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Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies
Abstract
Within the past few decades, there has been a surge of interest in the investigation of mindfulness as a psychological construct and as a form of clinical intervention. This article reviews the empirical literature on the effects of mindfulness on psychological health. We begin with a discussion of the construct of mindfulness, differences between Buddhist and Western psychological conceptualizations of mindfulness, and how mindfulness has been integrated into Western medicine and psychology, before reviewing three areas of empirical research: cross-sectional, correlational research on the associations between mindfulness and various indicators of psychological health; intervention research on the effects of mindfulness-oriented interventions on psychological health; and laboratory-based, experimental research on the immediate effects of mindfulness inductions on emotional and behavioral functioning. We conclude that mindfulness brings about various positive psychological effects, including increased subjective well-being, reduced psychological symptoms and emotional reactivity, and improved behavioral regulation. The review ends with a discussion on mechanisms of change of mindfulness interventions and suggested directions for future research.
... Many studies provide a theoretical and empirical examination of the role of meditation in psychological well-being, self-regulation of behavior, and positive emotional states (Brown and Ryan 2003). Based on an examination of empirical studies across various methodologies, most authors conclude that meditation facilitates adaptive psychological functioning (Keng et al. 2011;Radoń 2023). ...
... Such interventions and treatment methods include, for example, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (Teasdale et al. 2000). These treatment methods, grounded in meditation-related principles, have been shown to effectively reduce stress, anxiety, depression, alleviate symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and help individuals manage substance addiction or pain (Goyal et al. 2014;Keng et al. 2011;Saeed et al. 2019). ...
... Regardless of the preferred technique, meditation has a profoundly positive impact on mental health, enhancing stress resilience, improving emotional regulation, strengthening concentration, and supporting overall well-being and psychological balance (Cahn and Polich 2006;Keng et al. 2011). Nonetheless, meditation is not the only practice with such benefits, as aromatherapy may serve as an effective complementary method supporting other techniques aimed at enhancing well-being (Freeman et al. 2019;Ramsey et al. 2020). ...
(1) Background: Meditation, originally stemming from the Buddhist tradition, has been the subject of extensive psychological research, with a growing body of literature exploring its effects on various mental and physical health aspects. (2) Methods: This article consists of two studies conducted in two Vietnamese Buddhist Monasteries. Study 1 investigated brain activity during Zen meditation among monks and nuns (N = 16) and a control group of non-practitioners (N = 3). Study 2, conducted on nuns (N = 13), explored the effects of meditation experience and essential oil inhalation on brainwave activity, with two measurements taken during short meditation sessions separated by inhalation. (3) Results: Study 1 showed that monks had higher alpha and theta activity during meditation compared to non-meditators. Moreover, advanced practitioners could transition from beta waves during mind-wandering to alpha waves within short 5-min sessions, indicating their ability to dynamically regulate brain activity even in brief meditative states. Study 2 found no significant differences between nuns with varying meditation experiences but revealed a significant decrease in theta wave amplitude after inhalation. (4) Conclusions: Together, these studies deepen our understanding of neural activity in advanced meditation.
... (MBCT) have been among the most effective interventions for treating affective disorders over the past decades (Keng et al., 2011;Kuyken et al. 2016). Empirical investigations demonstrate that these interventions effectively increase people's containment and acceptance of aversive emotions, and the investigations indicated the effect of MBIs on ER (Keng et al., 2011). ...
... (MBCT) have been among the most effective interventions for treating affective disorders over the past decades (Keng et al., 2011;Kuyken et al. 2016). Empirical investigations demonstrate that these interventions effectively increase people's containment and acceptance of aversive emotions, and the investigations indicated the effect of MBIs on ER (Keng et al., 2011). However, the change mechanisms of MBI have remained unclear. ...
Emotional dysregulation (ED), a hallmark of psychiatric disorders, is characterised by an impaired ability to regulate unpleasant emotions. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) reduce symptoms of mental health conditions with presence of ED. This has encouraged empirical research on mindfulness within the context of emotional difficulties. Mindfulness is defined as awareness cultivated through non-judgemental attention to the present moment. Wisdom is defined as the application of meta-cognitive capacities for navigating complex social and ethical life matters. While wisdom is conceptually linked to mindfulness, the relationship between these constructs and their connection to emotion regulation (ER) remains understudied. To fill this gap, this study investigated the relationship between wisdom and mindfulness, and compared mindfulness and wisdom among healthy adults with high and low ED. This cross-sectional study, involving 132 healthy adults (103 female), employed valid and reliable self-reported measures. Results indicated a large positive correlation between wisdom and mindfulness, with factor analysis supporting a single underlying factor. Healthy adults with lower levels of ED showed higher levels of mindfulness and wisdom compared to those with high ED. These findings support a positive association between wisdom, mindfulness, and decreased ED, calling into question the existing theoretical differences between wisdom and mindfulness, which suggest they would not converge into the same empirical concept. Future studies should explore the role of mindfulness in wisdom and its potential as an antidote to ED.
... Psychological well-being is conceptualized as a combination of positive affective experiences, such as happiness, and optimal functioning in personal and social life, positioning it as the core of mental health [23,46]. Among the positive psychological traits, mindfulness is particularly significant, as it is consistently associated with enhancing well-being [9]. ...
... According to Brown, Ryan, and Creswell [13], mindfulness improves psychological health by linking to increased eudaimonic well-being and decreased levels of distress worldwide. The ability to manage stress and choose the right positive coping strategies has been proposed to mediate the relationships between mindfulness and higher positive and lower negative affect [36,46,81]. Therefore, building effective and positive coping strategies is important for healthy living, but it requires consistent effort and resilience. ...
The impact of positive psychological traits (mindfulness, gratitude, optimism, and hope) on psychological well-being has been studied well. However, the contributions of positive coping strategies and life stressors in these associations still need to be examined. This study investigated the mediating roles of positive coping strategies and life stressors among the associations of mindfulness, gratitude, optimism, and hope on psychological well-being. 1766 Chinese college students of Shandong Xiehe University were recruited to complete the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6), the Optimism Scale (OS), the Adult Hope Scale (AHS), the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ), the Student-Life Stress Inventory (SLSI), and the Global Well-being Scale (GWB). The study revealed that positive coping strategies and life stressors partially mediated the associations of mindfulness, gratitude, optimism, and hope on psychological well-being. The results support the critical roles that positive coping strategies and life stressors play in positive psychological traits' impacts. This study may contribute to understanding the possible mechanism behind the link between positive psychological traits (mindfulness, gratitude, optimism, and hope) and psychological well-being through their interplay with positive coping strategies and life stressors.
... 125-137-but for the purposes of this commentary, any product of human intention, discernible in any sense modality, is an artifact.) Recognition and precise description of artifacts in the experimental context matter because (1) artifacts express intentions (Dennett 1988;Katz 1989); (2) shifting focus to intentions potentially implicit in artifacts in a scene can distract a person from his or her mindful stream of attention to natural entities; (3) natural entities are largely free of human intentions; (4) mindfulness is associated with psychological well-being (Keng et al. 2011);and (5) failure to understand the cognitive role of natural kinds or natural entities (as characterized by developmental psychologists and philosophers of science) results in the experimental intermingling of instances of natural kinds with artifacts, adulterating the scenes and settings experimenters use to elicit responses to what they take to be "nature." It is easy to overlook artifactuality when studies using "nature" as an experimental condition fail to define what they mean by it. ...
Many peer-reviewed research publications have concluded that “experience of nature” is beneficial for mental health and well-being, but virtually all of them offer only fuzzy definitions of “nature,” or none at all, and the “nature” to which subjects are exposed is itself fuzzy. This commentary argues that accounting for the two kinds of fuzziness are the underappreciated roles of artifacts and natural kinds (as understood by cognitive psychologists and philosophers of science) in both researcher and subject thinking which involves quasi-natural places and scenes. Artifacts, if discerned, adulterate what might otherwise be considered “nature.” They arouse thinking about the intentions behind them and in doing so they may trigger rumination. Rumination is associated with depression and other undesirable mental states, now rampant in urban populations. Instances of natural kinds, by definition and in contrast, generally do not express human intentions, so attending to them entails less rumination. The commentary suggests several potential explanations for why exposure to fuzzy “nature” may be healthful despite the fact that a “green” landscape or scene abounds in artifacts. It ends with some implications for research and park practice.
... Yoga is an ancient practice with roots in Indian philosophy and has been widely acknowledged for its stress-reducing properties (Fazia et al., 2023). The comprehensive nature of Yoga, incorporating physical postures, controlled breathing, and meditation, positions it as a holistic approach to enhancing overall health (Keng et al., 2011;Khalsa, 2007). Furthermore, Yoga's impact extends beyond mental health, encompassing various facets of physical well-being, such as improved cardiovascular health, enhanced immune function, and increased overall vitality. ...
Yoga is a promising treatment for mental health, but its impact on first-year college students’ academic stress is not well understood. The present study presented a Yoga for Stress Management (YSM) protocol to examine its effects on psychological and physiological outcomes. Participants were randomly allocated to a yoga group (N = 27) or a control group (N = 32), with the yoga group participating in 45-minute sessions three times a week for eight weeks. Psychological measures indicated substantially larger decreases in stress (η² =.11, 95% CI [1.26, 2.60] vs. [3.80, 6.12]), depression (η² =.11, 95% CI [1.05, 3.17] vs. [2.15, 4.65]), and generalized anxiety (η² =.31, 95% CI [6.26, 8.62] vs. [11.28, 14.72]) for the yoga group, with group × time interactions. Physiological benefits consisted of decreased diastolic blood pressure (η² =.30, 95% CI [73.48, 78.52] vs. [75.80, 80.66]), greater root mean square successive difference (η² =.12, 95% CI [76.33, 92.87] vs. [56.68, 77.06]), and greater alpha electroencephalography activity (η² =.20, 95% CI [0.36, 0.37] vs. [0.34, 0.37]). Such results indicate that yoga successfully lessens psychological distress and improves physiological regulation among first-year college students.
... Mindfulness helps buffer against stress by reducing an individual's tendency to react to emotional stimuli (Keng et al., 2011) and minimizing distractions from the surrounding environment (Hayes & Feldman, 2004). Lower mindfulness levels were found to be significantly related with behavior like overeating, poor sleep quality and higher stress levels (Pacic-Turk & Pavlovic, 2020). ...
... Mindfulness helps individuals understand that although negative emotions occur in life, they are not a fixed part of personality and life. This enables individuals to choose responses accompanied by contemplation and reflection instead of non-volitional reactions to these events (Keng et al., 2011). Based on this, mindfulness is a more efficient way to communicate with life, which leads to alleviating or relieving human pain and suffering, providing greater enrichment to life, and making it enjoyable (Siegel, 2010). ...
Objectives
Considering the high prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), high medical costs, and the lack of complete treatment, paying attention to the psychological processes of these patients can lead to providing cognitive solutions to eliminate or reduce pain, and improve its consequences and psychological effects. Accordingly, the current study aims to evaluate the relationship between mindfulness and quality of life, IBS symptom severity, severity of extra-intestinal symptoms, and obesity among a cross-sectional sample of patients with IBS.
Method
In this analytical cross-sectional study, 110 adults with IBS were confirmed according to Rome IV criteria by a physician. They were selected using cluster sampling. Various questionnaires and tools, including sociodemographic, physical activity, 24-item Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire Short Form (FFMQ–24), IBS-Quality of Life Instrument (IBS-QOL), IBS Symptom Severity Scale (IBS-SSS), and IBS Extra-intestinal Symptom Severity Scale (IBS-EISSS) were applied. SPSS software version 23 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, USA) was used for data analysis.
Results
Inverse significant association was observed between the mindfulness score and BMI, Global IBS-SSS score, and Global IBS-EISSS score (p < 0.05). Moreover, the mindfulness score was inversely associated with weight in adjusted models (model 2: B = −0.16, p = 0.02; model 3: B = −0.21, p = 0.002). Mindfulness was associated with fewer odds of being overweight and obese in patients with IBS (OR = 0.93, CI: 0.87–0.98).
Conclusion
Mindfulness had a significant relationship with obesity, the IBS symptom severity, as well as severity of extra-intestinal symptoms among those who suffer from IBS.
... Mindfulness can be defined as the practice of paying attention to the present moment in a non-judgmental way (Kabat-Zinn, 2003). Mindfulness can foster self-compassion (Neff, 2003), allows individuals to observe their own emotions and thoughts without getting caught up in them (Keng et al., 2011), creates awareness of self-critical thoughts which is a key component in construction of self-esteem, and promotes a more accepting perspective, which leads to a positive and realistic evaluation of oneself (Creswell, R.D et al., 2007). Handful of studies have described the beneficial effect of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on self-esteem in various populations, including adolescents and young adults (Brown, K. W & Ryan, R. M, 2003;Hofmann, S. G et al., 2010;Seppälä et al., 2020). ...
This study aims to understand the impact of daily selfie observation on promoting self-esteem, happiness and mental well-being among young adults. This study involved 30 participants of age ranging from 19 to 24 years. 15 participants randomly assigned in the experimental group are included in a 21-day selfie observation activity, where they are instructed to click a selfie before sleep and observe the picture mindfully for 10 minutes each day. Rosenberg's self-esteem scale, Oxford happiness questionnaire and Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale was used to collect data along with demographic details. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 26. Paired t-test and independent sample t-test was used to understand the effectiveness. The results revealed that there is significant increase in self-esteem (p<0.001), happiness (p<0.01), and mental well-being (p<0.001) post the intervention. This study contributes to the growing body of research on the intersection of mindfulness, photography and mental health.
... Do đó, sức khỏe tinh thần kém làm giảm sự tham gia của lực lượng lao động, đặc biệt là ở phụ nữ và gia tăng tần suất sử dụng các dịch vụ chăm sóc sức khỏe [3]. Nhiều nghiên cứu đã chứng minh rằng các thực hành chánh niệm có thể cải thiện tình trạng sức khỏe tinh thần, họ kết luận rằng chánh niệm mang lại nhiều tác dụng tâm lý tích cực, bao gồm cảm giác hạnh phúc hơn, giảm các triệu chứng tâm lý và cảm xúc tiêu cực, cũng như cải thiện khả năng điều chỉnh hành vi [4] - [6]. Do đó, chánh niệm được coi là một giải pháp để cải thiện sức khỏe tinh thần. ...
Tình hình bất ổn toàn cầu và thói quen tiêu dùng độc hại ảnh hưởng đến sức khỏe và sự phát triển bền vững nói chung, trong đó giới trẻ là những người vừa chịu tác động vừa có sức ảnh hưởng. Nghiên cứu này khảo sát tác động của Yoga lên sức khỏe tinh thần và hành vi tiêu dùng chánh niệm của sinh viên thuộc Thế hệ Z. Phương pháp difference-in-difference được các tác giả sử dụng, chia sinh viên thành nhóm tập yoga và nhóm đối chứng. Sau khi phân tích dữ liệu, nghiên cứu kết luận so với nhóm đối chứng, hành vi tiêu dùng chánh niệm và sự hài lòng với cuộc sống của nhóm tập yoga được cải thiện. Từ đó, các tác giả khuyến nghị tích hợp chánh niệm vào đời sống sinh viên để góp phần nâng cao đời sống tinh thần và thói quen tiêu dùng.
... Mindfulness is the practice of being fully present in the moment, paying attention to thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations without judgment. It has been shown to improve emotional regulation, reduce stress, and enhance overall well-being, [28] which are essential factors in addressing sexual arousal disorders. For female cancer patients, mindfulness can help manage the physical and emotional challenges related to sexual health. ...
Sexual arousal disorders are a significant issue for female cancer survivors, affecting their quality of
life post-treatment. These disorders are under-researched, with gaps in effective management and
communication between patients and healthcare providers. The aim of this review was to evaluate
sexual arousal disorders in female cancer survivors, focusing on the prevalence, contributing
factors, and interventions. Cancer treatments often lead to physical changes, such as vaginal
dryness, reduced libido, and hormonal imbalances, that can impair sexual arousal. Additionally,
psychological factors, including anxiety, body image issues, and emotional stress, play a critical role
in exacerbating sexual dysfunction and sexual arousal disorder. Addressing sexual arousal disorders
in female cancer patients requires a holistic approach that combines medical, psychological, and
relational interventions. Mindfulness-based interventions and complementary and alternative
medicine therapies have shown potential in addressing both the physical and emotional aspects of
sexual dysfunction. These interventions help improve body awareness, reduce stress, and enhance
emotional intimacy, contributing to improvements in sexual function. However, further research
is needed to better understand the efficacy, safety, and long-term outcomes of these approaches.
Clinicians should be aware of the prevalence and impact of sexual arousal disorders in female cancer
patients and offer appropriate, personalized interventions to improve their sexual health and overall
well-being.
... India as a sample case of a non-Western context, provides adults with profoundly different developmental contexts from typically studied WEIRD-samples. Indian (or Eastern) adults are expected to be less future-oriented than their Western counterparts, because of the emphasis on present-moment awareness as part of their religious, spiritual, and everyday beliefs (Keng et al., 2011). However, emotion regulation strategies (reappraisal or suppression) may not be correlated with factors such as religious and spiritual beliefs among older adults (Giannouli & Giannoulis, 2020). ...
The current study examined adult age differences in emotional well-being and emotion-regulation motivation in
the Indian context using the ecological momentary assessment (EMA) (experience sampling), self-reported
preferences for affect-valence and the Implicit Association Test (IAT, to measure implicit mental representa�tions of affect valence) across three age groups. Findings reveal an overall preference for positive affect, feeling of
pleasantness in daily life and a greater prevalence for pro-hedonic than contra-hedonic motivation. Middle-aged
and older adults reported greater experience of positive than negative affect, (t[87] = 4.77, p = .013) and (t[87]
= 13.93, p < .001, respectively) compared to younger adults, which may be attributed to changes in the
motivation for emotionally meaningful goals, consistent with the socioemotional selectivity theory. The IAT
showed a greater distinctiveness between positive and negative affect valence among older adults than middle�aged and young adults (greater D1 scores among older adults than younger (2.35) and middle-aged adults (2.15)
(t[27] = − 2.56, p = .007) and (t[27] = − 2.93, p = .002), respectively), which may be modulated by cognitive
control and motivation for emotion regulation. Additionally, very few instances of mixed affect (feeling sad to be
happy or enjoying being sad) and contra-hedonic motivation (in comparison to what has been observed so far in
western cohorts) were reported across the three age groups in this study (age × motivation × valence, F[2, 87] =
1.77. p = .17). We observed reductions in heterogeneity and a greater discriminability with respect to positive
versus negative affective experiences and in the preferences for affect valence across age groups (results based on
principal component analysis). Thus, affective experiences were found to be more strongly defined by positive
affect among middle-aged and older adults. This shift in emotional goals towards positive affect among middle-aged and older adults is associated with distinctive mental representations of affect valence.
... M INDFULNESS meditation can be broadly defined as the practice or technique of cultivating mindfulness [1], [2], [3]. Numerous studies have confirmed the positive effects of mindfulness meditation in managing stress [4], [5], [6], relieving anxiety [7], [8], and improving brain function [9]. Virtual reality (VR) technology has great potential to support mindfulness meditation. ...
Virtual reality (VR) mindfulness meditation has emerged as a prominent emotion regulation strategy in recent years. Current research often seeks to enhance meditation effectiveness through biofeedback and overlooks the trajectory of emotional changes and the changing needs during regulation. In this study, we propose an electroencephalography (EEG)–based positive feedback mechanism for VR mindfulness meditation aimed at optimizing the effects of emotion regulation. This mechanism consists of three modules: 1) EEG-based emotional state computation; 2) process-based relaxation assessment; and 3) adaptive positive decision feedback. Collectively, these components form a computation-assessment-feedback closed-loop system that objectively quantifies emotions while enabling real-time decision adjustments based on emotional trends, thereby enhancing user engagement and emotion regulation efficacy through personalized feedback. The contribution of the proposed feedback mechanism was evaluated through a randomized controlled trial ( N = 36). The results indicated that both physiological measures and self-reported relaxation significantly increased when compared to interventions without feedback. These findings validate that the EEG-based positive feedback mechanism effectively enhances emotion regulation while providing additional insights into improving both the engagement and effectiveness within digital mental health interventions.
... In research settings, SCCS scores can be used to investigate relationships between coping behaviours and a variety of psychological outcomes, such as anxiety, depression, life satisfaction, academic performance, and burnout. The rich domain-level data also support mediation and moderation analyses, enabling researchers to explore how specific coping behaviours buffer the effects of stress or enhance psychological well-being under different conditions (Neff, 2003;Keng, Smoski & Robins, 2011). ...
This paper presents a follow-up to the initial development of the Self-Comforting and Coping Scale (SCCS), offering a detailed framework for its scoring system, conversion guidelines, and interpretive strategies. The SCCS is a theory-driven, psychometrically grounded instrument designed to assess individuals’ self-comforting behaviours and coping responses to stress. While the original paper introduced the conceptual basis and structural components of the SCCS, the current study expands its utility by establishing a standardized scoring procedure that enhances reliability, interpretability, and applicability in both research and clinical contexts. The paper outlines how individual items are scored using a modified Likert scale and describes procedures for reverse scoring and handling missing data. Domain-level scores and an overall SCCS score are derived from item responses, with conversion to a 0–100 scale using a calibrated transformation chart to accommodate minor item omissions. The scoring system is designed to be flexible yet robust, allowing for its use across diverse settings, including longitudinal and intervention studies. Guidelines for interpreting high and low scores across domains help identify emotional resilience, coping strengths, and areas requiring intervention. Importantly, the scoring system facilitates the meaningful application of the SCCS by supporting early identification of individuals at risk for poor stress management, informing targeted interventions such as cognitive behavioural therapy and mindfulness-based programs. This paper thus represents a crucial step in operationalizing the SCCS for broader scientific and practical use, advancing the empirical study of self-comforting as a distinct and measurable construct in mental health research.
... Interventions focusing on strengths strengthened individuals' selfefficacy and life meaning [81]. Moreover, mindfulness-based interventions improved quality of life by supporting stress management and positive thinking skills [60]. By integrating these techniques, multicomponent programs offer holistic support to individuals' lives and provide effective strategies that they can easily apply in their daily lives [14]. ...
This study aims to examine the effectiveness of ACT-based positive psychology intervention on young people's mental health and well-being. Existing literature offers limited insights into the impacts of ACT-based PPIs, particularly concerning young people. The study explores the potential of this intervention to enhance positive psychological outcomes such as subjective well-being, self-compassion, and optimism, while reducing negative psychological outcomes like pessimism, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and somatic symptoms, and improving resilience. Conducted at a state university, the study involved 42 participants between the ages of 19 and 23 who were assigned to experimental (n = 20) and control (n = 22) group. The experimental group participated in an 8-week ACT-based PPI program. Employing a longitudinal experimental design, the study included a pre-test, post-test, and a follow-up test approximately two years later. Results indicated that the experimental group experienced significant improvements in positive psychological outcomes and reductions in negative outcomes, with the effects sustained during the follow-up period. Notably, long-term enhancements in resilience and self-compassion were observed. Overall, this study provides important evidence of the effectiveness of ACT-based PPI in promoting young people's long-term outcomes, with implications for developing intervention programs to support their mental health and well-being.
... [ been shown to significantly reduce perceived stress, anxiety, and depression conditions that are particularly prevalent among individuals managing chronic diseases like diabetes. [20] By improving mental well-being, meditation enables individuals to adopt healthier coping mechanisms and develop a more positive outlook, which can further enhance their ability to manage their condition. [19] ...
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder which needs inclusive management strategies that address both physiological and psychological factors. It is such a condition that is induced by stress and uncontrolled blood glucose levels. It does require insulin but controlling the blood glucose level is necessary to reduce insulin dependence. Diabetes Management requires a holistic approach on both psychological and physiological factors. There is a strong link between insulin resistance and stress which makes the situation much worse during managing the diabetes. Yoga is a traditional practice with its deep roots in mind-body connection and has shown to be a non-invasive approach in dealing with stress and helping diabetes. It increases relaxation and restores metabolic balance by utilizing Asanas, Pranayama and meditation. This review attempts to understand the various approaches to how and why Yoga aids in stress regulation while controlling diabetes. Yoga has the ability to decrease the activity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis which decreases the amount of cortisol in the patients and allows for normal insulin regulations to follow. Practicing Yoga often makes the body more sensitive towards insulin allowing for more glucose to be absorbed in muscle cells while also reducing oxidative stress and inflammation which in turn causes diabetes. Moreover, Yoga encourages self-awareness and focus that allows people to make lifestyle changes such as better dietary choices, effective stress management and working. The literature indicates that Yoga Asanas, Pranayama, and Mudras enable people to achieve their utmost attention and concentration.
... Mindfulness-based counseling has been discovered to be an intriguing intervention among these interventions. Mindfulness is a psychological state of consciousness that involves maintaining one's attention in the current moment with an openness, curiosity, and non-judgmental orientation (Keng et al., 2011;Nagy & Baer, 2017). Developed from ancient Buddhist practices, mindfulness has been adapted into modern models of therapy, mainly through Jon Kabat-Zinn, who developed the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program (Crane et al., 2023). ...
Purpose – This research explores the role of mindfulness counseling in reducing episodes of mania and depression in clients diagnosed with bipolar disorder within the context of Islamic higher education institutions. The study is framed within Kabat-Zinn’s theory of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), which emphasizes present-moment awareness and non-judgmental acceptance alongside the emotional regulation strategies from Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) by Marsha Linehan. These frameworks were employed to support participants in managing emotional fluctuations and building coping strategies during counseling.Methodology – Using a multiple case study approach, three participants with a history of severe mood instability participated in eight weeks of mindfulness counseling sessions. These sessions integrated core mindfulness techniques, including body scanning, breath awareness, mindfulness meditation, and guided visualization. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, direct observations, and participant self-reports using mood-tracking journals.Findings – The findings indicated significant improvements across all three participants, including a marked reduction in the frequency and intensity of manic and depressive episodes. Participants demonstrated increased self-awareness, improved emotional regulation, and developed coping strategies for managing mood triggers. They reported a greater sense of control over their thought patterns and an enhanced sense of psychological resilience. This study highlights the effectiveness of mindfulness counseling as a promising adjunctive therapy for managing bipolar disorder.Contribution—By integrating mindfulness techniques within the context of counseling, participants were equipped with practical tools that contributed to their emotional stability and long-term psychological well-being. This research supports the potential of mindfulness practices to offer valuable support for individuals with bipolar disorder, especially in the setting of Islamic higher education institutions.
... The practice of mindfulness may increase metacognitive awareness, which is the ability to reperceive or decenter from one's thoughts and emotions, and view them as passing mental events rather than to identify with them or believe them to be accurate representations of reality [12]. Mindfulness-based interventions, such as mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), have been shown to improve pain acceptance, fatigue, insomnia, stress, anxiety, and depression [13][14][15][16]. ...
Background
Many kidney transplant recipients continue to be affected by multiple symptoms even after their transplant. Mindfulness may be helpful to alleviate some of the symptoms.
Objectives
Our current study aimed to determine the efficacy of a single session of 20-minute mindful breathing in alleviating multiple symptoms in kidney transplant patients.
Methods
Adult kidney transplant patients with at least one symptom scoring ≥ 4/10 based on the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) were recruited from November 2020 to May 2021. Participants were randomly assigned to either 20-minute mindful breathing or control.
Results
Sixty participants were recruited and randomly assigned to intervention (N = 30) or control (N = 30). There was statistically significant greater reduction of the total ESAS score in the intervention group compared with the control group (mean difference = -4.833, confidence interval = -7.837, -1.830, t = -3.251, p = 0002).
Conclusion
Our results provided evidence that 20-minute mindful breathing could reduce multiple symptoms rapidly in kidney transplant recipients.
... Several previous studies have shown that meditation can increase mental wellbeing (Carmody & Baer, 2008;Keng et al., 2011;Shapiro et al., 2008), which is in line with the current study. Furthermore, earlier research has also found that meditation training can increase compassion toward others (Condon et al., 2013;Weng et al., 2013), so the findings in the current study may be seen as somewhat surprising. ...
Non-technical summary
This study addresses the challenge of climate change by exploring how psychological qualities and meditation practices may influence pro-environmental behavior among decision-makers, by surveying 185 participants. The research found that meditation practices and compassion toward others are linked to more pro-environmental actions. Nature connectedness emerged as a key factor related to enhanced mindfulness, compassion toward others and self, and environmental efforts. Additionally, pro-environmental efforts at work were related to more engagement across the organization, including management. These findings highlight the potential of integrating personal growth practices into sustainability promoting strategies, suggesting that fostering compassion and mindfulness may support pro-environmental action.
Technical summary
Current policy approaches addressing climate change have been insufficient. Integrative approaches linking inner and outer factors of behavior change, both at the private and organizational level, have been called for. The aim of the present study was thus to conceptualize and test a model of interlinkages between trainable transformative psychological qualities, meditation practice, wellbeing, stress, and pro-environmental behaviors in the private and organizational context, among decision-makers ( N = 185) who responded to a survey of self-completion measures covering the topics above. Results show that meditation practices and longer practice duration were associated with more pro-environmental behavior, mindfulness facets, and wellbeing. Mindfulness facets and self-compassion were associated with higher wellbeing and lower stress, but not pro-environmental behavior. Importantly, higher compassion toward others was associated with more pro-environmental behavior but was not associated with own wellbeing and stress. Greater nature connectedness was associated with more pro-environmental behavior in private- and work life, mindfulness facets, compassion toward others, self-compassion, and longer meditation duration. Furthermore, at work, personal pro-environmental efforts were associated with such efforts by others in the organization, including management, and such efforts were also associated with overall integration of sustainability work in the organization. The results can help guide future interventions.
Social media summary
Nature connectedness, compassion toward others, and meditation related to private and work life pro-environmental behaviors.
... Research indicates that mindfulness is associated with multiple positive outcomes, including improved mental health and reduced stress (Anderson et al., 2023;Baltzell, 2016;Bühlmayer et al., 2017;Keng et al., 2011;Shannon et al., 2020). In recent years, sports organizations and researchers have increasingly focused on athletes' mental health (Küttel and Larsen, 2020;Lundqvist et al., 2024;Reardon et al., 2019;Zhang et al., 2021). ...
Introduction
There has been a growing interest in mindfulness research during the past three decades. However, studies investigating the mediating mechanisms of mindfulness on student-athletes and their quality of life (QoL) are sparse. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine if the effects of a brief body scan intervention on QoL among student-athletes would mediate a change in five facets of mindfulness (acting with awareness, describing, non-judgment, non-reactivity, and observing).
Methods
Swedish student-athletes (n = 99; 40% female participants) were recruited from six provincial high schools specialized in sports (basketball, k = 5; cross-country skiing, k = 1). The student-athletes were randomized into two arms: a 4-week body scan (intervention group) and a 4-week relaxation (active control group). Participants completed self-reported measures of QoL and mindfulness three times: at baseline; at follow-up, 4 weeks after baseline; and 8 weeks after baseline. A simple mediation analysis was conducted.
Results
Results showed no significant differences between the body scan and relaxation on QoL change (c-path). There were no significant associations between the independent variable (body scan and relaxation) and the mediator Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) (a-path). Results did not demonstrate any significant indirect associations between FFMQ and QoL (b-path) for the five facets of FFMQ. In conclusion, body scans did not have any effect on student-athletes’ QoL.
Discussion
This study provides a first step toward investigating facets of mindfulness and QoL among student-athletes. No direct associations were revealed in this pilot study. Future research should refine mindfulness interventions and explore diverse mindfulness practices to better understand which facets of mindfulness may be helpful for student-athletes’ QoL.
... Mindfulness-based interventions, including mindfulness meditation, have also gained popularity in diabetes care (Morrish et al., 2001). They enhance emotional regulation, reduce stress, and improve overall well-being, contributing to better adherence to treatment regimens (Sl et al., 2011). These approaches not only target mental health symptoms but also have the potential to positively influence diabetes self-management behaviors. ...
Mental health nursing plays a crucial role in the holistic care of individuals with diabetes mellitus, addressing the intricate interplay between metabolic health and psychological well-being. This narrative review explores the scope of mental health nursing in diabetes care, emphasizing the burden of comorbid mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and diabetes distress, which significantly impact disease management and patient outcomes. Mental health nurses are integral in providing psychosocial support, behavioral interventions, and collaborative care strategies to optimize glycemic control and enhance quality of life. The review examines evidence-based approaches, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), motivational interviewing, and psychoeducation, which have demonstrated efficacy in improving adherence to treatment and self-management behaviors. Additionally, it highlights the collaborative role of mental health nurses alongside diabetes educators, endocrinologists, and primary care providers to foster an integrated, patient-centered approach. Despite their essential contributions, challenges persist, including gaps in training, inadequate interdisciplinary coordination, and barriers to accessing mental health services within diabetes care settings. Future directions emphasize the need for enhanced education and training programs, policy reforms to integrate mental health services into routine diabetes care, and the adoption of digital health technologies such as telepsychiatry and mobile health applications to expand mental health support for individuals with diabetes. This review underscores the necessity of recognizing mental health nursing as a fundamental component of comprehensive diabetes management, advocating for systemic changes to bridge the existing care gaps. By strengthening the role of mental health nursing, healthcare systems can improve psychological well-being, promote self-care behaviors, and ultimately enhance overall health outcomes for individuals with diabetes mellitus.
... Acceptance is defined as a mental attitude of non-judgment, openness and receptivity, and equanimity toward internal and external experiences [41]. While positive effects of mindfulness have been widely recognized (enhancing mental health, well-being as well as decreasing pressure) [42][43][44], the restriction and side effects of mindfulness are poorly understood [41]. ...
Background
Academic anxiety is recognized as a risk factor of smartphone addiction among college students. However, the underlying mechanisms and moderating factors remain insufficiently explored.
Method
This study examines the impact of academic anxiety on smartphone addiction, focusing on the mediating role of self-regulatory fatigue and the moderating role of mindfulness. Using convenience sampling strategy, a cross-sectional survey was implemented. Data were collected from a survey of 685 college students by using the Academic Anxiety Scale, Smartphone Addiction Scale, Self-Regulatory Fatigue Scale, and Mindfulness Scale. The hypothesized moderated mediation model was analyzed using Hayes’ (2017) PROCESS macro (Model 59).
Results
Moderated mediation analysis finds that academic anxiety significantly positively predicts smartphone addiction (β = 0.30, t = 7.24, 95%CI=[0.22, 0.38], p<0.001) in college students. Academic anxiety also indirectly predicts smartphone addiction through self-regulatory fatigue (β = 0.09, t = 2.43, 95%CI=[0.02, 0.16], p<0.05), with the mediation effect accounting for 11.76%. The mediation pathways are moderated by mindfulness. Compared with students with low mindfulness, the influence of academic anxiety on self-regulatory fatigue is stronger in students with high mindfulness(β = 0.10, t = 3.85, 95%CI=[0.05, 0.16], p<0.001). However, compared with students with low mindfulness, the influence of self-regulatory fatigue on smartphone addiction is weaker in students with high mindfulness(β=-0.08, t= -2.53, 95%CI=[-0.15, -0.02], p<0.05). That is, among individuals with a high level of mindfulness, mindfulness enhances the positive relationship between academic anxiety and self-regulatory fatigue while weakening the positive association between self-regulatory fatigue and smartphone addiction.
Conclusion
These findings elucidate the internal mechanisms linking academic anxiety to smartphone addiction and underscoring the dual role of mindfulness. The results offer valuable insights for developing strategies to prevent and manage smartphone addiction among college students.
... MBIs emphasize bringing attention to the present moment and recognizing and accepting thoughts, feelings and bodily sensations without judgment [57]. Mindfulness practices have the potential to enhance the capacity for patience and tolerance, which can counteract the immediate gratification associated with addictive behaviors [58]. Several studies have shown that the practice of mindfulness has a negative association with IA [59,60], as well as being a protective factor against emotional problems, including anxiety and depression [61][62][63]. ...
Adolescents with Internet addiction (IA) frequently encounter elevated levels of anxiety and depression, which subsequently results in the perpetuation of their addiction behaviors. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for children (MBCT-C) is an adapted version of traditional MBCT that targets emotional problems in children. The present study aimed to provide a framework for the implementation of a clinical trial for its effectiveness in reducing anxiety, depression, and IA in adolescents with IA. This study protocol proposes a randomized controlled trial with two parallel arms (MBCT-C versus active control). Eighty Iranian adolescents (Persian ethnicity; males and females; 12 to 15 years) diagnosed with IA will be randomly assigned to the intervention group (12 sessions of MBCT-C group therapy) or the control group (12 life skills training sessions). Pre-intervention, post-intervention, and three-month follow-up assessments will be conducted using Mindful Attention Awareness Scale-Adolescents (MAAS-A), Mindfulness Program Satisfaction Questioner (MPSQ), Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Children (STAI-C), MBCT-C Adherence Scale (MBCT-C-AS), and Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Data will be analyzed using mixed regression model using STATA-18 to assess the effectiveness of MBCT-C. The current study has the potential to make a significant contribution to evaluate the effectiveness of MBCT-C to address IA, anxiety, and depression in adolescents with IA.
... This state of presence and acceptance reduces stress and anxiety and promotes greater well-being (Kabat-Zinn, 2003). In fact, being mindful allows to face life's challenges with greater serenity and clarity, thus improving mental and emotional health, promoting subjective well-being and reducing symptoms of anxiety, emotional and behavioural difficulties (Keng et al., 2011). Brown and Ryan (2003a) and Brown and Ryan (2003b) show that this is probably because a good, open and attentive awareness of the present moment allows the person both to reduce rumination and negative thoughts, and to develop greater emotional skills that allow them to cope better with different life situations. ...
Introduction
Several studies have shown that awareness of present experiences/events can play a key role in promoting relational and emotional well-being as well as motivation to attend school. However, no study to date has analyzed whether a student’s awareness of current experiences (mindfulness) may contribute to peer and emotional problems and thus promote or reduce school refusal (Anxious Anticipation, Difficult Transition, Interpersonal Discomfort and School Avoidance).
Methods
A cross-sectional study (362 Italian high school students) was conducted to evaluate the mediating role of peer problems and emotional problems in the association between students’ awareness of their current experiences (mindfulness) and school refusal. In order to evaluate the association between variables, was to carry out a structural equation model (SEM) with latent variables [ χ ²(188) = 372.163, p = 0.000, CFI = 0.94, SRMR = 0.04, RMSEA (90%CI) = 0.052 (0.044, 0.060)].
Results
Mediation analysis indicated that peer problems and emotional problems full mediate the association between mindfulness and Anxious Anticipation (peer problems: β_= −0.19, p = ≤0.001; emotional problems: β_= −10,p = ≤0.05) and Interpersonal Discomfort (peer problems: β_= −0.35, p = ≤0.001; emotional problems: β_= −0.14, p = ≤0.01). Moreover, peer problems fully mediate the association between mindfulness and School Avoidance (β_= −0.14, p = ≤0.01).
Discussion
The study extends knowledge of the factors involved in school refusal, with application implications from a preventive point of view, relating to the components of emotional, relational and current experience awareness that may be related to motivation to attend school.
... Similarly, research highlighted that individuals with generalized anxiety disorder experienced a marked decrease in anxiety levels after participating in a structured yoga intervention 28 . Furthermore, yoga has been shown to lower stress hormones such as cortisol, thereby 30 . This enhanced capacity for mindfulness not only diminishes symptoms of anxiety and depression but also promotes emotional resilience, enabling individuals to cope more effectively with life's adversities. ...
The intricate interplay between psychological well-being and physiological health has garnered significant attention in recent decades, particularly within the context of complementary and alternative medicine approaches, such as yoga. This paper delves into the mind-body connection, focusing specifically on the psychological effects of yoga practice on adrenal gland function. The adrenal glands, essential components of the endocrine system, play a crucial role in the body's stress response by regulating hormones such as cortisol, adrenaline, and norepinephrine. Chronic stress can lead to dysregulation of adrenal function, contributing to various health issues, including anxiety, depression, and metabolic disorders. Yoga, an ancient practice rooted in both physical postures and mental disciplines, offers a holistic method for mitigating stress and enhancing mental resilience. Recent research indicates that yoga may exert beneficial effects on psychosomatic health by promoting relaxation, increasing self-awareness, and fostering emotional regulation. This investigation reviews the current literature on the psychological benefits of yoga, emphasizing its role in reducing stress and anxiety, and elucidates how these psychological improvements may translate into enhanced adrenal gland function. A systematic review of peer-reviewed studies was conducted to identify patterns and themes relating to the impact of yoga on psychological stressors and adrenal hormone secretion. Findings suggest that regular yoga practice is associated with significant reductions in perceived stress, anxiety levels, and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, emerging evidence points towards the potential of yoga to modulate hormonal output from the adrenal glands, facilitating a more balanced physiological response to stress. The mechanisms underlying this interaction are likely multi-faceted, encompassing changes in neuroendocrine pathways, autonomic nervous system regulation, and alterations in cytokine profiles. This abstract synthesizes a wealth of evidence demonstrating the potential for yoga to cultivate psychological resilience, thereby promoting harmonious adrenal gland function. The implications of these findings underscore the necessity for further research exploring the dynamic interrelations between mental health interventions like yoga and endocrine system regulation. By enhancing our understanding of the mind-body connection, we can better articulate the therapeutic value of yoga and its potential applications in integrative health strategies aimed at managing stress-related disorders. Ultimately, this exploration enhances the discourse on holistic health paradigms, advocating for a more robust integration of psychological and physiological care within clinical settings.
... Mindfulness leads to positive affect and good psychological well-being [16]. Further mechanisms through which higher mindfulness leads to more psychological wellbeing may be mindful awareness, reperceiving, exposure, acceptance, attentional control, memory, values clarification, and behavioral self-regulation [19]. This is in line with findings on mindfulness training showing that intense mediation training can help manage the brain's limited resources [20,21]. ...
Background
Several risk factors for suicidality, including dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies (ERS), have been identified. With regard to the high number of suicides worldwide, suicide prevention and identifying potentially protective factors is of high relevance. Mindfulness has been discussed to positively influence both suicidality and ERS (e.g., expressive suppression, thought suppression, and cognitive reappraisal). The aim of this study was to examine associations between mindfulness, ERS, and suicidal ideation as well as the mediating role of ERS on the association between mindfulness and suicidal ideation.
Methods
In a cross-sectional online study, 376 participants (M = 27.35, SD = 9.98, range = 18–77; n = 282 (75%) female) filled out questionnaires on mindfulness (Freiburger Questionnaire on Mindfulness; FFA), suicidal ideation (Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation; BSS), expressive suppression (Emotion Regulation Questionnaire; ERQ), thought suppression (White Bear Suppression Inventory; WBSI), and cognitive reappraisal (ERQ). Correlations and mediation models were calculated using SPSS.
Results
Mindfulness was negatively correlated with the use of expressive suppression and thought suppression as well as positively correlated with cognitive reappraisal. Suicidal ideation was negatively correlated with mindfulness and cognitive reappraisal and positively with expressive suppression and thought suppression. The mediation models showed that all three ERS mediated the relationship between mindfulness and suicidal ideation.
Conclusions
The results meaningfully complement other findings in the field and show how promising it can be to integrate mindfulness-based interventions in suicide prevention. Additionally, ERS can be a starting point for therapeutic interventions.
Trial registration
The study was preregistered on 05/06/2022 at aspredicted.org (#96242) prior to any data collection (see https://aspredicted.org/a4yq7.pdf).
... Mindfulness is a mental practice that involves focusing attention on the present moment while cultivating an attitude of acceptance and non-judgment. Studies show that mindfulness can improve emotional regulation by increasing awareness of internal emotional states, allowing individuals to respond to stress in a more adaptive way rather than reacting impulsively or ruminating on negative thoughts (Keng et al., 2011). Mindfulness practices enhance the ability to observe and label emotions, which is a key step in regulating emotional responses. ...
Mindfulness practices have gained widespread attention for their positive effects on mental health, emotional regulation, and stress management. Self-comforting behaviors, such as self-soothing and self-regulation techniques, are often employed to alleviate emotional distress and promote psychological well-being. While both mindfulness and self-comforting behaviors involve strategies aimed at reducing stress and enhancing emotional resilience, the relationship between the two is less understood. This paper explores the connection between mindfulness practices and self-comforting behaviors, examining how mindfulness can facilitate self-soothing and emotional regulation. Drawing from empirical studies and theoretical frameworks, the paper investigates the neurobiological mechanisms underlying both mindfulness and self-comforting behaviors, their shared benefits for mental health, and how they work together to enhance emotional resilience. Additionally, it explores the practical applications of combining mindfulness with self-comforting strategies in therapeutic settings, offering insights into how individuals can utilize these practices to manage stress and promote psychological well-being.
... In this context, non-judgment refers to being open and accepting of various thoughts, emotions, and sensations. A growing body of research overwhelmingly indicates the effectiveness of mindfulness practices in increasing the amount and degree of positive emotions that individuals feel on a dayto-day basis (e.g., Davidson et al., 2003;Ryan & Deci, 2001) and contributing to resilience and our physical and mental well-being (e.g., Keng et al., 2011). ...
... • Therapeutic Applications: Insights from CRT could inform treatments for sleep disorders, PTSD, or spiritual crises by aligning therapeutic practices (e.g., dream therapy, meditation) with celestial events. For example, meditating during a Neptune trine might enhance spiritual healing, a hypothesis supported by evidence that mindfulness practices improve mental health (Keng et al., 2011). ...
This theoretical paper introduces Celestial Resonance Theory, an interdisciplinary hypothesis that explores the possibility that consciousness is influenced by quantum harmonics generated by celestial bodies. Bridging concepts from quantum physics, neuroscience, ancient cosmology, lucid dreaming, and religious symbolism, the theory proposes that consciousness may function as a quantum field — collapsing into classical reality during wakefulness and expanding into a wave-like, non-local state during sleep and dreams.
In this uncollapsed dream state, consciousness may become sensitive to standing wave patterns in the quantum field shaped by planetary alignments and celestial geometry. The paper explores how these resonant fields could subtly modulate emotional depth, dream clarity, and symbolic content, offering a framework for understanding prophetic dreams, sleep paralysis, and religious visions as potential quantum experiences.
Lucid dreaming is proposed as a method for testing the theory, along with neuroimaging techniques and AI-assisted dream pattern analysis. Sacred texts, the geometric alignment of ancient monuments, and spiritual traditions are referenced as early symbolic representations of this cosmic connection. This work invites feedback and collaboration across disciplines to further explore the nature of consciousness as a cosmically tuned phenomenon.
... It helps individuals relate to their psychological and physical conditions in more accepting and non-judgmental ways. 25 It has been found that mindfulness-based interventions are effective in reducing anxiety, depression, and fatigue in people with lung cancer, and mindfulness practice helps them notice the automatic activation of dysfunctional thought processes such as rumination related to depression and anxiety about the future and also provides concentration skills that enable them to develop awareness. It has been concluded that ...
Objective: This study was conducted to systematically examine the effects of mindfulness-based approaches on patients with epilepsy. Methods: PRISMA criteria were taken as the basis for creating the systematic review protocol and writing the article. In this systematic review, the literature search was performed by searching randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies from Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web Of Science databases between 2019 and 2024. The systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were determined using the PICOS method, and 5 studies were included. These studies included in the review were evaluated according to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal lists according to their types. Results: Five studies, including 3 randomized controlled studies and 2 quasi-experimental studies, were included in our systematic review study. In the studies included in the research, a mindfulness-based approach was applied to epilepsy patients. In all studies included in the scope of the research, it was concluded that a mindfulness-based approach reduced anxiety symptoms in epilepsy patients, improved cognitive balance of emotions and ability to react, increased sexual function, and reduced gender-related distress. The mindfulness-based approach improved the quality of life and reduced symptoms of depression in both group and individual adults with epilepsy. Conclusion: In line with these results, a mindfulness-based approach is beneficial to alleviate symptoms and develop coping mechanisms in epilepsy patients. In this direction, it is thought that more studies with high levels of evidence evaluating the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based approach are needed. In addition, awareness-based approach training protocols can be developed for mental health professionals, and in-service training can be provided and applied on different patient groups to contribute to the field.
L’espansione di Coscienza è una tecnica bioenergetica del Metodo Cosmo (Fabbroni R., Columbano T., 2024) che è in grado di agire a livello psicologico, a livello mentale (Fabbroni R. 2023); (Fabbroni R., Sanna A., Columbano T., et Alt., 2024a; 2024b), a livello fisiologico (Fabbroni R., Molinari C., Sanna A., Columbano T., et Alt.) e ovviamente a livello energetico (Fabbroni R. Argiolas V., 2021); (Fabbroni R. Calcei E., 2021), per migliorare qualitativamente lo stato di benessere della persona in autotrattamento (Fabbroni R., Sanna A., 2022). Può essere vista come una meditazione energetica la cui peculiarità principale è l’utilizzo dell’Energia Scalare (Fabbroni R., 2024) tipica del Metodo. Scopo dello studio è la valutazione degli effetti Psicologici della Tecnica Energetico-Meditativa chiamata Espansione di Coscienza del Metodo Cosmo. Lo studio qualitativo è basato su 100 partecipanti ai corsi del Metodo Cosmo di cui oltre il 50% Operatori in ambito Medico sanitario. Attraverso un questionario con 10 item si è sondato i cambiamenti a livello Psicologico dei praticanti con particolare attenzione ad ansia e sbalzi d’umore. I risultati ottenuti hanno pienamente confermato le ipotesi della ricerca.
The broader and non-sexual form of self-objectification—perceiving oneself as a tool for others’ goals (self-instrumentality) and denying one’s humanness (self-denial of humanness)—can occur in various contexts and among everyone. Despite its negative consequences, few studies have systematically examined ways to reduce this form of non-sexual self-objectification. The current research aimed to investigate whether mindfulness, either as a chronic trait or a temporarily induced state, could mitigate both dimensions of self-objectification. Across four studies (Ntotal = 5,132), including three large-sample surveys (Studies 1, 3A, and 3B), and one laboratory experiment (Study 2), we consistently found that mindfulness predicts and results in reduced self-objectification, including decreased self-instrumentality and lower self-denial of humanness. Additionally, as a secondary aim, we found that reduced self-denial of humanness, but not reduced self-instrumentality, as predicted by mindfulness, is further associated with an increased sense of meaning in life (Studies 3A and 3B). Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Objective
The rising prevalence of substance use amongst young people (ages 18–25) is a critical global health issue, especially in non‐Western contexts where cultural factors impact mental health. This study explores the role of uncertainty mentalizing—understanding ambiguous social situations—in individuals with borderline personality traits and its link to substance use, a relationship that remains underexplored amongst young Iranian people. It further examines the mediating role of borderline personality traits in the relationship between uncertainty mentalizing, emotion dysregulation and substance use severity.
Method
The study included 185 people who use substances aged 18–25 years who completed questionnaires related to the research variables.
Results
Analysis Revealed Significant Positive Associations Amongst all Variables ( p < 0.001). Borderline Personality Traits ( β = 0.19, p < 0.05) and Uncertainty Mentalizing ( β = 0.45, p < 0.001) Directly Influenced Substance Use Severity. Uncertainty Mentalizing Also Indirectly Affected Substance Use Severity Through Borderline Personality Traits (Indirect Effect = 0.093, p < 0.05) and Notably Impacted Borderline Personality Traits ( β = 0.49, p < 0.001). However, Emotion Dysregulation Did Not Show Significant Direct or Indirect Effects.
Discussion
These results highlight the critical role of uncertainty mentalizing in substance use severity, both directly and through its influence on borderline personality traits, suggesting that interventions aimed at enhancing uncertainty mentalizing may effectively address co‐occurring issues related to substance use and borderline personality traits.
This chapter examines the journeys of successful women entrepreneurs in the Gulf Cooperation Council, focusing on their achievements and lessons learned, it illustrates how women are reshaping the entrepreneurial landscape while balancing personal and professional responsibilities. It emphasizes resilience, community support, and strategic planning for work-life balance, along with the critical need for self-care to prevent burnout. Key insights include the importance of flexible work arrangements, remote work benefits, and effective delegation. The chapter highlights supportive environments and networks that foster well-being. Through case studies, it showcases strategies for maintaining mental and physical health and emphasizes self-advocacy and goal setting. it addresses the evolving economic landscape, detailing government initiatives that empower women and tackle societal challenges. It concludes by advocating for increased awareness and institutional support to create a more inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem, enabling women to thrive and contribute to economic growth.
Background
This article defines an artificial intelligence framework to detect individual’s mental health (MH) status on social networks. The proposed framework, which consists of four main modules, aims to analyze the emotions that are expressed by social network users in their text posts and identify their mental coping strategies, resources, and demands based on The Demands-Resources-Individual Effects (DRIVE) model. Although sentiment analysis (SA) is effective in analyzing the polarity of the text, it is limited in detecting the mental health status in terms of the coping strategies, available resources, or encountered stressors. This study illustrates such limitations in detecting the coping strategies and shows the effectiveness of the coping-based analysis. The work also reveals the phrases and topics that were used by individuals to express their coping strategies which provides a novel outlook of the individuals’ psychological coping within their environment.
Methods
The social network X is used to collect the coping strategies expressed by people who experienced stress during COVID-19 from November 2019 to May 2022. Text was processed using natural language processing (NLP). A sample of posts was coded into a positive or negative coping category and one of eight subtypes. SA and statistical analysis were performed to compare SA results with coded coping strategies. Latent Dirichlet Allocation and bigram NLP were applied to identify main themes and terminologies. Coping classification models were created and tested.
Results
The findings reveal that 70% of posts show positive coping strategies. The main positive coping themes included self-care, seeking help, positive reframing, engaging in prayers and meditation, employing humor through sarcasm, and implementing a practical mindset. Conversely, the remaining 30% of posts expressed negative coping themes, such as conspiracy thoughts, wishful or hopeless thinking, and negative perceptions. The coping classification models achieved a reliable predictive level with an average accuracy of 74.8%. Categorizing coping strategies using SA methods, particularly TextBlob and VADER, revealed high miscategorization rates, especially for negative coping strategies. Bigrams and LDA analysis identified distinct word patterns in positive and negative coping strategies, with emojis playing a significant role in emotional expression across both categories.
Conclusion
The article defined a framework for a MH detector based on the DRIVE model. It highlighted the resilience and adaptive responses of individuals in times of crisis. It also focused on coping and identified physical, emotional, and social support and positive reframing as major positive strategies; and the spread of false information and loss of social support as negative coping strategies. The applied coping classification models showed reliable performance in distinguishing between positive and negative coping categories.
The lifestyle medicine center’s (LMC’s) mission is to engage people from the community to experience comprehensive, scientifically proven health benefits. Patients are encouraged to become ambassadors for a healthy lifestyle and promote it within their communities fomenting a cultural swing toward healthy behavior, environments, and outcomes. As part of this watershed effect, LMCs generate informational materials and arrange workshops to engage individuals, communities, and corporations as part of organized educational campaigns. Younger populations are targeted with novel approaches such as “A different type of school week” allowing children in Romania to participate in creative activities rather than traditional classes. This nurtures environmentally conscious younger generations to teach future, healthier generations. In this chapter, the role of the LMC in closing practice gaps in lifestyle medicine will be explored, primarily drawing from the experiences of a newly constructed and operational LMC in Bucharest, Romania.
Introduction
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) helps counteract the negative consequences of stress. An essential aspect of mind-body therapies is learning to be mindful of emotional reactions and bodily sensations, a process defined as interoceptive awareness. This awareness can also be enhanced by providing physiological feedback from a smartwatch. However, the impact of using smartwatch-generated physiological signals during mindfulness training has not been studied yet. The study aims at verifying, whether physiological signals from a smartwatch would support the MBSR.
Methods
We conducted a mixed-design randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of MBSR training, with and without monitoring physiological signals via a smartwatch, on mental functioning parameters, with measurements taken at baseline and after 8 weeks. Participants were classified into three groups (N = 72): the MBSR group, the MBSR + smartwatch group, and the control group. Between measurement sessions, two groups of participants were engaged in MBSR training, while the third group did not participate in any training.
Results
Results showed a significant reduction in subjectively perceived stress levels, eating disorder symptoms, and intrusive ruminations in both groups participating in MBSR, compared to the control group. However, a notable difference emerged between the two MBSR groups: in the group with smartwatches, a significant increase in mindfulness was observed. In contrast, in the MBSR group without smartwatches, there was a significant decrease across multiple stress-related components, including: anxiety, cognitive impairment, addictions, sleep disorders symptoms, behaviors indicating lack of entertainment, and poor functioning.
Conclusions
The results suggest that supplementing MBSR with monitoring interoceptive signals by a smartwatch enhances mindfulness, and maintains the effect of stress and eating disorders symptoms reduction but does not decrease anxiety nor improve general mental functioning. This imposes the need for further research to investigate mechanisms involved when observing interoceptive signals by a smartwatch.
This study aimed to determine the mindfulness practices and student's well-being. A total of 127 senior high school students were included in the study. This study was conducted in secondary schools in Curuan District, Zamboanga City Division. This study utilized the descriptive correlation research design. It was revealed that students' mindfulness practices regarding emotional regulation, engagement in learning and academic performance are described as agree and interpreted as extent. The respondents physical, emotional, mental and social well-being interpreted as extent. There is no significant difference in the respondents' well-being when data are grouped according to sex, age, ethnicity and family income.
The chapter explores the rising phenomenon of smartphone and social media addiction, emphasizing its psychological, social, and cultural impacts. As smartphones and social media become integral to daily life, excessive use has raised concerns about mental health, including anxiety, depression, and social isolation. The chapter examines key concepts such as “phubbing,” the neuroscientific basis of addiction, and diagnostic criteria, highlighting the roles of brain regions like the prefrontal cortex and reward mechanisms involving dopamine. Interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness practices, and digital detox programs are discussed, alongside the need for policy measures to promote digital well-being. Integrating these perspectives, this chapter aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of smartphone and social media addiction and its implications for individual and societal well-being. The chapter attempts to give a thorough grasp of smartphone and social media addiction and its effects on both individual and societal well-being by incorporating these viewpoints.
यो लेखले बाल्यकालमा देखिने विकारहरूको समग्र अध्ययन प्रस्तुत गर्दछ, जसमा ADHD, चिन्ता विकार, र अवसादको पहिचान, कारण, लक्षण, र उपचारका विकल्पहरू समावेश छन् । यस अनुसन्धानमा साहित्यिक समीक्षा, पीयर-रिभ्यूड जर्नल, केस अध्ययन, र लम्बाइमा गरिएको अनुसन्धान जस्ता विधिहरूको प्रयोग गरिन्छ, जसले बाल्यकालका विकारहरूको विकासात्मक दृष्टिकोणमा गहिराई र स्पष्टता ल्याउँछ । विशेष गरी, विकासात्मक दृष्टिकोण, सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक दृष्टिकोण, व्यवहारिक दृष्टिकोण, र जैविक दृष्टिकोणले विकारहरूको अध्ययनमा विविधता र सामाजिक सन्दर्भको महत्त्वलाई उजागर गर्दछ । लेखले सामाजिक कलङ्क र स्रोतको कमीका कारण बालबालिकाको मानसिक स्वास्थ्यमा हुने समस्याहरूको महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका उजागर गर्दछ । प्रारम्भिक पहिचान र प्रभावकारी उपचारले दीर्घकालीन स्वास्थ्य समस्याहरूको जोखिमलाई कम गर्न मद्दत पुर्याउँछ । यस अध्ययनले समाजमा जागरूकता फैलाउने र बालबालिकामा देखिने विकारहरूको पहिचान तथा उपचारमा ध्यान दिनको लागि महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्दछ । भविष्यका अनुसन्धानहरूले स्थानीय सन्दर्भमा विचलनहरूको प्रभाव र उपचारका लागि सांस्कृतिक दृष्टिकोणको अध्ययन गर्न आवश्यक छ । समग्रमा, यो लेख बाल्यकालका विकारहरूको पहिचान र उपचारमा ध्यान दिनका लागि सशक्त सन्देश प्रस्तुत गर्दछ ।
Over the past two decades, the fields of social and contemplative neurosciences have made significant strides. Initial research utilizing fMRI identified neuronal networks involved in empathy, mentalizing, and compassion, as well as complex interactions among these networks. Subsequent studies shifted to testing the plasticity of these social skills via different types of mindfulness‐ or compassion‐based mental training programs, demonstrating brain plasticity, enhanced social capacities and motivation, as well as improved mental health and overall well‐being. Next, researchers developed scalable evidence‐based online mental training programs to address the growing levels of mental health problems and loneliness, both exacerbated by the COVID‐19 pandemic. Innovative approaches, such as novel relational partner–based practices and online app–based dyadic training programs, offer scalable solutions to counteract ongoing societal and mental health deterioration. Current studies are now applying the above findings to support resilience building within diverse domains of society and professional populations—such as healthcare workers and teachers—at high risk of burn‐out. Future research should explore the broader impact of such training‐related individual changes on larger systems, potentially leading to the development of a translational social neuroscience approach that leverages insights from social brain plasticity research to support societal needs, thereby enhancing resilience, mental health, and social cohesion.
The purpose of this chapter is to explore the contribution of Buddhist psychology, specifically mindfulness meditation practice, to psychological interventions aimed at the prevention and treatment of addictive behaviors (Marlatt 2002). We approach this topic as clinicians and researchers trained in the “scientist practitioner” model, a tradition in which psychological research is guided by its relevance to clinical practice, and clinical practice is informed by research on the efficacy and effectiveness of psychological treatments. However, in the context of this chapter, our ongoing personal practice of meditation and study of Buddhism has an additional influence on our perspective.
Mindfulness is the cognitive propensity to be aware of what is happening in the moment without judgment or attachment to any particular outcome. This concept flies in the face of modern, Western philosophical outcomes-based thinking about events and activities. This article presents results of a formative evaluation of whether participation in a mindfulness training program affected first, second, and third grade students' outcomes on measures of attention. The training was designed and intended to help students learn to focus and pay attention. The 24-week training employed a series of exercises including breathwork, bodyscan, movement, and sensorimotor awareness activities. Results from three attentional measures administered to the students show significant differences between those who did and did not participate in mindfulness practice training. Results are discussed and recommendations are made for future work in this developing field of interest.
Recent developments in the study of cognitive emotion regulation illustrate how functional imaging is extending behavioral analyses. Imaging studies have contributed to the development of a multilevel model of emotion regulation that describes the interactions between neural systems implicated in emotion generation and those implicated in emotional control. In this article, we review imaging studies of one type of cognitive emotion regulation: reappraisal. We show how imaging studies have contributed to the construction of this model, illustrate the interplay of psychological theory and neuroscience data in its development, and describe how this model can be used as the basis for future basic and translational research.
The literature is replete with evidence that the stress inherent in health care negatively impacts health care professionals, leading to increased depression, decreased job satisfaction, and psychological distress. In an attempt to address this, the current study examined the effects of a short-term stress management program, mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), on health care professionals. Results from this prospective randomized controlled pilot study suggest that an 8-week MBSR intervention may be effective for reducing stress and increasing quality of life and self-compassion in health care professionals. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
The current paper provides an updated review of repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic process. It is shown that elevated levels of repetitive negative thinking are present across a large range of Axis I disorders and appear to be causally involved in the maintenance of emotional problems. As direct comparisons of repetitive negative thinking between different disorders (e.g., GAD–type worry and depressive rumination) have generally revealed more similarities than differences, it is argued that repetitive negative thinking is characterized by the same process across disorders, which is applied to a disorder–specific content. On the other hand, there is some evidence that—within given disorders—repetitive negative thinking can be reliably distinguished from other forms of recurrent cognitions, such as obsessions, intrusive memories or functional forms of repeated thinking. An agenda for future research on repetitive negative thinking from a transdiagnostic perspective is presented.
Parent—child transactions provide an important social context for the development of adaptive and problem behaviors in young children with autism.Teaching parents to develop alternative transactional pathways often leads to positive behavioral patterns in their children.We taught three parents the philosophy and practice of mindfulness in a 12-week course and assessed the outcome of the training on their children's behavior. In addition, the mothers rated satisfaction with their parenting skills and interactions with their children. Results showed that the mothers' mindful parenting decreased their children's aggression, noncompliance, and self-injury and increased the mothers' satisfaction with their parenting skills and interactions with their children.We speculated on the possible reasons for the efficacy of mindful parenting in decreasing the children's problem behaviors without the application of specific, programmed contingencies for the children's behavior.
This article discusses the results of three elementary school teachers’ feedback from a mindfulness-training program. Mindfulness is the ability to pay attention to what’s happening now without judgment. The training consisted of breathwork, bodyscan, movement, and sensorimotor activities. Results of interviews with the teachers revealed that teachers used the mindfulness skills to (a) aid in curriculum development and implementation, (b) deal with conflict and anxiety, (c) improve the quality of their personal lives, and (d) facilitate positive changes in the classroom.
Cognitive-behavioral approaches to alcohol and drug use disorders have received considerable empirical support over the past 20 years. One cognitive-behavioral treatment, relapse prevention, was initially designed as an adjunct to existing treatments. It has also been extensively used as a stand-alone treatment and serves as the basis for several other cognitive and behavioral treatments. After a brief review of relapse prevention, as well as the hypothesized mechanisms of change in cognitive and behavioral treatments, we will describe a "new" approach to alcohol and drug problems called mindfulness-based relapse prevention. Preliminary data in support of mindfulness-meditation as a treatment for addictive behavior are provided and directions for future research are discussed.
Harrington and Pickles (this issue) raise interesting and important questions about the nature of mindfulness and its relationships to scientific clinical psychology and cognitive behavioral theory and treatment. In this commentary, we address two primary questions. First, is mindfulness
a meaningful concept within scientific clinical psychology or is it religious or mystical? Second, is mindfulness compatible with cognitive behavioral therapy? We argue that mindfulness can be conceptualized as a nonreligious construct suitable for scientific study and that it can be integrated
with cognitive behavioral therapy in interesting and fruitful ways.
The current research investigated whether adult attachment style moderated the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) participation on levels of perceived stress. Study completing participants (secure group n = 65; insecure group n = 66) completed pre- and
postintervention self-report assessments of perceived stress. The insecure group reported significantly higher stress levels prior to MBSR participation, but both groups showed significant pre–post intervention declines in perceived stress. Compared to the secure group, the insecure
group also reported marginally lower perceived stress following MBSR participation. Study findings support the efficacy of MBSR for stress reduction across attachment style. Findings also suggest that MBSR participation may provide slightly greater stress reduction benefits for insecurely
attached individuals.
Mindfulness-based interventions have been shown to alleviate symptoms of a wide range of physical and mental health conditions. Regular between-session practice of mindfulness meditation is among the key factors proposed to produce the therapeutic benefits of mindfulness-based programs.
This article reviews the mindfulness intervention literature with a focus on the status of home practice research and the relationship of practice to mindfulness program outcomes. Of 98 studies reviewed, nearly one-quarter (N = 24) evaluated the associations between home practice and
measures of clinical functioning, with just over half (N = 13) demonstrating at least partial support for the benefits of practice. These findings indicate a substantial disparity between what is espoused clinically and what is known empirically about the benefits of mindfulness practice.
Improved methodologies for tracking and evaluating the effects of home practice are recommended.
Although mindfulness meditation traditionally is viewed as a lifelong practice, much current knowledge about its effects is based on short-term practitioners who have participated in mindfulness-based treatment. In the current study, long-term meditators and demographically similar
nonmeditators completed self-report measures of constructs expected to be related to the practice of mindfulness meditation. Extent of meditation experience was correlated in the expected directions with levels of mindfulness and with many other variables. Mean differences between meditators
and nonmeditators were significant in most cases. Mediation analyses were consistent with the hypothesis that practicing meditation is associated with increased mindfulness in daily life, which is related to decreased rumination, decreased fear of emotion, and increased behavioral self-regulation.
These mechanisms appear partially responsible for the relationships between mindfulness skills and psychological adjustment. Overall, the current study suggests that the long-term practice of mindfulness meditation may cultivate mindfulness skills and promote adaptive functioning.
Preparation for the role of therapist can occur on both professional and personal levels. Research has found that therapists are at risk for occupationally related psychological problems. It follows that self-care may be a useful complement to the professional training of future therapists. The present study examined the effects of one approach to self-care, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), for therapists in training. Using a prospective, cohort-controlled design, the study found participants in the MBSR program reported significant declines in stress, negative affect, rumination, state and trait anxiety, and significant increases in positive affect and self-compassion. Further, MBSR participation was associated with increases in mindfulness, and this enhancement was related to several of the beneficial effects of MBSR participation. Discussion highlights the potential for future research addressing the mental health needs of therapists and therapist trainees. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Objective: This paper, composed by an interest group of clinicians and researchers based in Melbourne, presents some background to the practice of mindfulness-based therapies as relevant to the general professional reader. We address the empirical evidence for these therapies, the principles through which they might operate, some practical questions facing those wishing to commence practice in this area or to refer patients into mindfulness-based therapies, and some considerations relevant to the conduct and interpretation of research into the therapeutic application of mindfulness. Method: Databases ( e. g. PsycINFO, MEDLINE) were searched for literature on the impact of mindfulness interventions, and the psychological and biological mechanisms that underpin the effects of mindfulness practice. This paper also draws upon the clinical experience of the author group. Results: Mindfulness practice and principles have their origins in many contemplative and philosophical traditions but individuals can effectively adopt the training and practice of mindfulness in the absence of such traditions or vocabulary. A recent surge of interest regarding mindfulness in therapeutic techniques can be attributed to the publication of some well-designed empirical evaluations of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Arising from this as well as a broader history of clinical integration of mindfulness and Western psychotherapies, a growing number of clinicians have interest and enthusiasm to learn the techniques of mindfulness and to integrate them into their therapeutic work. This review highlights the importance of accurate professional awareness and understanding of mindfulness and its therapeutic applications. Conclusions: The theoretical and empirical literatures on therapeutic applications of mindfulness are in states of significant growth and development. This group suggests, based on this review, that the combination of some well-developed conceptual models for the therapeutic action of mindfulness and a developing empirical base, justifies a degree of optimism that mindfulness-based approaches will become helpful strategies to offer in the care of patients with a wide range of mental and physical health problems.
Mindfulness training was evaluated as a new treatment for attention and impulsivity problems in adolescents with a variety of different externalizing disorders: attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, oppositional-defiant and/or conduct disorder, and autism spectrum disorder if characterized by externalizing problem behaviour. It was argued that the large overlap between these three disorders may be partially explained by common underlying attention and behaviour control deficits. Fourteen clinically referred adolescents suffering from externalizing disorders followed mindfulness training in a group format. Parallel, their parents received mindful parenting training. Adolescents and their parents were measured before and after waitlist, after 8-week training, and at 8-week follow-up. No improvement occurred during waitlist on most variables. After mindfulness training, children self-reported substantial improvement on personal goals, internalizing and externalizing complaints, attention problems, happiness, and mindful awareness, and performed better on a sustained attention test. Likewise, parents reported improvement on children's goals, externalizing and attention problems, self-control, attunement to others and withdrawal. In addition, parents improved on their own goals. Improvement was maintained 8 weeks after the training. Consistent with mindfulness theory, increased child awareness after training predicted longer-term improvement in parent-rated child symptoms. Concomitant parent and child mindfulness training appears to be a promising approach for clinic-referred adolescents with attention and impulsivity problems.
Given recent attention to emotion regulation as a potentially unifying function of diverse symptom presentations, there is a need for comprehensive measures that adequately assess difficulties in emotion regulation among adults. This paper (a) proposes an integrative conceptualization of emotion regulation as involving not just the modulation of emotional arousal, but also the awareness, understanding, and acceptance of emotions, and the ability to act in desired ways regardless of emotional state; and (b) begins to explore the factor structure and psychometric properties of a new measure, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Two samples of undergraduate students completed questionnaire packets. Preliminary findings suggest that the DERS has high internal consistency, good test–retest reliability, and adequate construct and predictive validity.
College students (N = 24) experiencing math anxiety were treated individually for 6 weeks with either acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) or systematic desensitization. Statistical analyses indicated significant, but equivalent, reductions in self-report measures of math and test anxiety that were maintained at 2-month follow-up. Both statistically and clinically significant decrements in trait anxiety were limited to participants treated with systematic desensitization. No improvement in mathematical skills was noted for either treatment. As expected, pretreatment levels of experiential avoidance were more strongly related to therapeutic change among participants receiving ACT, suggesting that the two interventions, although generally comparable in reducing math anxiety, may do so through different processes. Implications of the findings for further research on ACT more generally and treatment of math anxiety, in particular, are discussed.
Human beings use language to shape their world: to structure it and give it meaning. Language builds our skyscrapers, imparts the strength to our steel, creates the elegance of our mathematics, and forms our art’s depiction of beauty. Language has been the source of so much human achievement that it is only natural that we look to it first to identify a problem and craft a solution. But it is precisely because language can be so useful that it can also be problematic. Language not only enables human achievements, but also our ability to project fearsome futures, to compare ourselves to unrealistic ideals and find ourselves wanting, or to torment our souls with the finitude of life itself. Language is at the core of the remarkable human tendency to suffer in the midst of plenty.
Mindfulness-based stress-reduction courses were offered in drug units in six Massachusetts Department of Corrections prisons. A total of 1,350 inmates completed the 113 courses. Evaluation assessments were held before and after each course, and highly significant pre- to post-course improvements were found on widely accepted self-report measures of hostility, self-esteem, and mood disturbance. Improvements for women were greater than those for men, and improvements were also greater for men in a minimum-security, pre-release facility than for those in four medium-security facilities. The results encourage further study and wider use of mindfulness-based stress reduction in correctional facilities.
The performance of concentrative and mindfulness meditators on a test of sustained attention (Wilkins' counting test) was compared with controls. Both groups of meditators demonstrated superior performance on the test of sustained attention in comparison with controls, and long-term meditators were superior to short-term meditators. Mindfulness meditators showed superior performance in comparison with concentrative meditators when the stimulus was unexpected but there was no difference between the two types of meditators when the stimulus was expected. The results are discussed in relation to the attentional mechanisms involved in the two types of meditation and implications drawn for mental health.
Research on cerebral asymmetry and the experience and expression of emotion is reviewed. The studies described use electrophysiological procedures to make inferences about patterns of regional cortical activation. Such procedures have sufficient temporal resolution to be used in the study of brief emotional experiences denoted by spontaneous facial expressions. In adults and infants, the experimental arousal of positive, approach-related emotions is associated with selective activation of the left frontal region, while arousal of negative, withdrawal-related emotions is associated with selective activation of the right frontal region. Individual differences in baseline measures of frontal asymmetry are associated with dispositional mood, affective reactivity, temperament, and immune function. These studies suggest that neural systems mediating approach- and withdrawal-related emotion and action are, in part, represented in the left and right frontal regions, respectively, and that individual differences in the activation levels of these systems are associated with a coherent nomological network of associations which constitute a person's affective style.
Interest in mindfulness and its enhancement has burgeoned in recent years. In this article, we discuss in detail the nature of mindfulness and its relation to other, established theories of attention and awareness in day-to-day life. We then examine theory and evidence for the role of mindfulness in curtailing negative functioning and enhancing positive outcomes in several important life domains, including mental health, physical health, behavioral regulation, and interpersonal relationships. The processes through which mindfulness is theorized to have its beneficial effects are then discussed, along with proposed directions for theoretical development and empirical research.
Increasingly, bipolar disorder is being treated with maintenance combinations of medication and psychotherapy We examined the feasibility and benefits associated with an 8-week mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) class for bipolar patients who were between episodes. Participants (N = 22; rnean age, 40.6 yrs; 14 bipolar I, 8 bipolar II) were existing patients in outpatient clinics at Oxford University (n = 14) or the University of Colorado, Boulder (n = 8), most undergoing pharmacotherapy with mood stabilizers and/or atypical antipsychotic agents. Patients underwent a pretreatment assessment of symptoms and then received die 8-week MBCT in four separate groups, two at each site. MBCT consisted of mindfulness meditation strategies and traditional cognitive-behavioral techniques to address the mode in which negative thoughts and feelings and emerging manic symptoms arc processed. We examined within-group changes from pre- to posttreatment in the four aggregated groups. Of the 22 patients, 16 (72.7%) completed the groups. Reductions were observed in depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, and to a lesser extent, manic symptoms and anxiety A case study illustrating the effects of MBCT is given. In Conclusion, MBCT is a promising treatment alternative for bipolar disorder, particularly for managing subsyndromal depressive symptoms. There is a need for larger-scale randomized trials that examine the cost-effectiveness and relapse-prevention potential of this modality
After developing a trait version of the Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS), we evaluated its reliability, its convergent validity with six other trait mindfulness measures, and its construct validity in relation to prior meditation experience. A sample of nonmeditators (N = 218) and meditators (N = 243) with a wide range of meditation experience completed the Trait TMS and the six other mindfulness measures. Internal consistency reliability of the Trait TMS was comparable to that of the original State TMS. Significant positive correlations were found between both TMS factors and the other mindfulness measures; however, in general, the correlations for TMS Decenter were higher than for TMS Curiosity. Scores for TMS Decenter were shown to increase with meditation experience, but this was not the case for TMS Curiosity. The TMS Curiosity factor may assess a unique aspect of the mindfulness construct. Implications of these findings in relation to future mindfulness research are discussed.
A number of issues important to the clinical utility of mindfulness require systematic study. These include the most parsimonious definition of mindfulness for clinical purposes, how mindfulness is best described to be most approachable to patients, and the extent to which mindfulness shares common mechanisms with other mind-body programs. The discussion includes a brief review of the transition of mindfulness from traditional into clinical settings as well as the components commonly contained within clinical descriptions of mindfulness. A model based on facility in the use of attention is proposed, and a description of mechanisms by which attentional skill may lead to the recognition of internal associational processes and account for psychological outcomes is given. Using constructs already familiar to patients, an attention-based conception may also be more accessible to patients than more elaborate descriptions and have greater utility in identifying commonalities that mindfulness training may have with other mind-body programs.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and helpfulness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C) for the treatment of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in a sample of nonreferred children. Twenty-five children, ages 9 to 12,
participated in the 12-week intervention. Assessments were conducted at baseline and posttreatment. Open trial analyses found preliminary support for MBCT-C as helpful in reducing internalizing and externalizing symptoms within subjects on the parent report measure. The high attendance rate
(Intent-to-Treat sample, 78%; Completer sample, 94%), high retention rate (68%), and positive ratings on program evaluations supported treatment feasibility and acceptability. Overall, this pilot study offers feasibility and acceptability data for MBCT-C as a potential treatment for internalizing
and externalizing symptoms in children. Further research is needed to test the efficacy of the intervention with a larger sample of children who meet diagnostic criteria for clinical disorders.
This article describes a two-phased research project that piloted a modified mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention developed specifically for a severely economically disadvantaged population. The terms severely economically disadvantaged (SED) and “severely marginalised” were used to describe the participants who experience socioeconomic disadvantage and social isolation as well as significant medical, psychological, physical, and learning challenges. Phase one of the project consisted of community focus groups to determine what types of mindfulness-based interventions would most benefit this population. Based on this feedback, the first author developed a modified MBSR intervention he called radical mindfulness training (or RMT). Phase two was a pilot study of RMT with 11 SED participants who accessed services at a local community health centre; eight participants completed the program, and seven of the participants completed Self Compassion and Satisfaction with Life scales and qualitative interviews. Results revealed an overall mean increase in self compassion and satisfaction with life after completing the program. Qualitative findings provided further evidence of the nature of the participants' perceived effectiveness of this program. The authors conclude that the findings from his limited exploratory study substantiate the need for further study of the RMT program.
In 7 analytic-philosophical essays, some major theoretical concepts, practical attitudes, and questions of technique in psychoanalysis are investigated. In "Meaning and Being," it is argued that "meaning-reorganization" is more germane to psychoanalysis than uncovering a "hidden reality" of unconscious wishes. In "Anxiety and Disintegration," various classical theories of anxiety are reviewed. In "Blame," the act of blaming is described as a moralistic response to a conflict-arousing situation. "Guilt and Responsibility" suggests that the psychoanalytic process looks for guilt behind guilt feelings and forces the patient to assume responsibility for thoughts and acts over which he did not previously have conscious control. In "Karma and the Inner-world," eastern reincarnation doctrines and psychoanalysis are compared on the self-concepts underlying them. In "Art, Therapy and the External World," the psychoanalytic concepts of introjection, projection, identification, and empathy are analyzed in the context of transference and countertransference process. The final esay on "Mystic selflessness" compares post therapeutic self-reflections of a patient with classical phrases from mysticism. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The 2 systems of thought are compared with an eye for possible syntheses. Based on lectures given at the Cuernavaca, Mexico conference in 1957. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Mindfulness training has been proposed as a potentially important new approach for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). However, to date only a few studies have investigated mindfulness training for GAD. The aim of this study was to further investigate symptom change and recovery in pathological worry after mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) using an uncontrolled pre-post design. Twenty-three adults with a primary diagnosis of GAD participated in the study. The MBCT program involved 9 weekly 2-hour group sessions, a post-treatment assessment session, and 6-week and 3-month follow-up sessions. Intent-to-treat analysis revealed significant improvements in pathological worry, stress, quality of life, and a number of other symptoms at post-treatment, which were maintained at follow-up. Attrition was also low, and MBCT was perceived as a credible and acceptable intervention. However, when applying standardized recovery criteria to pathological worry scores, the rate of recovery at post-treatment was very small, although improved at follow-up. Overall, the findings suggest MBCT is definitely worthy of further investigation as a treatment option for GAD, but falls well short of outcomes achieved by past research. Possible reasons for the poor rate of recovery, implications, and limitations are briefly outlined.