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The Impact of Firm Size on Innovative Activity - An Empirical Analysis Based on Swiss Firm Data
Abstract
The impact of firm size on innovation activity was investigated in detail on the basis of firm data for Swiss manufacturing. The study includes estimations of a model of innovation behavior with firm size as an additional explanatory variable, an analysis of the relation between R&D expenditures and firm size in total manufacturing and in several 2-digit industries, as well as exploration of the size-dependence of model variables. No evidence was found for the existence of economies of scale in the innovation activity in Swiss manufacturing. On the other hand, we were able to gather several pieces of information pointing to a size-specific orientation of the innovative activity. Copyright 1997 by Kluwer Academic Publishers
... Auf die Bedeutung der Nachfrage als einen der Bestimmungsgründe der Forschungstätigkeit im Wirtschaftssektor hat bereits in den 60er Jahren Vgl. Cohen/Levin (1989), S. 1077 f. 198 Levin/Reiss (1984), S. 175 f. Arvanitis (1997). In den Studien von Arvanitis und Hollenstein (1994a sowie Lenz (1998) (2004). ...
... chungsintensität der Unternehmen aus anderen Ländern basieren, kommen zu sehr unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen, so dass ein allgemeingültiges Muster nicht erkennbar ist. 134Für die dritte These von Cohen und Klepper, nach der die FuE-Produktivität mit der Unternehmensgröße sinkt, können in der neueren Literatur ebenfalls einige Belege gefunden werden.Arvanitis (1997) untersucht die Beziehung zwischen dem FuE-Aufwand und der Zahl der gemeldeten Patente für eine Gruppe von 397 Schweizer Unternehmen und stellt dabei fest, dass die Forschungsproduktivität mit der Unternehmensgröße sinkt. 135 Eine Untersuchung vonLicht und Zoz (2000) anhand von deutschen Unternehmensdaten kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die ...
... Vgl.Arvanitis (1997), S. 478.143 Zu der Notwendigkeit dieser Unterscheidung vgl.Scherer (1992), S. 1418, Cohen (1995, S. 191 f.,Schmidt/Elßer (1990), S. 560, denHertog/Thurik (1993), S. 283. ...
... 1 Moreover, Cohen and Klepper's model is not driven necessarily by abilities but by incentives of firms with different sizes; thus, the model is less restrictive. Some subsequent empirical studies find that Cohen and Klepper's theory is generally supported, although these findings are mixed to some degree, in part because of the difficulties in measuring composition of innovative effort and limited data sources (Arvanitis 1997;Cabagnols and Le Bas 2002;Fritsch and Meschede 2001;Rouvinen 2002). 2 Using the firm-level data surveyed by the Korean Government on R&D activities of all R&D performers, this paper extends Cohen and Klepper's theory further by proposing theoretical arguments and providing empirical tests for the relationship between firm size and various types of R&D composition. In the survey, each firm is asked to report the share of R&D expenditures for new product development, current product improvement, new process development and current process improvement. ...
... Although some prior studies focused on the determinants of amount or composition of product and process innovations (i.e. Arvanitis 1997;Pavitt, Robson, and Townsend 1987;Rouvinen 2002;Scherer 1991), these studies did not explicitly assess the determinants of relative share of product or process innovations. In calculating the R&D composition, Scherer (1991) distinguished the share of product and process innovation from patents. ...
... Importantly, several studies have explored the relationship specifically between firm size and product and process innovation. First, Arvanitis (1997) investigated the determinants of expenditure for process and product R&D in a sample of 914 Swiss firms and found no systematic evidence that the effect of firm size on process R&D expenditure is any stronger than on product R&D expenditure. Using the survey data of more than 1800 German enterprises, however, Fritsch and Meschede (2001) showed that firms generally devote a higher proportion of their R&D expenditure on process innovation than product innovation as the firm size increases. ...
The effect of firm size on diverse compositions of R&D expenditures is analysed in detail using firm-level data on the Korean manufacturing sector. On the grounds that each type of R&D activity differs in terms of salability in disembodied form and growth potential due to innovation, a distinction between product vs. process, and new vs. incremental R&D is made. Empirical tests show that the firm size is significantly associated with both the new and incremental R&D. Moreover, firm size is found to be significantly associated with other types of R&D compositions such as the share of R&D devoted to incremental innovation and multidimensional combinations of product, process, new and incremental R&D. These findings support the idea that large firms possess innovative advantages over smaller firms and firm size is an important determinant for firms’ heterogeneous R&D activities. We also discuss the limitations and the implications of the findings.
... Firms' structural characteristics will undoubtedly affect their general performance, as well as their innovative performance. To control for these effects, four controls were included in the model: size [90][91][92], human capital intensity [54], and internal and external R&D expenditures [77,79,80]. This combination of characteristics and strategic options can be considered to some extent as a technological capability, as it is a key factor in the successful implementation of innovative practices. ...
... Additionally, the first tier encompasses the OI strategies, and, following the previous belief that inbound and outbound strategies present different maturities, they were included separately, allowing for a finer understanding of their particular effect on innovative performance. Regardless of the model in use, increasing firm size positively influences the importance of innovative performance among total turnover; these results are in line with previous literature [90][91][92]. Notes: ** Significant correlation at 0.01 (2-tailed); * Significant correlation at 0.05 (2-tailed); n.s. not significant. ...
Open innovation (OI) has been implemented to develop competitive advantages based on the management of innovation with external players. As such, it is expected that the generalized adoption of OI practices needs to be nurtured by governmental public policies in order to enhance OI-based ecosystems. The role of open innovation ecosystems is known by the importance of multiple synergies among players/stakeholders, which are expected to be supported by regulations and funding to consolidate firms’ innovation results. This paper analyzes the role of regulations and funding on firms’ innovation performance using the double-hurdle estimation procedure. The results show that, in the first tier, inbound knowledge flows positively affect performance, and, in the second tier, public funds further reinforce innovation performance and fiscal and security regulations. In contrast, as regulations are perceived as barriers, they fail to impact innovation performance. With this paper, we manage to shed light on the importance of public policy funds in the support of thriving OI-based ecosystems as enhancers of firms’ innovation performance.
... Among others, Pavitt (1984), Vaona and Pianta (2008), Park et al. (2010), and Deschryvere (2014) suggest that the size of a firm can be linked to its innovation processes. In contrast, Arvanitis (1997) argues that there is no link between innovation and firm size. The relationship between firm size and innovation orientation is examined by Laforet 6 (2008), who discovered that firm size and strategic orientation are associated with innovation performance. ...
... Laforet (2008) found that the firms that had adopted a prospector strategy were more innovative and market-oriented than those pursuing a defender strategy (see also Ghosh et al., 2001). However, Arvanitis (1997) received contradictory results to some extent, as, according to him, the size of a firm does not affect the innovativeness of the firm. No final consensus has been reached, despite the number of studies on the subject, but more research is needed on the nature of the links between firm size and innovation. ...
PURPOSE: Explore what entrepreneurship and success factors can help drive business to resilience and stability and achieve competitive advantage through innovation in different countries and business realities in the era of digital transformation and turbulent times. METHODOLOGY: Based on the narrative literature review, we present research findings concerning new strategies and outlooks for business innovation in times of many unknowns. Each organization wants to find its way to gain success and create its unique business model, which can capture value creation and innovativeness and be more adaptive, resilient, and stable in critical moments and sustainable over time. FINDINGS: The articles presented in this issue explore the essential factors of business innovation and success in different organizations and the environments in which these businesses function. IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORY AND PRACTICE: This article synthesizes the presented research field’s importance and relevance, connecting its theoretical background with practical research. Recommendations and implications for future trends of this research stream might also be helpful for professionals and academicians. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: The novel studies presented in this issue were done in five different (developing and developed) countries and business sectors that present human-based and non-human-based factors as crucial factors needed to empower business transformation in a complex world. Each group of elements is essential in business success, and their components are interdependent. We need to look at the interactions and interdependencies of their components in a dynamic and network form and cannot simplify the reality, focusing only on one group of business components and ignoring the other. These unique studies provide a valuable outlook to establish dynamic, adaptive business pathways towards a sustainable and resilient organizational future and propose future research paths needed to execute structural changes in businesses.
Keywords: business model, innovation, critical success factors, digital transformation, knowledge management, talent management, competitiveness, leadership, transformation, change management, VUCA
... Among others, Pavitt (1984), Vaona and Pianta (2008), Park et al. (2010), and Deschryvere (2014) suggest that the size of a firm can be linked to its innovation processes. In contrast, Arvanitis (1997) argues that there is no link between innovation and firm size. The relationship between firm size and innovation orientation is examined by Laforet 6 (2008), who discovered that firm size and strategic orientation are associated with innovation performance. ...
... Laforet (2008) found that the firms that had adopted a prospector strategy were more innovative and market-oriented than those pursuing a defender strategy (see also Ghosh et al., 2001). However, Arvanitis (1997) received contradictory results to some extent, as, according to him, the size of a firm does not affect the innovativeness of the firm. No final consensus has been reached, despite the number of studies on the subject, but more research is needed on the nature of the links between firm size and innovation. ...
PURPOSE: The aim of the paper is to analyse the importance of both internal capabilities (resources) and external information sources in implementing product, process, marketing and organizational innovations aiming to maximize firm competitive advantage and create value for stakeholders. Furthermore, in particular, we examine the role of public organizations, business networks, firm size, and the industry sector, in the emergence of different types of product, process, marketing, and organizational innovations. The research was based on the typology of innovation (product, process, marketing, and organizational) adopted by the OECD. METHODOLOGY: The paper is based on data from 389 SMEs located in Finland and describes the development of a model for testing the factors that increase the innovativeness of SMEs. The logistic regression model is used as a methodology. Findings: The results show that the creation of novel products, processes and marketing innovation is connected to various external sources of information, such as fairs, the media and the internet. Moreover, the relationship between internal capabilities such as the firm’s know-how increases the marketing and organizational innovativeness of SMEs. Our results demonstrated that the creation of product innovation is positively connected to manufacturing. Furthermore, we find that the creation of novel processes and organizational innovation is related to firm size, such that firms with fewer than 20 employees (smallest firms) were concentrated among non-innovators and companies with more than 20 employees were concentrated among innovators. IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORY AND PRACTICE: The contribution of our study is to analyse to what extent various types of innovation rely on specific information sources. This study also provides suggestions for practice and policymakers. Contrary to expectations regarding our findings, public support organizations were not statistically significant in any innovation model. Therefore, public support organizations should develop better mechanisms to find SMEs with strong motivations to develop new products and market opportunities. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: This paper provides a new and topical viewpoint for the literature by examining the possible factors explaining the increase in SMEs’ likelihood of implementing product, process, marketing, and organizational innovations. Our study provides comprehensive information on how different stakeholders contribute to the emergence of SME innovation.
... While Golovko and Valentini (2014) and Choi and Lee (2019) agree with the CK hypothesis in that large firms are more inclined to pursue process innovation, Inkmann (2010) show the opposite result of the positive relation between firm size and share of product innovation. Other studies also find either no systematic relationship or non-linear relationship between firm size and the share of process innovation (Arvanitis 1997;Fritsch and Meschede 2001;Fang et al. 2019). ...
... For example, while Fritsch and Meschede (2001) do not find any systematic relationship between firm size and the share of process innovation using the Mannheim innovation data of German manufacturing firms, Inkman (2010) shows a negative relationship with the same dataset by accounting for possible sample selection bias. The most critical reason for the diverse results may be due to the limited sources of data and the choice of different measures of product and process innovation variables (Arvanitis 1997;Fritsch and Meschede 2001;Inkman 2010). ...
We test the Cohen & Klepper cost-spreading process share hypotheses using unique data from two national innovation surveys (2009 and 2012). To our knowledge, no other study has the same combination as our dataset, in terms of robust data from a mandatory survey, large sample size, diverse measures for innovation output, and no sample selection bias. We use two direct measures of innovation to test the CK hypothesis: R&D expenditure and the number of innovations. An outcome variable that counts the number of innovations can be easier for respondents to recall from memory and they may reflect the firm’s activities more accurately. Using direct measures of innovation eliminates three forms of bias emanating from patents. Our results show that the CK hypotheses can be supported with the aggregated sample, but the results are weak for separate industries. The count-based process share provides statistically superior results to the expenditure-based process share.
... Similar to FDI and exports, empirical research on the effects of size on labor productivity gives different results. A small number of authors such as Dhawan (2001), , Acs and Audretsch (1991), and Arvanitis (1997) argue that small businesses are more productive in part because of greater organizational flexibility, higher risk and organizational responsiveness, and flexibility in the pace of innovation. In addition, most authors argue that larger firms must be more productive, with greater efficiency, greater capital intensity, and higher intermediate input intensity, so these firms' labor productivity will be higher. ...
In Vietnam after 30 years of the renewal process, due to a number of factors, especially the industrial sector, the growth of labor productivity has been increased significantly. By using shift-share analysis method to intra-industry between 1996 and 2017, which focused on internal industry, the result showed that both intra-effect and static shift effect made a great contribution to the labor productivity growth of the economy, and the contribution of static effect tends to increase. This means that the movement of labor from inefficient sectors to the more efficient sectors has had a positive impact on the overall productivity growth rate. Therefore, in order to promote productivity growth in the economy, Vietnam has to implement solutions in terms of reallocating resources, transforming the economic structure, applications of technology, and training human resources.
... Similar to FDI and exports, empirical research on the effects of size on labor productivity gives different results. A small number of authors such as Dhawan (2001), , Acs and Audretsch (1991), and Arvanitis (1997) argue that small businesses are more productive in part because of greater organizational flexibility, higher risk and organizational responsiveness, and flexibility in the pace of innovation. In addition, most authors argue that larger firms must be more productive, with greater efficiency, greater capital intensity, and higher intermediate input intensity, so these firms' labor productivity will be higher. ...
Since the passage of Law on Tourism in 2005 and its amendment in 2017, Vietnam has increasingly invested in the tourism sector as a spearhead industry of the economy to turn Vietnam into a destination for the mass tourist. Along with tourism development, the negative impacts of tourism activities on the environment and society have been acknowledged to a certain extent. In such a context, sustainable tourism, ethical tourism, and responsible tourism have been discussed. However, there is a lack of previous research on how the responsible tourism concept is adapted to the situation of the Vietnam tourism industry. This paper presents the background of the Vietnamese tourism industry. Moreover, based on the survey results with 122 individuals and 20 tourism experts, this paper highlights prominent actions to promote responsible tourism in Vietnam. The implications for further research on the topic are also proposed.
... These expenditures are usually modeled as a function of technological possibilities (proximity to science, external sources of technical knowledge), firm size, age and appropriability conditions. The dependence of R&D activities on firm size is central in this research (Acs & Audretsch, 1988Arvanitis, 1997;Lee & Sung, 2005;Ortega-Argilés et al., 2009;Expósito and Sanchis-Lopis 2019). Early work by Schumpeter (1934) suggests that larger firms may have advantages in the innovation process because of a higher cash flow and potential economies of scale. ...
This study attempts to establish the importance of specific formally achieved higher skills for the innovation intensity in firms across a group of European countries. Innovation expenditures are calculated as the ratio to turnover and the main explanatory variable is the proportion of highly skilled employees (tertiary education in ICT-oriented or other fields). The analysis employs official data on innovation activities (Community Innovation Survey) in firms for the period 2004–2010, linked to registers on education and businesses as well as to the Structural Business Statistics including 34,000 observations. Estimation results show a strong significantly positive relationship between the innovation intensity and the proportion of highly ICT skilled employees. Higher skills outside the field of ICT are also important for the innovation activities. Control variables reveal that the innovation intensity significantly increases with joint national and EU funding while the role of firm age varies. The significant and negative link to firm size reveals a lack of advantages of scale, a finding possibly related to the use of a comprehensive measure of innovation activities. There are also indications that industry affiliation is essential for the innovation intensity.
... Diversos estudos abordam a alocação de recursos no PDNP (JOGLEKAR; FORD, 2005), porém, a análise sobre o impacto da alocação destes recursos no desempenho do PDNP parece ser negligenciada, ainda mais que tal efeito poderia variar em função do porte das empresas. Embora empresas de maior porte possuam vantagens em função das suas economias de escala, melhor acesso a recursos financeiros e maior atratividade para recursos humanos qualificados, devido à sua estabilidade, reputação e um possível pacote de remuneração e benefícios superior (ROGERS, 2004), estudos mais recentes indicam que a relação entre o porte das empresas e a inovação depende de fatores relacionados com o setor industrial em estudo (ARVANITIS, 1997). É evidente que empresas de pequeno porte em setores de alta tecnologia (tecnologia da informação, biotecnologia, etc.) têm sido freqüentemente protagonistas em termos de inovação (TETHER, 1998). ...
Uma melhor performance de um novo produto no mercado pode ser alcançada pela adoção de um conjunto de estratégias e ações que sirvam de suporte para a gestão de novos projetos. A questão central do estudo é: por que alguns novos produtos são bem-sucedidos enquanto muitos outros fracassam? Para tanto, foi implementada uma survey em empresas do setor moveleiro da Serra Gaúcha, utilizando-se um instrumento de pesquisa que integra fatores organizacionais, mercadológicos e operacionais e o desempenho do processo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos (PDNP). Os resultados sugerem que para a amostra analisada a estratégia de inovação e a reação dos concorrentes são os dois fatores que mais impactam no desempenho do PDNP. Foi observado que o desempenho no PDNP não depende apenas de uma única dimensão. Mais do que isso, os resultados indicam que a combinação entre as três dimensões, organizacional, mercadológica e operacional, explica de maneira mais significativa o desempenho do PDNP. Palavras-chave: gestão de produtos, processo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos, desempenho organizacional.
... Diversos estudos abordam a alocação de recursos no PDNP (JOGLEKAR; FORD, 2005), porém, a análise sobre o impacto da alocação destes recursos no desempenho do PDNP parece ser negligenciada, ainda mais que tal efeito poderia variar em função do porte das empresas. Embora empresas de maior porte possuam vantagens em função das suas economias de escala, melhor acesso a recursos financeiros e maior atratividade para recursos humanos qualificados, devido à sua estabilidade, reputação e um possível pacote de remuneração e benefícios superior (ROGERS, 2004), estudos mais recentes indicam que a relação entre o porte das empresas e a inovação depende de fatores relacionados com o setor industrial em estudo (ARVANITIS, 1997). ...
Em função do alto custo associado ao processo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos (PDNP), a minimização de desperdício de recursos é muito importante para um melhor desempenho das organizações. O baixo desempenho dos novos produtos tende a estar ligado à não integração entre os fatores mercadológicos, organizacionais e operacionais. A falta de integração entre tais dimensões parece ser um dos motivos atribuídos ao baixo desempenho de novos produtos em empresas brasileiras. Por isso, estudos aprofundados sob a perspectiva de imersão na complexidade inerente ao PDNP e mediante a integração das possíveis dimensões e variáveis, desponta como uma estratégia de pesquisa relevante. Emerge, então, uma reflexão oportuna que merece respostas: por que alguns novos produtos são bem-sucedidos enquanto muitos outros fracassam? Para tanto, o estudo pretendeu testar um modelo, e suas hipóteses, que respondesse a esta questão por meio de uma survey em empresas do setor moveleiro da Serra Gaúcha, contemplando fatores mercadológicos, organizacionais e operacionais e o desempenho do PDNP, que resultou em uma amostra de 62 respondentes. Os dados foram analisados por meio da regressão hierárquica. Também foram verificadas as premissas da análise de regressão múltipla: validade discriminante, ausência de multicolinearidade, normalidade e unidimensionalidade a partir da avaliação das cargas fatoriais e confiabilidade dos construtos. Verificou-se que empresas que adotam estratégias de inovação tendem a obter um maior desempenho no PDNP (H1). Surpreende que os resultados da pesquisa em relação à alocação de recursos para o PDNP influencia apenas moderadamente o desempenho do PDNP (H2a). Foi confirmado pelo teste da hipótese H2b, que o efeito da alocação de recursos no desempenho do PDNP depende do porte da empresa. Outro resultado que chama a atenção é o impacto da intensidade competitiva (H3a). Foi argumentado que o desempenho no PDNP seria maior quanto maior fosse a competição entre as empresas. Porém, esta relação é válida apenas para o construto reação dos concorrentes e para aquelas empresas que enfocam o DNP para o mercado nacional. É oportuno questionar por que, na percepção dos respondentes, essa relação é inversa quando as empresas enfocam, também, o mercado externo (H3b). O estudo mostra que os respondentes não identificam a integração funcional entre os departamentos (H4) com um impacto significativo no desempenho de novos produtos e tampouco utilizam resultados de pesquisas científicas e tecnológicas (H5). Também não foi encontrada nenhuma relação entre a gestão dos gates do PDNP e o seu desempenho (H6a e H6b), apesar da importância atribuída por outros estudos a tais relações, o que indica a oportunidade de pesquisas adicionais. Os resultados não identificam uma relação positiva entre a utilização de inteligência competitiva e o desempenho do PDNP (H7). Mesmo não se identificando nenhuma variável da dimensão operacional com impacto significativo no desempenho do PDNP, isso não invalida a importância desta dimensão para o sucesso de novos produtos. Palavras-chave: gestão de produtos, PDNP, desempenho organizacional.
... Diversos estudos abordam a alocação de recursos no PDNP (JOGLEKAR; FORD, 2005), porém, a análise sobre o impacto da alocação destes recursos no desempenho do PDNP parece ser negligenciada, ainda mais que tal efeito poderia variar em função do porte das empresas. Embora empresas de maior porte possuam vantagens em função das suas economias de escala, melhor acesso a recursos financeiros e maior atratividade para recursos humanos qualificados, devido à sua estabilidade, reputação e um possível pacote de remuneração e benefícios superior (ROGERS, 2004), estudos mais recentes indicam que a relação entre o porte das empresas e a inovação depende de fatores relacionados com o setor industrial em estudo (ARVANITIS, 1997). É evidente que empresas de pequeno porte em setores de alta tecnologia (tecnologia da informação, biotecnologia, etc.) têm sido freqüentemente protagonistas em termos de inovação (TETHER, 1998). ...
O estudo pretendeu testar um modelo que respondesse esta questão de pesquisa, por meio de uma survey em empresas do setor moveleiro da Serra Gaúcha, contemplando fatores mercadológicos, organizacionais e operacionais e o desempenho do processo de
desenvolvimento de novos produtos (PDNP). Os resultados sugerem que a estratégia de
inovação e a reação dos concorrentes são os dois fatores que mais impactam no desempenho do PDNP. Observou-se que os resultados indicam que a combinação entre as três dimensões é que explica de maneira mais significativa o desempenho do PDNP.
... According to the Schumpeterian hypothesis, there is a positive relationship between R&D investments and firm size. Corroboratively, Arvanitis (1997) found a positive relationship between R&D investments and firm size, however, the effect of which varies according to the industry in which companies are located. Lee and Sung (2005) found that the relationship between R&D and firm size is stronger in industries with high technological opportunities. ...
In this study, the relationship between R&D investments and the firm value was investigated. Additionally, the relationship between R&D investments and firm value in different groups of firms classified according to R&D investment level, firm size and firm riskiness was also investigated. The study consists of 1111 observations on 138 companies that invest in R&D and are listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange between 2007 and 2018. Dynamic panel data models were used in the analysis of the data. According to the results of the study, R&D investments have a positive effect on firm value. However, while the effect of R&D investments is positive in companies with a high R&D investment level, a meaningful relationship could not be found in companies with low R&D investment. Moreover, study results show that R&D investment in small firms has a positive effect on firm value, whereas this effect is negative in large firms. Another result of the study is that R&D investments in low-risk companies positively affect the firm value.
The most important contribution of this study to the literature is that it examines the effect of R&D investments on firm value in terms of R&D investment level, size and riskiness. The vast majority of studies in the literature on Turkey is based on a small number of firms, covers a limited time. The inclusion of firm size, riskiness and differences in the level of R&D investment to explain the relationship between R&D investment and firm value eradicate the inadequacies in these studies.
... Regarding market-related variables, the effect of firm size (as measured by lagged sales) on the magnitude of firms' innovation input is positive and statistically significant (at the 0.01 level) in model with TT collaboration. These findings are in line with contributions in previous studies from different countries (Acs & Audretsch, 1990;Arvanitis, 1997;Evangelista, Perani, Rapiti, and Archibugi (1997). In contrast, we do not find a significant impact of exportation (as measured by export shares in sales), seemingly resulting no evidence of the demand-pull hypothesis (see for example Felder et al., 1996;Kleinknecht & Verspagen, 1990;Wakelin, 1998). ...
Technology transfer, collaboration, and cooperation in the R&D innovation increase their importance when firms integrate into the world economy, especially along the global supply chain. By using a specially designed sample of 3,253 Vietnamese young small and medium-sized enterprises in 2010-2013, the article examines the impact of technology transfer and R&D collaboration and cooperation on a firm's R&D innovation input, and innovation output, along the supply chain. The estimation results indicate that technology transfer collaboration and cooperation are complementary during the innovation process, initiating the application of innovation both in terms of input and output. In addition, R&D collaboration and cooperation are complementary in enhancing the innovation output.
... 의 경우, 실증 분석을 통해 기업규모 및 기술혁신 활동 간 반비례하는 관계가 존재함을 보고하였다. 이처럼 상반된 주장에 대한 다수의 연구들이 수행되었으며 (Bertschek & Entorf, 1996;Arvanitis, 1997;Raymond & St-Pierre, 2010;Pekovic et al., 2015;Baumann et al., 2016), 양 주장을 (Grossman & Helpman, 1991;Greenhalgh & Rogers, 2006 (Geroski, 1990;Das & Teng, 2000;Auh & Menguc, 2005;Ang, 2008 (Wooldridge, 2019). (Gujarati & Porter, 2008 (Schumpeter, 1934;Scherer, 1965;Pavitt et al., 1987;Pekovic et al., 2015;Baumann et al., 2016) ...
From the view of Schumpeterian hypothesis, the intellectual property policy can be viewed as being driven with the aim of promoting innovation activities through the granting of exclusive rights to innovation. This research identify the effectiveness of intellectual property policies by empirically analyzing the causality between the characteristics of the company's intellectual property and the decision making of innovative activities. First of all, we find that the experience of information leakage inhibit innovation activities. Given the results of this study's empirical analysis and the claims that cooperation with the outside world is not preferred due to concerns about technology leaks, it is believed that a legal system to protect intellectual property is effective in preventing at least innovative activities from being hampered. Secondly, the possibility of reducing innovation activities does not change depending on the size of intellectual property rights holdings, but it has been shown to have a positive relationship with the decision to expand the innovation activities. In the light of the fact that the size of intellectual property rights held by an entity represents the scope of the previously secured exclusive rights that trigger innovative activities, these result suggest that the 'IP strategy' that continues to emerge in the field of intellectual property is important. In reality, it is necessary to have the ability to defend against external risks through the establishment of an IP portfolio because it is difficult to protect all innovative achievements with a single intellectual property right. However such a strategy is perceived as inefficient in terms of productivity and in that it costs the earth, it is difficult for small and medium-sized enterprises to plan and implement in the early days of their start-ups due to the limitations of them. In order to raise the quality level of innovation performance and achieve productivity innovation, the intellectual property rights system must be designed systematically so that the innovation activities of companies are not impeded. In particular, policy efforts should be made to help small and medium-sized enterprises grow by innovation.
... This was a surprise because the opposite was expected, considering that the latter would offer lower prices for offices, machine shops and warehouses. In the sample, 56% of the innovative firms are large, with more than 30 years of existence; the fact that they are large coincides with Arvanitis (1997) and with Chilean Government's studies at the national level [INE, (2016), p.9,12), however, them being the oldest contradicts the same national findings. As well, in the study by Moguillansky et al. (2006) they found a positive and significant correlation between the results derived from firms' innovation and the resources devoted to these efforts, this last factor indicative of firms' size (Aralica et al., 2008). ...
... Cohen and Klepper (1996) determined that innovation varied with firm size within industries. There are theoretical arguments and empirical findings that suggest a positive relationship between firm size and innovation ( Capon, Farley, Lehman, & Hulbert, 1992;Arvanitis, 1997;Moen, 1999;Rogers, 2004;Camiso´n-Zornoza, Lapiedra-Alcamí, Segarra-Ciprés, & Boronat-Navarro, 2004;Filipescu, et. al. 2013). ...
In today's competitive environment the key element is the differentiation of business which will lead to success. Especially in international markets where there's much more intense competition, it is more important for businesses to enter with innovations that make a difference to their consumers. Innovation is also important for competitive export-oriented production in globalization. In global competition, innovation is the key factor for sustainable success. Increases in the efficiency, profitability of firms make it possible to enter new markets and extend present markets by obtaining advantage of competition. In order to determine accurate strategies, the connection between innovation and exports must be understood better. The aim of this study is to determine the innovation capability and export performance of Turkish export firms. Another aim is to examine the relationship between firm characteristics and innovation capability. Innovation capability of export firms is measured by INNOVSCALE which was developed by Vicente, Abrantes, and Teixeira (2015). Export performance is measured by APEV scale which was developed by Lages, Lages, and Lages (2005). The study uses data collected from 83 firms located in Kayseri. Results obtained by using SPSS indicate that there is a positive relationship between innovation capability and export performance. The results of the ANOVA analysis, innovation capability differ in terms of firm size and export earnings. Innovation capability does not differ in terms of sector, operating years, share of export earnings in the whole revenues, exporting periods, or internationalization levels .
... Sfera badań i rozwoju jest bezpośrednio związana z wprowadzaniem nowych lub udoskonalaniem dotychczasowych produktów lub procesów [Tang, 2006]. Wydatki na badania i rozwój [Arvanitis, 1997] i personel pracujący w dziale B+R [Huergo, 2006] są wskazywane przez niektórych badaczy jako dwa kluczowe zasoby decydujące o działalności innowacyjnej [Prajogo i Sohal 2006]. Wyniki badań przeprowadzonych przez Koschatzky'ego, Brossa i Stanovnika wykazały, że istnieją istotne różnice między innowatorami i "nie-inwatorami" pod względem personelu i budżetu działu badawczo-rozwojowego [Koschatzky, Bross i Stanovnik, 2001]. ...
... The structure of innovation is oriented to employees, rather than management, devoting time and effort. Specific technology and market conditions are related to the firm size innovation [17], [2]. ...
As the importance of mutual growth of large and small-medium enterprises has increased, the necessity for open innovation between them has been emphasized. However, few studies of open innovation have considered both sized of firms, and they just analyzed differences of innovation from the empirical point of view. Based on the survey of manufacturing firms conducted in 2012, the Korean Innovation Survey, this study proposes open innovation models between large firms and SMEs for win-win cooperation, reflecting the circumstances and characteristics of innovation for each size of firm. For this, first, we derive their respective needs for open innovation between them by analyzing the importance of internal needs and the performance of potential cooperation by means of weighted sums of correlation coefficients. Secondly, we build a typology matrix of enterprises, considering the innovation needs with a 2 by 2 matrix. We utilize this for the next step of defining types of open innovation by matching each type of large firm and SME. Finally, we develop open innovation models by multi-flow charts consisting of layers (subjects), edges (open innovation activities), and boxes (innovation process). The research results support SMEs managing strategic open innovation with large firms, which encourages balance of the large enterprises and SMEs for coexistence.
... Enquanto em 1934 Schumpeter ainda considerava o empreendedor individual como o motor das inovações, suas obras posteriores associavam a inovação à grande empresa (SCHUMPETER, 1942). Embora empresas de maior porte possuam vantagens em função de suas economias de escala, melhor acesso a recursos financeiros e maior atratividade para recursos humanos qualificados, devido à estabilidade, reputação e salários mais altos (ROGER, 2004), estudos empíricos mais recentes sugerem que a relação entre porte e inovação depende de fatores ligados ao setor industrial (ARVANITIS, 1997). De fato, pequenas empresas em setores de alta tecnologia (software, biotecnologia) têm sido frequentemente protagonistas em termos de inovação, se considerado o número de inovações (TETHER, 1998). ...
... The innovation procedure normally comprises R&D activities that constitute primary inputs in the production of innovation outputs, representing the creation of knowledge and experiments that eventually produce innovation outputs. R&D expenditures have been often used as an input-oriented measure for innovation activities (Arvanitis, 1997). However, the use of R&D expenditures as a proxy for innovation outputs in the case of the food processing sector is criticised because innovation outputs can be also produced through other avenues such as capital expenditures or incremental modifications of existing products (Avermaete et al., 2004;Capitanio et al., 2010). ...
We examine the implications of the liberalised economic conditions associated with the economic transformations in the transition countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) for R&D and innovation in the food processing sector. We use a dataset derived from the World Bank's Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Surveys (BEEPS) database to examine the relationships between R&D/innovation activities in food processing firms in transition countries and (i) privatisation, (ii) foreign direct investment, (iii) trade activities, (iv) market competition pressure, and (v) economies of scale. The empirical analysis is implemented through: (i) a double-hurdle model for R&D participation and expenditures, and (ii) a bivariate probit model for product and process innovation. We find that these economic transformations generally promote R&D/innovation activities in the food processing sector. Our results suggest that broadened and deepened economic liberalisation policies would improve the innovation performance of the food processing sector in transition countries, and would enhance competitiveness in domestic and foreign markets. They also indicate that innovation policies may need to be tailored to market and industrial characteristics of different transition regions.
... In the same line, Karlsson and Olsson (1998) showed that large companies innovate better in highly concentrated, dense regions, while small-and medium-sized enterprises have better product innovation results in peripheral regions. Furthermore, Arvanitis (1997) analysed the impact of firm size on innovation found no evidence about economies of scale in innovation activity for Swiss firms, while Soriano and Huarng (2013) considered that entrepreneurship has a crucial role in creating new economic activities that help generate wealth, jobs and growth. In the same spirit, Dobson et al. (2013) underlined the role of innovation networks in small firms due to stronger intra-firm relations, while Quinn et al. (2013) noticed a high potential for innovation in small retailing. ...
The present article assesses the role of entrepreneurship in strengthening the national innovative capacity of the European countries. For this purpose, we use the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data for the entrepreneurial activity, while the innovative capacity is assessed based on the Global Innovation Index and the Summary Innovation Index. Our panel data estimations for the period 2009–2012 show that the total entrepreneurial activity does not influence the national innovative capacity. Furthermore, the role of opportunity or innovation-driven entrepreneurs in enhancing the national innovative capacity cannot be documented, either in the Central and Eastern European countries or in the Western European countries. Our findings are robust regarding the change in data sample, control variables or the way national innovative capacity is assessed.
... The amount of resources that universities invest in R&D may be positively related to universities' technology creation as reflected in the number of patent applications (Anderson et al., 2007;Heisey and Adelman, 2011;Zhang et al., 2013). Despite these arguments that suggest a positive relationship between R&D investment and technology creation, research also points out that too much R&D spending may hurt innovation (an inverted U-shaped relationship; Arvanitis, 1997;Bonaccorsi et al., 2006;Fukugawa, 2013;Schmoch and Schubert, 2009). Therefore, R&D investment may be a double-edged sword in technology creation. ...
The university technology transfer (UTT) allows universities to extract benefits from their research. As enterprises embedded in both academic- and commercially-oriented activities, universities face great opportunities and challenges in changing environments that call for a more flexible, dynamic stance of university-level processes. We examine how universities can secure higher payoffs in the process of creating and capturing value from their technology transfer by embracing a dynamic capabilities view of the UTT process. The longitudinal analysis of 44 universities in China reveals that (1) universities create more ideas and capture more licensing value through dynamic management and active orchestration of assets, (2) a developed factor market accelerate value creation and commercialization in universities, and (3) a developed institutional environment stimulates value creation but inhibits value capture. These interesting findings justify a dynamic view of the UTT process while opening avenues for future research.
... George and Agnes Cheng (1992) found that the differences in strategies are due to type of offering and market type. Studies of Schumpeter (1961), Arvanitis (1997), and Cohen, Levin, and Mowery (1987) found that the size of the firm is an important variable that determines R&D decision. Lee and Sung (2005) found that the relationship between R&D and size is probably stronger for industries with greater technological opportunities. ...
Theoretical and empirical studies have focused on discretionary investments such as research and development (R&D) and advertisement as value-creating activities. This empirical research article examines the determinants of the discretionary investment policy of food sector firms in India. The study aims to analyze the impact of financial policies and firm characteristics on the discretionary investment strategy of the food industry firms. The article uses the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to understand the drivers of discretionary investment policy of food sector firms. The study finds that investment policy of firms is a major determinant of profitability of food sector firms. Higher investments in capital expenditures and working capital result in higher profitability. Management efficiency significantly influences firm profitability. The results suggest that riskier firms in food sector might focus on R&D investments as a strategy to generate more cash flows. Size of firm is negatively related to R&D intensity. Smaller firms in food sector tend to invest more in R&D. The study does not provide evidence to suggest that profitable firms invest more in R&D activities.
... We thus expect a positive sign for the firm size variable [see e.g. Arvanitis (1997)]. Moreover, we expect that foreign-owned firms (FOREIGN) are less likely to perform R&D abroad, since they often produce primarily for the domestic market (expected negative sign). ...
The aim of this article is to investigate the differences between specific motives of R&D investment in foreign locations with respect to: (i) the factors influencing the likelihood of foreign R&D and (ii) the impact of foreign presence on the parent firms' innovativeness and productivity. An econometric analysis of Swiss firm panel data (period 2000–2008; 2817 companies) shows, first, that factors related to firm-specific knowledge-oriented advantages are more important for explaining the likelihood of foreign R&D activities than factors reflecting disadvantages related to home location. Second, knowledge-oriented motives of foreign R&D positively influence the innovation performance of domestic firms, whereas market-and resource-oriented strategies have a positive impact on labor productivity. JEL classification: O31, F23.
... effective international innovation management in case of large firms, what is an important instrument for internalizing the outcome of foreign R&D activities). We thus expect a positive sign for the firm size variable [see e.g. Arvanitis (1997)]. Moreover, we expect that foreign-owned firms (FOREIGN) are less likely to perform R&D abroad, since they often produce primarily for the domestic market (expected negative sign). ...
The aim of this article is to investigate the differences between specific motives of R&D investment in foreign locations with respect to: (i) the factors influencing the likelihood of foreign R&D and (ii) the impact of foreign presence on the parent firms' innovativeness and productivity. An econometric analysis of Swiss firm panel data (period 2000–2008; 2817 companies) shows, first, that factors related to firm-specific knowledge-oriented advantages are more important for explaining the likelihood of foreign R&D activities than factors reflecting disadvantages related to home location. Second, knowledge-oriented motives of foreign R&D positively influence the innovation performance of domestic firms, whereas market-and resource-oriented strategies have a positive impact on labor productivity. JEL classification: O31, F23.
... This research presents theoretical contributions to the existing body of knowledge by identifying a new firm characteristic, business scale, as a potential predictor of innovativeness of construction firms. Although previous studies also reveal that the effect of firm characteristics on innovation orientation is highly related to the field of research and differs from one industry to another (Arvanitis, 1997;Rogers, 2004), this study is the first to explore the effect of firm characteristics on innovation orientation within firms. The importance of innovation creation, which has a substantial effect on the market, is emphasized in this paper. ...
Purpose
– This study aims to assess the construction firm’s innovation orientation and to investigate its relationship with firm characteristics.
Design/methodology/approach
– A structured survey was conducted among 105 firms in the Malaysian construction industry. The results of the factor analysis revealed two underlying dimensions of innovation, namely, innovation creation and innovation adoption. For the cluster analysis, the firms were segmented into four subgroups according to four dimensions, namely, non-innovative, innovation-creator, imitator and innovative firms.
Findings
– Firm’s business scale and age significantly affected the innovation orientation of construction firms.
Originality/value
– This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by adding a new firm characteristic, business scale, as a potential predictor of firms’ innovativeness. This study is the first to explore the effect of firm characteristics on the innovation orientation of firms.
... The second approach is to use the evaluation of innovative activity in the initial stage of the process as the development of innovative strategies of individual enterprises. In this case, the main task is to analyze the economic development of a particular business entity and associated structural elements (Arvanitis, 1997). ...
The article presents an analysis of international experience and of state support of social and innovation activity of organizations and possibilities of its application in Russian enterprises are considered. International experience of state support for social and innovation activity of enterprises is considered. Socially-oriented innovative enterprises must be considered as the most important instrument for the development of innovative environment. These companies should primarily provide interaction between the production and public sectors. In modern conditions, one of the key factors of economic development is innovation. Key role in the innovation process is given to social oriented innovative enterprises. These companies are the source of innovation initiatives; they create demand for innovation, responsible for their implementation. The article examines the factors of innovation activity of socially-oriented enterprises and establishes the reasons hindering rates of innovation activity. When selecting the directions of innovative development of individual economic entities it is necessary to consider many components of both external and internal environment: innovative climate, innovative position, innovative potential and innovative activity. Essential preconditions for increasing the innovation activity of the country, as a whole, are to improve scientific, educational and operational components of the innovation potential. One of the biggest indicators of innovation activity of the economy as a whole is the willingness of enterprises to adopt innovative solutions in its operations. Demand for innovation, both product and technological ones, is directly related to the need of modernization, technical re-equipment, reconstruction of existing enterprises. © 2014 Canadian Center of Science and Education. All rights reserved.
... Fall zutrifft, dass aber im nach Firmengrösse für die Industrie relevanten Bereich der Zusammenhang praktisch linear ist. Die Innovationstätigkeit ist also in der Industrie nicht durch steigende Skalenerträge gekennzeichnet(Arvanitis 1997).F&E, setzen aber für diesen Zweck nur relativ geringe Mittel ein. Im Dienstleistungssektor sticht die Branche Informatik/F&E hervor, ja schneidet bezüglich F&E-Intensität noch besser ab als Chemie/Pharma (allerdings bei einem geringeren Anteil von innovierenden und insbesondere F&E-treibenden Firmen). ...
International differences in technological activity are considered a fundamental factor in explaining differences in both levels and trends between countries’ exports, imports, and income, especially among industrialized nations. This study examines the effects of innovation activity (measured by R&D expenditure and patent applications) and economic growth (GDP per capita) on trade openness (the ratio of imports plus exports to GDP) in 10 European countries from 1983 to 2018 using time series analysis. We also investigate the impact of the Lisbon and Europe 2020 strategies on trade openness. We use autoregressive distributed lag methodology and Granger causality tests based on the vector error correction model to conduct the analysis. The empirical findings indicate a strong long-run relationship among the variables in all the countries examined. In most countries, the long-run coefficients of R&D expenditure, patent applications, and GDP per capita are positive and statistically significant. In short-run dynamics, error correction models are well-defined and provide interesting results for each country. The effects of the Lisbon Strategy and Europe 2020 differ across the countries examined. Finally, the Granger causal relationships among the variables vary across countries.
This paper highlights the difference in the impact of two possible international technology channels, FDI and export, to labor productivity of Vietnamese enterprises that have different sizes and levels of capital intensity. The study uses panel data about small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and large enterprises in Vietnam which are summarized from the Vietnam Enterprise Survey (VES) period 2015–2016. The paper found that FDI has a positive impact on the firm’s labor productivity, but exports do not change firm labor productivity, for labor-intensive industries. For capital-intensive industries, FDI does not change the labor productivity of those enterprises, but the export of products to foreign markets has a positive meaning for the labor productivity of enterprises in the industry. Firm size does not have an impact on labor productivity in general but for FDI enterprises of the labor-intensive sector, the larger enterprises size the better labor productivity while the export enterprises capital intensive should narrow the scale to better labor productivity.
Uma melhor performance de um novo produto no mercado pode ser alcançada pela adoção de um conjunto de estratégia e ações que sirvam de suporte para a gestão de novos projetos. O estudo teve por objetivo testar um modelo visando dar respostas a esta questão de pesquisa. Foi implementada uma pesquisa do tipo survey em empresas do setor moveleiro da Serra Gaúcha, utilizando-se um instrumento de pesquisa que integra fatores organizacionais, operacionais e o desempenho do processo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos (PDNP). Com a finalidade de testar as hipóteses do modelo proposto, foram utilizados três modelos de regressão múltipla hierárquica. Os resultados sugerem que a estratégia de inovação, a intensidade competitiva no mercado, a reação dos concorrentes e a alocação de recursos para novos produtos influenciam significativamente no desempenho do PDNP. Observou-se que o desempenho no PDNP não depende apenas de uma única dimensão.
We study the relationship between a patent‐based measure of knowledge spillovers that calculates technological proximity based on technologically relevant firms and innovation success. We find – for a representative sample of Swiss firms – that knowledge spillovers have a positive and significant association with the commercial success of innovative products. The paper shows the importance of market conditions for the relationship of spillovers with innovation performance: It is only positive and significant in markets with a medium number of competitors in the main product market, but not in monopolistic or polypolistic market structures.
Prozess: Von der Idee bis hin zur wettbewerbsorientierten Diffusion werden die einzelnen Schritte mit den dazu unterstützenden Instrumenten erklärt.
The national economy transition to innovative activities, connected with social and economic growth requires considerable determinants, which represent a competitive area for further social and economic growth in the context of globalization. The impacts on innovative activities are considerable in the context of understanding the complexity of social and economic growth within both the national and global level. Despite numerous researches and available achievements in the field of the nature and essence of innovative activities in the context of social and economic growth, there are still a lot of different questions, concerning their determinants. The purpose of the current study is to determine a wide range of approaches to define both innovative activities and socioeconomic growth, considering the nature of innovative activities and different determinants on theoretical as well as on the empirical levels. Results from earlier studies demonstrate a strong and consistent association between micro economic determinants and innovative activities. But above mentioned points of views are pretty limited and do not include some important determinants for innovative activities and further socioeconomic growth. The current study is different from prior ones. Firstly, it looks at investigated determinants, which influence on the innovative activities and socioeconomic growth, empirically. Secondly, it considers for a vast amount of practical approaches, which create the possibility to consider and combine the determinants of innovative activities. Thirdly, this paper investigates the issue associated with innovative activities, connected with social and economic growth nowadays. Thus, the authors provide empirical models, which are developed in accordance with appropriate tendencies in national economy.
The national economy transition to innovative activities, connected with social and economic growth requires considerable determinants, which represent a competitive area for further social and economic growth in the context of globalization. The impacts on innovative activities are considerable in the context of understanding the complexity of social and economic growth within both the national and global level. Despite numerous researches and available achievements in the field of the nature and essence of innovative activities in the context of social and economic growth, there are still a lot of different questions, concerning their determinants. The purpose of the current study is to determine a wide range of approaches to define both innovative activities and socio-economic growth, considering the nature of innovative activities and different determinants on theoretical as well as on the empirical levels. Results from earlier studies demonstrate a strong and consistent association between micro economic determinants and innovative activities. But above mentioned points of views are pretty limited and do not include some important determinants for innovative activities and further socio-economic growth. The current study is different from prior ones. Firstly, it looks at investigated determinants, which influence on the innovative activities and socio-economic growth, empirically. Secondly, it considers for a vast amount of practical approaches, which create the possibility to consider and combine the determinants of innovative activities. Thirdly, this paper investigates the issue associated with innovative activities, connected with social and economic growth nowadays. Thus, the authors provide empirical models, which are developed in accordance with appropriate tendencies in national economy.
Este artigo tem como proposta o desenvolvimento de quadro teórico para orientação de pesquisas que envolvam os ciclos de vida das startups. Definidas como empresas que iniciam sua atuação a partir de uma fraca posição de mercado e com poucos recursos, estes empreendimentos recebem atenção destacada em publicações acadêmicas e empresariais dada sua importância para o desenvolvimento e inovação de processos, produtos e serviços. Através de levantamento bibliográfico, o presente estudo visa a identificação de modelo convergente integrando propostas encontradas para os ciclos de inovação e desenvolvimento publicados em literatura acadêmica, com as fases definidas pelo Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas no Estado de São Paulo – SEBRAE-SP – usadas para orientação das startups desde seu nascimento até a fase de crescimento. Palavras-chave: Startup; inovação; desenvolvimento
In today’s competitive environment, innovation has an important role to play. This is extremely important for the growth of firms as well as the nation as it provides the requisite competitiveness to them. Innovation is the commercialization of new ideas or invention. In the context of India, investment in Research and Development (R and D) which is the most commonly used input parameter for innovation is minimal and far below as compared to its economic progress. The proportion of gross R and D expenditure (GERD) to gross domestic product (GDP) in India is stagnant at 0.69% over the years 2014-17. This paper is an attempt to discuss seminal work on innovation, its types, determinants, and their impact on performance of the firms at the micro-level as examined by various researchers for developed as well as developing nations.
A qualitative and quantitative description of the swiss research and innovation system
This chapter investigates: 1) the determinants of innovation performance: and b) the impact of innovation performance on labour productivity of Swiss manufacturing firms in the period 1994–2002. The studyis in the spirit of the paper by Crépon, Duguet and Mairesse, published in Economics of Innovation and New Technology (Crépon et al., 1998).
Innovation und Entrepreneurship sind eng miteinander verbunden. Denn erst der kreative
Unternehmer, dem es gelingt, seine Ideen und Vorstellungen über neue Prozesse,
Dienstleistungen oder Produkte in Innovationen zu transferieren und anschließend damit
auf dem Markt Nutzen für den Kunden zu kreieren, kann langfristig auf dem Markt
existieren. Deshalb konzentriert sich das vorliegende Kapitel auf fünf Bereiche:
1. Prozess: Von der Idee bis hin zur wettbewerbsorientierten Diffusion werden die einzelnen Schritte mit den dazu unterstützenden Instrumenten erklärt.
2. Methoden: Kundenbedürfnisse können unterschiedlich erkannt werden. Es werden Methoden wie Crowd Sourcing, Netnographie, User Entrepreneurship oder die Kundenbeobachtung vorgestellt.
3. Lean Startup: Diese Methode ist eine praktikable und schlanke Möglichkeit, um Geschäftsideen mit geringen finanziellen Mitteln und einem hohen Kundennutzen zu erstellen.
4. Treiber für die Innovation: Beispielsweise werden hier Kreativitätsförderer wie die Unternehmungskultur und Innovationsbarrieren im Unternehmen beschrieben.
5. Rolle des Unternehmers: Die zentrale Rolle des Unternehmers wird nebst den Strategie-, Prozess- und Strukturfaktoren als Innovator, Förderer und Integrator dargestellt.
This thesis investigates the development of micro enterprises in Vietnam. We seek to know what factors affect the self-employment supply on the labour market. Using data from the survey on household living standards in 2004 (VHLSS04) in which information on employment of individual and household businesses are collected, we find a certain number of determinants explaining the pattern of self-employed in Vietnam: earnings differentials, educational level, age and business sector. In the second chapter, we seek to identify the determinants of micro and small firm performance. Our results show that impact of different factors on firm performance varies significantly across its growth state. Among them, size, age and firm location matters a lot to firm growth. The third chapter aims at analyzing the heterogeneity of firms across different barriers to growth. Our empirical evidence reveals that the level of constraint met by firms depends on the firm characteristics and the nature of barrier to growth. Size, age, location and industrial sector constitute important determinants of constraint level.
Berlemann M. and Jahn V. Regional importance of Mittelstand firms and innovation performance, Regional Studies. Despite the deeply rooted belief of politicians all over the world about the important role of Mittelstand firms, there has yet been surprisingly little empirical research on this issue. This article contributes to the literature by studying whether the relative regional importance of Mittelstand firms has an effect on regional innovation performance. Using a cross-section of German NUTS-3 regions, a significantly positive relation between the relative importance of owner-managed small and medium-sized enterprises and patent applications is identified. This finding is highly robust when controlling for spatial correlations as they often occur in highly disaggregated regional analyses.
The analysis of the characteristics of firms helps to understand the causes and consequences of the direction of technological change. Firms differ substantially with respect to the type of technological knowledge they can generate and exploit through technological innovations. This in turn has major effects on the direction of technological change they are able to introduce. Large firms able to command the recombinant generation of codified knowledge with a strong scientific base are more likely to introduce neutral technological changes that consist in a shift effect of production functions. Small firms that rely more on tacit and external knowledge are more likely to rely on technologies directed toward the most intensive use of locally abundant production factors. The effects of this difference in terms of the resulting total factor productivity growth are important and can be grasped only when the changes in output elasticity of production factors in growth accounting are properly appreciated. The empirical evidence for a sample of 6,600 Italian firms observed between 1996 and 2005 confirms that large firms introduced mainly neutral technological changes while small firms with lower levels of profitability introduced biased technological changes.
It is widely recognized that the recent economic crisis in Greece is due not only to excessive government spending and tax evasion, but also to the low competitiveness of its economy. Innovation has become of critical importance for the competitiveness of firms, sectors and countries in the modern economy. This paper presents an empirical study of the ‘new’ innovation determinants based on information and communication technologies (ICT) and also of the ‘traditional’ innovation determinants in the Greek economy. In particular, it investigates the impact of three different ICT (internal information systems (IS), e-sales and e-procurements) and also of six important traditional innovation determinants identified by previous relevant research (four ‘external’ ones—demand expectation, price and non-price competition, market concentration—and two ‘internal’ ones—investment in research and development (R&D) and firm size), on the innovation performance of Greek firms. It is based on firm-level data collected through a survey of 271 Greek firms before the start of the economic crisis, which have been used for the estimation of regression models. It is concluded that in the Greek ‘innovation-averse’ national context (characterized by low level of innovation and uncertainty avoidance culture) none of the examined external (market-related) traditional innovation determinants has an impact on product or process innovation of firms, while on the contrary the internal ones, R&D expenditure per employee and size, affect positively both. Furthermore, the examined new technologies seem to be important drivers of innovation: it is concluded that the internal IS have a positive impact on both product and process innovation, the e-sales only on process innovation, but the e-procurement on none. Our results indicate the high potential of ICT as innovation drivers even in such innovation-averse and lower economic development contexts, which, however, vary between different types of ICT.
The paper represents a structured survey of theoretical and empirical literature about the dependency of efficiency on organizational size. First the main features of the discussion of (dis-)economies of scale are briefly outlined. The main part provides a comprehensive table listing theoretical studies and their controversial arguments as well as a table containing the empirical findings of selected investigations. The final section sums up the most important results. It is argued that first the verdict on size and efficiency cannot be generalized and rather depends on certain economic conditions, second in many cases, however, there exists a (minimum) optimal plant and firm size (the latter at roughly 500 employees) and third the development of the economic environment within the past 15 years has tended to shift the comparative advantages of efficiency from big, dominating, but bureaucratically paralysed to small and highly flexible firms.
Exxon Mobil and ConocoPhillips stock price has been predicted using the difference between core and headline CPI in the United States. Linear trends in the CPI difference allow accurate prediction of the prices at a five to ten-year horizon.
It is not self-evident that economists ought to engage in the task of explaining the characteristics of technological innovations. It is even less evident that development and inventive activities are related to the structure of economic organisations. Or so it would seem from the near-complete absence of a discussion of such issues in resource- allocation theory.2 So would it seem, as well, from the sheer volume of effort that has been spent over the past quarter of a century in trying to demonstrate that economic forces are a prime architect of technological change.3 If there is a single driving force behind these empirical investigations, it is the writings of Joseph Schumpeter (most especially perhaps his Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Schumpeter, 1976). Since recent developments in the theory of technological competition have addressed a few of the empirical findings, they reflect this heritage as well.
The old question of the relative importance of supply and demand factors in explaining the innovation behaviour of firms still remains only partially answered, above all because of an unsatisfactory specification of the supply side variables, which primarily reflects data deficiences. Our investigation directed to this problem is based on a simple neoclassical model of the firm’s innovation decision. The empirical estimates with various input-, output- as well as market-oriented innovation indicators yield a quite robust basic pattern of explanation. It is concluded that — in the Swiss case — supply factors play the dominant role. In addition, it is shown that ordered categorical measures of innovation can successfully be employed to evaluate theoretical propositions on the innovative activity of firms.
Utilizing a unique data set, Zoltan Acs and David Audretsch provide a rich empirical analysis of the increased importance of small firms in generating technological innovations and their growing contribution to the U.S. economy. They identify the contributions made by both small and large firms to the innovative process and the manner in which market structure, and the firm-size distribution in particular, responds to technological change. The authors' analysis relies on traditional theories of industrial organization and tests existing hypotheses, many of them previously untested due to data constraints. Innovation and Small Firms brings together two large data bases recently released by the U. S. Small Business Administration - one directly measuring innovative activity for large and small firms, the other providing a detailed census of economic activity for all manufacturing firms and plants across a broad spectrum of industries. Acs and Audretsch describe and evaluate the data bases in the context of the literature on innovation, market structure, and firm size. They present their findings on the presence of small firms, small-firm entry in manufacturing, small-firm growth and flexible technology, and mobility and firm size. They compare static and dynamic measures of small-firm viability and address the relationships between R&D, innovation, and productivity, and analyze the interaction between technological regimes and the role of government in innovation.
This paper presents an extension of the Nelson-Winter model of Schumpeterian competition that focuses on certain features of the ‘historical’ shape of industry evolution, particularly on the relative importance of entrants and established firms as sources of innovation.
Joseph Schumpeter argued that there are increasing returns in R & D both to size of R & D establishment and to firm size. This has been taken to imply that the combination of small firms into big ones would increase R & D output. Tests have been attempted in the literature looking at the relation between scale and R & D input. The present paper shows that these tests are inappropriate. Moreover, the stated conclusion as to R & D output does not follow from Schumpeter's hypothesis. Indeed, it is very nearly true that none of these propositions can be derived from any other.
Using firm data disaggregated by industry, the authors establish a set of regularities in the distribution of firm R&D intensities within manufacturing industries. The authors show how a simple probabilistic process, in which change influences a key unobserved determinant of R&D and firm size conditions the returns to R&D, can account for these regularities and other features of the distributions. The model provides a unified, noncausal explanation of a series of long-observed relationships across mean R&D intensity, market concentration, and the coefficient of variation. It also offers a novel explanation for the inverse relationship between R&D productivity and firm size. Copyright 1992 by American Economic Association.
Using data from the Federal Trade Commission 's Line of Business Program and survey measures of technological opportunity and appropriability conditions, this paper finds that overall firm size has a very small, statistically-insignificant effect on business unit R&D intensity when either fixed industry effects or measured industry characteristics are taken into account. Business unit size has no effect on the R&D intensity of business units that perform R&D, but it affects the probability of conducting R&D. Business unit and firm size jointly explain less than 1 percent of the variance in R&D intensity; industry effects explain nearly half the variance. Copyright 1987 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Innovation-saktivitäten
- S Arvanitis
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Arvanitis, S., H. Hollenstein and S. Lenz, 1995, Innovation-saktivitäten in der Schweizer Industrie 1991–1993. Eine Analyse der Ergebnisse der Innovationserhebung 1993, Bundesamt für Konjunkturfragen, Bern.
The Size of Firms and Economic Performance, Working Paper No
- K Aiginger
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SME as Specific Decision-making Systems: Theory and Practice in Swiss Economic History
- M Müller
Bestimmungsfaktoren des Innovationsverhaltens der Unternehmung: Modelltheoretische Grundlagen zur Herleitung eines empirischen Ansatzes
- S Arvanitis
Corporate Size, Diversification, and Innovative Activity Innovation and Growth
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Firm Size and Inventive Activity
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