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Stress and Social Support
Abstract and Figures
This is an experimental study and it discusses the effectiveness of social support in managing academic stress among students.
The purpose of this study is to understand the importance of social support in managing stress.
Simple random sampling was assigned to a number of 120 students, equally divided into an experimental and a control group. Classes on social support as coping mechanisms were given to the experimental group only. The accumulated data were then analyzed, descriptive statistics were used to interpret and evaluate the prevalence of academic stress, and social support. Correlation analysis was employed in the examination of the relationship between stress and social support.
The findings of this study indicate that there are significant differences between the experimental group and the control group in relation to stress and social support. Eventually, the experimental group proved to cope with academic stress better than the control group, and they were satisfied with their academic performance during the experimentation.
Hence, it is highly advisable to encourage the students to use social support as coping mechanisms.
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... Secondly, this study found that social support only moderated the path between perceived stress and anxiety and depression. One possible explanation is that social support may intervene between a threatening event and a stress response by attenuating the stress appraisal (Baqutayan, 2011;Rollock and Lui, 2016). Frontline medical staff with higher levels of social support may be more likely to believe that others would provide the necessary resources to solve the problem when they encounter stress. ...
The outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic has increased work demands for medical staff and has a certain impact on their mental health. The present study aimed to examine the role of perceived stress and social support in explaining the association between the occupational stressors and three mental health symptoms (i.e., anxiety, depression, and insomnia) of frontline medical staff. Five hundred twenty five frontline medical staff were investigated online after the outbreak of the COVID-19 (16 February, 2020–2 March, 2020) in China. The results found that the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and insomnia among frontline medical staff were 39.8, 29.9, and 37.9%, respectively. Occupational stressors were associated with anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms. Perceived stress significantly mediated this link. Social support moderated the second half of the indirect effect of occupational stressors on anxiety and depression symptoms. Under the epidemic situation of COVID-19, for frontline medical staff, high perceived stress and low social support may increase vulnerability for mental health symptoms triggered by occupational stressors. Thus, improving the social support and promoting the cognitive reappraisal of perceived stress may help to maintain mental health among medical staff.
... In addition, teaching students healthy stress management techniques has been shown to improve psychological well-being (Alborzkouh et al., 2015). Moreover, adaptive coping strategies, including social and emotional support, have been found to improve the mental well-being of students, and stress-reduction peer support groups and workshops on campus could be beneficial in reducing stress and improving the self-efficacy of students (Ruthig et al., 2009;Baqutayan, 2011;Bedewy and Gabriel, 2015;Freire et al., 2020;Green et al., 2021;Suresh et al., 2021). Other interventions that have been effective in improving the coping skills of college students include cognitivebehavioral therapy, mindfulness mediation, and online coping tools (Kang et al., 2009;Regehr et al., 2013;Molla Jafar et al., 2015;Phang et al., 2015;Houston et al., 2017;Yusufov et al., 2019;Freire et al., 2020). ...
Academic stress may be the single most dominant stress factor that affects the mental well-being of college students. Some groups of students may experience more stress than others, and the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic could further complicate the stress response. We surveyed 843 college students and evaluated whether academic stress levels affected their mental health, and if so, whether there were specific vulnerable groups by gender, race/ethnicity, year of study, and reaction to the pandemic. Using a combination of scores from the Perception of Academic Stress Scale (PAS) and the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (SWEMWBS), we found a significant correlation between worse academic stress and poor mental well-being in all the students, who also reported an exacerbation of stress in response to the pandemic. In addition, SWEMWBS scores revealed the lowest mental health and highest academic stress in non-binary individuals, and the opposite trend was observed for both the measures in men. Furthermore, women and non-binary students reported higher academic stress than men, as indicated by PAS scores. The same pattern held as a reaction to COVID-19-related stress. PAS scores and responses to the pandemic varied by the year of study, but no obvious patterns emerged. These results indicate that academic stress in college is significantly correlated to psychological well-being in the students who responded to this survey. In addition, some groups of college students are more affected by stress than others, and additional resources and support should be provided to them.
... İşlevsel destek türünde ise bireye yapılan yardımın birey için ne kadar önemli olduğu, bu yardımın bireyin ihtiyacını ne oranda karşıladığı önemlidir (Yıldırım, 2004). Sosyal destek kaynakları bulanan bireylerin daha güçlü bağlandıkları ve daha az yalnızlık hissettikleri (Edwards, 2009), daha az stres belirtisi gösterdikleri (Baqutayan, 2011), kaygı düzeylerinin düşük olduğu (Perrier vd., 2010), daha az problem odaklı çözüm yöntemi kullandıkları (Calvete ve Connor-Smith, 2006), bağımlı olma risklerinin azaldığı (Ögel, 2012), özsaygı düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu (Colarossi ve Eccles, 2000), akademik başarılarının yüksek olduğu (Levitt vd., 1994;Yıldırım,1998) ve okula daha kolay uyum sağladıkları (Ladd, 1990;Mallinckrodt, 1998) yapılan araştırmalarla ortaya konulmuştur. ...
... One other factor that may affect the psychological impact of lockdown is the availability of social support. Several studies (Baqutayan, 2011;Çivitci, 2015) have observed that participants with better social support can cope more successfully with stressful events. Furthermore, in a study with chimpanzees (Wittig et al., 2016), it was found that social support, provided by interaction with bond partners, reduced stress hormone levels. ...
Several governments have implemented strict measures to reduce the spread of COVID‐19, such as lockdown measures. However, these measures have brought negative consequences at an individual level by exacerbating the psychological distress caused by the pandemic. We evaluated the role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS) on the levels of anxiety and depression during the lockdown in a sample of 663 Spanish‐speaking adults, while controlling for variables related to social support, hobbies, seeking information related to COVID‐19, perceived risk of infection, time of assessment, number of deaths and contagions during the assessment and age. Using multiple regression analyses with a stepwise model selection procedure, 29% of the variance in anxiety and 38% of the variance of depression were found to be predicted by specific CERS. The impact of CERS on anxiety and depression was moderated by the sex of participants and the time of assessment, indicating that CERS did not have the same protective or harmful effects in all participants and situations. Based on our results, recommendations are provided for improving coping with stressful events where lockdown measures are taken.
... 42 This could be related to the collectivist nature of the Jordanian community, where social support is crucial and plays a protective role against stressful life events. 43 Also, we found that more than one-third of patients had low self-esteem. These findings are higher than earlier studies' results, in which one-third of patients with CVDs had low self-esteem. ...
Background
Adherence to medications is a significant element of self-care behaviors for patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Non-adherence to cardiovascular medications is the major risk for poor outcomes following any cardiac event. However, there is a lack of studies that addressed medication adherence among patients with CVDs attending outpatient clinics in Arabic countries, including Jordan. Thus, this study purposed to assess the psychosocial factors (e.g. depression, anxiety, stress, social support and self-esteem) and their correlation with adherence to medications among patients with CVDs attending outpatient clinics in Jordan.
Methods
A total of 395 Jordanian patients attending CVDs outpatient clinics at government, military and private healthcare facilities were recruited.
Results
Our study findings showed that 31.4% of the patients reported complete adherence to their medications. The proportion of psychological reactions reported by the participants was 72.1% for depressive symptoms, 62.6% for anxiety and 50.1% for stress; 79.7% had moderate and normal social support, and 44% had low self-esteem. Depression, anxiety and stress had a significant negative correlation with adherence to medications; however, self-esteem had a significant positive relationship with adherence to medications. In addition, depression, anxiety and stress were the main predictors of adherence to medications.
Conclusion
Our findings might aid in paving the road for designing and developing strategies and interventions to increase adherence to medications and minimize these psychosocial problems among CVD patients in outpatient clinics.
The Academia world was no exemption for the inescapable effect of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). There is just a limited quantity of examination directed as to the outcomes of the Pandemic in Maharashtra, India. Consequently, to accumulate a longitudinal dataset, a cross-sectional study was led from February to August 2021. More than 350 physical training and sports teachers utilized Google Forms to finish an online based survey. There are inquiries on the structure about age, gender, marital status, and other day by day exercises. A comparative review was directed to concentrate on the drawn-out mental impacts (COVID fear and interest with COVID-19). The attributes of society have been investigated. Endeavors have been made to utilize various arrangements of mental information, showing the expected outcomes. Sex, age, marital status, and family type are significantly impacted by pressure, nervousness, sexual fulfillment, and social help. There is a significant distinction between marital status, gender, and social help with regards to the Pandemic. As indicated by research findings, fifty percent of secondary school physical education and sports instructors in Maharashtra might have been impacted by the Pandemic. Contemplations ought to be taken to keep instructors quiet during a pandemic. Along these lines, it is important to present a few down to earth suggestions to limit the unfavorable impacts of this issue.
The present study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practices of general population of Pakistan during COVID-19 pandemic, and their psychological distress. It was a cross sectional study. Data were collected via demographic datasheet, Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP), a 16-item questionnaire, and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10). The sample comprised of 791 participants, including both genders and all age groups. Data were collected countrywide, through Google survey form during the months of April and May. Statistical analyses revealed that large percentage of respondents (82.93% and 71.30%) were confident about winning and controlling over COVID-19 situation. As the pandemic related preventive practices concern, a large majority showed compliance with precautionary strategies via wearing mask (84.57%) and restraining themselves from visiting crowded places (92.54 %). Analyses of t-test showed that female participants and people living in a nuclear family system reported more distress as compared to male participants and people living in a joint family system. Gender, age, and family system showed statistically significant relationships with psychological distress. It was concluded that until such time that any remedy to COVID-19 appears throughout the world, there is a need to focus on prevention and control methods. The people need to adopt strategic design of health promotion regarding COVID-19 for a successful health program. It was a preliminary study; more empirical studies are needed to explore and assess the nature and determinants of psychological issues of people during COVID-19 pandemic and psychotherapeutic interventions should be tailored accordingly.
The COVID-19 epidemic has had a significant impact on society. In particular, it has had a strong impact on college students, including international students. Through an online questionnaire survey, it is found that the psychological distress experienced by international students is the result of a combination of the external environment (including the lockdown measures, social distancing, and social support) and internal factors such as values and behavior. The analysis shows that the new teaching mode and the corresponding changes in learning behavior are significantly associated with the psychological distress brought about by the COVID-19 epidemic. In addition, the influence of international students’ values also plays a significant role in their psychological distress. Collective values are conducive to the alleviation of psychological distress, while individual values have the opposite effect. At the same time, the study also reveals that if there is sufficient social support, isolation (due to lockdown or social distancing early or later on) is not necessarily directly related to psychological distress. However, only formal social support can effectively alleviate psychological distress, while informal social support does not play a similar role. These conclusions have certain policy significance for the prevention of and response to epidemics in other countries
Research has shown that stress experiences begin in early stages of life. Stress management techniques have appeared to be beneficial for the development or enhancement of stress coping skills. The aim of this pilot randomised controlled trial was to assess the effect of a 12-week intervention, comprising training in diaphragmatic breathing and progressive muscular relaxation, on elementary school students’ stress levels. Outcomes on the quality of life and behavioural aspects of the students were also assessed. Standardised questionnaires were administered at baseline and after the 12-week intervention program. Fifty-two children aged 10 to 11 years were randomly assigned to intervention (n=24) and control groups (n=28). Children of the intervention group demonstrated lower levels of stress (in all three subscales of lack of well-being, distress, and lack of social support) and improved aspects of quality of life (physical, emotional, and school functioning). No significant differences were observed regarding the examined behavioural dimensions, in the intervention group. Larger randomised controlled trials with follow-up evaluations are needed to ascertain the positive outcomes of such programs on elementary school children.
Limited research exists examining factors mitigating the negative effects of sexual abuse. This report, based on a sample of 154 participants, analyzes how social support helps explain variations in child and adolescent psychological distress at the time of sexual abuse discovery. Adolescents, compared to children, are less likely to feel supported by parents and other adult relatives, but are more likely to view friends as support resources. As expected, support from a parent is related to less psychological distress, while the use of primarily friends for support is related to increased adjustment difficulties. The findings indicate that developmental period and source of support are important to consider in understanding how support functions as a protective factor.
This textbook is designed for a one-or two-semester course in applied statistics. The theory and methods are applicable to empirical research in many disciplines. We have drawn applications from several fields, although most come from education and the behavioral sciences. In most instances, the data are not hypothetical but are from actual studies.
The approach of this text is conceptual, but not mathematical. . . . We have stressed concepts rather than derivation and proof.
To our knowledge, this book is unique among statistics texts in at least three respects: 1. Math notes and related practice exercises are integrated with the text and the student is directed to them only when and as they are needed. 2. Diagnostic mastery tests were carefully developed and follow each chapter. 3. New and more intuitive formulas and computational procedures have been developed and used for (1) the analysis of variance and (2) chi-square. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Social support has been found to reduce adolescents' perceptions of stress and to contribute to greater well-being; however, lacking in much of the research has been the examination of changes in social support in the lives of'adolescents. Examined in this study were changes in adolescent support and stress over a 7-month period. Three-hundred fifty-two students completed a questionnaire at three points in time over 7 months. Results indicated that mothers were selected most often as the primary support person at each time. However, 42% of the adolescents changed their nomination of support provider at all three times. Perceptions of parental and fitmily support were key in discriminating adolescents who did or did not change their primary support person. Parental and family support also were instrumental in predicting adolescents'perceptions of stress. The results of this study show that parents and,faimily continue to play an important role in the lives of adolescentv.
Investigated whether there are significant sexual and racial differences in the feelings of loneliness and the 6 factors comprising loneliness: (1) feelings of lack of control; (2) feelings of alienation from positive people, places, or things; (3) self-pity and lack of purpose; (4) being with others and feeling alienated; (5) feeling alone on special occasions; and (6) isolation among participants in the present study. 102 female and 107 male college freshmen (81% Whites, 16% Blacks, 1% Hispanics, 1% Asians) completed a loneliness inventory (J. C. Woodward, 1967). Findings show that females were significantly more lonely than males and that Whites were significantly more lonely than Blacks. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A review of clinical, experimental, and field research on stress, together with the author's own research, provides the background for a theory that emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes. Harvard Book List (edited) 1971 #370 (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A study of the "social dimensions of stress" in an American university. Ss were a group of graduate students. Stress situation consisted of doctoral examinations. Study deals with social interactions of these students during the stress period, their stress-adaptation mechanisms, and their reactions to success and failure. Author reviews the contributions of various scientific disciplines to the concept of stress and concludes that stress can best be understood within the framework of group interaction and influence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This study investigated some of the determinants of homesickness and reactions to homesickness in two samples of first-year English psychology students who had left home for the first time. Homesickness was found to be a reasonably common but short-lived phenomenon, and was predicted longitudinally by greater self-reported dependency on other people and by higher estimates of the frequency of homesickness among students in general. Although homesickness was equally common in men and women, women were much more likely to discuss their feelings with others and to respond by being more affiliative. Greater anxiety and depression about homesickness were also associated with more confiding behaviour. There was a suggestion that homesick male students were more likely to seek out others, the more common they perceived homesickness to be.