No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
The Economic Dimension of the Culture and Leisure Industry in Spain: National, Sectoral and Regional Analysis
Abstract
This article analyses the economic dimension of a set of activities groupedunder the heading, Culture and Leisure Industry, from three complementaryperspectives: national (Spain), sectoral and regional. Particular emphasis isplaced on determining the value added generated by this industry and itscontribution to the Gross Domestic Product – 4.5% – as wellas showing its level of employment both in absolute terms and as a percentageof the number of employees in the economy – 7.8%. This is apioneer project; studies in this field on either a national or internationalscale are scarce. The study demonstrates that the cultural sector is aproductive activity generating wealth in Spain. However, a high degree ofheterogeneity is found at both the sectoral and regional levels. Economicactivity is led by Performing, Musical and Audiovisual Arts (mainlyTelevision) and Publishing and Printing, which jointly account for about70% of sales and gross value added, and it is concentrated in similarproportions in developed regions specialized in service industries, Madrid andCatalonia, where most culture and leisure activities are available. Copyright Kluwer Academic Publishers 2003
... Overview of music and cultural tourism. The relationship between music and cultural tourism has been widely documented, with scholars emphasizing music's pivotal role in enriching cultural experiences, preserving heritage, and fostering regional economic growth (Aoyama, 2009;Dunbar-Hall, 2001;García et al., 2003;Mazlan et al., 2024Mazlan et al., , 2025aMazlan et al., , 2025bRamdan et al., 2024). Music serves as both a cultural product and a medium for cultural expression, offering tourists opportunities to engage with authentic and immersive local traditions. ...
... Music tourism often serves as an economic driver, generating revenue and creating opportunities for local and regional development. Traditional Scottish music festivals, as studied by McMorland & Mactaggart (2007), and flamenco shows in Córdoba García et al. (2003) highlight how music tourism supports local businesses and cultural institutions. Similarly, the Guca trumpet festival in Serbia (Gligorijevic, 2014) and Cape Breton's music tourism cluster in Canada (Brown & Geddes, 2007) exemplify how music fosters regional economic diversification. ...
This study examines the relationship between music and cultural tourism using a dual approach: a scoping review and bibliometric analysis. It explores music’s role in cultural preservation, economic development, tourist motivations, and the integration of digital technologies, highlighting key trends, challenges, and opportunities. Peer-reviewed journal articles from the Scopus database were reviewed, and bibliometric analysis was applied to evaluate the studies’ impact and identify recurring themes, including cultural preservation, tourist behavior, and technological innovations. The findings reveal that music tourism significantly contributes to cultural preservation, regional identity, and economic growth. However, challenges such as the commodification of heritage, ethical representation of marginalized communities, and unequal access to digital technologies remain underexplored. The study underscores the transformative potential of augmented and virtual reality in music tourism while emphasizing the need for inclusive strategies to ensure authenticity and sustainability. This research is limited to Scopus-indexed articles, with partial bibliometric analysis applied to uncover key themes. Future studies should expand database coverage, utilize advanced bibliometric tools, and examine the long-term effects of digital innovations on music tourism. By integrating scoping and bibliometric methods, this study offers a nuanced understanding of the interplay between music and cultural tourism, identifies critical gaps, and provides actionable insights for advancing sustainable and inclusive practices in the field.
... Using local production systems, Boix and Lazzeretti [22] obtain a Gini index of 0.91. This concentration pattern for CCI is also noteworthy in the works of García et al. [51] for Spanish regions and Méndez et al. [44] for the Spanish urban system, and for the case of micro-spatial analysis, Boal and Herrero [52] for municipalities in Castilla y León and Coll-Martínez et al. [45] for the metropolitan area of Barcelona. Although all of these studies highlight the importance of agglomeration economies in the distribution of Spanish CCI, it should be pointed out that the spatial unit of analysis may prove to be a key factor when assessing industrial concentration patterns. ...
... Using local production systems, Boix and Lazzeretti [22] obtain a Gini index of 0.91. This concentration pattern for CCI is also noteworthy in the works of García et al. [51] for Spanish regions and Méndez et al., [44] for the Spanish urban system, and for the case of micro-spatial analysis, Boal and Herrero [52] for municipalities in Castilla y León and Coll-Martínez et al., [45] for the metropolitan area of Barcelona. Although all of these studies highlight the importance of agglomeration economies in the distribution of Spanish CCI, it should be pointed out that the spatial unit of analysis may prove to be a key factor when assessing industrial concentration patterns. ...
Recent years have witnessed growing interest in studying the spatial distribution of cultural and creative industries (CCI), both for their contribution to economic development and for their impact on spatial planning and remodeling of urban structure. However, spatial interdependence and diffusion of agglomeration economies have not been explained enough so far, due to the use of aggregate spatial units. This paper examines CCI sector location patterns in Spain from a spatial–temporal perspective, using micro-geographic data and considering a new and hitherto unused territorial unit, districts, an intermediate demarcation between municipalities and provinces or regions. We used a geographic information system (GIS) analysis and spatial econometric techniques to study territorial distribution and spatial dependences. Results show that CCI are mainly concentrated in metropolitan areas, with spillover effects in adjacent districts, reflecting a non-contemporary spatial dependence process, whilst large territories are devoid of these effects. This reveals a new source of regional disparities, as CCI seems to follow technology gap models, triggering greater and more intense spatial imbalances wherever it appears. Policy implications regarding accountability resources and institutional coordination must be deduced.
... han estudiado los patrones de localización de las industrias creativas en un análisis comparado para España, Italia, Francia y Reino Unido, concluyendo que las industrias creativas están más concentradas en España que en otros países. García et al. (2003) destacan la gran concentración de ICC para las comunidades autónomas, y Navarro y Guerrero (2010) para ciudades de más de 50.000 habitantes. ...
... Trabajos como los deGarcía et al. (2003) sobre las industrias culturales y del ocio sugieren que la participación de estas industrias sobre el PIB y el empleo se incrementó durante los años noventa y se redujo a partir del año 2002. ...
... Using local production systems, Boix and Lazzeretti [22] obtain a Gini index of 0.91. This concentration pattern for CCI is also noteworthy in the works of García et al. [51] for Spanish regions and Méndez et al. [44] for the Spanish urban system, and for the case of micro-spatial analysis, Boal and Herrero [52] for municipalities in Castilla y León and Coll-Martínez et al. [45] for the metropolitan area of Barcelona. Although all of these studies highlight the importance of agglomeration economies in the distribution of Spanish CCI, it should be pointed out that the spatial unit of analysis may prove to be a key factor when assessing industrial concentration patterns. ...
... Using local production systems, Boix and Lazzeretti [22] obtain a Gini index of 0.91. This concentration pattern for CCI is also noteworthy in the works of García et al. [51] for Spanish regions and Méndez et al., [44] for the Spanish urban system, and for the case of micro-spatial analysis, Boal and Herrero [52] for municipalities in Castilla y León and Coll-Martínez et al., [45] for the metropolitan area of Barcelona. Although all of these studies highlight the importance of agglomeration economies in the distribution of Spanish CCI, it should be pointed out that the spatial unit of analysis may prove to be a key factor when assessing industrial concentration patterns. ...
Analysing the impact of agglomeration economies on company location decisions is one of the main topics in regional economy. As a result of the key role played by cultural and creative industries in economic growth, there is ever-increasing interest in exploring the spatial location patterns of these activities. This article starts by offering a review of the economic aspects related to agglomeration economies together with a look at the main studies carried out to date. Based on this, an analysis is conducted of the cultural and creative sector in Spain, taking into account both its weight in the Spanish economy as well as the spatial logic that determines its territorial distribution. One of the most innovative aspects of the study is the territorial approach undertaken at a micro-spatial disaggregation level, using the administrative division of Spanish districts. With this goal in mind, the database used is the SABI (supplied by Bureau van Dijk). Data correspond to the period 2007-2017. In order to ascertain the dynamics of location and scope of agglomeration economies, we use quantile maps and concentration indices, which also help to pinpoint creative clusters and location coefficients. Results show that the distribution of cultural and creative industries in Spanish districts is not evenly spread, but is characterised by a pattern of spatial concentration, in which a key role is played by the influence of agglomeration economies. The high level of specialisation in certain areas suggests the formation of creative clusters, located in a small number of districts.
... La creatividad es un concepto difuso difícil de definir y medir, y con este trabajo hemos querido símplemente proporcionar una primera aproximación a su dimensión económica. 5 Trabajos como los deGarcía et al. (2003García et al. ( y 2009) sobre las industrias culturales y del ocio sugieren que la participación de estas industrias sobre el PIB y el empleo se incrementó durante los años noventa y se redujo a partir del año 2002.09-BOIX.indd 192 19/4/12 17:03:23 ...
... La gran concentración de este tipo de actividades también se destaca en los trabajos deGarcía et al. (2003García et al. ( y 2009) para las comunidades autónomas; Navarro y Guerrero (2010) para ciudades de más de 50.000 habitantes, yGámir (2005) para las industrias multimedia por municipios. ...
Creativity is the ability to generate something new, merging data, perceptions and matters in order to produce new and useful things. About 22% of the Spanish employees belong to the «creative class» and about 5.7% of the production comes from the «creative industries». Despite these data, the general research focusing on the creative economy in Spain is poor. The aim of this article is to fill this space by providing a general view of the creative economy in Spain, focused on the «creative industries». The article introduces the basic theoretical aspects, the measurement of creativity, compared data about production, employment and the location of creative industries, as well as the discussion about policy.
... La creatividad es un concepto difuso difícil de definir y medir, y con este trabajo hemos querido símplemente proporcionar una primera aproximación a su dimensión económica. 5 Trabajos como los deGarcía et al. (2003García et al. ( y 2009) sobre las industrias culturales y del ocio sugieren que la participación de estas industrias sobre el PIB y el empleo se incrementó durante los años noventa y se redujo a partir del año 2002.09-BOIX.indd 192 19/4/12 17:03:23 ...
... La gran concentración de este tipo de actividades también se destaca en los trabajos deGarcía et al. (2003García et al. ( y 2009) para las comunidades autónomas; Navarro y Guerrero (2010) para ciudades de más de 50.000 habitantes, yGámir (2005) para las industrias multimedia por municipios. ...
La creatividad es la habilidad de generar algo nuevo, de combinar datos, percepciones y materiales para producir cosas nuevas y útiles. El 22% de la población ocupada española forma parte de la llamada «clase creativa» y el 5,7% de la producción española tiene su origen en las «industrias creativas». A pesar de estos datos, los estudios generalistas relacionados con la economía creativa en España son escasos. El objetivo del artículo es cubrir una parte de este vacío y ofrecer una visión panorámica de la economía de la creatividad en España, focalizada sobre una de sus partes, las llamadas «industrias creativas». El artículo introduce los aspectos teóricos básicos, la medición de la creatividad, los datos comparados sobre producción, ocupación y localización de las industrias creativas, y el debate de políticas.
... Cultural tourism stimulates interest in the unique heritage, traditions, and artistic expressions. Visitors seek authentic cultural experiences, creating demand for locally produced cultural products such as handicrafts, traditional arts, music, and literature [17,61]. Tourists become potential consumers of cultural products, seeking souvenirs and memorabilia that represent the visited destination's cultural identity. ...
Cultural products constitute a significant portion of global trade, and understanding their export patterns can shed light on economic trends, trade dynamics, and market opportunities. This study conducted the spatio-temporal analysis of exports of cultural products, exploring the relationship between various influencing factors and their impact on the spatial distribution of these exports. Leveraging a diverse dataset encompassing 55 BRI countries for the period of 2005–2022, this research employs advanced spatial analysis techniques, including spatial autocorrelation and spatial regression models, to examine the spatial patterns and determinants of exports if cultural product exports. Moreover, this study delves into the multifaceted determinants affecting the spatial distribution of these exports. The findings of this study reveal significant spatio-temporal variations in the exports of cultural products. Spatial autocorrelation analysis indicates the presence of spatial clustering, suggesting that regions with high cultural product exports tend to be geographically close to each other. The spatial regression models further identify several key factors like economic development, productive capacities, cultural tourism, information development and human capital influence the spatial distribution of these exports. The findings of the study reveal that there is strong spatial relationship for exports of cultural products in BRI countries. The findings of this research contribute valuable insights for policymakers, businesses, and stakeholders regarding a deeper comprehension of the driving forces behind the spatial distribution of these cultural products, facilitating informed decision-making processes to optimize strategies for promoting and sustaining the trade of cultural products in an increasingly interconnected world.
... LQs are a well-known method mostly applied to identify territorial specialisations since they can capture spatial agglomerations independently from a unit's dimension (Vom Hofe and Chen, 2006). They have also been used to measure CCIs' specialisations relative to national averages in several European countries (García et al., 2003;Bertacchini and Borrione, 2013;Boix et al., 2016;Cruz and Teixeira, 2015;Lazzeretti et al., 2012;De-Miguel-Molina et al., 2012). 7 An LQ is defined as ...
In this article, we analyse the structure of the Italian cultural and creative economy, focusing on peripheral areas. We highlight patterns of specialisation and spatial dependency through employment data and firms’ data. In addition, we develop a novel data set by collecting data that use the least aggregated territorial unit, that is, Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics level 4 (from the French version Nomenclature des Unités territoriales statistiques); thus, we create a harmonised taxonomy of cultural and creative industries at a four-digit level. Our multi-step analysis highlights specific geographical patterns and a clear spatial organisation in inner areas. This study’s results may benefit evidence-based policy-setting in the under-investigated context of culture-led development and the creative economy of peripheral areas.
JEL classifications: L8, R12
... The effect of the supply side is more complex and indirect. Economic development provides a better infrastructure in such a way that remote areas will be easier for traveling orchestras and similarly cultural centers for traveling residents (García et al., 2003;Kunz et al., 1997). ...
In the literature of economics, culture is a public good that is largely influenced by public expenditure, policies and government interventions. On the other hand, sustainable development (encompassing economic, social and environmental dimensions) has become the dominant paradigm in the discourse of governments and international institutions. Therefore, investigating causal relationships between cultural expenditure (as an indicator of the relative importance of the cultural sector in public policy-making of governments) and the various dimensions of sustainable development can help explain the importance of culture in development policies. In this regard, the present paper examines these causal relationships using the panel vector error-correction (PVEC) model for the European Union countries during the period 2000 to 2015. The results indicated that the cultural expenditure (share of total expenditure or GDP) is the Granger causality of the indicators of sustainable development. In addition, an inverse causal relationship from development to public expenditure on culture confirms some of the indicators of sustainable development such as public expenditure on education, the level of citizens' confidence, gross domestic product, and the final consumption expenditure of households.
... The LQ is a well-known method mostly applied to identify territorial specializations since it is able to capture spatial agglomerations independently from the dimension of the unit (Vom Hofe and Chen 2006). It has been also used to measure the relative specialization of CCIs relative to the national average in several European countries (García et al. 2003;de-Miguel-Molina et al. 2012;Lazzeretti et al. 2012;Bertacchini and Borrione, 2013;Cruz and Teixeira, 2015;Boix et al. 2016). It is defined as: ...
This paper analyses the structure of the Italian cultural and creative economy with a focus on peripheral areas. We highlight the patterns of specialization and spatial dependency through employment and firms' data. We build up a novel and never used dataset by collecting data at the most disaggregated territorial unit (NUTS 4) producing a harmonized taxonomy of cultural and creative industries at four-digit level. Our multi-step analysis highlights specific geographical patterns showing a clear spatial organization in the inner areas. Results could be beneficial for evidence-based policy setting within the under-investigated issue of culture-led development and the creative economy in peripheral areas. JEL classifications: L8, R12
... The LQ is a wellknown method mostly applied to identify territorial specializations since it is able to capture spatial agglomerations independently from the dimension of the unit (Vom Hofe and Chen 2006). It has been also used to measure the relative specialization of CCIs relative to the national average in several European countries (García et al. 2003;de-Miguel-Molina et al. 2012;Lazzeretti et al. 2012;Bertacchini and Borrione, 2013;Cruz and Teixeira, 2015;Boix et al. 2016). It is defined as: ...
This paper analyses the structure of the Italian cultural and creative economy with a focus on peripheral areas. We highlight the patterns of specialization and spatial dependency through employment and firms' data. We build up a novel and never used dataset by collecting data at the most disaggregated territorial unit (NUTS 4) producing a harmonized taxonomy of cultural and creative industries at four-digit level. Our multi-step analysis highlights specific geographical patterns showing a clear spatial organization in the inner areas. Results could be beneficial for evidence-based policy setting within the under-investigated issue of culture-led development and the creative economy in peripheral areas.
JEL classifications: L8, R12
... The leisure industry first took root in North America and Western Europe in the early part of the 20th century, spreading rapidly to the rest of the world after the Second World War [22]. There has been no consensus among scholars around the world regarding the definition of "leisure industry" [23][24][25]. ...
This study seeks a scientific methodology for ecological leisure industry planners to contribute to a more ecologically friendly leisure industry. This study creates an environment suitability model (LIDES) for leisure industry development. This model sees the natural ecological environment as just as important as the artificial environment. This study identifies the following factors: suitable land, unsuitable land, park plaza, scenic spot, river system, global network reachability, local network reachability, business impact, industrial impact. The Spatial Syntax method is used to account for effects of the urban road network. This method is incorporated into a geographic information system-analytic hierarchy process (GIS-AHP) approach, thus developing this method further. The method is demonstrated in the leisure industry in Shapingba District of Chongqing, China. The final suitability index map for ecological leisure industry is divided into four types: highly suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable, and low suitability areas. As a result, 8.08% (42.55 km²) of the study area has low suitability, 82.61% (435.15 km²) has marginal suitability, 8.62% (45.42 km²) has moderate suitability and 0.69% (3.65 km2) has the best suitability for creating an ecological leisure industry area. Discussion and relevant suggestions are given for further research.
... In his next book Cities and the Creative Class, the geographical behavior of creativity and its impact on economic outcomes have been taken into account. Another remarkable study is Garcia et al. (2003). This study discussed economic dimension of cultural economics in Spain from national, sectoral and regional aspects and showed that the cultural sectors yield prosperity in Spain. ...
... Therefore, this gives rise to a powerful relationship between intangible cultural heritage and tourism (UNESCO, 2007). It is stated that in Spain, cultural industry has a critical economic impact (Garcia et al., 2003). Furthermore, the declarations by the UNESCO of a World Heritage, in most cases, has a significant role in increasing the number of visitors and accordingly the income obtained from tourism (Nguyen and Cheung, 2014). ...
The gastronomic culture of a society is considered as one of the most important cultural heritages of that community.
There are some Turkish gastronomic heritages in the list of UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity such
as (i) Mesir Macunu festival, (ii) Ceremonial Keşkek tradition, (iii) Flatbread making and sharing culture: Lavash,
Katyrma, Jupka, Yufka and (iv) Turkish coffee culture and tradition. The aim of this study is to investigate the
relationship between the characteristics (valuable, unique, and inimitable and non-substitutable) of Turkish
gastronomic heritages in the list of UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity and competitive advantage.
In accordance with the purpose of the study, in the light of the literature review, the importance of intangible
gastronomic heritages in terms of competitive advantage is emphasized. For the purpose of the study, after mentioning
intangible gastronomic heritages of Turkey, the relationship between food and identity is explained. Moreover,
destination competitiveness and its relationship with gastronomic heritage are given. As a conclusion, some
suggestions are made.
... In his next book Cities and the Creative Class, the geographical behavior of creativity and its impact on economic outcomes have been taken into account. Another remarkable study is Garcia et al. (2003). This study discussed economic dimension of cultural economics in Spain from national, sectoral and regional aspects and showed that the cultural sectors yield prosperity in Spain. ...
Since 20th century, culture has been counted among one of the major contributors to economic growth and development. As a concept with three dimensions as social, political and economics, it has been taking increasing attention especially in regional economics. Numerous books, reports and studies on cultural economy have been published worldwide, but in comparison with them, the Turkish literature on cultural economics is still quite inadequate. This study contributes to the literature by applying a three-star analysis for three large metropolitan areas of Turkey and this paper aims to analyze clustering potentials of cultural activities in three large Turkish metropolitan areas. The empirical results reported in this paper imply that cultural industries in Istanbul and Ankara have more intense cultural clusters than Izmir. In addition, while Istanbul and Ankara have the same numbers of mature cultural clusters, Istanbul has a bigger potential for cultural clusters compared to Ankara. Öz 20. yüzyıldan itibaren kültür, iktisadi büyümeye ve kalkınmaya katkı sağlayan temel kavramlardan biri olarak sayılmıştır. Sosyal, politik ve iktisadi açıdan kültür kavramı özellikle bölgesel ekonomide artan bir ilgi ile karşılaşmıştır. Kültür ekonomisi üzerine dünya genelinde birçok kitap, rapor ve çalışma yayınlanmış, ancak dünya genelinde yapılmış çalışmalar ile Türkiye'yi karşılaştırdığımızda Türkiye literatürünün oldukça eksik kaldığı görülmüştür. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin üç büyük metropol bölgesine üç yıldız ana-lizinin uygulanması ile literatüre katkı sağlamayı ve Türkiye'nin en büyük üç metropol bölgesi için, kültür ekonomisi faaliyetlerindeki kümelenme potansiyelini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Analiz sonuçları, İstanbul ve Ankara' da kültür endüstrilerinde İzmir' e kıyasla daha yoğun bir kümelenmenin olduğunu söy-lemektedir. Ayrıca İstanbul ve Ankara' da eşit sayıda olgun kültür kümesi tespit edilirken, potansiyel kültür kümeleri açısından İstanbul'un Ankara'nın önünde yer aldığı sonucuna ulaşılmaktadır.
... The relationship between tourism and ICH is very strong because cultural tourism, which addresses the experience of both tangible and intangible cultural heritage, is an increasingly extended segment that allows a correct sustainable development, and therefore, a sustainable cultural tourism (UNESCO, 2007). In fact, in Spain cultural industry has a major economic impact (Garcia et al., 2003). ...
Purpose
The development of heritage tourism has experienced a great development in recent years, mostly centred in the cities that are World Heritage. This paper aims to present an analysis of the relationship between Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) declared by UNESCO and tourism development associated therewith.
Design/methodology/approach
The methodology used in this research consisted of a fieldwork to determine the socio-demographic profile and perceptions of foreign tourists participating in this intangible cultural event. Additionally, the features of this tourist destination are also analysed.
Findings
The main results of this research shows the high cultural level of tourist respondents, the significant economic level of travellers and the perceptions of heritage tourists in participation in the Festival.
Research limitations/implications
The expansion of this line of research is to include other ICH; this should contribute to the generalisation of the knowledge acquired in this subject.
Practical implications
The main practical implications are centred on better understanding of the key factors involved in the relation between intangible cultural heritage and tourism.
Social implications
This study highlights the features that a heritage tourist destination must have to create a sustainable tourism destination with a combination of culture and tourism.
Originality/value
Heritage, generally tangible cultural heritage, is used as a resource in the destinations. This paper analyses the relationship between intangible cultural heritage and tourism, an aspect little studied by the scientific literature.
... Among the location and specialization measures existing in the bibliography, two are most widely used: the coefficient of localization (QL ij ) and the coefficient of geographic association (CA ik ). The QL ij coefficient was used to determine the location of manufacturing industry in Brazil between 1994 and (Rezende, Campolina and Paixão, 2013) and the geographical distribution of creative and cultural industries in Spain, Italy and the United Kingdom (Basset, Griffiths and Smith, 2002;García, Fernández and Zobio, 2003;Lazzeretti, Boix and Capone, 2008). Albuquerque and others (2002) used the CA ik coefficient to analyse the linkage between science and technology indicators and urban installations across a wide range of Brazilian municipalities. ...
The aim of this article is to analyse the spatial distribution of the automotive industry in
Brazil in terms of its various economic categories between 1995 and 2011, and to shed
light on its sectoral linkages through inter-regional input-output matrices. By calculating
the coefficient of localization (QLij) for that period, it was found that the third wave of
investments, which began in the second half of the 1990s, actually caused a slight spatial
deconcentration of this sector in the national economy. The coefficient of geographic
association (CAik)calculated for different years revealed a slight reduction, while maintaining
a high level of concentration, which suggests that vehicle production is closely integrated
with other economic activities. This integration was corroborated particularly in terms of
input purchases (backward linkages) in all of the analysed regions.
... Stocks are affected by psychological, political, economic and seasonal factors because of the economic conditions (Albeni and Demir, 2011). Garcia et. al. (2003) documented the economic activities of Spanish culture and leisure sector and stated magnitude and regional differences of the sector. Investigations suggest that stock market determinants are country-specific. Size, integration degree with the world markets and financial liberalization levels of stock markets defines the relationship be ...
... The above-mentioned approach, typical of studies in the regional sciences field, is not confined to tourism, but is also applied to the cultural sector, with its implication for cultural tourism. In Spain, for example, Garcia et al. (2003) presented an analysis of the cultural sector in a wide sense. Pratt (1997), instead, portrayed the evolution of employment related to this sector in the UK from 1984 to 1991. ...
... The above-mentioned approach, typical of studies in the regional sciences field, is not confined to tourism, but is also applied to the cultural sector, with its implication for cultural tourism. In Spain, for example, Garcia et al. (2003) presented an analysis of the cultural sector in a wide sense. Pratt (1997), instead, portrayed the evolution of employment related to this sector in the UK from 1984 to 1991. ...
... Entre las medidas de localización y especialización existentes en la bibliografía, dos se pueden destacar como las más utilizadas: el coeficiente de localización (QL ij ) y el coeficiente de asociación geográfica (CA ik ). El coeficiente QL ij se utilizó para determinar la localización de la industria de transformación en el Brasil entre 1994 y 2009 (Rezende, Campolina y Paixão, 2013) y la distribución geográfica de industrias creativas y culturales en España, Italia y el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte (Basset, Griffiths y Smith, 2002;García, Fernández y Zobio, 2003;Lazzeretti, Boix y Capone, 2008). Albuquerque y otros (2002) utilizaron el coeficiente CA ik para analizar la vinculación entre indicadores de ciencia y tecnología y las instalaciones urbanas, en una amplia gama de municipios del Brasil. ...
... O Quociente Locacional (QL) é utilizado como proxy para externalidade de especialização (COMBES, 2000;FOCHEZATTO, 2010e FREITAS, 2012. Vale salientar que este índice tem sido utilizado para mapear indústrias criativa tradicionais e indústrias culturais na Itália, Espanha e Reino Unido (PRATT, 1997;BASSET et al., 2002;GARCIA et al., 2003;LAZERRETTI et al., 2008;DE PROPRIS et al., 2009). De acordo com Haddad (1989), o QL pode ser expresso formalmente como: A partir dos resultados dos índices QL e IDS pode-se discutir externalidades de especialização e de diversificação e possíveis efeitos de transbordamento tecnológico da indústria do lazer entre os municípios brasileiros (HENDERSON et al. 1995, COMBES, 2000FREITAS, 2012). ...
The objective of this paper is to evaluate the spatial distribution of the leisure industry in Brazil and to investigate the association between that industry activity level and the level of municipal development. In order to do so, multivariate methods are used such as Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Methods. São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro present the most specialized leisure industry of the country and are the most important cluster of the sector. A second group consists of most state capitals and other cities with great tourist appeal. On the other hand, in 80% of Brazilian municipalities the leisure industry is insipient or nonexistent. Results also indicate correlation between level of development and activity in the leisure sector. Given that these activities are considered important urban amenities and attraction forces for population, labor and income, this study can support the formulation of public policies for industry development aimed at an orderly and less heterogeneous growth, in order to counteract regional disparities so marked in the country.
... Following the international approach of mapping creative industries (Nesta, 2010, Boix et al, 2013Power, 2011), we construct a location quotient to the territory of Turkey. In this same research field, Drejer and Vinding (2005) apply location quotients to the knowledge-intensive services, Pratt (1997) and Bassett et al. (2002) to the cultural sector in the UK, Garcìa et al. (2003) to the Spanish cultural sector and more recently De Propris (2013) map creative industries in UK and Trippl and Todling (2013) in Austria. ...
The Mediterranean region is receiving more attention in recent years. This was due because the heterogeneity of countries that compose it raises several difficulties in business collaborations, but it also unfolds several cross-national economic opportunities to develop among Mediterranean countries.
Within the Mediterranean region, the Turkish case represents a prime example of a border country, a crossroad between Europe and Asia, not yet sufficiently studied. The analysis of cultural and creative industries (CCIs) can be useful to show that this area has many similarities with European Countries making intercultural exchange and cross economic development possible.
In this work, clusters of CCIs in the Turkish territory are identified according to a methodology developed at European level, following most recent approach on creative industries. CCIs are geographically mapped through the instrument of GIS and analysed presenting a benchmarking with two other Mediterranean countries: Spain and Italy.
The creativity specialisation found in this region is similar and allowing us to begin to discuss the idea of a Mediterranean creativity, cultural and heritage driven that is different from technology related creative industries diffused in Northern Europe.
Results confirm that CCIs is an emergent sector also in this region and it ranks on the same level of other European countries, apart from Turkey where it accounts half the value, and is in high growth. Finally, CCIs confirms predominantly as an urban phenomenon concentrated in large metropolitan areas also in the Mediterranean region.
... The picture that emerges for each country forms a pattern of LCS (local labour markets where there is a high concentration of employment in specific creative industries). LQs have been used to map "traditional" creative industries and cultural industries in Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom (Bassett et al. 2002;Capone 2008;García et al. 2003;Pratt, 1997;Lazzeretti et al. 2008;De Propris et al. 2009). ...
The research tackles the lack of cross-country comparative studies on the geography of creative industries and provides their comparative geography in four European countries: France, Great Britain, Italy and Spain. We use local labour markets as territorial units of analysis and divide creative industries in traditional and non-traditional. This allows to overcome the limitations of the region as unit of analysis and to better understand the type of creativity embedded in each country and territory. The results reveals differentiate national profiles regarding the type of creativity and its spatial distribution, and that the employment in creative industries is more concentrated than in the rest of sectors. Large creative hubs emerge around London, Paris, Madrid, Milan, Barcelona and Roma. dels Tarongers, Avda. dels Tarongers, S/N (4P15) 46022 -València (Spain).
... United Kingdom (Bassett et al. 2002;Capone 2008;García et al. 2003;Pratt, 1997;Lazzeretti et al. 2008;De Propris et al. 2009). ...
The creative economy is a holistic and multidisciplinary concept that deals with the interaction between economics, culture and technology, and centred on the production of creative contents in goods and services. One of the most relevant dimensions of creativity is the territorial one. Despite the emphasis put on the theoretical definition of creativity, the measurement of creative industries and the use of these concepts in macro units as well as in isolated case studies, it is necessary to strengthen comparative research for the identification and analysis of the kind of creativity embedded in the territory, its determinants and its patterns of concentration. This compared research relies on the measurement of the creative industries and the identification of their territorial patterns of distribution in the local production systems of five European countries: Italy, France, the United Kingdom, Spain and Portugal. Creative local production systems are identified in these countries departing from local labour markets as territorial units, firms and jobs in creative industries, and focusing on two different kinds of creative industries: traditional cultural industries and technology-related creative industries. The results show that creative industries are more important in some countries like Italy and the United Kingdom, and that their spatial patterns of distribution are significantly different across countries, where three basic models emerge: distributed, concentrated and polarized. The implications of these patterns on the analysis of creative industries as well as on the design and implementation of policies are discussed.
... The above-mentioned approach, typical of studies in the regional sciences field, is not confined to tourism, but is also applied to the cultural sector, with its implication for cultural tourism. In Spain, for example, Garcia et al. (2003) presented an analysis of the cultural sector in a wide sense. Pratt (1997), instead, portrayed the evolution of employment related to this sector in the UK from 1984 to 1991. ...
The aim of this work is to identify and map tourist localities seen as concentrations of firms specialized in tourism services and to analyse their employment evolution over the last decade (1991–2001). The industrial districts approach is applied to the tourism industry by introducing the concept of the ‘tourist district’ in the literature relating to tourism research. In particular, the focus is on the identification and measuring of ‘tourist places’. The intention is to research Italian tourism systems by using the local labour system methodology typical of district analysis, thus contributing to the debate about whether specific tourism literature should consider ‘tourist districts’. Tourism supply, measured in terms of employees in the sector, is mapped. From the results of the analysis, the geographical distribution of tourism systems, according to the 1991 and 2001 censuses, is drawn, and the main dissimilarities between cities/regions and tourist specializations (such as seaside, mountain or lake tourism) are distinguished. Finally, a taxonomy of the identified tourism local systems is proposed in order to present some policy implications and reflections regarding the recent Italian law on ‘local tourism systems’.
产业集聚是经济地理学的经典议题,但现有研究主要集中在制造业和生产型服务业,对基于消费逻辑生长的旅游休闲服务产业关注不足,尚未充分揭示其集聚特征。文章借助地理信息科学领域的空间分析算法,以广州城市休闲娱乐业为例,对城市休闲产业集聚特征展开探索式研究。具体而言,该文基于地理空间分析中的最大团挖掘算法,编制出同位模式,对184249条广州市的休闲兴趣点（POI）数据,计算最为流行的空间共现关联,以此捕捉城市休闲产业空间集聚的基本组合模式,得到如下结论:第一,同位模式可以准确地捕捉出城市休闲产业的集聚模式,休闲产业基本上以三阶为组团单位（即3类业态）,在城市空间上呈现出广泛的分布,四阶为组团单位的流行度显著降低,五阶基本不具备流行度。第二,在所有流行团中,美容美发店这类POI的中心度最高,是关联其他休闲业态的最核心要素,而美容美发和餐饮的组合,在三阶、四阶流行团中出现的次数最多,是休闲产业的集聚核,构成了城市各个休闲中心和节点的基本功能。第三,以资源为导向和需要特定产业环境的休闲产业,基本不具备流行度。该研究创新性地将空间同位模式应用到城市休闲产业中,且较为精准地捕捉到现有研究尚难以揭示的休闲产业集聚模式,积极推动了基于海量数据的城市旅游休闲产业集聚研究,其发现能直接为目的地营销、产业行业管理与城市规划提供新的决策支持。
The potential of a society or the developed facilities can play a central role for improving the economy of a country. The leisure industry has been growing to be a giant industry that can contribute to Turkey’s economy which is placed in low ranks of the better life index between Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. However, one of the most significant elements that slow down the progress in Turkey is that the professional competence framework has not been drawn leading to problems in the employment of professional specialists. The guiding element for the determination of the professional competence framework is a model that can define the industrial dimensions related with the profession. The models and literature knowledge for the leisure industry has been found limited when the international literature is examined. In the scope of this research, four leisure models that were stated within international literature were examined and a new model that would be suitable for the Turkish leisure industry was proposed in the light of previous models. In addition, the Turkish leisure industry was discussed in detail in order to fill the deficiency within international literature about Turkish leisure industry. Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. Özet Bir toplumun sahip olduğu potansiyel ya da geliştirdiği olanaklar, ülke ekonomisinin daha iyi olması için merkezi bir rol üstlenebilir. Ekonomik Kalkınma ve İşbirliği Örgütü (OECD) ülkelerinin daha iyi yaşama indeksi sıralamasında alt sıralarda olan Türkiye için rekreasyon endüstrisi gelecekte ülke ekonomisine önemli katkılar sağlayabilecek dev bir endüstri olma yolunda ilerlemektedir. Ancak Türkiye’deki bu ilerlemeyi yavaşlatan en önemli unsurlardan biri meslek uzmanlarının istihdamında sorun yaratan mesleki yeterlilik çerçevesinin henüz çizilememiş olmasıdır. Mesleki yeterlilik çerçevesinin belirlenmesinde kılavuz unsur ise meslekle ilişkili endüstriyel boyutları tanımlayabilen model olabilir. Uluslararası literatür incelendiğinde rekreasyon endüstrisine yönelik model ya da literatür bilgisi sınırlı durumdadır. Araştırma kapsamında uluslararası literatürde ön plana çıkmış dört rekreasyon modeli incelenmiş ve bu modeller doğrultusunda Türk rekreasyon endüstrisinin yapısına uygun bir model önerilmiştir.
Elektrik enerjisi, modern toplumların inşasında oldukça önemli bir rol oynayan
faktörlerden biridir. Mevcut elektrik güç sistemi, başlangıçta, büyük merkezi üretim
sistemlerinden, iletim ve dağıtım sistemlerine, tüketim merkezlerine kadar, yalnızca
tek yönlü enerji ve bilgi akışını barındıracak şekilde tasarlanmıştır. Son yıllarda,
dünya genelinde tüketicilere yönelik sürdürülebilir enerji kaynaklarından arz
güvenliği yüksek ve uygun fiyatlı enerji sağlanması konusu önemli bir devlet
politikası haline gelmiştir. Bu politikaların temelinde Akıllı Şebeke modeline geçiş
gelmektedir. Akıllı şebeke modelinde en önemli bileşeni olan Akıllı sayaçlar ile
abone kontrolü yapılmaktadır. Akıllı sayaç uygulaması, kayıp-kaçak oranının
düşürülmesi ve enerji planlamasının yapılması amacıyla ilk olarak Diyarbakır ilinde
kullanıldı. Uygulama sonucunda, 2013 yılında 5.025 GWh miktarında dağıtılan
enerjide kayıp kaçak oranı %73,26 iken, modern şebekeye geçişinden sonra abone
denetimleri ile 5.627 GWh olarak dağıtılan enerji miktarında bu oran %63 değerine
kadar düşürülerek büyük ekonomik kazanım sağlanmıştır. Böylece Akıllı sayaç
uygulaması ile denetlenen abonelerin, kayıt dışı tüketilen enerji daha kısa sürede
tespit edilerek, uzaktan açma kapama yöntemi ile kontrol edebilen bir yöntem
sunulmuştur. Bunun sonucunda enerji kaynaklarının verimli kullanılması ve usulsüz
enerji kullanımının tespit edilmesi sayesinde ülke ekonomisine önemli bir katkı
sağlayacağı değerlendirilmektedir.
A third of industrial employment is in large companies (more than 250 employees), which represent only 0.4% of industrial companies, but which invoice 55.5% of sales. 84.9% of industrial companies had fewer than ten workers in 2018 (Official data from the Spanish administration (INE 1998; INE, Anuario Estadístico de España, 2002–2018; INE, Inebase, 2018a; INE, España en cifras, 2018b)). The autonomous communities contributing more than 10% of the sales figure in 2015 were Catalonia (23.6%), Andalusia (11.2%), the Valencian Community (10.7%), and the Basque Country (10.0%).
Economic geographers have extensively acknowledged the importance of the cultural industries to many regional economies and have begun to establish that these industries have economically important interactions with local “underground scenes.” Less well known however is how these scenes themselves develop. Based on archival research on zines, or small circulation independently produced magazines, I illustrate how the 1980s San Francisco Bay Area punk rock scene was a vibrant cultural community. I demonstrate how what was once an underground scene also became a commercialized one, with bands like Green Day and Rancid becoming hugely popular in the 1990s “wave” or growth of the genre. I develop a framework for understanding the growth of local scenes, arguing that the essential ingredients are a robust mix of organizations, institutions and networks. Of particular importance are institutional practices of frequent communication and inclusivity and networks on both local and extra local scales.
Cultural industries are increasingly becoming important components of today's economy and important contributors to development. Their impact on gross domestic product and employment can improve a country's foreign trade position and competitiveness. In order to quantify this effect at a global level, cross-nationally comparable statistics are needed. However, current methodologies are not applicable worldwide, especially in developing countries. The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) is seeking to develop new guidelines to measure the contribution of culture to economies that will be different from or complementary to current practices. To this end, this report provides an exhaustive literature review of current methodologies. It compares and contrasts the approaches, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Finally, initial suggestions for an improved methodology are provided. This report provides the background information required by governments interested in measuring the economic impact of culture in their countries. The technical material provided here will be used to develop a UIS methodological handbook on measuring this important field. 2695 The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) is the statistical office of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and is the UN depository for internationally comparable statistics in the fields of education, science and technology, culture and communication.
La emergencia de las industrias creativas, los servicios intensivos en conocimiento y la intermediación RESUMEN Se presenta una reflexión a partir de los cambios estructurales derivados del surgimiento de la economía del conocimiento. El crecimiento de la producción y la transformación del mercado laboral parecen estar asociados a una amplia capacidad de distribución de la información y del conocimiento en el sistema económico, en parte explicado por la globalización –con sus crecientes flujos trasnacionales de mercancías y capitales-y el uso extendido de las tecnologías de información y comunicaciones –que demanda una serie de cambios organizativos y culturales-, pero por otra, por la capacidad del sector servicios para conectar diversos agentes económicos, mediar sus transacciones y movilizar, completar y modificar sus diversas bases cognitivas y fomentar la creatividad para encontrar soluciones a problemas altamente idiosincrásicos.
מטרתו של המחקר המוצג בספר זה הינה להרחיב את הידע ביחס לפיתוח תרבות ככלי להתחדשות עירונית ולצמיחה קהילתית. הספר כולל סקירה של פרויקטים מוצלחים לפיתוח תרבות במדינות המערב, סקירה שאיפשרה לזהות שלוש אסטרטגיות פעולה עיקריות, שטמון בן פוטנציאל גבוה להפקת תועלות לעיר ולתושביה. עבודת השדה הקיפה שלושה אזורי מגורים בתל-אביב, שבכל אחד מהם הופעלה אחת משלוש האסטרטגיות. נחקרו השפעותיהן של האסטרטגיות על צמיחה כלכלית, על שינויים קהילתיים, ועל משיכת אוכלוסייה צעירה, משכילה ויצירתית אל המגורים בקרבת מפעלי התרבות. שימוש מושכל בידע אמור לאפשר למתכננים מימסדיים ולמתכננים קהילתיים "לתפור לפי מידה" אסטרטגיה לפיתוח תרבות, ההולמת את התנאים והמאפיינים המיוחדים לכל שכונה או יישוב.
This paper starts by identifying the modern cultural economy. It highlights the recent rapid growth of cultural industries in the major capitalist countries. The authors discuss the locational proclivities of these industries, and derive a functional classification of the types of spatial conurbations they generate. A brief account is offered of the underlying dynamics of these conurbations and of their creative capacities. They go on to argue that the developmental logic of cultural industries appears to be heading in the direction of an increasingly polycentric global cultural landscape, but at the expense of more traditional (non-commercial) cultural forms. The paper ends with a comment on policy issues with regard to local economic development and the promotion of culture more generally.
The recent rise of the cultural industry, resulting from the continuous economic growth in the world economy, and the increasing diversification of media has attracted enormous academic attention. However, most researchers have underestimated the nature and importance of uncertainty in the cultural industry.
It has been recognized that in the cultural industry there are conflicts between distribution and production sectors caused by their different objectives: the former pursues economic profits, whereas the latter set a high value on creation itself. On the basis of this notion, this article scrutinizes the factors of agglomeration in the production sector which produces cultural products.
The agglomeration mechanisms of the cultural industry have been discussed from these points of view: the convenience for production attained by the proximity of firms and/or specialists; flexible specialization to deal with the uncertainty of the market and the industry; the environments preferred by creative workers, and the cultures and the institutions that stimulate their creativity. These studies, however, have rarely shed light on the following points: (1) that “production” in the cultural industry is an R&D activity that emphasizes cultural values; (2) the importance of the production process; (3) the fact that highly creative cultural products do not always lead to good sales.
Therefore, this article analyzes the conditions under which “creative innovation” for the cultural industry can be achieved by a close examination of previous studies on innovation, creativity, knowledge, and agglomeration. The growth of the cultural industry arises from the worldwide penetration of aesthetic reflexivity, which virtually makes it impossible for providers of cultural products to predict and grasp the behavior of consumers. In the cultural industry there is a high level of uncertainty and it is creativity, not efficiency achieved through imitation, that increases the commercial value of cultural products; therefore the “learning” concept, which considers the diffusion of “best practices” as agglomeration economies, is an inappropriate method of analysis. Additionally, aesthetic reflexivity also requires the value of certain knowledge to be judged in the knowledge creation process by inputting cultural products into the market. To release cultural products in which this knowledge is embodied requires great cost because most of these products are usually unprofitable due to the reflexivity (or uncertainty) of the market. Hence, firms need to have a tolerance for “redundancy” which means an “inevitable inefficiency in the process of producing and selling products.”
The individual firm’s tolerance for redundancy, which is the source of creativity, heavily depends on location and the degree of the distribution sector’s power of control over the industry. On the basis of this notion, a creative place can be defined as one where the tolerance for redundancy can be augmented. It can be concluded, therefore, that an agglomeration is a creative place if the agglomeration economies can strengthen firms’ tolerance for redundancy in which the power relationships between the distribution sector firms and production sector firms do not greatly impair the latter’s creativity.
Nowadays the cultural sector is a crucial element of change to post-industrial societies. More concretely, it is a crucial sector promoting growth and competitiveness in the urban system at the national scale as well as at the international scale. This is clearly point out by the literature of creative cities. In this framework, this article analyzes the presence and distribution of 'cultural industries' in Spanish municipalities up to 50.000 inhabitants. In order to do it, different sources of data available at the municipal level in Spain have been used. Diverse categories of cultural industries have been selected according to criteria established by UNESCO, EUROSTAT or the Spanish Department of Culture. Index of distribution, concentration, density, extension and relevance has been computed among 145 cities. These analyses show the importance of cultural sector and specifi c sectors in the Spanish urban system identifying, within the cities noted for their cultural activity, three types: creative, artistic and entertainment, the second type the most important in Spain.
"'This is vintage Allen Scott, but also a tour d'horizon of the state of urban studies, 2012, by one of its foremost global practitioners: compulsory reading.' - Peter Hall, University College London, UK. 'In this book, Allen Scott enriches his longstanding research into the ways in which city-regions function as the main economic engines of global capitalism. The end result is a seminal synthesis of how city-regions are increasingly enchained with one another in intensifying relations of competition and cooperation, and is a must-read for students and scholars alike.' - Ben Derudder, Monash University, Australia and Ghent University, Belgium".
We analyze the importance of the promotion of the tourism and of the local development from the industry of the cinema. We pay particular attention to the local economic impact of the organization of festivals of cinema. We study the case of the Latin-American Festival of Cinema of Huelva. We conclude that the economic benefits of organizing this event are major that the costs, as the consulted bibliography say.
Sports tourism is a new rising industry produced by sports and tourism industry, which has the congenital advantage in responding the low-carbon economy mode, pursuing the carbon sink mechanism, and improving the low-carbon consumption. This paper analyzes the important value of sports tourism to promote city-circle industrial structure adjustment, expand employment, and improve the low-carbon economy development and the contribution to the physical and mental health and life quality of us. Taking Wuhan city-circle as an example, the authors analyze the current situation and resource advantage of the sports tourism, and make corresponding suggestion of sports tourism development of Wuhan city-circle.
Traditionally, museums spaces have tended to be located in the central areas of cities, thereby reinforcing existing dynamics and limiting their potential impact on more peripheral areas. The present study examines the locations chosen for museums that have been opened in three European cities: Barcelona, Paris and Turin, between the years 2000 and 2013. It shows how the locating of museums and galleries has not been homogeneous and how each potential location has its strengths and weaknesses. This is particularly evident when we consider such factors as the environmental impact of museums and how they influence the commercial offer, image and attractiveness of their host city. This paper identifies and examines the different types of impact that museum location strategies have on urban areas.
Starting from the recent statistical data of public funding to all cultural sectors at national, regional and local levels in Spain, the paper focuses on government action both in directly managing theatres and festivals or in just supporting independent production companies or off theatres. The main subjects are: supply and demand of performances, its distribution at national, regional and provincial levels, independent companies and production centres, public as well as private, the issues involved in the production and programming of shows, the structural weakness of the Spanish theatre system. A set of problems that, together with a downward trend of demand, calls for a necessary role of public intervention.
ISSN 1776-2936 Texte intégral à l'adresse : http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=EG_343_0207
In this paper, we examine the determinants of household consumption of newspapers and the amount spent on their purchase by considering several explanatory variables related to household characteristics and the main household wage earner. Results show that the variables have quite similar effects on both the relative probability of buying newspapers and the amount spent. The key variables are the age and occupational status of the main wage earner, the number of household members, income and having to pay for the house, as well as a number of geographical variables. However, certain differences are also observed. The most important is the education of the main wage earner: while its effect on buying newspapers is very small (only those who did not complete primary education are less likely to buy), its effect on the amount spent increases with the level of education. As other studies of cultural goods and services consumption have suggested, education and occupational status are more relevant determinants than income.
Economic research on the arts has known, through almost thirty years of its rise and development, markedly uneven accomplishments, not only on pure theoretical grounds but also in terms of empirical research, also due to the frequent lack of both a consistent methodological background and a comprehensive set of data1
Whenever economists study areas outside their traditional field of economy, they run the danger of misperceiving what contribution they are able to make. Only if the choice of what aspects to study is carried out carefully can a useful and novel contribution from the part of economics be expected.
The Economic Contribution of Australia's Copyright Industries. Australian Copyright Council and Centre for Copyright Studies Performing Arts. The Economic Dilemma The Economic Importance of Copyright in the Netherlands in 1998
- Sydney
- William J Baumol
- William G Bowen
To express sales in constant 1986 Euros we have used the consumer price index for Education, Recreation and Culture drawn up by the National Statistical Office, INE. In relation to GVAmp References ACC (2001) The Economic Contribution of Australia's Copyright Industries. Australian Copyright Council and Centre for Copyright Studies, Sydney. Baumol, William J. and Bowen, William G. (1966) Performing Arts. The Economic Dilemma. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Bustamante, Enrique and Zallo, Ramón (1988) Las industrias culturales en España. Akal/ Comunicación, Barcelona. DCMS (2001) Creative Industries Mapping Document. Creative Industries Task Force (U.K. Government, Department for Culture, Media and Sport), London. DCF (2000) The Economic Importance of Copyright in the Netherlands in 1998. 2000 Report. Dutch Copyright Federation, Amsterdam. Economists Incorporated (2000) Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy: The 2000 Report. The International Intellectual Property Alliance, Washington.
Las industrias culturales en España
- Enrique Bustamante
- Ramón Zallo
- E. Bustamante
Bustamante, Enrique and Zallo, Ramón (1988) Las industrias culturales en España. Akal/
Comunicación, Barcelona.
Measuring the Contribution of Culture to Human Well-Being: Cultural Indicators of Development
- Terry Mckinley
- T. McKinley
McKinley, Terry (1998) "Measuring the Contribution of Culture to Human Well-Being: Cultural
Indicators of Development", in World Culture Report, UNESCO, Paris.
The Culture and Leisure Industry in Spain. Its Contribution to GDP (1993-1997) Colección Datautor
- María I García
- Yolanda Fernández
- Zofío
- L José
Measuring Culture: Prospects and Limits
- Leo Goldstone
- L. Goldstone
Goldstone, Leo (1998) "Measuring Culture: Prospects and Limits", in World Culture Report,
UNESCO, Paris.
The Economic Contribution of Australia's Copyright Industries. Australian Copyright Council and Centre for Copyright Studies
- ACC
References
ACC (2001) The Economic Contribution of Australia's Copyright Industries. Australian Copyright
Council and Centre for Copyright Studies, Sydney.
The Economic Importance of Copyright in the Netherlands in 1998
- Dcf
DCF (2000) The Economic Importance of Copyright in the Netherlands in 1998. 2000 Report. Dutch
Copyright Federation, Amsterdam.
Economists Incorporated (2000) Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy: The 2000 Report. The
International Intellectual Property Alliance, Washington.
The Culture and Leisure Industry in Spain. Its Contribution to GDP (1993-1997). Colección Datautor, Sociedad General de Autores y Editores/Fundación Autor
- María I García
- Yolanda Fernández
- José L Zofío
- M. I. García
García, María I., Fernández, Yolanda and Zofío, José L. (2000) The Culture and Leisure Industry in
Spain. Its Contribution to GDP (1993-1997). Colección Datautor, Sociedad General de Autores
y Editores/Fundación Autor, Madrid.
La Evolución de la Industria de la Cultura y el Ocio en España por Comunidades Autónomas. Colección Datautor, Sociedad General de Autores y Editores/Fundación Autor
- María I García
- Yolanda Fernández
- José L Zofío
- M. I. García
García, María I., Fernández, Yolanda and Zofío, José L. (2001) La Evolución de la Industria de
la Cultura y el Ocio en España por Comunidades Autónomas. Colección Datautor, Sociedad
General de Autores y Editores/Fundación Autor, Madrid.
La Evolución Sectorial de la Industria de la Cultura y el Ocio en España. Colección Datautor, Sociedad General de Autores y Editores/Fundación Autor
- María I García
- José L Zofío
- M. I. García
García, María I. and Zofío, José L. (2002) La Evolución Sectorial de la Industria de la Cultura y el
Ocio en España. Colección Datautor, Sociedad General de Autores y Editores/Fundación Autor,
Madrid (forthcoming).
Instituto Nacional de Estadística
- Ine
INE (1999a) Contabilidad Nacional de España. Base 1986. Instituto Nacional de Estadística,
Madrid.
INE (1999b) Anuario estadístico 1998. Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Madrid.
Labor Force Statistics: 1980/2001 Edition. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
- Oecd
OECD (2002) Labor Force Statistics: 1980/2001 Edition. Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development, Paris.
Presupuestos de las Entidades Locales y de las Ciudades Autónomas para 1996. Dirección General de Coordinación con las Haciendas Territoriales
- Meh
MEH (1997) Presupuestos de las Entidades Locales y de las Ciudades Autónomas para 1996. Dirección General de Coordinación con las Haciendas Territoriales, Secretaría de Estado de Hacienda,
Ministerio de Economía y Hacienda, Madrid.
Dirección General de Coordinación con las Haciendas Territoriales
- Meh
MEH (1998b) Presupuesto de las Comunidades Autónomas y Ciudades Autónomas. Ejercicio 1997.
Dirección General de Coordinación con las Haciendas Territoriales, Secretaría de Estado de
Hacienda, Ministerio de Economía y Hacienda, Madrid.
Las Comunidades Autónomas en 1997, Cuadernos de Información Económica
FUNCAS (1998) Las Comunidades Autónomas en 1997, Cuadernos de Información Económica, pp.
132-133, Fundación de las Cajas de Ahorro Confederadas para la Investigación Económica y
Social, Madrid.
Performing Arts. The Economic Dilemma
- William J Baumol
- William G Bowen
- W. J. Baumol
Creative Industries Mapping Document. Creative Industries Task Force (U.K. Government, Department for Culture
DCMS (2001) Creative Industries Mapping Document. Creative Industries Task Force (U.K.
Government, Department for Culture, Media and Sport), London.
Trade and Globalization: Questions and Answers
- UNESCO
The Economic Importance of Copyright Industries in Finland
FCS (2000) The Economic Importance of Copyright Industries in Finland. 1997. Finnish Copyright
Society, Helsinki.