medicine that used to treat lung cancer patients. Herein we assessed acute and sub-chronic toxicity of HAD-B1 in beagle dogs. Acute study, 4 weeks dose rate finding (DRF) study and sub chronic toxicity study for 13 weeks were done by oral administration at doses of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg. Neither oral acute toxicity study nor DRF study showed any significant clinical signs, death, or weight changes. Based on that, a sub-chronic study for 13-weeks was performed. As a result, HAD-B1 caused a decrease of mean daily feed consumption in females, infiltration of intestinal inflammatory cells in both sexes, a significant decrease in total cholesterol (TCHO) in females, Kupffer cell hypertrophy/hyperplasia in the liver as well as dilation of the sinusoid. However, there were no significant toxic effects in the treated group compared to the control group. Therefore, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of the HAD-B1 is at least 2,000 mg/kg/day when administrated orally for 13 consecutive weeks. These results demonstrate that HAD-B1 consumption is relatively non-toxic and safe for clinical usage.
... Around 70-80% population of world still depends on traditional medicine(TM) for their primary health concerns [6]. Large volume of TMs knowledge is either available in oral traditions or in printed form that is present in local languages. ...
Use of traditional medicines to resolve healthcare issues in developing countries is widespread and increasing. Despite of this, knowledge of traditional medicines is getting lost. One of the major reasons is absence of appropriate knowledge preservation and sharing system. The aim of this paper is to design a comprehensive cloud based knowledge sharing system for traditional medicines community. This has been done by doing a comparative study of existing systems and techniques. It provides an additional feature of disease diagnosis on the basis of symptoms and guides about their treatment. It has the ability to provide data manipulation functions through cloud. Data is store on cloud knowledge base in form of ontology. Validation process of system is done by quantitative analysis of general and expert users response on technology acceptance model based questioner. This questioner shows 60–80% users give positive response. System usability features based comparison is also done to show system effectiveness. Comparison shows almost all features of comprehensive system are available in the developed system.
... Natural products are considered traditionally as the rich source of phytochemicals with various bio-structures and potent bioactivities against several diseases including cancer and infectious diseases. More than 80 % of the total world's population relies on herbal medicine to fulfill their primary health care needs (Gao and Watanabe 2011). Several studies have reported that plant-derived materials have potential bioactive compounds and exhibit strong anticancer (Fadeyi et al. 2013) and antioxidant activity (Saeed et al. 2012). ...
The present study aimed to evaluate in vitro anti-cancer activity of Ochradenus baccatus leaves extract
on various cell lines. The second aim determination of the total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and
antioxidant potential from the methanol extract of O. baccatus leaves collected from El-Shaikh Fadl -
Ras Gharib Road in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. The anti-proliferation activity of O. baccatus extract
was tested by SRB assay on five different cell lines: HEPG2 (liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line),
HCT (Colon carcinoma cell line), MCF7 (breast carcinoma cell line), HEP2 (Larynx carcinoma cell line),
and H1299 (Lung carcinoma cell line). Total phenolics, antioxidants, and flavenoid contents were
determined in the extract of the xerophytic O. baccatus plant and the fluctuation of these contents due to
environmental variations. Indicated that incubation of HEP2 in the extract of leaves attained the highest
values of IC50 (47.8 μg/ml.), while the lowest (215 μg/ml.) was attained furthermore, the highest and the
lowest growth inhibition percentages (GIP) (82.81 and 54 %) were observed with HEP2 and MCF7,
respectively. Also, results showed the highest total flavenoid contents in O. baccatus leaves was during
the winter season. Summer conditions exhibited the highest contents of total phenolic compounds
accompanied by significant increases in Ca+2, Mg+2, and Na+ contents in leaves. We concluded that O.
baccatus is a rich source of polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds with good antioxidant properties that
help in the prevention and therapy of various oxidative stress-related diseases such as cancer and
hepatic diseases.
... To standardize the structured clinical data, an integration of the systematic terminologies is required . Accordingly, in line with the information standardization projects such as International Classification of Traditional Medicine (ICTM), a new project for the compilation of an international standard terminology has been incorporated into the recent ICD-11 revision (WHO, 2007;Gao and Watanabe, 2011;Katayama et al., 2012). ...
Context: Traditional medicine information system (TMIS) is a substructure founded on the targeted application of technology. It also serves as a tool supporting the decisions in traditional medicine (TM). However, due to following a different approach in the treatment process, the TM has faced some challenges. Aims: To review the universal progresses and challenges in TMIS. Methods: This study was conducted using systematic search and review. The resources were retrieved through searching the key words related to the TMIS in the available databases including Science Direct, WOS, ProQuest, PubMed and IEEE. The findings were classified in to two distinct categories of progresses and challenges relating to the TMIS. Results: As many as 28 studies conducted from 2000 to 2017 were included in this research. The majority of the studies were related to 2010 or after 2010 conducted in China. Progresses identified in this TMIS were categorized into four types including the development of the database, universal standardization of the TM, development of the clinical data warehouse, and application of information technology in the TM. The challenges were classified into four distinct categories, namely the lack of treatment protocols in TM, the necessity of developing a universal unified terminology, the necessity of creating a medical ontologies and the necessity of ensuring the data quality. Conclusions: Information technology forms a significant aspect of the TM modernization. To develop both the TMIS and the knowledge sharing tools, it is necessary to remove the problems and challenges involved in the data record process in the TM.
... Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is among the most well-known and is popular among the Chinese population, but there are other forms of herbal medicine, such as Indian Ayurveda, Indonesian/Malay Jamu, Thai traditional medicine, Korean traditional medicine, and Japanese traditional medicine, which are highly sought after among other populations. [4][5][6][7] Patients often seek herbal medicine for its touted "natural and safe" profile. Unfortunately, adulteration involving the addition of undeclared drugs is a cause for concern. ...
We describe refractory postoperative hypotension due to adrenal insufficiency in a patient treated with steroid-adulterated herbal medicine. A 62-year-old man underwent an elective total hip replacement. Surgery was uneventful, but he became profoundly hypotensive 8 hours later, requiring intensive care unit admission, intubation, vasopressor support, and renal replacement therapy. Subsequent workup revealed that he had been consuming a herbal medication adulterated with prednisolone. Adrenal insufficiency secondary to chronic exogenous steroids was diagnosed following cortisol measurements and an adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test. He responded well to steroid therapy and made a full recovery. The use of herbal medicine should not be overlooked.
... About 70-80% of world population is directly or indirectly depends on plants materials as their major treatment source and over 60% of antitumor supplements are generated from a number of medicinal plants or plant parts. For these pharmacological activities, plant samples become of a great interest on biomedical research for human benefit [14]. ...
Cancer is the second death causing disease all over the world and until today 100 different types of cancer have been identified whose treatment methods consist of serious side effects on human body. To reduce the frequency of adverse effects of
cancer treatment, nowadays plant derived natural components are getting priority. The plant Morus latifolia is widely available in northern part of Bangladesh. The earlier researches suggested that popular varieties of some Morus sp. like Morus alba, Morus indica etc. have good anti-proliferative activity. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate the anti-proliferative activity of leaf and bark extracts of M. latifolia against Ehrlich’s ascites carcinoma (EAC) in vivo. The leaf and bark extracts of M. latifolia were used in several bioassays including Brine shrimp lethality test, hemagglutination activity test, antioxidant activity test, and cell growth inhibition test. Besides, fluorescence microscopy was performed to study apoptotic features in EAC cells, and molecular analysis like real-time PCR were also conducted. The results of Brine shrimp lethality test, hemagglutination activity test, and antioxidant activity assay supported the cell growth inhibition capability of leaf and bark extracts which was confirmed by in vivo cell growth inhibition bioassay. Moreover, the experimental extracts were able to induce cell apoptotis through altering the expression pattern of Bcl-2 and Bax genes. All of the results of this study suggest that several noble compounds are present in M. latifolia plant extracts which are capable for healing cancer cells.
... To standardize the structured clinical data, an integration of the systematic terminologies is required . Accordingly, in line with the information standardization projects such as International Classification of Traditional Medicine (ICTM), a new project for the compilation of an international standard terminology has been incorporated into the recent ICD-11 revision (WHO, 2007;Gao and Watanabe, 2011;Katayama et al., 2012). ...
... For drug discovery, phytochemical and pharmacological research based on modern ethnobotany is considered a validating approach in the search for novel chemical entities and frameworks with potential as drug leads. [36] It is estimated that 122 drugs from 94 plant species have been discovered through ethnobotanical leads [37,38] , such as morphine, the main anesthetic alkaloid in opium, or vincristine, an antitumor compound. [39] CONCLUSION Antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of Strychnos potatorum was evaluated using in vitro methods like, DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and ABTS radical scavenging assay method. ...
Oxidative stress is considered to be one of the most significant factors that contribute to life threatening disease like myocardial infarction. From the recent research it was evident that medicinal plants with potential antioxidant activity will alleviate the condition of oxidative stress and its related pathology. The main aim of the present research work is to evaluate the antioxidant potential of aqueous, alcoholic and hydro alcoholic extracts of the plant Strychnos potatorum by in vitro DPPH, Nitric oxide, Hydrogen peroxide and ABTS radical scavenging assays. Epicarp of Strychnos potatorum Linn was extracted with water, Ethanol and mixture of Ethanol: water (6:4) (hydro-alcoholic extract) by using soxhlet extraction method. The respective extracts were screened for antioxidant activity by in vitro assay techniques. The results obtained from the study reveals that all the three extracts showed promising antioxidant activity in which the ethanol extract (EESP) projects highest significant activity followed by aqueous (AESP) and hydro-alcoholic (HAESP) extracts. In DPPH radical scavenging assay EESP exhibit strong scavenging activity the equivalent percentage inhibition ranges from 25.96 to 81.04% followed by this AESP with inhibition of 22.03 to 79.25% and HAESP with percentage inhibition of 24.89 to 77.46%. Results of nitric oxide Murugan et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences radical assays shows that EESP shown higher percentage inhibition of 22.82 to 72.1% similarly AESP with 12.93 to 35.37% and HAESP with 5.18 to 44.22% inhibition. In hydrogen peroxide radical inhibition assay EESP contributes higher inhibition percentage of 16.68 to 74.98% whereas AESP with 6.12 to 60.57% and HAESP with 7.81 to 63.85%. Result of NO radical scavenging property reflects that EESP projects highest inhibition of 22.82 to 72.1% followed by this AESP with 12.93 to 35.57% and HAESP with 5.18 to 44.22%. Datas obtained from ABTS radical scavenging assay clearly reflects that EESP has higher percentage inhibition of 26.31 to 78.79% followed by this AESP with inhibition of 12.69 to 51.95% and HAESP with percentage inhibition of 10.68 to 67.17%. It was concluded from the results that EESP had shown the highest radical scavenging activity among the extractives when compare to that of the standard's. In future epicarp of Strychnos potatorum may be considered as a valuable natural antioxidant source for scavenging free radical. It may be developed as a potential plant based therapeutic moiety for treating diseases caused by free radicals.
... Pharmaceutical industries have produced a number of new drugs in the last three decades. An estimated 122 drugs from 94 plant species active against other diseases have been discovered through ethnobotanical leads [12,13]. Some of these include Ephedrine (bronchodilator) derived from Ephedra sinica, Quinine (antimalarial) from Cinchona ledgerian [14], the antimalarial compound Artemisin, derived from Artemisia annua L [15] and several antitumor compounds [16,17]. ...
Background
This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of some plants used in folklore medicine to treat diarrhoea in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
Methods
The acetone extracts of Acacia mearnsii De Wild., Aloe arborescens Mill., A. striata Haw., Cyathula uncinulata (Schrad.) Schinz, Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt., E. comosa (Houtt.) Wehrh., Hermbstaedtia odorata (Burch. ex Moq.) T.Cooke, Hydnora africana Thunb, Hypoxis latifolia Wight, Pelargonium sidoides DC, Psidium guajava L and Schizocarphus nervosus (Burch.) van der Merwe were screened against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, multi-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Isangi, S. typhi, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, Shigella flexneri type 1b and Sh. sonnei phase II. A qualitative phytochemical screening of the plants extracts was by thin layer chromatography. Plants extracts were screened for antibacterial activity using serial dilution microplate technique and bioautography.
Results
The TLC fingerprint indicated the presence of terpenoids and flavonoids in the herbs. Most of the tested organisms were sensitive to the crude acetone extracts with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.018–2.5 mg/mℓ. Extracts of A. striata, C. uncinulata, E. autumnalis and P. guajava were more active against enteropathogens. S. aureus and Sh. flexneri were the most sensitive isolates to the crude extracts but of significance is the antibacterial activity of A. arborescens and P. guajava against a confirmed extended spectrum betalactamase positive S. enterica serovar Typhimurium.
Conclusion
The presence of bioactive compounds and the antibacterial activity of some of the selected herbs against multidrug resistant enteric agents corroborate assertions by traditional healers on their efficacies.
... The World Health Organization (WHO) has asserted that traditional medicines are relied upon by 65%-80% of the world's population for their primary health care needs (Gao and Watanabe, 2011). Natural products and herbal medicine are considered to be safe in view of long history of use in traditional medicine. ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Hericium erinaceus is a culinary-medicinal mushroom and has a long history of usage in traditional Chinese medicine as a tonic for stomach disorders, ulcers and gastrointestinal ailments.
Aim of the study:
The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the potential toxic effects of the aqueous extract from the fruiting bodies of H. erinaceus in rats by a sub-chronic oral toxicity study.
Materials and methods:
In this sub-chronic toxicity study, rats were orally administered with the aqueous extract of H. erinaceus (HEAE) at doses of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg body weight (b.w.) for 90 days. Body weights were recorded on a weekly basis and general behavioural changes were observed. The blood samples were subjected to haematological, biochemical, serum electrolyte, and antioxidant enzyme estimations. The rats were sacrificed and organs were process and examined for histopathological changes.
Results:
No mortality or morbidity was observed in all the treated and control rats. The results showed that the oral administration of HEAE daily at three different doses for 90 days had no adverse effect on the general behaviour, body weight, haematology, clinical biochemistry, and relative organ weights. Histopathological examination at the end of the study showed normal architecture except for few non-treatment related histopathological changes observed in liver, heart and spleen.
Conclusion:
The results of this sub-chronic toxicity study provides evidence that oral administration of HEAE is safe up to 1000mg/kg and H. erinaceus consumption is relatively non-toxic.
... To prevent duplicated effort, there is a need for promoting standardization of these instruments. As the World Health Organization (WHO) is steering the inclusion of the International Classification of Traditional Medicine (ICTM) diagnostic scheme into the forthcoming ICD-11 [35], early consideration on harmonizing diagnostic instrument for each standardized traditional medicine diagnosis would be beneficial for both research and clinical application. ...
Introduction: In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), decision on prescription is based on a process called . Bian Zheng Lun Zhi (syndrome differentiation guided treatment decision). Syndrome differentiation process may not be recognized in conventional standards of randomized controlled trial (RCT), limiting model validity and generalizability of results. Method: Three major international databases were searched up to July 2016 for articles which discussed how syndrome differentiation, a classical TCM approach in diagnosis, can be incorporated into RCT design. Results: Four methodological solutions were proposed: (i) Lessons learnt from the design of patient reported outcome questionnaire can inform how a TCM diagnosis instrument can be developed. A proper TCM diagnostic tool with sound psychometric properties can reduce variation in the syndrome differentiation process. (ii) Treatment strategies for a specific TCM diagnosis could be highly diversified. Delphi technique can inform the design of an optimal treatment program by facilitating consensus among experts. (iii) Subgroup analysis is often needed in RCTs recruiting patients with several TCM diagnoses. It is highlighted that investigators should consider whether the design, analysis and context of the trial are robust enough to support a reliable claim of the subgroup effect associated with a particular TCM diagnosis. (iv) Finally, we discuss alternative research and analysis approaches for handling misalignment of Western and TCM diagnoses, including the possibility of unifying TCM syndrome with Western phenotypes using latent class analysis. Conclusion: Further methodological advances are needed for better alignment of classical TCM theories and diagnostic instrument development, as well as in reducing bias during expert consensus processes.
... Plants are the rich source of different phytochemicals with various bio-structures and potent bioactivities against a number of diseases including cancer and bacterial diseases. More than 80 % of the total world's population relies on herbal medicine to meet their primary health care needs [11]. Current pharmaceutical industries are depend to a large extant on natural compound as a rich source of potential drug candidates and statistics show that over 60 % of the current anticancer drugs are related with herbal product as their origin [12]. ...
Background: Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) has previously been reported to possess analgesic, antihistamine,
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study was designed for isolation, characterization and evaluation
of antibacterial and anti-proliferative activities of R. communis seed protein.
Methods: The concentration and molecular weight of R. communis seed protein were estimated by SDS-PAGE and
spectrophotometric analysis, respectively. Lectin activity was evaluated by hemagglutination assay on mice blood.
In vitro susceptibility of four human pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Enterobacter aerogenes and Staphylococcus aureus was detected using disk diffusion assay, and minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) value was determined using micro-dilution method. A total of twenty four Swiss albino mice
containing Ehrlich’s ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells were treated with the crude protein of R. communis at 50 and
100 μg/ml/d/mouse for 6 days. Growth inhibitory activity of R. communis seed protein on EAC cells was determined
by haemocytometer counting using trypan blue dye and DAPI (4΄,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining was used
to assess apoptotic cells.
Results: The protein concentration of six R. communis (castor) varieties ranged between 21–35 mg/ml and
molecular weight between 14–200 kDa. Castor protein agglutinated mice blood at 3.125 μg/wall. The seed protein
shows considerable antimicrobial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, exhibiting MIC values of 250,
125 and 62.5 μg/ml, respectively. Administration of seed protein led to 54 % growth inhibition of EAC cells at
100 μg/ml. DAPI staining indicates marked features of apoptosis including condensation of cytoplasm, nuclear
fragmentation and aggregation of apoptotic bodies etc.
Conclusion: Our study suggests that the lectin rich R. communis seed protein has strong antibacterial and
anticancer activities.
... Natural products are considered traditionally as the rich source of phytochemicals with various bio-structures and potent bioactivities against a number of diseases including cancer and infectious diseases. More than 80 % of the total world's population relies on herbal medicine to meet their primary health care needs [10]. Current pharmaceutical industries are depending to a larger extant on natural products as a source of potential drug candidates as statistics show that over 60 % of the current anticancer drugs are related with herbal product as their origin [11]. ...
Background
Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae) has previously been reported to possess different bioactive phytochemicals including phenols, tannins and flavonoids. The current study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-proliferative and antimicrobial activity of stem and seed extracts of Amaranthus lividus (AL) and Amaranthus hybridus (AH), respectively.
Methods
Antioxidant activity of methanol extract was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Determination of lectin activity of Amaranthus extract was carried out using hemagglutination assay on mouse blood. A total of thirty six Swiss albino mice containing Ehrlich’s ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells were treated with AL and AH extract at 25, 50 and 100 μg/ml/day/mouse for six days. Growth inhibitory activity was determined by haemocytometer counting of EAC cells using trypan blue dye and DAPI (4΄,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining was used to assess apoptotic cells. Gene amplification study was conducted to observe the expression pattern of p53, Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 mRNA using PCR (polymer chain reaction) technique. In vitro susceptibility of five pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus was detected using disk diffusion assay.
Results
The radical scavenging assay indicated that AH and AL possesses potent antioxidant potential, exhibiting IC50 value of 28 ± 1.5 and 93 ± 3.23 μg/ml, respectively. Hemagglutination assay revealed that AH and AL agglutinated mice blood at 1.565 and 3.125 μg/wall, respectively. Administration of AH and AL extract led to 45 and 43 % growth inhibition of EAC cells, respectively at 100 μg/ml with marked features of apoptosis including cell shrinkage, condensation of cytoplasm and aggregation of apoptotic bodies etc. Up-regulation of p53, Bax and caspase-3 and down-regulation of Bcl-2 mRNA in Amaranthus treated mice indicated mitochondria mediated apoptosis of EAC cells in comparison with control. None of the bacterial species showed susceptibility to the extract of both the Amaranthus species.
Conclusion
Our current findings suggest that both of the Amaranthus species have strong antioxidant, lectin and anti-proliferative activity on EAC cells. The current anticancer potential was observed due mainly to the mitochondria mediated apoptosis of EAC cells.
... In parts of the developing world, ethnomedicines are used for up to 80 % of primary health care (Gao and Watanabe 2011). Many of these treatments, in particular those produced by higher-order plants, have been investigated by biomedical researchers for their possible medical use with some success (Heinrich 2004). ...
Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br, also known as caustic or milk bush, is a semi-succulent plant commonly found in the North West of Australia. Local Aboriginal populations have long used the milky white sap from this plant to treat skin cancers. An ethanol extract from S. viminale was tested by exposing the RAW264.7 cell line as an in vitro murine macrophage model, to the extract. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to determine if S. viminale skewed macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotype using a number of cell surface markers. Cell culture supernatants were also analysed by cytometric bead array to determine if S. viminale exposed macrophages produced pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines. After exposure to S. viminale, a significantly greater number of macrophages expressed pro-inflammatory major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and significantly greater expression levels of the dendritic cell marker CD11c. Cytometric bead array analysis found that S. viminale induced significant amounts of the potent pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF) from macrophages. The markers CD40 and ICAM-1 were expressed but were not significantly different from the controls. Also, significantly higher expression of CX3CR1 indicated that macrophages were preparing to migrate. No anti-inflammatory cytokines were produced. No significant production of NO2
−, IL-6, IFN-γ or IL-12 was found. These results demonstrate that S. viminale drives resting macrophages into a pro-inflammatory phenotype, reminiscent of activated immature dendritic cells. If this activation could be achieved in the peri-tumour environment, then S. viminale could be useful as an adjunct therapy for skin cancer.
... According to the World Health Organization (WHO) report in 2011 [1], traditional medicine addresses up to two-third of the world's population's primary health care needs. One major component of traditional medicine is the use of herbal medicine. ...
The rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (A. lancea) (Thunb.) DC. (AL) is extensively used in Chinese, Thai, and Japanese traditional medicines as crude extracts/decoctions or a component in various herbal formulations. Various pharmacological activities of AL and its major constituents have been demonstrated in vitro, ex vivo, and in animal models. Results from the toxicity studies in animal models suggest safety profile of AL and its active constituents. Despite extensive use with positive impression in many diseases, there has not been a clinical study that can conclusively support its efficacy and safety profile in human. This review comprehensively summarizes current information on the pharmacological activities of AL and their active constituents including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antipyretic activities, as well as activities on central nervous, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems.
... 11) For drug discovery, phytochemical and pharmacological research based on modern ethnobotany is considered a validating approach in the search for novel chemical entities and frameworks with potential as drug leads. 6,11,12) It is estimated that 122 drugs from 94 plant species have been discovered through ethnobotanical leads, 13,14) such as morphine, the main anesthetic alkaloid in opium, or vincristine, an antitumor compound. 15) In addition to medicinal plants, folk practices are an important part of traditional medicine which can lead to pharmacologically active ingredients and new pharmaceutical discoveries. ...
Pharmacologically active constituents from traditional medicinal plants have received great attention as sources of novel agents, pharmaceutical intermediates, and chemical entities for synthetic or semisynthetic drugs due to their potent pharmacological activities, low toxicity, and economic viability. Numerous components have been isolated from traditional medicinal plants, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, and clinical and experimental studies suggested that these components have useful pharmacological properties such as antiinfectious, antioxidative, and antiinflammatory effects. In this review, modern ethnobotanical approaches to explore folk medicinal plants as candidates for drug discovery with the greatest possibility of success are discussed. Determining the bioactive mechanisms and tracing structure-activity relationships will promote the discovery of new drugs and pharmacological agents.
... Recently, WHO has also sought to integrate the International Classification of Traditional Medicine (ICTM) [25] into its standard classification of diseases (ICD) when revising ICD-10 to ICD-11 with the concept of ontology-based disease classification by 2015 [26]. KCD, the integrated classification of diseases encompassing allopathic medicine codes and genuine Korean medicine codes, was a valuable source for the WHO project. ...
Objectives. Korean medicine, an integrated allopathic and traditional medicine, has developed unique characteristics and has been active in contributing to evidence-based medicine. Recent developments in Korean medicine have not been as well disseminated as traditional Chinese medicine. This introduction to recent developments in Korean medicine will draw attention to, and facilitate, the advancement of evidence-based complementary alternative medicine (CAM). Methods and Results. The history of and recent developments in Korean medicine as evidence-based medicine are explored through discussions on the development of a national standard classification of diseases and study reports, ranging from basic research to newly developed clinical therapies. A national standard classification of diseases has been developed and revised serially into an integrated classification of Western allopathic and traditional holistic medicine disease entities. Standard disease classifications offer a starting point for the reliable gathering of evidence and provide a representative example of the unique status of evidence-based Korean medicine as an integration of Western allopathic medicine and traditional holistic medicine. Conclusions. Recent developments in evidence-based Korean medicine show a unique development in evidence-based medicine, adopting both Western allopathic and holistic traditional medicine. It is expected that Korean medicine will continue to be an important contributor to evidence-based medicine, encompassing conventional and complementary approaches.
... WHO is presently updating its International Classification of Diseases from the 10th (ICD-10) to 11th edition (ICD-11) [3,4] and plans to incorporate traditional medicine into this new version. International experts from China, Korea, Japan, Australia, the US, and the EU are involved in this project. ...
Pattern classification is very unique in traditional medicine. Kampo medical patterns have transformed over time during Japan's history. In the 17th to 18th centuries, Japanese doctors advocated elimination of the Ming medical theory and followed the basic concepts put forth by Shang Han Lun and Jin Gui Yao Lue in the later Han dynasty (25-220 AD). The physician Todo Yoshimasu (1702-1773) emphasized that an appropriate treatment could be administered if a set of patterns could be identified. This principle is still referred to as "matching of pattern and formula" and is the basic concept underlying Kampo medicine today. In 1868, the Meiji restoration occurred, and the new government changed its policies to follow that of the European countries, adopting only Western medicine. Physicians trained in Western medicine played an important role in the revival of Kampo medicine, modernizing Kampo patterns to avoid confusion with Western biomedical terminology. In order to understand the Japanese version of traditional disorders and patterns, background information on the history of Kampo and its role in the current health care system in Japan is important. In this paper we overviewed the formation of Kampo patterns.
... The goal of the DTM departments in these 2 regions is to encourage the use of TM worldwide. 6 In 1978, the Alma-Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care called on countries and governments to include the practice of TM within their primary healthcare approaches. 7 The WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific organized a working group for the Standardization of Acupuncture Nomenclature. ...
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) provides alphanumeric codes that have a longstanding place in the annals of contemporary medicine for epidemiology, health management, and clinical diagnoses from patient encounters to death certificates. This system is maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO). Traditional medicine (TM) has historical usage patterns established by treating people through the centuries but has never before been included in the ICD code set. The inclusion of traditional Asian medicine in the International Family of Classifications is a new venture and scheduled to be included in the ICD-11 revision of the codes. This may enable the comparison of diagnostic, clinical outcome, and epidemiological information across medical systems.
WHO recently completed a survey among member nations and discovered that 82% of the world's population uses some form of TM.2
Phytotherapy is a discipline which rigorously studies the treatment of diseases through the use of medicinal plants or their by-products. Based on this discipline and considering the importance of treating wounds and ulcers, the purpose of our propaedeutic study is to contribute to the development of competencies in the management of medicinal plants in the healthcare’s field. Therefore, our aims are the following ones: (1) to select the most important vulnerary species from a propaedeutic and transdisciplinary vision; (2) to provide a practical comparative overview of the selected species; (3) to consider and value the cultural importance of plants which still are recollected in the country; (4) to select a traditional plant in order to be used by healthcare personnel and (5) describe its scientific evidence, pharmacological action, use and instructions for use. After a comprehensive search in the main databases and academic search engines with information of portals and guides of recognized prestige, the selected species are presented in two blocks. The former is a synthesis of the interesting commercial plants according to the purpose and aims described: the Balsam of Peru, the Shepherd's purse, the Calendula or Pot-Marigold, the Oak, the Sweetbriar rose and the Dragon´s blood according to their pharmacological action. In the second block a descriptive analysis of the St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) is carried out due to its cultural importance as a wound healing plant in the rural communities of a big part of Spain.
Keyboards: Phytotherapy, Ethnomedicine, scientific evidence, ulcer, wounds, Continuing Education for health professionals
The problem of reservoir inflow forecasting plays a critical role in reservoir management. However, reservoir inflow forecasting must be necessarily accurate and timely. This paper presents practical machine learning (ML) technique and the optimal lead time for reservoir inflow forecasting. The two well-knows ML: Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Random Forests (RF), were used to predict water inflow volume into the reservoir. Both methods will improve the efficiency of the reservoir inflow more accurately by using reservoir information data (amounts of rainfall and inflow) and climate indices (Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) and ocean indices). All historical monthly time series reservoir information for 18 years (between 1998 and 2015) is collected from the Hui Nam Sai Reservoir Project, located in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand. Our experimental results showed Random Forest with climate indices gave the best performance method. We also found that the top three optimal lead time for reservoir inflow forecasting were the 10-month (t+10), 2-month (t+2) and 6-month (t+6) ahead with giving the least of RMSE of 4.41, 4.58 and 4.62, respectively. Similarly, when using ASE as a criterion, the top three optimal lead time for reservoir inflow forecasting were the 3-month (t+3), 10-month (t+10), and 5-month (t+5) with giving the least of ASE of 3.11, 3.14, and 3.16 respectively.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-79757-7_13
Introdução. A medicina Tradicional chinesa foi incluída no Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro, e no setor de investigação de doenças neuromusculares da Unifesp, sendo objeto de pesquisas desde 2003. Atualmente, a China integra a medicina ocidental e chinesa, incluindo em neurologia. Objetivo. Descrever o sistema de saúde chinês; a medicina integrativa (medicina tradicional chinesa e ocidental) e a neurologia na China, bem como o processo de formação profissional em medicina. Método. revisão de literatura com as palavras-chave: China, saúde pública, medicina tradicional, medicina chinesa, medicina integrativa, neurologia, em português, espanhol, inglês, nas bases Pubmed, Cochrane, Lilacs, Google scholar, entre 2002-2018. Resultados. Foram selecionados 34 artigos sobre o saúde pública, medicina integrada e processo de formação em medicina, e neurologia na China. A medicina chinesa vem sofrendo grandes modificações, com ocidentalização iniciada em 1917. A medicina integrada na China busca desenvolvimento técnico-científico em universidades, financiada pelo governo. A formação médica, incluindo de neurologistas, está sendo padronizada, seguindo modelos internacionais. Conclusão. A medicina integrada na China tem características especiais, e segue em desenvolvimento. A ocidentalização das pesquisas no pais aumentará o intercâmbio entre o Oriente e Ocidente, ampliando e abrindo perspectivas no campo científico.
Redroot pigweed is a well-known allelopathic weed worldwide with diverse organic compounds which involving in its allelopathic interactions as well. Preliminary tests of redroot pigweed extract against leukemia and various human’s phatogenic microorganisms revealed that amaranth extract inhibits the viability and proliferation of NB4 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner and has excellent anti-bacterial effect on gram-positive bacteria and Candida fungi. Interestingly, anti- luekemia effects of redroot pigweed is reported for the first time. Phytochemical analysis of redroot pigweed extract, led to identification amaranth bioactive compounds that largely were including terpenoid compounds (51.71%) as the main group and Carvacrol (11.33%) was the key compound. Redroot pigweed contains various organic compounds with allelopathic and therapeutic properties and current investigation is promising revelation for pharmaceutical importance of this plant.
Keywords: Redroot pigweed; organic compounds; GC-MS analysis; acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL); allelopathy; therapeutic properties
Introduction
The diagnostic categories used in Traditional Medicine (TM) that originated in China and are now used around the world have been classified for inclusion as a chapter within the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD). As a new chapter in ICD, the TM ICD codes were subject to international field testing. A pilot field test of the TM ICD codes was conducted to investigate their clinical utility in the European context.
Design
A mixed methods approach, including a Europe wide survey of practitioner views on TM ICD codes; and investigating the coding process of case study vignettes to explore coders’ experiences of using TM ICD codes.
Results
Survey: The majority of participants felt TM ICD codes provide a meaningful way to classify TM disorders and patterns; felt their patients’ diagnoses could be represented within the codes; and felt the codes would be important in their clinical practice.
Coding of vignettes: In 60.7% of cases the specificity of the assigned code was perceived as ‘just right’. Participants experienced difficulties assigning a single TM ICD disorder and pattern code, due to multiple codes being viewed as appropriate for the case.
Conclusions
The European TM practitioners who participated in this study largely perceive the TM ICD codes as valuable, conceptually accurate, and incorporating the range of TM diagnoses utilized within clinical practice. The TM ICD codes could be improved for European TM practitioners by expanding the scope of TM ICD codes, and adopting a multidimensional approach whereby more than one disorder and/or pattern code can be applied to single patients.
Ipomoea asarifolia (Convolvulacae), commonly known as "morning glory" is found across West Africa. Preparations of the plant are used traditionally for the treatment of diverse ailments including diabetes, neuralgia, arthritic pain and stomach ache. This study was designed to assess the safety profile of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of I. asarifolia through a 90-day subchronic toxicity study in rats.
I. asarifolia was administered p.o. at doses of 40, 200 and 1000mg/kg to separate groups of rats for 90 days. Distilled water was given p.o. to rats in the control group. Some set of rats in each group were left for additional 30 days without administration of the extract for reversibility study. Animals were weighed weekly and relevant parameters were assayed at the end of the main and reversibility study periods.
There was no significant change (p>0.05) in the body weight of rats, and food and water intake in I. asarifolia treated groups compared with control. I. asarifolia (40-200mg/kg) significantly but reversibly reduced (p<0.05, 0.001) sperm motility and count. The extract did not generally cause significant change (p>0.05) in the weight of vital organs and haematological parameters except in the case of reversible reduction in the level of haemoglobin and red blood cell count (p<0.01; 40mg/kg). The level of biochemical parameters and electrolytes were not significantly changed (p>0.05) except for the reversible reduction in the level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST; p<0.0001; 200 and 1000mg/kg) and increase in the level of Na(+) (p<0.01; 200mg/kg). The level of kidney reduced glutathione (GSH()) was reversibly increased (p<0.01; 1000mg/kg) while the level of enzymatic and non-enzymatic in vivo antioxidants was generally comparable and not significantly different (p>0.05) from control in respect of all other vital organs. Histological presentations were generally normal in respect of the liver, kidneys, brain, heart, lungs, pancreas, spleen and testes.
The findings in this study suggest that the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Ipomoea asarifolia is relatively safe administered orally for an extended period with potential renal in-vivo antioxidant activities. However, the extract may cause reversible male sterility, anaemia and hypernatraemia.
Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
The application of consumer Law has become significant in the health sector including the provision of complementary and alternative medicine. Many legal authorities in this area deal with extreme examples of breaches of consumer law which provides a problematic image for the evidence base for this form of health care especially when high quality scientific is sought in regard to representations made. The article discusses the fact that in some contexts traditional use evidence is applied in regard to the determination of appropriate indications of use for the registration and listing of complementary and alternative medicine but this does not appear to be applied in consumer law decisions. The capacity to provide high quality scientific evidence is limited for many form of complementary and alternative medicine based upon their historical background and approach to healing. Based upon an analysis of the value obtained from scientific evidence for complementary and alternative medicine this article argues for a broader use of traditional evidence and other forms of evidence to support compliance with consumer legislation in a context of where public safety is preserved.
The aim of the present study was to analyze the in vivo hypoglycaemic effects of both decoction of Smallanthus macroscyphus leaves and pure crystalline polymatin A isolated from its leaves. Phytochemical analysis of the leaf decoction showed that its major constituents were caffeic, chlorogenic and three dicaffeoilquinic acids, together with the sesquiterpene lactone polymatin A. Oral glucose tolerance test in normal rats was performed to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity and to choose the minimum effective dose of the decoction and polymatin A. They have effective hypoglycemic activity at the minimum dose of 140 mg dry extract and 14 mg crystalline powder/kg body weight, respectively, and were selected for the following experiments. Oral administration of a single-dose of decoction produced a moderate lowering effect in fasting glycemia of normal rats, whereas polymatin A had no significant effect. We also assessed the effect of a single-dose on post-prandial blood glucose, resulting in an inhibition of the hyperglycemic peak after sucrose overload. Daily administration of decoction or polymatin A for 4 weeks produced an effective glycemic control in diabetic animals, with a decrease in urinary glucose excretion and a significant reduction in the HbA1c levels. Although there were no significant increases in plasma insulin levels, both treatments improved the fasting blood glucose/insulin ratio. In vivo acute toxicity studies were performed in adult Wistar rats. There were no deaths or signs of toxicity observed after oral administration of decoction or polymatin A at any dose level up to the highest dose tested (14.0 g /kg and 2.8 g /kg, respectively). The results presented here strongly support the notion that S. macroscyphus represents a new source of antidiabetic compounds that could help to manage diabetes more efficiently and safely.
Kampo medicine is a traditional Japanese therapeutic system which originated in China and was used to treat various diseases
for hundreds of years. Kampo medicine had been also used for the cure and the prevention of urinary calculi for many years,
but the effect and the mechanism of this use of kampo medicine are unclear. We examined the inhibitory effect of the kampo
medicine takusha on the formation of calcium oxalate renal stones induced by ethylene glycol (EG) and vitamin D3 in rats. We also investigated the effect of takusha on osteopontin (OPN) expression, which we previously identified as an
important stone matrix protein. The control group rats were non-treated; the stone group rats were administered EG and vitamin
D3, and the takusha group was administered takusha in addition to EG and vitamin D3. The rate of renal stone formation was lower in the takusha group than in the stone group; thus, the OPN expression in the
takusha group was smaller than in the stone group. Takusha was effective in preventing oxalate calculi formation and OPN expression
in rats. These findings suggest that takusha prevents stone formation including not only calcium oxalate aggregation but also
proliferation.