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Antigenotoxic and antioxidant activities of palmarosa and citronella essential oils
... In two in vitro comet assays, HPBL were treated with citronella oil in the absence of S9 metabolic activation up to a maximum concentration of 2000 μg/mL (Sinha et al., 2011(Sinha et al., , 2014. At concentrations of 1000 μg/mL and greater, citronella oil increased the % tail DNA, indicative of DNA damage (Sinha et al., 2011(Sinha et al., , 2014. ...
... In two in vitro comet assays, HPBL were treated with citronella oil in the absence of S9 metabolic activation up to a maximum concentration of 2000 μg/mL (Sinha et al., 2011(Sinha et al., , 2014. At concentrations of 1000 μg/mL and greater, citronella oil increased the % tail DNA, indicative of DNA damage (Sinha et al., 2011(Sinha et al., , 2014. Due to the lack of a standardized procedure for the performance and evaluation of results of the in vitro comet assay, the relevance of the positive results cannot be assessed . ...
... No evidence of genotoxicity was observed at concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL of palmarosa oil incubated with HPBL for 3 h in an in vitro comet assay conducted in the absence of metabolic activation (Sinha et al., 2011). In a follow-up in vitro comet assay, HPBL were incubated with 100, 200, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 μg/mL palmarosa oil in the absence of exogenous metabolic activation for 3 h. ...
In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a program for the re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavor ingredients. This publication, eleventh in the series, evaluates the safety of NFCs characterized by primary alcohol, aldehyde, carboxylic acid, ester and lactone constituents derived from terpenoid biosynthetic pathways and/or lipid metabolism. The Expert Panel uses the scientific-based evaluation procedure published in 2005 and updated in 2018 that relies on a complete constituent characterization of the NFC intended for commerce and organization of the constituents of each NFC into well-defined congeneric groups. The safety of the NFCs is evaluated using the well-established and conservative threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept in addition to data on estimated intake, metabolism and toxicology of members of the congeneric groups and for the NFC under evaluation. The scope of the safety evaluation contained herein does not include added use in dietary supplements or any products other than food. Twenty-three NFCs, derived from the Hibiscus, Melissa, Ricinus, Anthemis, Matricaria, Cymbopogon, Saussurea, Spartium, Pelargonium, Levisticum, Rosa, Santalum, Viola, Cryptocarya and Litsea genera were affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under their conditions of intended use as flavor ingredients based on an evaluation of each NFC and the constituents and congeneric groups therein.
... Intracellular ROS generation upon exposure to rhizome extracts of C. amada, C. caesia, and A. galanga was quantitated using the fluorescent probe DCFH 2 -DA in human blood lymphocytes according to Sinha et al [24]. The lymphocytes were incubated with rhizome extracts (2.5, 5, and 10 µg/mL) at 37 曟 for 3 h and were finally collected by centrifugation (1 000 rpm for 5 min). ...
... caesia, and A. galanga) at various concentrations (2.5, 5, and 10 µg/ mL). For comet assay, the procedure of Singh et al. [26] was followed with minor modifications [24]. To study the anti-genotoxic effect of the individual extract, two different types of treatments were performed: (i) Lymphocytes were simultaneously exposed for 3 h to ...
... Antigenotoxic effects of C. amada (2.5 and 5 mg/kg body weight) against CP (20 mg/kg)-induced DNA damage in the bone marrow cells of Swiss albino mice were studied using alkaline comet assay following the method of Singh et al. [26] with minor modifications [24]. ...
Objective: To compare the antioxidant and anti-genotoxic properties of Alpinia (A.) galanga, Curcuma (C.) amada, and C. caesia.
Methods: Cytotoxicity of ethanolic extracts of A. galanga, C. amada, and C. caesia at selected doses was evaluated by trypan blue, MTT, and flow cytometry-based assays. Genotoxicity and anti-genotoxicity (against methyl methanesulfonate, 35 μM and H2O2, 250 μM) of these plants were studied by comet assay in human lymphocytes in vitro. Furthermore, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, lipid peroxidation, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays were performed to study the antioxidant potentials of the plants. Finally, anti-genotoxic potential of C. amada was validated in Swiss albino mice using comet assay. Phytochemical composition of C. amada was determined by GC/MS and HPLC.
Results: The selected doses (2.5, 5, and 10 μg/mL) of A. galanga, C. amada, and C. caesia were non-toxic by cytotoxicity tests. All three ethanolic extracts of plant rhizomes demonstrated antioxidant and anti-genotoxic properties against methyl methanesulfonate-and H2O2-induced oxidative stress in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. Multivariate analysis revealed that various antioxidant properties of these extracts in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays were strongly correlated with their total phenolic constituents. C. amada extract conferred protection against cyclophosphamide-induced DNA damage in the bone marrow cells of mice and DNA damage was significantly inhibited by 2.5 mg/kg C. amada extract.
Conclusions: C. amada is rich in potentially bioactive molecules and exhibits potent antioxidant activities. Its anti-genotoxicity against cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress is also confirmed in this study.
... activity or by decreasing free radical production (Sinha, Biswas, & Mukherjee, 2011). The role and reactions of ROS scavengers in preventing mutagenesis are well documented (Liou & Storz 2010;Mimica-Dukic et al., 2010;Sinha et al., 2011). ...
... activity or by decreasing free radical production (Sinha, Biswas, & Mukherjee, 2011). The role and reactions of ROS scavengers in preventing mutagenesis are well documented (Liou & Storz 2010;Mimica-Dukic et al., 2010;Sinha et al., 2011). The antioxidative activity of eugenol, measured as DPPH radical-scavenging activity, and thymol, measured as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, was observed at as low concentration as 1 ppm (Slameňová et al., 2009) and 2.2 ppm (Ündeger et al., 2009), respectively. ...
... This is the first study to demonstrate the genoprotective effects of geraniol against alkylating DNA damage. Previous studies have found plant extracts (Ramos, Marques, et al., 2013;Ramos, Pedro, et al., 2012) and palmorosa and citronella oils (Sinha et al., 2011) to prevent alkylating DNA damage in colon carcinoma cells using similar experimental approaches. More recently, ethanolic extracts of Origanum vulgare have also shown genoprotective effects against alkylating chemotherapeutic agents in mouse bone marrow (Habibi et al., 2015). ...
Essential oils (EO) are widely used in foods as flavoring and preservative agents. Many of the biological activities of EO have been attributed to major essential oil compounds (EOC) but their direct interaction with colonic epithelial cells and their genotoxic and genoprotective effects are not well established. In this study, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of EOC including nerolidol, thymol, geraniol, methylisoeugenol, eugenol, linalool, and a commercial blend (Agolin) were determined. Furthermore, the genoprotective effects of EOC against oxidative and methylating damage were assessed using the comet assay in HT‐29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. The majority of EOC were cytotoxic to HT‐29 cells at or above 250 ppm after 24 hr exposure. At noncytotoxic doses, none of the EOC was genotoxic in the comet assay. Genoprotection against oxidative DNA damage was observed for nerolidol (at 62.5 ppm), thymol (at 12.5 ppm), geraniol, and methylisoeugenol (both at 125 ppm), as well as linalool and Agolin (both at 250 ppm). Thymol was the most protective compound against oxidative DNA damage and geraniol (at 125 ppm) also protected cells against methylating DNA damage. This study highlights the potential of EOC such as thymol to protect the colonic epithelium against oxidative DNA damage and geraniol against methylating DNA damage. Further in vivo studies are needed to confirm these findings for safety and efficacy to exploit their potential pharmaceutical or nutraceutical uses for colonic health.
... In particular, their microbial susceptibility has led to them being considered as a safer alternative for treating bacterial resistance in several works [25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. The EOs of Cymbopogon martini and Melaleuca alternifolia (known as palmarosa and tea tree oils, respectively) have been traditionally and contemporaneously identified for diverse applications in cosmetology [32], medicine [33], toxicology [34], food security, and health, with specific antifungal [27] and antibacterial [35] characteristics. These studies do not necessarily involve nanoscale applications. ...
There is a growing focus on the design of nanoemulsions because of their valuable properties as an enhanced vehicle for interaction with cells and resistant bacteria. Their potential applications in the health and food industry are numerous. Although they are considered unstable because of flocculation and coalescence, they are still efficient resources for antibacterial inhibition due to their droplet size. Studies on the interactions between essential oils and an aqueous medium are increasing, in order to efficiently formulate them at the nanometric scale using surfactants, thereby providing them with long-lived droplet size stability. This study used the ultrasonication method for fabrication and Eumulgin as a surfactant to achieve nanometric droplet sizes using two noble essential oils, palmarosa and tea tree. A follow-up for one year tracked a stable droplet size and sustained polydispersity in those emulsions as the most valuable outcome. Moreover, the insights of a thermoresponsive study have been included, also showing a strong stability. The antibacterial properties of the essential oils considered became enhanced, at a comparable scale of an antibiotic, on Salmonella spp. and Bacillus subtilis depending on the nanoscale droplet size. The outcomes suggest the importance of deepening parametric studies of these nanoformulations in terms of concentrations and temperature changes, characterizing their remarkable properties and durability.
... Many businesses, including the food and beverage, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, mosquito repellent, and perfume industries, utilize these essential oils [1][2][3]. The medicinal properties of essential oils derived from plants, such as their anticancer, anti-respiratory tract infection, antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial capabilities, have garnered significant interest [4][5][6]. Essential oils from plants are thought to be viable substitutes for synthesis-based antibiotics due to their superior biocompatibility and fewer adverse effects on human health. They are also frequently used to treat skin infections [7,8]. ...
Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon flexuosus ) essential oil (LGEO) contains α-citral, β-citral and other phytochemicals extracted using various methods. This research extracted essential oils using steam distillation (SD) and microwave-assisted hydro distillation (MAHD) to maximize quantity and purity. LGEO was tested for antibacterial properties. LGEO was extracted using SD and compared to MAHD output based on oil production and chemical composition. We performed GCMS to characterize LGEO. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) used for quantum chemical analysis. Spectroscopic analysis showed that SD extracted secondary metabolites (ethyl-linalool, isogeranial, β-citral, α-citral, geranyl acetate, and caryophyllene) yielded 9.7 %, 11.5 %, 35.4 %, 13.4 %, 6.4 %, and 6.4 %, respectively, while MAHD yielded 10.2 %, 13.4 %, 43.2 %, 17.3 %, 6.9 %, and 7.3 %. MAHD extracted α and β citral content was better than SD extraction technique. FTIR spectroscopy and quantum chemistry analysis showed extracted oil chemical composition, electronic structure of α and β citral isomers. In the disc-diffusion experiment, both extracts were effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and harmful fungi. LGEO from SD and MAHD extraction (30 mg/mL) demonstrated disc diffusion assay antibacterial efficacy against microorganisms. The two extracts effectively inhibited microorganisms with MIC values of 3.75 and 7.5 μg/mL. It can be concluded that, LGEO have greater antimicrobial activity in MAHD extraction.
... A compound that can cause genetic damage is regarded as a genotoxic agent and there are many bioactive substances counteracting the effects of these genotoxic compounds in nature [23]. These bioactive compounds are present in many plants abundantly and effective against genotoxicity [24]. Many plant oils have antigenotoxic properties and this was generally attributed to the antioxidant activities of their phytochemical compositions [23]. ...
In this study, antigenotoxic effects and developmental toxicity of frankincense and blue anemone oils were aimed to be analysed and the olfactory bias was aimed to be checked to see the possibility of an interaction between the olfactory perception and antigenotoxicity of the plant oils. The somatic mutation and recombination test was used to analyze genotoxicity, developmental process of Drosophila melanogaster was screened and the feeding assay was used to perform an olfactory bias test. Genotoxicity test results showed that none of the oils affected the spot frequencies compared to negative control and they caused 73.3 - 100 % inhibitions after the cotreatment with H2O2. None of them caused any significant difference in puparation and eclosion. The frankincense and blue anemone oils were also found antigenotoxic in this study and these effects were independent from the olfactory perception because the rates of feeding were similar to the one observed with negative control.
... Therefore, this article was not further considered for the assessment of genotoxicity of citronella oil. Two articles by Sinha et al. (2011Sinha et al. ( , 2014 were not further considered in the safety assessment of citronella oil due to limitations identified by the FEEDAP Panel in the description of the test item and lack of biological relevance of the results. The oil contains several cytotoxic compounds which restrict in vitro testing at higher concentrations. ...
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of citronella oil obtained from the leaves of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle, when used as a sensory additive for all animal species. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that citronella oil from C. nardus is of low concern for long‐living and reproductive animals at the use levels in complete feed of 3.5 mg/kg for laying hens and rabbits, 6 mg/kg for sows and dairy cows, 9.5 mg/kg for sheep/goats and horses, 2.0 mg/kg for cats and 10 mg/kg for dogs. For short‐living animals (species for fattening), the additive was considered of no concern at concentrations of 18 mg/kg in chickens for fattening, 24 mg/kg in turkeys for fattening, 20 mg/kg for piglets, pigs for fattening, veal calves (milk replacer), cattle for fattening, sheep/goats for meat production, horses for meat production and rabbits for meat production, and 30 mg/kg for salmonids. The conclusions were extrapolated to physiologically related minor species. For any other species, the additive is considered of low concern at 2.0 mg/kg complete feed. The use of citronella oil in animal feed is expected to be of no concern for the consumers and for the environment. The essential oil under assessment should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes and as a dermal sensitiser. When handling the essential oil, exposure of unprotected users to methyleugenol may occur. Therefore, to reduce the risk, the exposure of the users should be minimised. Since the leaves of C. nardus and its preparations were recognised to flavour food and its function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.
... It is particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. • Antioxidant: Citronella oil has been found to possess significant antioxidant activity, which can help to protect the body from oxidative damage caused by free radicals (Sinha et al., 2011). This activity may be due to phenolic compounds in the oil. ...
This review paper explores the utilization of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction to isolate citronella oil, delving into its multifaceted dimensions, including process optimization, product quality enhancement, and diverse potential applications. Citronella oil, renowned for its myriad bioactive compounds with demonstrated health benefits, is a coveted essential oil in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries. The transition from traditional extraction techniques to SC-CO2 extraction presents a paradigm shift due to its manifold advantages, such as heightened yield rates, expedited extraction durations, and elevated product quality. However, the efficacy of SC-CO2 extraction is intricately interwoven with an array of parameters encompassing pressure, temperature, flow rate, particle size, and co-solvent ratios. Accordingly, meticulous process optimization is indispensable in achieving the desired product quality while maximizing yield. Furthermore, the paper explores the extensive spectrum of potential applications for citronella oil, extending its reach into formulations with antimicrobial, insecticidal, and antioxidant properties. These applications underscore the versatility and commercial appeal of citronella oil. The review establishes SC-CO2 extraction of citronella oil as a promising and sustainable alternative to conventional extraction methodologies, offering myriad applications across the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food sectors. This scholarly work provides valuable insights into the intricacies of process optimization and product quality. It outlines future perspectives and avenues for further exploration in SC-CO2 extraction of citronella oil.
... In this study, the results showed that the levels of T-SOD and GSH-Px in the C. martini EO treatment groups were significantly increased compared to the C. albicans infected/untreated groups, especially the 2% C. martini EO -treated group. These results may be because C. martini EO has a high level of natural antioxidants (Sinha et al., 2011), which have the potential ability to scavenge free radicals, chelate transtegmental ions, and decompose peroxides (Embuscado, 2015). Similar studies have found that dietary essential oils significantly enhance the level of serum antioxidant activity (Rasheed et al., 2023). ...
Essential oils are potential alternatives to antibiotics for preventing Candida albicans (C. albicans) infection which is responsible for economic losses in the pigeon industry. Cymbopogon martini essential oil (EO) can inhibit pathogens, particularly fungal pathogens but its potential beneficial effects on C. albicans-infected pigeons remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the impact of C. martini EO on antioxidant activity, immune response, intestinal barrier function, and intestinal microbiota in C. albicans-infected pigeons. The pigeons were divided into four groups as follows: (1) NC group: C. albicans uninfected/C. martini EO untreated group; (2) PC group: C. albicans infected/C. martini EO untreated group; (3) LPA group: C. albicans infected/1% C. martini EO treated group; and (4) HPA group: C. albicans infected/2% C. martini EO treated group. The pigeons were infected with C. albicans from day of age 35 to 41 and treated with C. martini EO from day of age 42 to 44, with samples collected on day of age 45 for analysis. The results demonstrated that C. martini EO prevented the reduction in the antioxidant enzymes SOD and GSH-Px causes by C. albicans challenge in pigeons. Furthermore, C. martini EO could decrease the relative expression of IL-1β, TGF-β, and IL-8 in the ileum, as well as IL-1β and IL-8 in the crop, while increasing the relative expression of Claudin-1 in the ileum and the crop and Occludin in the ileum in infected pigeons. Although the gut microbiota composition was not significantly affected by C. martini EO, 2% C. martini EO increased the abundance of Alistipes and Pedobacter. In conclusion, the application of 2% C. martini EO not only enhanced the level of antioxidant activity and the expression of genes related to intestinal barrier function but also inhibited inflammatory genes in C. albicans-infected pigeons and increased the abundance of gut bacteria that are resistant to C. albicans.
... In our study, C. citratus essential oil showed a remarkable antiradical activity, unlike [28] who reported a significant antioxidant activity with an IC50 = 91.0 ± 9.25 µg/ml in the northwest Himalayan essential oil. In the same context, [29] found IC50 of C. citratus essential oil as 0.101%, and hence according to [30], this scavenging activity can be attributed to phenolic compounds including citronellol and citronellal. Indeed, the antioxidant capacity of an essential oil varies according to the methods of distillation and the treated plant part. ...
Although synthetic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
drugs have been routinely applied for
health therapy, the recently available data reported
their considerable effects on consumers ‘health.
Hence, the natural substances derived from medicinal
plants exhibiting effective antioxidant and antiinflammatory
properties are currently of great interest
in the research areas. The purpose of the present
study was therefore aimed to analyze the chemical
composition and evaluate the antioxidant and antiinflammatory
properties of the essential oil of Algerian
lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus). The essential
oil was extracted by hydro distillation, and theirchemical
profiling was performed by gas chromatography
coupled with the mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
method. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by
three methods namely, DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl),
phenanthroline test, and FRAP (ferric
reducing antioxidant power), while the anti-inflammatory
activity was estimated by the method of protein
denaturation. Results showed that geranial
(28.93%), neral (24.30%), and β -myrcene (23.92%)
are the major compounds of essential oil of C. Citratus,
which in turn revealed an important antiradical
activity (IC50 = 163.12% μg/ml) compared to that of
the reference antioxidants. Further, the antioxidant
activity of Cymbopogon citratus essential oils using phenanthroline and FRAP tests showed a significant
EC50 (7.80 ± 1.42) activity and a reducing power
ability with an EC50 = 106.78 ± 7.35 μg/ml, in addition
to a very significant anti-inflammatory activity
with an inhibition percentage of 78.15% compared
to that of Diclofenac sodium (96.42%). This result
indicate that this plant should be explored in future
pharmacological approach.
... Besides having antibacterial activity, Citronella oil and clove oil have antioxidant activity. The content of citronella and clove oils that cause antioxidant activity are citronellal and eugenol (Sinha, Biswas and Mukherjee, 2011;Gülçin, Elmastaş and Aboul-Enein, 2012). The effect of antioxidants on the skin is known to increase cell regeneration so that in the case of acne vulgaris, it is expected to increase the speed of cell regeneration in acne wounds (Ahmed, 2018). ...
Propionibacterium acnes is a common acne-causing bacteria in adolescents and adults. The combination of citronella oil and clove oil has the potential to inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes. Both essential oils are also known to have antioxidant effects. The combination of the two essential oils is expected to have better activity. The purpose of this research was to determine the activity of the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) index against Propionibacterium acnes, antioxidant activity, and formulation in emulgel. Antibacterial assay of combination citronella oil and clove oil using the FIC index. Antioxidant assay by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrihydrazil) method. The emulgels formulation uses Viscolam AT 100P as the base of the emulgels. The results showed that the combination of citronella and clove oil an antibacterial activity with an FIC index is 2 (indifferent), antioxidant citronella oil had an IC50 of a moderate category (185.04 µg/mL) and clove oil in a very strong category (23.48 µg/mL) so that it could be formulated in an emulgel with good characteristics. The most preferred formula in terms of color, scent, consistency, and texture is a formula with a concentration of 5% viscolam AT 100P.
... Minyak serai wangi ditemukan memiliki sifat antioksidan sedang dengan nilai IC50 206 μg/ml (Sinha et al., 2011). Potensi antioksidan bervariasi dengan metode ekstraksi minyak atsiri C. nardus. ...
Minyak serai wangi menjadi salah satu komoditas dari sembilan jenis minyak atsiri yang paling menonjol sebagai andalan Indonesia dan berpotensi serta sangat prospektif. Permintaan minyak ini cukup tinggi dan harganya cenderung stabil. Budidaya tanaman serai wangi juga tidak terlalu sulit serta dapat hidup di lahan-lahan kritis. Kandungan utama minyak serai wangi yatiu sitronelal, geraniol, dan sitronelol yang memberikan bau khas citrus yang disukai oleh konsumen. Produksi minyak serai wangi juga harus memenuhi parameter standar mutu SNI 06-3953-1995. Minyak serai wangi ini dapat diperoleh dengan cara ekstraksi dan destilasi. Minyak ini juga memiliki banyak manfaat dan khasiat antara lain antioksidan, antibakteri, antifungal, pengharum ruangan, herbisida, minyak pijat, dan lain-lain.
... Oxidative stress-related DNA damage is associated with varied diseases. Numerous investigations have found that natural plant components have genotoxicityprotective action against oxidative stress and UV radiation [25]. As a result, the efficiency of Cladonia methanol extracts in protecting DNA from UV and oxidative stress was also investigated. ...
The present study evaluated the DNA protective properties and antimicrobial activities of the methanol extracts of nine Cladonia species, namely C. pocillum, C. subulata, C. pyxidata, C. coniocraea, C. foliacea, C. firma, C. furcata, C. fimbriata and C. rangiformis collected in Turkey. DNA protection properties efficiency of Cladonia extracts was evaluated using pBR322 plasmid DNA. In vitro antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts against two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis), three Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis) and two fungal strains (Candida glabrata and Candida albicans) were examined using the disc diffusion method and through the determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC). DNA protective studies, all Cladonia extracts protected pBR322 plasmid DNA against damage caused by the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with ultraviolet (UV). The results demonstrated that the inhibition zones in the disc diffusion method ranged from 6.5 to 19.0 mm. MIC results were ranged from 3.12 to 6.25 mg/mL. Cladonia extracts show a better antimicrobial effect against bacterial strains than fungal strains. The highest antimicrobial effect among lichen species was demonstrated by Cladonia pocillum. Our results demonstrated that tested Cladonia extracts had strong antibacterial and DNA protective effects. This is the first comprehensive study to evaluate the DNA protective properties activity of Cladonia extracts.
... The misuse and abuse of agricultural synthetic bactericides have caused a series of serious ecological and environmental problems, including environmental pollution 1 , ecological damage 2 , pathogen resistance 3 , and toxic influence on many organisms 4 , including humans. Therefore, natural bactericides with high efficiency and low toxicity are urgently needed 5,6 . Plant essential oils have bactericidal and antiseptic effects and can be used in preventing and reducing the speed of pest infestation and disease outbreaks caused by fungi and bacteria and have thus become the focus of some studies on fungicides and bactericides [7][8][9] . ...
... Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil is known for its repellent, (Peach et al. 2019) antioxidant, (Sinha et al. 2011) and genotoxic (Sinha et al. 2014) properties. This plant has been used around the world for its bioactive properties, like in Brazil, Ghana or Singapore (Karami et al. 2021). ...
Citronellol is a monoterpene alcohol biosynthesized by various plant species belonging to different families of Angiosperm. Bioinspired by the metabolism of Rosa sp., able to produce (–)-cis-rose oxide from citronellol, we have studied and optimized a laccase-catalyzed oxidation of (±)-, (R)-, and (S)-citronellol into rose oxide diastereomers in the presence of mediators. The reaction was found to be diastereomerically cis-selective but completely non-enantioselective. The laccase-mediator system was then applied on citronellol-containing essential oils such as lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) essential oils in order to modify their composition beyond the plant metabolism and increase their rose oxides content, thereby tuning their olfactory properties.
... Palmarosa oil, an essential oil extracted from the leaves and flowers of palmarosa grass, exhibited antifungal, nematocidal, and antioxidant properties [26][27][28]. In the present study, palmarosa oil displayed potent anthelmintic activity against G. kobayashii with a 24 h-EC 50 value of 4.98 mg/L, and the in vitro assays indicated that therapeutic baths with a high concentration of this EO could cause more than 90% mortality of these worms within 8 hours. ...
Monogeneans are a serious threat to the development of aquaculture due to the severe economic losses they cause. The prevention and treatment of this disease are increasingly difficult because of the environmental and health concerns caused by the use of chemical anthelmintics and the emergence of drug resistance. It is thus necessary to search for effective alternatives for the treatment of monogenean infections. In the current study, anthelmintic efficacy of 16 selected essential oils (EOs) was investigated using the goldfish (Carassius auratus)–Gyrodactylus kobayashii model. The screening experiment indicated that palmarosa oil and curcuma oil had satisfactory anthelmintic activity against G. kobayashii with EC100 values of 10 and 12 mg/L after 24-h exposure, respectively. The in vivo and in vitro assays indicated anthelmintic efficacy of palmarosa oil against G. kobayashii was in a time and dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, curcuma oil showed an anesthetic effect on G. kobayashii, and its anthelmintic activity was dose-dependent rather than time-dependent in the concentration range tested in this study. Additionally, the 24-h LC50 (50% lethal concentration) against goldfish of these two EOs was 8.19-fold and 5.54-fold higher than their corresponding EC50 (50% effective concentration) against G. kobayashii, respectively. Moreover, exposure to these two EOs at 100% effective concentration against G. kobayashii had no serious physiological and histopathological influence on goldfish. These results demonstrated a high safety for goldfish of these two EOs. Overall, palmarosa oil and curcuma oil could be potential candidates for the treatment of G. kobayashii infections in aquaculture.
... It is still highlighted that the results obtained by direct analysis using the trypan blue dye exclusion assay showed viability above 95% for all the cell lines and exposure times (Fig. S4). Similar results were described in the literature [40,43]. Thus, we can observe that both the direct and indirect techniques showed similar results (additional information and discussion in supplementary material). ...
After the latest dengue and Zika outbreaks, the fight against mosquito vectors has become an emerging area of research. One tool for this combat is repellents; however, these products are composed of different toxic agents. Botanical compounds with repellent potential are an alternative; however these compounds are highly volatile. Thus, the present study aimed to synthesize zein-based polymeric nanoparticles as an efficient carrier system for the sustained release of the repellents icaridin and geraniol and evaluate the toxicity of these nanorepellents comparing two different cell models. In vitro tests were carried out due to current Brazilian legislation prohibiting animal testing for cosmetics (current classification of repellents). The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the nanoparticles were evaluated in 2D and co-culture cell models (A549/lung epithelium, HaCaT/keratinocytes, HT-29/intestinal epithelium, and THP-1/peripheral blood monocytes). Cell viability by mitochondrial activity, cell membrane integrity, damage to genetic material, and expression of genes involved in the allergic/inflammatory system were evaluated. The results of cytotoxicity evaluation showed cell viability above 70% in both cell models. No differences were observed in genotoxicity assessment between cells exposed to nanorepellents and controls. In contrast, gene expression analysis showed increased cytokine expression for the emulsion compounds in 2D cell cultures compared to co-cultures. These findings open perspectives that zein-based nanorepellents have potential applications due to the reduced toxicity observed when the compounds are encapsulated and emerge as an alternative for arbovirus control. In addition, the study demonstrated that depending on the analysis, different results might be observed when comparing 2D and co-culture cell models to evaluate the toxicity of new nanosystems.
... Citronella essential oils are often used as natural antimicrobials and showed to prevent the growth of harmful airborne bacteria [149,150]. A recent study also revealed the potential use of citronella oil as chemotherapeutic agents against cancer [151]. ...
The deeper understanding of metastasis phenomenon and detection of drug targets could be a potential approach to minimize cancer mortality. In this study, attempts were taken to unmask novel therapeutics to prevent metastasis and cancer progression. Initially, we explored the physiochemical, structural and functional insights of three metastasis tumor antigens (MTAs) and evaluated some plant-based bioactive compounds as potent MTA inhibitors. From 50 plant metabolites screened, isoflavone, gingerol, citronellal and asiatic acid showed maximum binding affinity with all three MTA proteins. The ADME analysis detected no undesirable toxicity that could reduce the drug likeness properties of top plant metabolites. Moreover, molecular dynamics studies revealed that the complexes were stable and showed minimum fluctuation at molecular level. We further performed ligand-based virtual screening to identify similar drug molecules using a large collection of 376,342 compounds from DrugBank. The results suggested that several structural analogs (e.g., tramadol, nabumetone, DGLA and hydrocortisone) may act as agonist to block the MTA proteins and inhibit cancer progression at early stage. The study could be useful to develop effective medications against cancer metastasis in future. Due to encouraging results, we highly recommend further in vitro and in vivo trials for the experimental validation of the findings.
Graphic abstract
... In 2011, Sinha et al. performed cytotoxicity studies for PRO using lymphocytes isolated from human peripheral blood [23]. In another study, Andrade et al. investigated the cytotoxicity potential of PRO and its major constituent, geraniol, using peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from healthy humans, by MTT assay. ...
Aim: The present study investigated the essential oil of Cymbopogan martinii (palmarosa oil; PRO) as a potential topical therapy in acne vulgaris. Materials & methods: GC-MS profiling and biocompatibility studies of PRO were undertaken. The antimicrobial potential was assessed against Cutibacterium acnes. anti-inflammatory, antityrosinase activity and lipid peroxidation were also evaluated. Results: Geraniol was identified as the major phytoconstituent, and the oil was found to be safe for topical application. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values were noted as 16 μl/ml. PRO reduced the cytokine levels of TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-8 and inhibited tyrosinase. A low concentration of the oil (up to 0.5 μl/ml) produced malondialdehyde levels equivalent to that of untreated cells. Conclusion: PRO may prove useful as a natural topical agent in the management of acne.
... commonly known as palmarosa, which shows more bene icial activity against central nervous system pathologies such as neuralgia, epileptic and anorexia (Buch et al., 2012). It has a potential as antimicrobial, antigenotoxic and antioxidant agent (Sinha et al., 2011;Thaker et al., 2009). Crucial oil from this herbal plants are produced by countries like India, Brazil and Madagascar for different purposes. ...
The occurrence of multidrug resistant by pathogens is a universal issue for providing tolerable treatment for various infectious diseases. The predictable anti-microbial proxies are relatively active against plentiful strains, still need of more drugs against multidrug resistant pathogens. Herbal drugs have potential against antimicrobial activity from ancient days and their treatment of pathogenic diseases is increasing for developing plant based natural products. Essential oils have combat against antibiotic resistant bacteria. Thus our study was focused on plant based essential oil against human pathogenic bacteria. The necessary oil extracted from Curcuma longa and C. martini revealed protuberant anti-microbial accomplishments against B. subtilis, Escherichia coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Low concentration of C. longa oil at 10 µl inhibited the growth of all strains Bacillus subtilis followed by E. coli and S. aureus. Maximum bustle was noted in P. aerogenosa at 40 µl in both C. longa and C. martini oils. Human pathogenic strain treated with C. martini oil showed maximum inhibition in P. aerogenosa followed by B. subtilis, E. coli and S. aureus. Synergistic activity of oils against the strains showed maximum inhibition at 40 µl in P. aerogenosa.
... Selain itu minyak serai wangi mengandung senyawa yang bersifat anti jamur (Alina et al., 2021), antikonvulsan (Rabiei, 2017), anti-parasit (George et al., 2010), anti-inflamasi (Francisco e-ISSN 2655-853X Vol. 4 No. 1: 63-71, March 2021DOI: 10.37637/ab.v4i1.681 et al., 2011, dan anti-oksidan (Sinha et al., 2011). Minyak serai wangi banyak digunakan dalam industri kosmetik, dan flavor industry. ...
Essential oils can be found in various types of plants that are spread throughout the world. Indonesia has at least 40 plant producers of commercial essential oil. Citronella oil is one of essential oil produced by Indonesia. Although in Indonesia many citronella oil farmers are able to process it into oil, in general the quality of the oil they produce is still low. For this reason, the aim of study is to increase the quality based on affect factors, so the quality can meet the industry standard. Samples (30 ml from 3 times distillation process) have been taken from Small Enterprise in Argapura Village, Cigudeg Bogor Regency, West Java. Sample from PT. XYZ has been used for comparative data. In this study, analysis based on SNI 06-3953-1995 and GC-MS (instrument Agilent Technologies 7890 Gas Chromatograph with AutoSampler and 5975 Mass Selective Detector and Chemstation data system) was conducted to know the composition of citronella oil. The result showed citronella oil has 11,37% (citronellal) lower than big industry (35%). Harvest age, land quality, machine quality, and pretreatment had an effect on the quality of citronella oil.
... Citronella oil was found to have moderate antioxidant property with IC 50 value of 206 μg/ml (86). The absence of phenolic compounds might be responsible for its low antioxidant property (87). ...
Increasing knowledge about the various properties exhibited by essential oils led to a sharp expansion in their production and utilization. Citronella essential oil is one of the commercially important essential oil having multiple applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Its essential oil is highly valued in the National and International markets. It is extracted from perennial grass citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) belonging to the family Poaceae. This review aims to coherently discuss and compare various factors significantly affecting the chemical composition of essential oil. Citronellal, citronellol and geraniol are major constituents of C. nardus essential oil. The review also discusses the important biological properties exhibited by citronella essential oil along with the toxicological and safety aspects of citronella essential oil. This information will offer a new perspective for the further utilization of essential oil in various fields.
... Citronellal displayed a good activity against abnormal cell growth or cancer because its antioxidant properties (Russo et al., 2015). It also potential to maintain the immunity, cell regeneration, protection from free radicals, anti-aging and heal wounds (Sinha et al., 2011). ...
Citronella oil is one of the most important essential oils and is widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. However, the selling price of citronella oil is still low, so efforts are needed to increase its added value by isolating the active components such as citronellal, citronellol and geraniol. This study aims to isolate the active ingredients of citronella oil that have higher economic added value. Citronella oil was obtained by the process of distillation of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle leaves. The essential oil was then fractionated by a vacuum fractionation process. The essential oil fraction was identified by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Fractions obtained from the fractionation process were identified, and the results were: F1 (D-Limonene: 72.89%), F2 (Citronellal: 50.13%), F3 (Citronellal: 74.89%), F4 (Citronellal: 88.56%), F5 (Citronellal: 84.89%), F6 (Citronellal: 55.38%), F7 (Citronellol: 57.42%), F8 (Citronellol: 44.73%), F9-1 (Geraniol: 65.56%), F9-2 (Geraniol: 64.41%) and residual (Geraniol: 32.04%). Based on these results, several active compounds from citronella oil can be obtained using the vacuum distillation fractionation method.
... Citronellal displayed a good activity against abnormal cell growth or cancer because its antioxidant properties (Russo et al., 2015). It also potential to maintain the immunity, cell regeneration, protection from free radicals, anti-aging and heal wounds (Sinha et al., 2011). ...
Citronellal is one of the main compounds of essential oils of Cymbopogon nardus (L) Rendle, which is the most important chemical compound in the cosmetics and pharmacy industry. This study aimed to isolate the citronellal from the essential oil of Cymbopogon nardus (L) Rendle and activity on burns in male white mice (Mus musculus (L). The isolation method used column chromatography and n-hexane-ethyl acetate as eluent (20 : 1). The isolate obtained was used to burn activity on the back of male white mice (Mus musculus (L)). The ointment formula 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% were prepared using vaseline flavum. Based on the test using thin layer chromatography with the addition of cerium sulphate as a spotting appearance, was given one spot in the 4th isolate. Based on characterization data by UV-Vis spectrum, FTIR spectrum and GC-MS chromatogram showed that F4 isolate was citronellal. Based on the results of the burn activity on all concentrations, formula 1% showed the best burn healing activity. Citronellal can be isolated from the essential oil of Cymbopogon nardus (L) Rendle and has healing activities for burns in male white mice.
... Geraniol showed good antioxidant proprieties in vitro: palmrose and citronella EOs, mainly composed of geraniol, have demonstrated to have an effective antioxidant activity in vitro on human lymphocyte cells. In this model, geraniol-containing EOs, at a relatively low concentration (125 ppm), protected lymphocytes from DNA methylation damages induced by methyl methanesulfonate [20]. These serum doses of geraniol are easy to achieve with a diet rich in aromatic plants or with food supplements [21]. ...
Essential oils (EOs) are a complex mixture of hydrophobic and volatile compounds synthesized from aromatic plants, most of them commonly used in the human diet. In recent years, many studies have analyzed their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anticancer properties in vitro and on experimentally induced animal models of colitis and colorectal cancer. However, there are still few clinical studies aimed to understand their role in the modulation of the intestinal pathophysiology. Many EOs and some of their molecules have demonstrated their efficacy in inhibiting bacterial, fungi and virus replication and in modulating the inflammatory and oxidative processes that take place in experimental colitis. In addition to this, their antitumor activity against colorectal cancer models makes them extremely interesting compounds for the modulation of the pathophysiology of the large bowel. The characterization of these EOs is made difficult by their complexity and by the different compositions present in the same oil having different geographical origins. This review tries to shift the focus from the EOs to their individual compounds, to expand their possible applications in modulating colon pathophysiology.
... Palmarosa showed significant beneficial effects on several central nervous system pathologies, mainly neuralgia, epileptic, and anorexia [24] . There are a few reports on its effects; still C. martinii has attracted many researchers' attention due to its antimicrobial, antigenotoxic, and antioxidant activities [25,26,27,28] . Geraniol, the major constituent of C. martinii EO, is an acyclic monoterpenoid that is abundant in many plants [29] . ...
In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the replacement of synthetic compounds by natural products due to environmental, health and safety concerns. Among natural products, essential oils of aromatic plants are gaining much interest as food additives due to their relatively low or negligible toxicity, high volatility and biodegradability. Cymbopogon martini (Gramineae) is very important medicinal and aromatic plant and is rich in essential oils. Essential oils derived from Palmarosa have been reported to exhibit exceptionally good antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antihelmintic, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. Thus the main aim of present review article is to uncover the various therapeutic activities of Palmarosa essential oil and chemical compounds responsible for such properties.
... Palmarosa (Cymbopogon Martinii) is an aromatic plant originally found in India and Turkey, whose flowers and leaves produce an essential oil rich in geraniol, an acyclic monoterpene legally registered as flavorings in the European Council (Kakaraparthi et al., 2015). Palmarosa essential oil is considered as non-toxic and recognized as generally regarded as safe by the United States Food and Drug Administration (Kalagatur et al., 2018), extensively used in a range of applications due to its antioxidant (Lawrence et al., 2012;Sinha et al., 2011), antimicrobial (Prashar et al., 2003), antifungal (Neto et al., 2019), and repellent (Chen and Vijoen, 2010) properties. ...
Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii) essential oil is a rich source of geraniol monoterpene, with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. However, bioactive compounds present chemical instability under adverse temperature conditions due to their high volatility characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this work was to produce poly-ε-caprolactone nanoparticles entrapped with palmarosa essential oil and geraniol, the majoritarian compound of palmarosa essential oil. Entrapped nanoparticles were characterized by particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity. The average sizes of the loaded nanoparticles was 282.1 ± 0.4 nm and 289.3 ± 1.5 nm, for geraniol and palmarosa oil respectively, and 207.8 ± 0.1 nm for the free loaded nanoparticles. The polydispersity results were lower than 0.140, indicating a unimodal distribution. All formulations showed zeta potential lower than 30 mV, indicating a good stability. High values of encapsulation efficiency were obtained, explained by the hydrophobicity of the essential oil and geraniol. Evaluating the morphology, nanoparticles presented a spherical shape, with a capsular structure. The encapsulation was confirmed by DSC, by changes in onset and endset temperatures, when the nanoparticles were compared to the pure compounds. Nanoparticles presented antioxidant activity against DPPH free radical and positive inhibition results against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Based on the results obtained, poly-ε-caprolactone nanocapsules presented good physicochemical characteristics, suggesting applicability in perfumery, cosmetics, and in the pharmaceutical industries.
... Among a myriad of other beneficial effects, they are known to have the potential to stimulate the immune system, prevent DNA damage and reduce oxidative damage to cells. Phenolic compounds (like flavonoids, phenolic acids and tannins) and terpenoids are the major contributors of the antioxidant and antigenotoxic properties of plants [1,2,3]. ...
Ziziphus jujuba Mill. fruits are nutritionally rich and have a broad spectrum of health benefits. In this work we hypothesized that this natural product rich in polyphenols might protect humans against DNA damage and its consequences. This has led to our investigation to find out if the fruit extract showed an ability to decrease the frequency of DNA damage (antigenotoxicity) induced by two known genotoxins namely an alkylating agent methyl methane sulphonate (MMS) and a reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducer hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
Human lymphocytes were incubated with the Ziziphus fruit ethanol extracts (ZFE) or betulinic acid (BA) followed by an exposure to either 50 μM of MMS or 250 μM of H2O2. Results suggest that ZFE (250, 500, 1000 μg/ml) and BA (10, 20, 40 μg/ml) were able to inhibit the DNA damaging effect caused by MMS and H2O2 indicative of their protection against the genotoxin. This could be attributed to the interactions of the phenolics, flavonoid and BA present in the fruits.
Additional in vivo experiments were carried since BA is an important phytochemical detected in ample amounts in the fruit extract. Mice were primed with BA (2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg/kg body weight) for a period of 6 days. The animals were injected with MMS (10 mg/kg body weight) 24 h later and sacrificed. The genotoxic activity of MMS was inhibited in a dose – related manner by BA. BA reduced the frequency of MMS – induced DNA damage in liver, kidney and bone marrow cells of mice thereby exhibiting its antigenotoxic properties. It could also reduce total glutathione level, lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide content in liver cells of mice through the up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes. Therefore taking into account the antioxidant and antigenotoxic properties, the consumption of the Ziziphus fruit should be more popularized worldwide.
... In the present study diosgenin pretreatment prevented the fall of GSH levels after exposure to CP and could be one of the protective mechanisms of diosgenin. Earlier studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between degree of lipid peroxidation and genotoxicity indicators like mnPCEs (Catiana et al., 2008;Ramos et al., 2008;Sinha et al., 2011 andMoretti et al., 2012). 4.05±0.58**b ...
... μg mL −1 ). 36 38 The IC 50 value for the DPPH scavenging activity of isolated essential oil from Vitex negundo was found to be 28.87 μg mL −1 for the essential oil and 23.26 μg mL −1 for the nanoemulsion. ...
The development of formulations that maintain the biological and physical chemistry properties of essential oils is an important choice when they are used as an active ingredient. This study aimed to characterize the essential oil from leaves of Cymbopogon densiflorus and evaluate the antioxidant activity of the oil, and to produce a nanoemulsion formulation containing it. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation, and seasonality was analysed every 2 months by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, showing that more than 90% of the composition was maintained for the whole period and that the major compounds were trans‐p‐menta‐2,8‐dien‐1‐ol, cis‐p‐menta‐2,8‐dien‐1‐ol, trans‐p‐menta‐1(7),8‐dien‐2‐ol, cis‐piperitol, and cis‐p‐menta‐1(7),8‐dien‐2‐ol. Stable nanoemulsions were prepared by phase inversion method encapsulating the essential oil. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid (ABTS) methods. In the first test, free and nanoemulsified essential oil showed half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values equivalent to 14.689 and 3.692 mg mL⁻¹, respectively. In the second test, these values were 0.567 and 0.43 mg mL⁻¹. The development of nanoemulsion‐based essential oil from leaves of C. densiflorus was viable, and the formulated oil was able to reproduce the antioxidant activity at a concentration four times lower than that of the pure essential oil.
... These findings were in agreement with the previous reports on DPPH assay of C. nardus essential oil. Sinha, Biswas, and Mukherjee (2011) reported that the IC 50 value of the 206 μg/mL for HD citronella oil. Likewise, a low antioxidant activity of citronella oil with the IC 50 value of 500 μg/mL was reported by Huang, Feng, Huang, and Li (2013). ...
Citronella oil was extracted from Cymbopogon nardus by ohmic-assisted hydrodistillation (OAHD) and hydrodistillation (HD) and its specifications were studied by DPPH assay and chromatography-mass spectrometry. The changes in extraction media were also studied by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. HD and OAHD yielded the same amount of essential oil (1.5% w/w), with similar physical properties. Conversely, OAHD yielded a higher value essential oil, considering the stronger antioxidant activity (IC50 of 326 vs. 428 μg/mL) and the enhanced concentration of valuable compounds such as citronellal (77.5 ± 0.2 vs. 74.8 ± 0.2) and D-limonene (3.3 ± 0.2 vs. 1.8 ± 0.0). OAHD also saved 46% and 79% of the process time and energy, respectively. However, electrode corrosion was observed in OAHD and metal ions were transferred from titanium electrodes into the extraction medium (Ti concentration: 0.05 mg/L). Precautions to minimize electrode corrosion should be considered for industrial adaptation of OAHD. Industrial relevance: Ohmic-assisted hydrodistillation is a promising extraction technique to enhance the product quality and to reduce the production time and consumed energy. This innovative technique has the potential of increasing the production capacity and decreasing the production cost for essential oil and distillatory industries. However, this study revealed the occurrence of electrochemical reactions between electrodes and extraction media which resulted in metal ion migration and residue pollution. Therefore, selecting appropriate materials as the OAHD electrodes, optimizing the process parameters and careful handling of the production waste should be considered for industrial application of this emerging method.
... Cymbopogon nardus L. (Poaceae) grass is cultivated in large quantity in countries like India, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia for extracting the valuable essential oil. The oil has been used traditionally as an antimicrobial, antispasmodic, rubefacient, stimulant, insect repellent, carminative, and diaphoretic agent (Sinha et al., 2011). It is also widely used in the perfume industry and soap manufacturing process (Man et al., 2012). ...
Poor wound healing is one of the major complication of diabetic patients which arises due to different factors like hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, vascular insufficiency and microbial infections. Candidiasis of diabetic wounds is a difficult to treat condition and potentially can lead to organ amputation. There are a few number of medications available in market to treat this chronic condition; which demands for alternative treatment options. In traditional system of medicine like Ayurveda, essential oil extracted from leaves of Cymbopogon nardus L. (Poaceae) has been using for the treatment of microbial infections, inflammation and pain. In this regard, we have evaluated anti-Candida and anti-inflammatory activity mediated wound healing property of C. nardus essential oil (EO-CN) on candidiasis of diabetic wounds. EO-CN was obtained through hydro-distillation and subjected to Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis for chemical profiling. Anti-Candida activity of EO-CN was tested against Candida albicans, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis by in vitro zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. Anti-candidiasis ability of EO-CN was evaluated on C. albicans infected diabetic wounds of mice through measuring candida load on the 7th, 14th, and 21st day of treatment. Further progression in wound healing was confirmed by measuring the inflammatory marker levels and histopathology of wounded tissues on last day of EO-CN treatment. A total of 95 compounds were identified through GC–MS analysis, with major compounds like citral, 2,6-octadienal-, 3,7-dimethyl-, geranyl acetate, citronellal, geraniol, and citronellol. In vitro test results demonstrated strong anti-Candida activity of EO-CN with a MIC value of 25 μg/ml against C. albicans, 50 μg/ml against C. glabrata and C. tropicalis. EO-CN treatment resulted in significant reduction of candida load on diabetic wounds. Acceleration in wound healing was indicated by declined levels of inflammatory cytokines at wounded area in EO-CN treated animals compared to non-treated group, which was further confirmed by histopathological examination. This study suggests that through significant anti-Candida and anti-inflammatory activity, EO-CN attenuates the growth of the fungus on diabetic wounds and simultaneously reduces the inflammation which leads to acceleration of the wound healing process.
... Although the authors have not investigated possible deleterious effects of essential oils on soft tissues and on acrylic resin, the literature has demonstrated low cytotoxicity [33,34] and an insignificant effect on acrylic surfaces. [20,21] This study has limitations that concern an in vitro design, use of single-species biofilms and single exposure to essential oils. ...
Introduction:
The discovery of new antimicrobials derived from plants could aid in the management of biofilm-associated infections, including denture-induced stomatitis (DS). DS is an oral infection caused by Candida biofilms on the surfaces of poorly cleansed dentures. Effective treatment of DS requires the use of an appropriate denture cleanser and preferably one that exhibits antimicrobial properties.
Objective:
This study aimed to evaluate the anti-Candida and anti-biofilm efficacy of two essential plant oils from Cymbopogon winterianus (citronella) and Cinnamon cassia (cinnamon).
Materials and methods:
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentrations (MFCs) were determined by broth microdilution, whilst anti-biofilm activity was measured against mature (cultured for 72 h) biofilms on acrylic surfaces. Candida cell viability was assessed immediately (0 h) after treatment (T0) and 48 h after biofilm re-growth (T48). Biofilm structure was determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) at T0 and T48.
Results:
The respective MICs of cinnamon and citronella oils were 65 and 250 μg/ml and these were also the MFC values. For anti-biofilm efficacy, both oils significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the number of viable micro-organisms and accumulation of biofilms at T0. However, at T48, there was no difference between treated and untreated biofilms.
Conclusions:
It is concluded that citronella and cinnamon essential oils have potential for daily anti-candidal denture cleansing.
... Significant protective effects and antioxidant activity of constituents of essential oils, like monoterpene hydrocarbons, have been described in several studies (Sinha et al., 2011;Lone et al., 2014;Woguem et al., 2013). In addition, α-pinene was considered as a natural antioxidant compound that may have beneficial health effects (Türkez and Aydin, 2013). ...
The essential oils of genus Seseli are known for their beneficial biological activities and could present novel targets in the development of safe and effective preparations of plant products. The objective was to test the essential oils of different parts of Seseli rigidum from two natural habitats for potential genotoxic and antigenotoxic activities against H2O2-induced DNA damage in human whole blood cells in vitro, by the comet assay. The essential oil analysis showed a high falcarinol content in oil from the root, while oils of the fruit and aerial parts contained a-pinene as the main compound. Genotoxicity was not detected at any of the concentrations of the essential oils from the three parts of the plant from localities I and II. Although the antioxidant activity (established by the FRAP and DPPH tests) of the investigated oils was low, all oils demonstrated a strong antigenotoxic effect against H2O2-induced damage post-treatment, when the oils were applied after the oxidant. Based on the lack of pretreatment activity and the post-treatment reduction in DNA damage, the antigenotoxic effect of S. rigidum essential oils was probably based on the stimulation of DNA repair mechanisms. Environmental conditions did not affect the antigenotoxic properties of the oils. In conclusion, our results revealed the antigenotoxic properties of S. rigidum essential oils and appropriate and safe doses with beneficial effects under the described conditions.
... In contrast, the genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of C. citratus (Akinboro & Bakare, 2007;Sousa et al., 2010) can be found in the literature along with experimental models that demonstrate the antigenotoxic essential oils from the Cymbopogon species (Rao et al., 2009;Sinha et al., 2011). ...
... Oxidative stress-mediated genotoxicity similar to Carz and Cglb EOs was previously reported for EOs from Piper gaudichaudianum (Sperotto et al., 2013), Cymbopogon species (palmarosa, citronella and lemongrass) and Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver) (Sinha et al., 2014). However, the fact that some of these EOs are also reported as having the opposite effect, especially at low concentrations (Sinha et al., 2011(Sinha et al., , 2014, together with the activities observed at very low concentrations in Carz and Cglb, suggests that these EOs have considerably high antifungal activity with high potential for human applications. ...
The composition and the evaluation of the antifungal activity and the mechanisms of action of the essential oils (EO) of Cupressus arizonica leaves of two varieties, glabra and arizonica, were studied. EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation and the chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Both var. arizonica and var. glabra EOs, displayed high contents of α-pinene (29.76% and 26.53%, respectively) and umbellulone (11.86% and 15.05%, respectively). The antifungal activity of the EOs of both varieties against pathogenic yeasts of the genus Candida was investigated and showed that very low concentrations of var. glabra EO, such as 5.10−2 μl/ml, were sufficient to inhibit growth of most of the species, while, all species, except Candida albicans (MIC = 5 × 10−2 μl/ml), were inhibited for growth with only 10−2 μl/ml when the EO of var. arizonica was used.
... LGO has been used in cosmetics and in the food industry for its antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties (Bidinotto et al., 2011;Boukhatem et al., 2014). LGO has been reported effective in controlling anxiety and epilepsy in mice (Blanco et al., 2009) and has antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic and antioxidant properties in both in vitro and in vivo systems (Quintans-Junior et al., 2011;Sinha et al., 2011). LGO at high concentrations exerted a cytotoxic effect in human colon and nerve cells (Sharma et al., 2009), and induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes with 30% of lymphocytes undergoing apoptosis with 800 μg ml -1 ...
We developed an in vitro method to assess pet food ingredients safety. Canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) were differentiated into enterocyte-like cells (ELC) to assess toxicity in cells representing similar patterns of exposure in vivo. The toxicological profile of clove leave oil, eugenol, guanosine monophosphate (GMP), GMP + inosine monophosphate, sorbose, ginger root extract, cinnamon bark oil, cinnamaldehyde, thyme oil, thymol and citric acid was assessed in BMSC and ELC. The LC50 for GMP + inosine monophosphate was 59.42 ± 0.90 and 56.7 ± 3.5 mg ml(-1) for BMSC and ELC; 56.84 ± 0.95 and 53.66 ± 1.36 mg ml(-1) for GMP; 0.02 ± 0.001 and 1.25 ± 0.47 mg ml(-1) for citric acid; 0.077 ± 0.002 and 0.037 ± 0.01 mg ml(-1) for cinnamaldehyde; 0.002 ± 0.0001 and 0.002 ± 0.0008 mg ml(-1) for thymol; 0.080 ± 0.003 and 0.059 ± 0.001 mg ml(-1) for thyme oil; 0.111 ± 0.002 and 0.054 ± 0.01 mg ml(-1) for cinnamon bark oil; 0.119 ± 0.0004 and 0.099 ± 0.011 mg ml(-1) for clove leave oil; 0.04 ± 0.001 and 0.028 ± 0.002 mg ml(-1) for eugenol; 2.80 ± 0.11 and 1.75 ± 0.51 mg ml(-1) for ginger root extract; > 200 and 116.78 ± 7.35 mg ml(-1) for sorbose. Lemon grass oil was evaluated at 0.003-0.9 in BMSC and .03-0.9 mg ml(-1) in ELC and its mechanistic effect was investigated. The gene toxicology studies showed regulation of 61% genes in CYP450 pathway, 37% in cholestasis and 33% in immunotoxicity pathways for BMSC. For ELC, 80% for heat shock response, 69% for beta-oxidation and 65% for mitochondrial energy metabolism. In conclusion, these studies provide a baseline against which differential toxicity of dietary feed ingredients can be assessed in vitro for direct effects on canine cells and demonstrate differential toxicity in differentiated cells that represent gastrointestinal epithelial cells. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... Limonene treatment at all studied concentrations seemed to decrease the genotoxic effects induced by H2O2. Our data are consistent with a study showing that protective effects of Citronella essential oil that contains limonene, against methyl methanesulfonate and H2O2, induced genotoxicity in human lymphocytes (Sinha et al., 2011). But contrary to our findings, in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells treated with an extract which contains Citrus phenolics, only one compound, limonene, has caused an increase in DNA damage compared with the control group (Saverini et al., 2012). ...
RESUMO Objetivo: objetivou-se realizar uma revisão integrativa, sobre os óleos essenciais com ação sobre espécies de Cryptococcus neoformans. Métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica integrativa, de artigos científicos publicados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais, utilizando os bancos de dados LILACS, CAPES, BVS, SciELO, Pubmed, Science direct e MEDLINE, publicados entre 1997 a 2017. Resultados: Observou-se que os óleos essenciais de Ocimum gratissimum, Origanum vulgares, Coriandrum sativum, Foeniculum vulgares, Laurus nobilis, Cymbopogon winterians, Thymus vulgares, Litsea cubeba, Cymbopogon martini, Eugenia dysenterica, Eugenia caryophyllus e Cannabis sativa apresentaram atividade antifúngica frente a cepas de C. neoformans. Evidenciou-se, ainda, que os óleos essenciais de Origanum vulgares e Coriandrum sativum apresentaram baixos sinais de toxicidade e os óleos de Ocimum gratissimum, Thymus vulgares e Eugenia caryophyllus exibiram sinais de toxicidade nas concentrações testadas; para as demais plantas não há estudos que determinem a toxicidade de seus óleos essenciais. Ademais, na literatura não foram encontrados estudos clínicos com óleos essenciais para o tratamento de infecção por Cryptococcus spp. Conclusões: Assim, conclui-se que os doze óleos encontrados apresentaram atividade contra Crytococcus neoformans, porém O. vulgares e C. sativum apresentaram baixa toxicidade em relação aos demais óleos, representando portanto, potenciais candidatos a fármacos para tratamento de criptococose. Palavras-Chave: Produtos naturais. Óleo essencial. Antifúngico. Cryptococcus spp. Toxicidade.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Essential oils (EOs) are important active ingredients in Chinese herbal medicine. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Cinnamomum cassia (L.) Presl, Salvia japonica Thunb., and Rosa rugosa Thunb. are used in local and traditional medicine to treat inflammation-related diseases. While the constituents and bioactivities of EOs of the above four Chinese herbals have been reported previously, but their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities have not been systematically evaluated.
Aim of the study
The purpose of this study was to research the chemical constituents, anti-inflammatory activities, and antioxidant activities of EOs of four Chinese herbal medicines.
Materials and methods
Fresh plant materials were collected both in August 2018. The compositions of EOs were determined by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. TPA (12-O-tetradecylphophenol-13-acetate)-induced mouse ear model was evaluated the anti-inflammatory activities of EOs. The reduction of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and RelA protein of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in the signal pathway (P65) were measured. The antioxidant activities of EOs from four plants were determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method.
Results
A total of 217 compounds were separated and identified from four EOs, mainly including trans-cinnamylaldehyde (68.75 %), citronellal (38.16 %), linalool (1.02–33.73 %), geraniol (19.39 %) and citronellol (17.18 %). All four EOs reduced the damage of the ear tissue and had certain anti-inflammatory effects, and the EOs of C. citratus (CyCEOs) and S. japonica (SJEOs) had the best anti-inflammatory activities among others, even better than ibuprofen. The four EOs exhibited different DPPH radical-scavenging activities (IC50, 0.101–1.017%), where most of them were much lower than that of EOs of C. citratus (CiCEOs) (IC50, 0.101 %) and EOs of R. rugosa (RREOs) (IC50, 0.142 %).
Conclusions
The main components determine diverse propertise of these four EOs, our results suggested that four EOs presented anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect via reducing the expression of TNF-a, IL-6, COX-2, and NF-κB P65, which may provide a new approach for development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.
This study reports the experimental and kinetic modeling of citronella grass extraction by scCO2, compressed propane, scCO2 + ethanol, compressed propane + ethanol. Extraction yields were improved by adding ethanol as cosolvent for both compressed solvents. Kinetics and the extraction yield at equilibrium (Ye) were in general investigated at the pressure range from 2 to 20 MPa at 20 °C, 40 °C and 60 °C. At temperature of 40 °C and similar pressures, propane was advantageous over CO2 in terms of the both kinetic paremeters k (increased from 4.1 ± 0.5 s⁻¹ to 7.3 ± 0.7 s⁻¹) and Ye (increased from 2.35 ± 0.08% to 3.76 ± 0.09%). Moreover, using compressed propane + ethanol both extraction parameters (k = 16 ± 4 s⁻¹ and Ye = 6.3 ± 0%) were further improved. The total phenolic content was similar for all extracts evaluated at different extraction conditions and methods, except for the extract obtained by hydrodistillation, where higher value was obtained (1.4 ± 0.4 mg GAE g⁻¹) when compared to compressed solvents.
β-cyclodextrins (β-CDs) are macrocyclic molecules made from starch capable of entrapping hydrophobic compounds in an aqueous solution. This study aimed to determine, for the first time, the main factors that affect the entrapment efficiency (EE) of β-CDs using the essential oils (EOs) of palmarosa and star anise as guest models of hydrophobic compounds. The results show that the EE of β-CDs was greatly affected by the β-CD intramolecular water content, EO/β-CD adding order, EO type, EO concentration, drying process type, and extraction solvent type. Consequently, the EE of β-CDs varied from 1.05 to 63.7% and from 9.84 to 70.7% for palmarosa and star anise EOs, respectively, depending on the changes made to the above listed factors. The novel inclusion complexes were thermally and physico-chemically characterized, and their release kinetics measured over different environmental conditions to relate structural information to both entrapment and controlled release. This study demonstrates the importance of the aforementioned factors in obtaining the adequate EE values and provides guidance in optimizing the EE of β-CDs.
Phytochemicals derived from natural plants have been used commonly for the prevention and/or treatment of different diseases due to the belief of their safety. Many plant species synthesize toxic chemicals. New natural chemicals are being discovered but their toxic effects are unknown. Phytochemicals have been regarded as possible antioxidants. But on the other hand it is suggested that various phenolic antioxidants can display pro-oxidant properties at high doses. In this review, the role of some phytochemicals (epigallocathecin gallate, carvacrol, galangin, limonene, lycopene, naringin, puerarin, terpinene, thymol and ursolic acid) on the prevention of DNA damage will be discussed.
Free radical scavenging properties of methanolic extract from Pongamia glabra and Pterospermum acerifolium leaves were assessed dy DPPH and pBR322 plasmid DNA nicking assay and were correlated with their phenolic and flavonoid content. The extracts from P. acerifolium exhibited good DPPH radical scavenging potential (59.02±0.30 %) with IC50 value of 163.50 then P. glabra which showed poor activity (8.28±0.10 %) with IC50 values of 1243.45 at highest test concentration of 200µg/ml. The high antioxidant potential of P. acerifolium extract could be attributed to its High phenolic (mg GAE/g dry wt) and flavonoid (mg RE/g dry wt) content 296.66±1.76 and 430.23±1.18 respectively. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. All rights reserved.
Essential oils are a mixture of volatile and natural substances, identified and characterized by the strong odor, produced by aromatic plants as secondary metabolites. Their metabolites have a wide range of applications and have been commercially important to the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. One of the plants essential oil Geraniol, a monoterpene alcohol has the verity of pharmacological activities are reported in preclinical studies. Generally, monoterpenes are non nutritive dietary components found in the essential oils of citrus fruits and other plants. Geraniol has antibacterial, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, in vivo and in vitro anticancer against in leukemia, hepatoma, melanoma and pancreatic cancer cell lines, and activity on lipid metabolisms and Mevelonate metabolisms. In this review, article highlights the important pharmacological activities of plant essential oil geraniol. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. All rights reserved.
Clove oil and citronella oil from China were selected to evaluate their potential as skin-care ingredients. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) results showed that the main component of clove oil was eugenol, while citronellal was the main compound of citronella oil. Clove oil exhibited prominent free radical scavenging activities (ic 50: 58 μg/mL for O2−· and 8.5 μg/mL for ABTS+·) and strong inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation, whilst citronella oil showed weaker antioxidative activities (ic 50: 150 μg/mL for O2−· and 500 μg/mL for ABTS+·) and lipid peroxidation inhibitory efficiency. In addition, both oils revealed dose-dependence in protecting bovine serum albumin against UV–TiO2–NO2− induced protein oxidation and tyrosine nitration injury. This study suggests that both clove oil and citronella oil could be used as new source of skin-care ingredient in the cosmetic industry.
The growth inhibitory effect of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) W. Watson var. nardus essential oil on Aspergillus niger (Van Tieghem) mycelium was determined on agar medium. The mycelium growth was completely inhibited at 800 mg/L. This concentration was found to be lethal under the test conditions. Essential oil at 400 mg/L caused growth inhibition of 80% after 4 days of incubation, and a delay in conidiation of 4 days compared with the control. Microscopic observations were carried out to determine the ultrastructural modifications of A. niger hyphae after treatment with C. nardus essential oil. The main change observed by transmission electron microscopy concerned the hyphal diameter and the hyphal wall, which appeared markedly thinner. These modifications in cytological structure might be caused by the interference of the essential oil with the enzymes responsible for wall synthesis which disturb normal growth. Moreover, the essential oil caused plasma membrane disruption and mitochondrial structure disorganization. The findings thus indicate the possibility of exploiting Cymbopogon nardus essential oil as an effective inhibitor of biodegrading and storage-contaminating fungi.Key words: essential oil, antifungal agent, hyphal ultrastructure, cell wall, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy.
Terpenoids, also referred to as terpenes, are the largest group of natural compounds. Many terpenes have biological activities
and are used for the treatment of human diseases. The worldwide sales of terpene-based pharmaceuticals in 2002 were approximately
US $12 billion. Among these pharmaceuticals, the anticancer drug Taxol® and the antimalarial drug Artimesinin are two of the
most renowned terpene-based drugs. All terpenoids are synthesized from two five-carbon building blocks. Based on the number
of the building blocks, terpenoids are commonly classified as monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), diterpenes (C20), and sesterterpenes (C25). These terpenoids display a wide range of biological activities against cancer, malaria, inflammation, and a variety of
infectious diseases (viral and bacterial). In last two decades, natural-product bioprospecting from the marine environment
has resulted in hundreds of terpenoids with novel structures and interesting bioactivities, with more to be discovered in
the future. The problem of supply is a serious obstacle to the development of most terpenoid compounds with interesting pharmaceutical
properties. Although total chemical synthesis plays a less important role in the production of some terpenoid drugs, it has
contributed significantly to the development of terpenoid compounds and terpene-based drugs by providing critical information
on structure-activity relationships (SAR) and chiral centers as well as generating analog libraries. Semisynthesis, on the
other hand, has played a major role in the development and production of terpenoid-derived drugs. Metabolic engineering as
an integrated bioengineering approach has made considerable progress to produce some terpenoids in plants and fermentable
hosts. Cell culture and aquaculture will provide a solution for the supply issue of some valuable terpenes from terrestrial
and marine environments, respectively. Recent advances in environmental genomics and other “-omics” technologies will facilitate
isolation and discovery of new terpenoids from natural environments. There is no doubt that more terpenoid-based clinical
drugs will become available and will play a more significant role in human disease treatment in the near future.
Human lymphocytes were either exposed to X-irradiation (25 to 200 rads) or treated with H2O2 (9.1 to 291 μM) at 4 °C and the extent of DNA migration was measured using a single-cell microgel electrophoresis technique under alkaline conditions. Both agents induced a significant increase in DNA migration, beginning at the lowest dose evaluated. Migration patterns were relatively homogeneous among cells exposed to X-rays but heterogeneous among cells treated with H2O2. An analysis of repair kinetics following exposure to 200 rads X-rays was conducted with lymphocytes obtained from three individuals. The bulk of the DNA repair occurred within the first 15 min, while all of the repair was essentially complete by 120 min after exposure. However, some cells demonstrated no repair during this incubation period while other cells demonstrated DNA migration patterns indicative of more damage than that induced by the initial irradiation with X-rays. This technique appears to be sensitive and useful for detecting damage and repair in single cells.
The growth inhibitory effect of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) W. Watson var. nurdus essential oil on Aspergillus niger (Van Tieghem) mycelium was determined on agar medium. The mycelium growth was completely inhibited at 800 mg/L. This concentration was found to be lethal under the test conditions. Essential oil at 400 mg/L caused growth inhibition of 80% after 4 days of incubation, and a delay in conidiation of 4 days compared with the control. Microscopic observations were carried out to determine the ultrastructural modifications of A. niger hyphae after treatment with C. nardus essential oil. The main change observed by transmission electron microscopy concerned the hyphal diameter and the hyphal wall, which appeared markedly thinner. These modifications in cytological structure might be caused by the interference of the essential oil with the enzymes responsible for wall synthesis which disturb normal growth. Moreover, the essential oil caused plasma membrane disruption and mitochondrial structure disorganization. The findings thus indicate the possibility of exploiting Cymbopogon nardus essential oil as an effective inhibitor of biodegrading and storage-contaminating fungi.
Essential oils obtained from leaves of 29 medicinal plants commonly used in Brazil were screened against 13 different Escherichia coli serotypes. The oils were obtained by water-distillation using a Clevenger-type system and their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined by microdilution method. Essential oil from Cymbopogon martinii exhibited a broad inhibition spectrum, presenting strong activity (MIC between 100 and 500 microg/mL) against 10 out of 13 Escherichia coli serotypes: three enterotoxigenic, two enteropathogenic, three enteroinvasive and two shiga-toxin producers. C. winterianus inhibited strongly two enterotoxigenic, one enteropathogenic, one enteroinvasive and one shiga-toxin producer serotypes. Aloysia triphylla also shows good potential to kill Escherichia coli with moderate to strong inhibition. Other essential oils showed antimicrobial properties, however with a more restricted action against the serotypes studied. Chemical analysis of Cymbopogon martinii essential oil performed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the presence of compounds with known antimicrobial activity, including geraniol, geranyl acetate and trans-cariophyllene, which tested separately, indicated geraniol as antimicrobial active compound. The significant antibacterial activity of Cymbopogon martinii oil suggests that they could serve as a source for compounds with therapeutic potential.
The major volatile constituents of leaves and flowers of Cymbopogon martini from the volatile oil obtained by steam distillation were identified by GC/MS. Five constituents were identified from the volatile oil of leaves and flowers, which constituted about 82.49 and 75.63% of the total amount, respectively. A monoterpene, piperitone (6.00%), was identified in the flowers of C. martini; in addition, flowers were found to contain more olefinic terpenes, namely geraniol (69.63%), compared with leaves (53.41%). Leaves contain bicyclic monoterpene, nerol (24.76%) and alpha-pinene (4.32%). Anthelmintic activity of these oils was evaluated on adult Indian earthworms Pheretima posthuma and results showed that the volatile oil of C. martini flower required less time to cause paralysis and death of the earthworms.
The influence of the genetic background of Cymbopogon species on the antifungal activity of essential oils derived from the plants was investigated against three yeast-like and nine filamentous fungi. Essential oils from distinct strains of the aromatic grass Cymbopogon showed interspecific and intraspecific differences in antifungal activity.
The influence of the genetic background of a plant on the antibacterial activity of essential oil derived from it was investigated. Essential oils from six distinct strains of Cymbopogon were tested against eighteen bacteria. Interspecific and intra-specific differences were evident in the antibacterial activity of the essential oils derived from the the six Cymbopogon strains.
Xanthohumol (XN), the principal prenylated flavonoid in the hop plant, Humulus lupulus L., is suggested to have cancer chemo-preventive activities. Its mechanisms of protection have been proposed to be inhibition of metabolic activation, induction of detoxifying enzymes and antioxidant activity. Our previous study showed that XN efficiently protected human hepatoma HepG2 cells against the genotoxic effects of two pro-carcinogens (2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)) that are dependent on cytochrome P450 (CYP) mediated metabolic activation, and against genotoxic effects of the oxidative damage inducing tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH). In the present study, we investigated the antigenotoxic effects of XN in precision-cut rat liver slices. Using the comet assay, we detected that at non-cytotoxic concentrations (0.01-10 microM) XN completely prevented IQ and BaP-induced DNA damage. The protective effects of XN against tBOOH-induced DNA damage was less efficient; the maximal 50% reduction of DNA damage was observed at 0.1 microM XN. In rat microsomes, XN (0.001-10 microM) inhibited CYP1A activity (7-ethoxycoumarin (7EC) de-ethylation) in a concentration-dependent manner. Surprisingly, no inhibition of 7EC metabolism by XN was observed in rat liver slices. XN also did not have any influence on mRNA expression of the enzymes CYP1A2 and quinone reductase (QR). These results indicate that inhibition of metabolic activation of pro-carcinogens by CYP1A is not likely to be the mechanism of its antigenotoxic action. In conclusion, XN efficiently protects DNA against genotoxicity of IQ and BaP and against oxidative DNA damage. Although the mechanism of the protective effect of XN is unclear, our results indicate that XN exhibits antigenotoxic effects in fresh liver tissue and provide additional evidence for the cancer preventive potential of XN.
Gas chromatography of citronella oil showed that the Ceylon variety (Lenabatu) contained large amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons, while the Java variety (Mahapengiri) contained only small amounts, mainly limonene. Both types contained comparable amounts of geraniol, and the Java type more of citronellol and citronellal. In addition the Ceylon type contained tricyclene, methyl eugenol, methyl isoeugenol, eugenol and l-borneol. The GLC profiles enable the identification of the type of oil and the detection of kerosene as a possible adulterant. The variety that grows wild in Ceylon (Mana) was quite different to both cultivated types.
The isotope ratios in geraniol, citronellol and citronellal biosynthesized in Cymbopogon winterianus from 3H- and 14C-labelled mevalonate indicate that geraniol is first converted into citronellol which in turn is converted into citronellal.
The essential oils of Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. var. motia Burk) flowering herbs from three different geographical locations in India, viz. Hyderabad,Lucknow and Amarawati were analysed by high-resolution GC and GC –MS. In all three samples, geraniol (67.6 –83.6%) was the major constituent and, although the composition of the three oils was similar, quantitative differences in the concentration of some constituents were observed. The GC and GC –MS analysis of the Hyderabad, Lucknow and Amarawati oils resulted in the identification of 40, 38 and 33 constituents, representing 98.5%, 99.7% and 99.8% of the oils,respectively. Among the three oils analysed, Amarawati oil was of the highest quality due to higher geraniol (83.6%) and lower geranyl acetate (2.3%) and geranial (1.0%) content. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The essential oil of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. var. motia Burk.) seeds collected from three different geographical locations in India was analysed by capillary GC and GC–MS. The composition of the oil samples was compared with that of the oil of flowering palmarosa herb. Besides the main constituent, geraniol (74.5–81.8%), 55 other constituents, including those present in trace amounts, were identified in the seed essential oil. Although the composition of the seed oils is similar to that of the herb oil, quantitative differences in the concentration of some constituents were observed. The seed oil was found to contain lower amounts of geranyl acetate and higher amounts of (E, Z)-farnesol than the herb oil. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new cyclohexenone (1) and a new caffeoyl ester derivative (2), together with the known compounds (-)-isolariciresinol 3-alpha -O-beta -D-glucopyranoside (3), (+)-1-hydroxypinoresinol 1-O-beta -D-glucopyranoside (4), isoacteoside (5), luteolin 4'-O-beta -D-glucopyranoside (6), and indole-3-carboxylic acid (7), were isolated from the leaves of Bauhinia tarapotensis. The structures of these new compounds were determined by spectroscopic data analysis. The antioxidant activities of 1-7 were determined by measuring their free radical scavenging effects, using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-dipicrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC) methods, and the coupled oxidation of beta -carotene and linoleic acid. Compounds 3-5 showed good activities in the DPPH and TEAC tests, while compounds 1 and 2 were active in the coupled oxidation of beta -carotene and linoleic acid bioassay.
We evaluated genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the three non-mutagenic and non-carcinogenic compounds p-nitrophenol, d-menthol and sodium N-lauroyl sarcosine which have previously been shown to induce DNA double strand breaks (DNA dsb) secondary to induced cytotoxicity. We tested wheter genotoxic effects in the alkaline single cell gel test (comet assay) may be confounded by cytotoxicity-induced DNA dsb. Cell viability was determined at the end of the treatment using the fluorescein diacetate/ethidium bromide-assay and plating efficiency was used as an indicator of long-term survivability. Experiments with V79 Chinese hamster cells and human white blood cells revealed negative results in the comet assay despite strong cytotoxic effects. However, cells with extremely fragmented DNA (‘clouds’) occured but were excluded from the evaluation under the principle that they represent dead cells. We also noticed a significant loss of cells at cytotoxic concentrations that might be attributed to the induction of highly fragmented DNA which is lost during electrophoresis. Since the comet assay allows the determination of DNA effects on the single cell level, a confounding effect of cytotoxicity on test results can be avoided.
About 100 pure components of essential oils have been tested for their antioxidant effectiveness. The main classes of compounds, namely monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, benzene derivatives, and non isoprenoid components comprising alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, which are the most common constituents of essential oils, have been analysed. Two model systems for the antioxidant efficacy have been used; the first exploiting the thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) method using egg yolk as oxydable substrate, the second measuring the formation of hydroperoxydienes from linoleic acid in a micellar system, using in both cases 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (ABAP) as a radical initiator, and α-tocopherol as a reference compound. From a general point of view phenols were confirmed to possess the highest antioxidant activity. In particular some monoterpene hydrocarbons, namely, terpinolene, α- and γ-terpinene showed a significant protective action, whereas among the oxygenated components, beside the aforesaid phenols, allylic alcohols manifested an appreciable activity. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and non isoprenoid components subjected to this study showed a low, if any, antioxidant effect. The role of the different model systems and the relationship between structure and antioxidant effectiveness are discussed.
Aqueous extracts of Cymbopogon citratus (Cy) leaves are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, however, little is known about their mechanism of action.
The aim of this study is to explore the anti-inflammatory properties of Cymbopogon citratus leaves and their polyphenol-rich fractions (PFs), as well its mechanism of action in murine macrophages.
A lipid- and essential oil-free infusion of Cy leaves was prepared (Cy extract) and fractionated by column chromatography. Anti-inflammatory properties of Cy extract (1.115 mg/ml) and its PFs, namely phenolic acids (530 μg/ml), flavonoids (97.5 μg/ml) and tannins (78 μg/ml), were investigated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw 264.7 macrophages as in vitro model. As inflammatory parameters, nitric oxide (NO) production was evaluated by Griess reaction, as well as effects on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression and on intracellular signaling pathways activation, which were analyzed by Western blot using specific antibodies.
Cy extract inhibited iNOS expression, NO production and various LPS-induced pathways like p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) 1/2 and the transcription nuclear factor (NF)-κB. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt activation were not affected by Cy extract. Both phenolic acid- and tannin-rich fractions significantly inhibited NF-κB activation, iNOS expression and NO production but none of the PFs modulated MAPKs or PI3K/Akt activation. Neither Cy extract nor PFs affected LPS-induced COX-2 expression but LPS-induced PGE(2) production is inhibited by Cy extract and by phenolic acid-rich fraction.
Our data provide evidence that support the usage of Cymbopogon citratus leaves extract in traditional medicine, and suggest that Cy, in particular its polyphenolic compounds, could constitute a natural source of a new and safe anti-inflammatory drug.
The environmental fate and behaviour of titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanoparticles is a rapidly expanding area of research. There is a paucity of information regarding toxic effect of TiO(2) nanoparticles in plants and to certain extent in humans. The present study focuses on the effect of exposure of TiO(2) nanoparticles in two trophic levels, plant and human lymphocytes. The genotoxicity of TiO(2) nanoparticles was evaluated using classical genotoxic endpoints, comet assay and DNA laddering technique. DNA damaging potential of TiO(2) nanoparticles in Allium cepa and Nicotiana tabacum as representative of plant system could be confirmed in the comet assay and DNA laddering experiments. In Allium micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations correlated with the reduction in root growth. We detected increased level of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration at 4mM (0.9 μM) treatment dose of TiO(2) nanoparticles in Allium cepa. This indicated that lipid peroxidation could be involved as one of the mechanism leading to DNA damage. A comparative study of the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of TiO(2) nanoparticles and bulk TiO(2) particles in human lymphocytes also reveal interesting results. While TiO(2) nanoparticles were found to be genotoxic at a low dose of 0.25 mM followed by a decrease in extent of DNA damage at higher concentrations; bulk TiO(2) particles reveal a more or less dose dependent effect, genotoxic only at dose 1.25 mM and above. The study thus confirms the genotoxic potential of TiO(2) nanoparticles in both plant and human lymphocytes.
We determined the degree of personal protection provided by citronella, linalool, and geraniol in the form of commercially available candles or diffusers, both indoors and outdoors. Under the uniform conditions of the experiments, all substances repelled significantly more mosquitoes than the unprotected control. Furthermore, the repellents tested were more active when in the form of a continuous release diffuser than in candle form. All candles were 88 g containing 5% of the active ingredient and all diffusers contained 20 g of 100% active ingredient. Indoors, the repellency rate of citronella candles was only 14% while the repellency rate of citronella diffusers was 68%. The repellency of geraniol candles was 50% while the diffusers provided a repellency rate of 97%. No linalool candles were available for study but linalool diffusers repelled mosquitoes by 93%. Outdoors, citronella diffusers placed 6 m from mosquito traps repelled female mosquitoes by 22%, linalool repelled females by 58%, and geraniol repelled females by 75%. Trap catches were significantly reduced again when diffusers were placed 3 m from the traps. We concluded that geraniol had significantly more repellent activity than citronella or linalool in both indoor and outdoor settings.
The toxicity of a range of plant essential oils to the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) (Acari: Dermanyssidae), a serious ectoparasitic pest of laying hens throughout Europe and elsewhere, was assessed in the laboratory. Dermanyssus gallinae may cause losses in egg production, anaemia and, in extreme cases, death of hens. With changes in legislation and consumer demand, alternatives to synthetic acaricides are needed to manage this pest. Fifty plant essential oils were selected for their toxicity to arthropods reported in the literature. Twenty-four of these essential oils were found to kill > 75% of adult D. gallinae in contact toxicity tests over a 24-h period at a rate of 0.21 mg/cm(2). Subsequent testing at lower rates showed that the essential oils of cade, manuka and thyme were especially toxic to adult D. gallinae. The toxicity of the seven most acaricidal essential oils was found to be stable at different temperatures likely to be encountered in commercial poultry housing (15 degrees C, 22 degrees C and 29 degrees C), although results suggest that humidity and dust might influence the toxicity of some of the oils tested. The toxicity of clove bud essential oil to D. gallinae, for example, was increased at high humidity and dust levels compared with ambient levels. The results suggest that certain essential oils may make effective botanical pesticides for use against D. gallinae, although it is likely that issues relating to the consistency of the toxic effect of some oils will determine which oils will be most effective in practice.
The fresh leaves of Cymbopogon citratus are a good source of an essential oil (EO) rich in citral, and its tea is largely used in the Brazilian folk medicine as a sedative. A similar source of EO is Cymbopogon winterianus, rich in citronellal. The literature presents more studies on the EO of C. citratus and their isolated bioactive components, but only a few are found on the EO of C. winterianus. The objective of the present study was then to study, in a comparative way, the effects of both EOs on three models of convulsions (pentylenetetrazol, pilocarpine, and strychnine) and on the barbiturate-induced sleeping time on male Swiss mice. The animals (20-30 g) were acutely treated with 50, 100, and 200 mg kg(-1), intraperitoneally, of each EO, and 30 min later, the test was initiated. The observed parameters were: latency to the first convulsion and latency to death in seconds. Furthermore, the in vitro effects of the EOs were also studied on myeloperoxidase (MPO; a biomarker for inflammation) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; an index of cytotoxicity) releases from human neutrophils. The EOs radical-scavenging activities were also evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The results showed that both EOs were more active on the pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsion model, and C. citratus was even more efficient in increasing latency to the first convulsion and latency to death. Both parameters were potentiated in the presence of a lower dose of diazepam (reference drug) when associated to a lower dose of each EO (25 mg kg(-1)). Besides, their anticonvulsant effects were blocked by flumazenil, a known benzodiazepine antagonist. This effect was somewhat lower on the pilocarpine-induced convulsion, and better effects were seen only with the EOs' higher doses (200 mg kg(-1)). A similar result was observed on the strychnine-induced convulsion model. Both EOs potentiated the barbiturate-induced sleeping time. However, C. citratus was more efficient. Interestingly, both EOs completely blocked the MPO release from human neutrophils and showed no cytotoxic effect on the LDH release from human neutrophils. On the other hand, only a very low or no effect on the DPPH assay was observed with C. winterianus and C. citratus, respectively, indicating that the radical scavenging activity did not play a role on the EOs' effects. We conclude that the mechanism of action of the anticonvulsant effect of the EOs studied is, at least in part, dependent upon the GABAergic neurotransmission. In addition, their effects on inflammatory biomarkers can also contribute to their central nervous system activity.
The abundant use of anti-infective agents resulted in the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, fungi and
viruses. To overcome the increasing resistance of pathogenic microbes, a variety of medicinal plants have been
screened worldwide for their antimicrobial properties. The aim is to find new effective antimicrobial agents with
novel modes of actions. Essential oils derived from aromatic medicinal plants have been reported to exhibit
exceptional good antimicrobial effects against bacteria, yeasts, filamentous fungi and viruses. The progress of this
expanding scientific field will be documented by the most important results published in the last decade.
The reaction of lipid peroxides in animal tissues with thiobarbituric acid was dependent on pH of the reaction mixture as was the case for linoleic acid hydroperoxide. The optimum pH was found to be 3.5. Taking this fact into consideration, a standard procedure for the assay of lipid peroxide level in animal tissues by their reaction with thiobarbituric acid was developed as follows. Ten percent ( tissue homogenate was mixed with sodium dodecyl sulfate, acetate buffer (pH 3.5), and aqueous solution of thiobarbituric acid. After heating at 95°C for 60 min, the red pigment produced was extracted with n-butanol-pyridine mixture and estimated by the absorbance at 532nm. As an external standard, tetramethoxy-propane was used, and lipid peroxide level was expressed in terms of nmol malondialdehyde. Using this method, the liped peroxide level in the liver of rats suffering from carbon tetrachloride intoxication was investigated. The results were in good agreement with previously reported data obtained by measuring diene content.
Thirty-six fluids from non-keratinizing jaw cysts have been examined together with autologous sera by immunoelectrophoresis and double diffusion in agar or agrose gels. Except for one cyst fluid which contained electrophoretically homogeneous ("monoclonal") IgG of the kappa type together with free kappa chains, IgG of cyst fluid was electrophoretically heterogeneous. For the most, IgA of cyst fluid migrated more slowly than IgA of serum, whereas the IgM migrated similarly. The three immunoglobulins showed reactions of antigenic identity with the corresponding Ig classes of serum when examined with rabbit antisera against human IgG, IgA, and IgM. Fluid from the median palatine cyst contained secretory component, which showed a reaction of identity with free secretory component isolated from human saliva, and probably also IgA of the secretory type. Two cyst fluids also precipitated a component in rabbit serum.
This paper presents the standard procedure for isolating lymphocytes and granulocytes from blood, using the Isopaque-Ficoll technique. A procedure for isolating granulocytes and macrophages from peritoneal fluid is also described.
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is known to act as an antimutagen and anticarcinogen in several test systems. However, there is no report of its effect on carcinogen-induced chromosomal damage in vivo in animals. The present study was performed to determine whether or not ascorbic acid affects sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) induced by cyclophosphamide (CPA) and mitomycin C (MMC) in bone marrow and spleen cells in mice. The results indicate that ascorbic acid per se did not cause a significant increase in SCEs in mice. However, increasing concentrations of ascorbic acid caused decreasing levels of CPA- and MMC-induced SCEs in both cell types in vivo. At the highest concentration of ascorbic acid, 6.68 g/kg, approximately 75 and 40% SCE inhibition in both cell types was noted for CPA and MMC, respectively. Likewise, under in vivo/in vitro conditions (exposure of animals to experimental chemicals followed by culturing of cells), ascorbic acid caused a dose-related decrease in CPA- and MMC-induced SCEs, up to a dose of 3.34 g/kg At this concentration, approximately 50% CPA- and MMC-induced SCE inhibition was observed in both cell types studied. Thus, ascorbic acid acts as an anti-SCE agent in both in vivo and in vivo/in vitro conditions in mice.
Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) was extracted with 80% ethanol. The extract was not found to be mutagenic in the Salmonella mutation test with or without metabolic activation. However, the extract was found to possess antimutagenic properties towards chemical-induced mutation in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. Mutagenicity of AFB1, Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2, Glu-P-1, Glu-P-2, IQ, MNNG and AF-2, was inhibited by the extract of lemon grass in a dose-dependent manner, but no effect was found on the mutagenic activity of benzo[a]pyrene.
Three techniques: single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), alkaline elution of DNA (AE), and alkaline DNA unwinding (ADU) were chosen to compare the sensitivity among these methods in detection of DNA damage and repair in human diploid VH10 cell line after short-term exposure to hydrogen peroxide. Using SCGE technique a dose-dependent increase in DNA migration was found in cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide in concentration range from 10 micromol/l to 100 micromol/l. Alkaline DNA unwinding method detected increased level of single strand breaks (ssb) in concentration range from 25 micromol/l to 100 micromol/l of H2O2, and alkaline elution of DNA estimated increased DNA elution rate from concentration 50 micromol/l of H2O2. In a time course study to evaluate the kinetics of DNA repair, both SCGE and ADU techniques showed that the repair of DNA strand breaks is very rapid; the level of ssb in treated cells has returned to near the background level within two hours. After this time damage remaining in the DNA was in the form of oxidised bases as revealed the incubation of treated cells with specific DNA repair endonuclease, formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase.