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Anti-visceral obesity and antioxidant effects of powdered sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaf tea in diet-induced obese mice
Abstract
The potential health benefits of tea have long been studied. This study examined the role of powdered sea buckthorn leaf tea (SLT) in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. The mice were fed two different doses of SLT (1% and 5%, wt/wt) for six weeks. SLT suppressed body weight gain in a dose-dependent manner and significantly reduced visceral fat, plasma levels of leptin, triglyceride and total cholesterol and ALT activity compared with the high-fat-fed control mice. SLT also decreased hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and lipid accumulation, whereas elevated fecal lipid excretion. High-fat feeding resulted in simultaneously decreasing hepatic FAS and G6PD activities and increasing PAP, β-oxidation and CPT activities. However, SLT supplementation during high-fat feeding led to a significant decrease in PAP, β-oxidation and CPT activities with a simultaneous increase in G6PD activity. The hepatic CYP2E1 activity and hepatic and erythrocyte lipid peroxides were significantly lowered with SLT supplements. Hepatic and erythrocyte SOD and CAT activities were also increased with SLT supplements in a dose-dependent manner, whereas GSH-Px activity was increased in erythrocytes only. These results indicate that SLT has potential anti-visceral obesity and antioxidant effects mediated by the regulation of lipid and antioxidant metabolism in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.
... Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) belongs to the Elaeagnus family, which is widely distributed over Asia and Europe [1], and China is one of the main producing areas. Sea buckthorn fruits, seeds, leaves, stem skins, and roots are rich sources of phenolic components, and those parts have antibacterial and antioxidant activities [2,3]. ...
... Masoodi et al. [17] reported that water extract from sea buckthorn leaves can inhibit cellular proliferation, wound healing, and reduce the expression of prostate-specifc antigens in prostate cancer cells in vitro. It has been reported that extracts of the sea buckthorn leaves have antioxidant [11,18,19], cytoprotective [19], antibacterial [14,18,19], anti-infammatory [20], antifatigue [21], antivisceral obesity [1], inhibiting glioma cell growth [22], promoting apoptosis [22], and stronger antiplatelet properties in vitro [23]. In addition, extracts of the sea buckthorn leaves are used in the manufacture of extracts, tea, animal feed, drugs, and cosmetics in some countries [1,24]. ...
... It has been reported that extracts of the sea buckthorn leaves have antioxidant [11,18,19], cytoprotective [19], antibacterial [14,18,19], anti-infammatory [20], antifatigue [21], antivisceral obesity [1], inhibiting glioma cell growth [22], promoting apoptosis [22], and stronger antiplatelet properties in vitro [23]. In addition, extracts of the sea buckthorn leaves are used in the manufacture of extracts, tea, animal feed, drugs, and cosmetics in some countries [1,24]. ...
Fixation is the key step to improve the quality of sea buckthorn leaf tea. Composition and activity are important indexes to evaluate the quality of sea buckthorn leaf tea. Comparing the effects of fixation methods on components and activities provides a theoretical basis for the contemporary, controllable, and continuous production of sea buckthorn leaf tea. The effects of six different fixed methods, pan-firing fixed (PF), steaming fixed (SF), boiling water fixed (BF), hot air fixed (HF), microwave fixed (MWF), and infrared fixed (IRF) for sea buckthorn leaf tea in terms of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, lipase inhibitory ability, and the antioxidant capacity were studied. The total flavonoids (TF) content, total soluble phenolics (TP) content, water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content, the inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase, lipase inhibitory ability, and the antioxidant capacity of fixed sea buckthorn leaf tea were significantly higher ( p ≤ 0.05 ) compared with sea buckthorn leaf. IRF and MWF samples had higher ( p ≤ 0.05 ) contents of TF (92.48 mg RE/g and 79.20 mg RE/g), TP (115.37 mg GA/g and 135.18 mg GA/g) and WSC (4.24% and 4.39%). The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the SF sample was the strongest one, followed by the MWF sample and IRF sample ( p ≤ 0.05 ). The hydroxyl radical scavenging ability and reducing power of IRF were the strongest one, followed by the MWF sample ( p ≤ 0.05 ). The IRF sample had the strongest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity ( p ≤ 0.05 ), and the MWF sample had the strongest lipase inhibitory ability while samples contained the same amount of total polyphenols ( p ≤ 0.05 ). Principal component analysis results showed that the IRF sample, MWF sample, and SF sample had higher comprehensive principal component values. MWF takes less time than IRF, which operated at 2,450 MHz (full power of 700 W) for 2 min. Therefore, MWF was the most suitable fixation method for sea buckthorn leaf tea. Practical Applications. Leaf tea is the main product of sea buckthorn leaf. However, at present, the quality of sea buckthorn leaf tea in the market is uneven, the processing methods are diverse, and there is no certain quality standard. This paper provides some data support and theoretical support for the production, processing, and purchase of sea buckthorn leaf tea.
... SB leaf tea (SBLT) included at levels of 1 and 5% of total diet, in a high fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks, suppressed body weight gain in a dose-dependent manner and significantly reduced visceral fat, plasma levels of leptin, triglyceride, total cholesterol and ALT activity compared with high-fat-fed control mice [34]. SBLT also decreased hepatic triglyceride, serum cholesterol and lipid accumulation. ...
... Improvement of metabolic profile Decrease in hyperglycemia and Hb1ac [36,42,43] Decrease in hyperinsulinemia [11,35] Improvement of insulin resistance [11] Anti-obesity effect [34,37,43] Anti-inflammatory effect (CRP, TNFa) [9, 45] Antioxidant effect (SOD, GSH, GPx) [39,40,50,51] Hepatoprotective effect Decrease in ALAT/ASAT/GGT [34,37,39,40] Decrease in histopathological lesions and markers of fibrosis [34,37,39,40] Decrease in hepatic lipid accumulation [34,37,39,40] Antiatherogenic effect Improvement in lipid profile [6] Decrease in VCAM, ICAM endothelial markers [45] Decrease in platelet aggregation [46,47] Tissue regeneration Selective mobilization of several stem cell types participating to tissue renewal and repair [49] Neuro and cytoprotective effect Protection against acute lung injury Preservation of lung tissue microstructure, body weight loss reduction, transvascular leakage increase reduction, MDA decrease, and increase in SOD and glutathione peroxidase levels [50] 9.9 Beneficial effect in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome ...
... Improvement of metabolic profile Decrease in hyperglycemia and Hb1ac [36,42,43] Decrease in hyperinsulinemia [11,35] Improvement of insulin resistance [11] Anti-obesity effect [34,37,43] Anti-inflammatory effect (CRP, TNFa) [9, 45] Antioxidant effect (SOD, GSH, GPx) [39,40,50,51] Hepatoprotective effect Decrease in ALAT/ASAT/GGT [34,37,39,40] Decrease in histopathological lesions and markers of fibrosis [34,37,39,40] Decrease in hepatic lipid accumulation [34,37,39,40] Antiatherogenic effect Improvement in lipid profile [6] Decrease in VCAM, ICAM endothelial markers [45] Decrease in platelet aggregation [46,47] Tissue regeneration Selective mobilization of several stem cell types participating to tissue renewal and repair [49] Neuro and cytoprotective effect Protection against acute lung injury Preservation of lung tissue microstructure, body weight loss reduction, transvascular leakage increase reduction, MDA decrease, and increase in SOD and glutathione peroxidase levels [50] 9.9 Beneficial effect in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome ...
Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) has a long history of use as food and medicine in Tibet and Northern Asia, where the plant has been associated with a wide range of health benefits. Sea buckthorn (SB) berry, seed and leaf have been reported to contain more than 190 bioactive compounds, including polyphenols (epicatechin, epigallocatechin, gallic acid, proanthocyanidins, chloregenic acid) and flavonoids (quercetin, isorhamnetin, kampferol glycosides, lutoelin, myricetin). SB represents a good source of phenolic compounds and flavonoids acting in synergy with PUFA such as omegas 3, 6, 7 and 9, vitamins (vitamin C), and organic acids. SB exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, anti-cancer, hepatoprotective properties, associated with improvement in various metabolic markers such as glycemic control and lipid profile. SB polyphenol fraction also demonstrated significant cardioprotective, antihypertensive and neuroprotective actions. SB acts as a natural stem cell mobilizer associated with significant regenerative properties. As a consequence, SB polyphenol consumption stimulates pancreatic regeneration in animal model of insulin-dependent diabetes. In conclusion, SB polyphenols exert a wide range of health benefits in metabolic health including obesity, diabetes and hypertension, as well as liver, kidney and brain health, positioning sea buckthorn berry extract as an interesting and valuable dietary supplement for natural complementary therapy and for antiaging.
... THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEA BUCK-THORN VEGETATIVE PARTS All parts (leaves, stems, shoots, bark, roots, and berries) of sea buckthorn are considered as a good source of biologically active compounds (Zu et al., 2006;Lee et al., 2011) and concentrations vary according to the origin, climate, method of extraction , harvesting time, and year of harvest. Nevertheless, sea buckthorn research and processing has been mainly focused on berries, but also seeds and their oil. ...
... Nevertheless, sea buckthorn research and processing has been mainly focused on berries, but also seeds and their oil. The berries are well known for their nutritional value and therapeutic properties (Xu et al., 2011), due to remarkable amounts of vitamins, carotenoids, organic acids, and minerals (Lee et al., 2011;Maheshwari et al., 2011). Despite the well documented chemical composition of berries, there is a lack of information about vegetative parts of sea buckthorn. ...
... Also heptaprotective, immunomodulatory, antiradiation, antivisceral obesity, adaptogenic, and cytoprotective properties of ethanol and water leaf extracts have been detected in vitro and in tests with animals (Ganju et al., 2005;Geetha et al., 2002;Kumar et al., 2011;Lee et al., 2011;Maheshwari et al., 2011). ...
In recent years, due to the health problems and better life expectancy, natural sources of bioactive substances have gained wide interest. Sea buckthorn is well known as a valuable plant and is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diseases and disorders. A considerable amount of literature has been published on sea buckthorn berries, although all parts of sea buckthorn plant are considered as a source of a large amount of biological active substances, and believed to have beneficial health effects. Therefore, vegetative parts would be a good raw material not only for medicinal, cosmetic and pharmaceutical properties, but also for the food industry. This has increased the research on different sea buckthorn vegetative parts and their extract activity and toxicity. Sea buckthorn leaves have attracted interest during the past few years as the most promising source of active compounds after berries. They contain a wide range of hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactive compounds, which exhibit remarkable anti-oxidant potential together with anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-tumour and anti-inflammatory activity. Therefore, extracts of the plant leaves could be used as natural replacements for synthetic additives and for food products with functional properties. This creates the need to investigate the biochemical content of sea buckthorn vegetative parts grown in Latvia.
... Although the health effects of sea buckthorn berries have been studied a lot, the in vivo studies with animal models on leaf extracts are still scarce (Ganju et al., 2005;Kwon et al., 2017;Lee et al., 2011). In these studies, the leaf extracts have showed significant health promoting effects (for reviews, see: (Kania-Dobrowolska et al., 2023;Ma et al., 2022;Shah et al., 2021)). ...
... Lee et al. added for 6 weeks 1 % or 5 % (w/w) of roasted, dried sea buckthorn leaf powder to high fat feeds in obese mouse model (Lee et al., 2011). The leaf powder suppressed weight gain and visceral fat accumulation in dose dependent manner and lowered levels of leptin, triglycerides and total cholesterol as compared to high fat fed control mice. ...
... Hippophaerhamnoides Linn (sea buckthorn) from the family Elaeagnaceae is a common native plant in Iran. The fruits, seeds, berries, and leaves of the plant contain important antioxidants like vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and sterols like beta-sitosterol, stanols, superoxide dismutase (SOD), flavonoids like aglycones and glycosides, catechins, and ellagic acid, as well as calcium, magnesium, and potassium [44][45][46][47]. The synthesized PdNPs were characterized using UV-vis, TEM, and SEM methods. ...
... A member of the Pinaceae family, pine plants are distributed throughout the world. The pine tree contains the polyphenolic compounds caryophyllene, terpinene-4-ol, and δ-cadinene [47,95]. For the Suzuki coupling reaction of phenylboronic acid with 4bromotoluene, the catalytic activity of synthesized PdNPs complexes (1%w/w, 3%w/w, 5%w/w, and 10%w/w) was assessed (Scheme 23). ...
Plant-aided biosynthesis of palladium nanoparticles is a necessity nowadays to avoid toxic chemicals used in the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles in traditional methods. Palladium nanoparticles are used as a catalyst in the Suzuki coupling reaction. Traditional synthesis of palladium nanoparticles uses harmful chemicals, reducing agents, and solvents, creating toxic byproducts. The Suzuki coupling reaction is a key step in the formation of C-C bonds in organic synthesis. The Suzuki coupling reaction has numerous applications in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, etc. So, there is scope for developing an environmentally friendly and low-cost palladium nanoparticle catalyst for the Suzuki coupling reaction that reduces environmental pollution. The traditional Suzuki coupling reaction requires expensive and toxic ligands, solvents, and bases and also produces toxic byproducts. In this review article, we focus on plant-assisted biosynthesis methods for the production of palladium nanoparticles and their applications for the Suzuki coupling reaction.
... A number of scientific articles on Teixobactin have been published in the last year, the new antibiot- ic that is active against gram-positive bacteria by binding to lipid II and lipid III and without involving antibiotic resistance. [21][22][23][24][25][26] It has been shown to kill a range of pathogens without detectable resistance, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus au- reus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, and Myco- bacterium tuberculosis. ...
... Στην Κεντρική Ασία (Pamirs του Τατζικιστάν και του Αφγανιστάν), οι γηγενείς πληθυσμοί χρησιμοποιούν τους καρπούς για τη θεραπεία της υπέρτασης, προβλημάτων του πεπτικού συστήματος και ασθενειών του δέρματος. Το έλαιο των καρπών χρησιμοποιείται για τη θερα- πεία της γαστρίτιδας, έλκους του στομάχου, γυναι- κολογικών προβλημάτων 23,24 . ...
Pharmaceutical care is a recently adopted philosophy, which attempts to integrate the concept of patient-oriented Therapeutics. However, aside from the patient, this approach contributes to multiple society levels, including the economy, public health and as a result, evolution and prosperity. Pharmaceutical care begins at the pharmacist- patient level, but extends across the whole healthcare system, involving of course clinicians, nurses etc. It is most typically oriented around the prescription of a medicinal product, where the most important concern is to avoid all the possible side effects, especially the adverse ones and focus on the efficacy of the formulation, in order to achieve maximum effectiveness and rapid treatment. In this bi-directional relationship, the pharmacist designs and develops the care plan, based on scientific knowledge and is responsible for earning the patient’s trust, but at the same time, the patient takes up an active role, by complying with the therapy scheme and providing detailed feedback on the various therapy effects. The degree of communication and synchronized cooperativity between the two units will determine if this effort will end up to a mutually beneficial result, so the community has to provide for that, by adopting and promoting specific and carefully designed educational approaches.
... We also found that SL and SLG supplementation improved dyslipidemia by decreasing the levels of plasma total-cholesterol, nonHDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, FFA, ApoB, and AI, while increasing the Apo A-I/Apo B ratio compared to the HFD group ( Figure 1F). This finding is supported by a previous study [21], which demonstrated the body fat and plasma lipid level lowering effects of powdered SL via the regulation of lipid and antioxidant metabolism in DIO mice. ...
... Lee et al. [21] and Pichiah et al. [22] demonstrated that the supplementation of powdered SL or SL ethanol extract effectively suppressed BW gain and the expansion of adipose tissue mass by modulating the plasma leptin level and hepatic lipid metabolism. However, these previous studies have not analyzed the markers associated with lipid metabolism in adipose tissue, despite the reduced body fat mass induced by the SL supplement. ...
The aim of the current study was to elucidate the effect of seabuckthorn leaves (SL) extract and flavonoid glycosides extract from seabuckthorn leaves (SLG) on diet-induced obesity and related metabolic disturbances, and additionally, to identify whether flavonoid glycosides and other components in SL can exert a possible interaction for the prevention of metabolic diseases by comparing the effect of SL and SLG. C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet (ND, AIN-93G purified diet), high-fat diet (HFD, 60 kcal% fat), HFD + 1.8% (w/w) SL (SL), and HFD + 0.04% (w/w) SLG (SLG) for 12 weeks. In high fat-fed mice, SL and SLG decreased the adiposity by suppressing lipogenesis in adipose tissue, while increasing the energy expenditure. SL and SLG also improved hepatic steatosis by suppressing hepatic lipogenesis and lipid absorption, whilst also enhancing hepatic fatty acid oxidation, which may be linked to the improvement in dyslipidemia. Moreover, SL and SLG improved insulin sensitivity by suppressing the levels of plasma GIP that were modulated by secreted resistin and pro-inflammatory cytokine, and hepatic glucogenic enzyme activities. SL, especially its flavonoid glycosides (SLG), can protect against the deleterious effects of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and its metabolic complications such as adiposity, dyslipidemia, inflammation, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance.
... Cytotoxicity studied in murine macrophages induced by tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide was controlled up to >95% using a pretreatment of the cells with sea buckthorn extract of concentration as low as 25 μg/ml . Sea buckthorn leaf tea supplementation suppressed body weight gain in a dose-dependent manner and significantly reduced visceral fat, plasma levels of leptin, triglyceride and total cholesterol, and alanine aminotransferase activity as compared to high-fat-fed control mice studied for six weeks (Lee et al., 2011). The leaf tea supplementation also decreased hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations, and lipid accumulation, whereas fecal lipid excretion elevated. ...
... Leaves Rheumatoid arthritis Suleyman, Demirezer, et al. (2001) Over weight, visceral fat, leptin, triglyceride, and total cholesterol Lee et al. (2011) Inflammation Padwad et al. (2006) Hypoxia-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage Narayanan et al. (2005) Cold-hypoxia-restrain Kumar (2007, 2008) Cytotoxicity Kumar et al. (2011) Branches Inflammation and diarrhea Yasukawa et al. (2009) Colitis and enterocolitis Tsybikova et al. (1983) Fruit Gastric ulcers Xing et al. (2002) Skin disorders Yang et al. (2000) Cardiovascular diseases Eccleston et al. (2002), Larmo et al. (2008) Radiation-induced oxidative damage Goel et al. (2005) Wound healing Gupta and Flora (2005) Thrombosis and platelet aggregation Cheng et al. (2003) Seed and berry oil Dermatitis and thrombosis Cheng et al. (2003), Yang et al. (2000) Eczema, lupus erythematosus, chronic wounds, inflammatory diseases, erosion of the cervix and uterus, keratitis, trachoma, and conjunctivitis Guliyev et al. (2004) ...
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) contains a large number of versatile compounds with antioxidant and hence medical properties that have been reported from time to time. Intensive work on the medical properties of sea buckthorn has concluded incredible results like the effects on atherosclerosis, anti-visceral obesity, platelet aggregation, inflammation, adverse stressful situations, and that of liver injury. Only a few studies have been conducted on the safety evaluation of the plant extract but importantly no study has deemed it unsafe for animal or human consumption till date. Considering the fact that no significant changes have been observed in organ weight/body weight ratios, of any vital organ studied (except liver and kidney in 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg body weight doses, respectively) and biochemical and hematological parameters in different animal trials with an lethal dose for 50% reduction of population (LD50) of >10 g/kg when given orally, there is scope for further investigations regarding its safety in the daily diet as a protective medicine.
... Sea buckthorn fruit berries consist of pulp (68%), seed (23%) and peel (7.75%) [8]. The berries, leaves and bark contain many bioactive compounds [3,9]. Due to the nutritional and functional properties of Hippophae, it has gained popularity all over the world. ...
... The potential chemopreventive effect of berries in mice was reported by Suryakumar and Gupta [2]. Studies in diet-induced obese mice showed that sea buckthorn leaves have antioxidant and anti-visceral obesity effects in the mice by regulating their antioxidant and lipid metabolism [9]. ...
Hippophae rhamnoides, also known as sea buckthorn is an ancient plant with modern virtues, due to its nutritional and medicinal value. Sea buckthorn is a spiny bush with long and narrow leaves, and orange-yellow berries. It is cold resistant, and native to Europe and Asia. All parts of Hippophae e.g. berries, leaves, and seed or pulp oils contain many bioactive compounds. They are a rich source of natural antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, tocopherols, carotenoids, fla-vonoids, while they contain proteins, vitamins (especially vitamin C), minerals, lipids (mainly unsaturated fatty acids), sugars, organic acids and phytosterols. Animal and human studies suggest that sea buckthorn may have various beneficial effects: cardioprotective, anti-atherogenic, antioxidant, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, anti-bacterial, antiviral, wound healing and anti-inflammatory. Hippophae could also be used in human and animal nutrition. Therefore, it would be worthwhile to perform more scientific research on this medicinal plant and to promote its large-scale utilization.
... Tocopherols, sterols, squalene and phenolic acids are among the bioactive substances found in vegetable oil unsaponifiable content [22,23]. Sea buckthorn leaves, bark and berries are high in bioactive chemicals [24]. Depending on the sea buckthorn's growth environment, geographic area and variety, sea buckthorn oil's chemical composition varies. ...
The present work focuses on the compositional characterization of tamarind and sea buckthorn seed oils, which have a wide range of uses in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food sectors. The characterization includes the analysis of tocopherols, sterols and fatty acid profile in both oils. The tamarind and sea buckthorn oils were converted to fatty acid methyl ester and the fatty acid composition was analyzed by using gas chromatography technique. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of tocopherols performed using high performance liquid chromatography. This study reveals that the oil samples consist of a variety of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, such as myristic acid (0 and 0.4%), palmitic acid (11 and 30.5%), palmitoleic (0 and 39.6%) stearic acid (0 and 0.5%), oleic acid (18.3 and 26.1%), linoleic acid (45.8 and 2.1%), linolenic acid (4.1% and 0.5%), arachidic acid (1.8% and 0%) behenic acid (9.6 and 0%) and lignoceric acid (9.4 and 0%). Additionally, the analysis detects various tocopherol components, including α-tocopherol (21.4 and 32.6%), β-tocopherol (14.49 and 7.24%), γ-tocopherol (53.72 and 45.66%), δ-tocopherol (9.64 and 9.11%) and α-tocotrienol (0 and 5.13%) in tamarind and sea buckthorn oil, respectively.
... Consumption of SB berries and derived preparations has been related to health-beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system (e.g., lipid metabolism, platelet aggregation, and inflammation) [54][55][56][57], glucose and lipid metabolism [58][59][60][61], and associated also with activities such as the immunomodulatory [62,63], antioxidant [64,65], antiviral [66,67], protective and curative effects in different pathologies [11,[68][69][70][71]. The leaves and the new tender shoots have a similar chemical profile as berries but with significantly higher amounts of phenolic compounds [17,41,[72][73][74][75], being a rich source of crude protein (on average 15%), crude fat, and macro-and microelements [33,42,[76][77][78], being recommended in the production of new pharmaceutical or food ingredients and supplements [73,79,80]. The leaves have been reported to have anti-inflammatory [81,82], antioxidant [73,83], immunomodulatory [63], antimicrobial [84,85], anti-platelet and anticoagulant potential [86], as well as other health proprieties [87,88]. ...
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) (SB) is increasingly consumed worldwide as a food and food supplement. The remarkable richness in biologically active phytochemicals (polyphenols, carotenoids, sterols, vitamins) is responsible for its purported nutritional and health-promoting effects. Despite the considerable interest and high market demand for SB-based supplements, a limited number of studies report on the authentication of such commercially available products. Herein, untargeted metabolomics based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-ESI⁺MS) were able to compare the phytochemical fingerprint of leaves, berries, and various categories of SB-berry herbal supplements (teas, capsules, tablets, liquids). By untargeted metabolomics, a multivariate discrimination analysis and a univariate approach (t-test and ANOVA) showed some putative authentication biomarkers for berries, e.g., xylitol, violaxanthin, tryptophan, quinic acid, quercetin-3-rutinoside. Significant dominant molecules were found for leaves: luteolin-5-glucoside, arginine, isorhamnetin 3-rutinoside, serotonin, and tocopherol. The univariate analysis showed discriminations between the different classes of food supplements using similar algorithms. Finally, eight molecules were selected and considered significant putative authentication biomarkers. Further studies will be focused on quantitative evaluation.
... In experimental studies, the defensive impacts of HR on various tissue injuries have been individually proven in diverse tissues, including cerebral vascular (Purushothaman et al., 2008) and liver (Ran et al., 2021) injuries. HR's protective effects in various situations such as burn (Upadhyay et al., 2011), pulmonary vascular leakage (Purushothaman et al., 2011), and obesity (Lee et al., 2011) have also been studied. Also, HR fruit has been shown to have an antiulcerogenic effect against IND-induced gastric ulcer . ...
Objective: In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of ethanol extract of Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Material and Methods: 35 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 7 groups (n=5) at random: healthy; Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves ethanol extract (HR) III; indomethacin; indomethacin+famotidine; indomethacin+HRI (100 mg/kg); indomethacin +HRII (250 mg/kg) and indomethacin +HRIII (500 mg/kg). All rats except the healthy group fasted for 24 hours. At the end of this period, HR and famotidine (20 mg/kg) were administered by oral gavage to the corresponding rat groups. Five minutes after the HR treatments, 25 mg/kg of indomethacin was applied by oral gavage to all groups except the Healthy and HR III groups. Six hours after indomethacin administration, stomach tissues were removed for investigation macroscopic and biochemically (Superoxide dismutase activity, Glutathione, and Malondialdehyde levels). Results: HR administration improved ulcerative injury in stomach tissues caused by the indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer. HR administration reduced indomethacin-induced ulcer areas. Moreover, HR treatment significantly decreased malondialdehyde levels, increased glutathione levels, and elevated superoxide dismutase activity. Conclusions: HR significantly improved gastric ulcer by alleviating oxidative stress that could be important in ulcer. HR may be a new potential treatment option for ulcer treatment with an antioxidant effect. These findings may provide a mechanistic basis for using HR leaves to treat gastric ulcer.
... лиственные экстракты облепихи снижают ожирение, стеатоз печени, резистентность к инсулину и воспаление при ожирении, [29] , экстракт семян уменьшает ожирение, вызванное диетой с высоким содержанием жиров, гипертриглицеридемию и накопление триглицеридов в печени, [30] этанольный экстракт облепихи предотвращает ожирение, вызванное «жирной» диетой за счет подавления экспрессии адипогенных и липогенных генов. [31] Ещё в одном исследовании [32] изучалась роль порошкообразного чая из листьев облепихи у мышей с ожирением, вызванным диетой с высоким содержанием жиров. Мышам давали две разные дозы (1% и 5%) в течение шести недель. ...
В статье рассмотрены основные свойства облепихи и её воздействие на организм человека. Проведен систематический обзор современной специализированной литературы и актуальных научных данных. Указан химический состав и пищевая ценность ягод, рассмотрено использование облепихи в различных видах медицины и эффективность её применения при различных заболеваниях. Отдельно проанализированы потенциально неблагоприятные эффекты облепихи на организм человека при определенных медицинских состояниях и заболеваниях. Рассмотрены научные основы диет с её применением. Расширенная HTML версия статьи приведена на сайте edaplus.info.
... And some green teas have made from fruit tree leaves with important health-promoting properties such as sea buckthorn leaf tea, mulberry leaf tea, guava leaf tea, and persimmon leaf tea. (Sakanaka et al., 2005, Deguchi and Miyazaki, 2010, Lee et al., 2011Wilson and Islam, 2015). ...
Making tea from jujube leaves changed the chemical composition and aroma composition of jujube leaves. Here, Through LC-MS, GC-IMS, and GC-MS technology, we have revealed the effect of jujube leaf processing changes on metabolites. LC-MS identified 468 non-volatile metabolites, while GC-IMS and GC-MS detected 52 and 24 volatile metabolites, respectively. 109 non-volatile metabolites exhibiting more pronounced differences were screened. Most lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids, amino acids, and flavonoids increased significantly after processing. GC-IMS and GC-MS analysis revealed that the contents of aldehydes and ketones were significantly increased, while esters and partial alcohols were decreased after processing into jujube leaf tea. The main flavor substances of fresh jujube leaf and jujube leaf tea were eugenol and (E) - 2-Hexenal, respectively. Furthermore, amino acids and lipids were closely linked to the formation of volatile metabolites. Our study provided new insights into the changes in metabolites of jujube leaves processed into jujube leaf tea, and had great potential for industrial application. It laid a foundation for further research on fruit tree leaf tea.
... The common forms of sea buckthorn leaf tea on the market are bulk sea buckthorn leaf tea (unpackaged) and bagged sea buckthorn leaf tea. Sea buckthorn leaf tea contains a variety of functional ingredients with many health benefits, such as lipid lowering, weight loss, and antioxidation (Cho et al., 2014;Lee et al., 2011). ...
Abstract Sea buckthorn leaf tea, an emerging potential functional beverage product, has not yet had appropriate product standards and corresponding quality evaluation methods, and its poor taste directly affects the acceptance of the population, thus limiting its market consumption potential. In this study, two major packaging forms of sea buckthorn leaf tea available in the Chinese market were selected. The contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and 10 phenolic compounds, as well as the in vitro antioxidant capacity and sensory characteristics of sea buckthorn leaf tea were analyzed. Results showed that the quality of sea buckthorn leaf tea in the Chinese market varied widely. The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and consumer acceptance of bagged sea buckthorn leaf tea were higher than those of bulk sea buckthorn leaf tea. Multifactorial statistical analysis showed that the taste astringency of sea buckthorn leaf tea was closely related to ellagic acid and isorhamnetin‐3‐O‐neohesperidin. Furthermore, isorhamnetin‐3‐O‐neohesperidin had a greater effect on the antioxidant activity of sea buckthorn leaf tea. Therefore, ellagic acid and isorhamnetin‐3‐O‐neohesperidin can be used as potential quality markers for sea buckthorn leaf tea. This work provides a reference for taste improvement and quality control of sea buckthorn leaf tea.
... B1 0.035mg, B2 0.056mg (20,21,(29)(30)(31)(32)(33). The nutritious ingredients of sea-buckthorn berry are tested for their application in medicine i.e. in treatment of inflammation, cancer and treatment after chemotherapy (34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41). Bark and leaves of sea-buckthorn are used to treat diarrhoea and dermatological condition whereas berry oil applied topically softens the skin (42). ...
The present research work is to evaluate the Anti-thyroid potential of Hippophae rhamnoides [sea buckthorn] in Albino Wister rats. Methods: Hippophae rhamnoides were used to treat infections, slows down the aging process, improves sight and also used to treat BP (Blood Pressure) heart and liver diseases, common cold, gout, high cholesterol, ulcers and to reduce weight. The Anti-Thyroid activity of sea buckthorn was studied by inducing hyperthyroidism in albino Wister rats by administering Thyroxine orally for 14 days. After 14 days, collect the blood samples from the eye and check the levels of T3, T4and TSH. From 15 th day, administer the sea buckthorn berry powder and Methimazole(standard)for 6 days (21 st day) Results: In present study, it was found that thyroxin increases the levels of T3, T4 and TSH i.e., Hyperthyroidism. By administrating Sea buckthorn berries powder, lowers the increased levels of T3, T4 and TSH when compared to standard drug (Methimazole). Introduction:
... It has been currently found that sea buckthorn fruits contain 10 vitamins, the most valuable of which are vitamins C, P, B1, B2, K, and E. Berries are an important source of beta-carotene, which is a provitamin of vitamin A. Sea buckthorn is an oilseed crop containing sea buckthorn oil, which is a concentrate of beta-carotene. [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]. ...
A technology for the production of homogenized purees from sea buckthorn and celery, intended for use in the production of dairy desserts, has been developed. The chemical composition of the homogenized sea buckthorn and celery purees was studied. The optimal modes of the fermented milk desserts production with vegetable purees from sea buckthorn and celery are established, which allow producing a product with the improved organoleptic and rheological parameters. The ratio of milk components of cottage cheese and sour cream is (2:1), the dose of mashed sea buckthorn and celery-13% by weight of the product, the ratio of sea buckthorn to celery is 60:40. The technology of the "Milk squirrel" parfait fermented milk desserts and cottage cheese-sour cream mousse "Spring" production with the addition of mashed sea buckthorn and celery has been developed. In the fermented milk desserts, the content of vitamin C, A and E is increased.
... For microscopic examinations, the above-said organs (especially liver and kidney) were cut into minor sections of tissues and then further stored in 10% formalin and subjected for histopathological findings (Lee et al. 2011). ...
Obesity is an alarming sign and considered as a threat word wide. Since it not only hurt the human body but plays as a basis for other serious diseases like cardiovascular and many more. The 50% hydro-ethanolic extract of Dalbergia latifolia bark (D. latifolia) (DLBE; %yield = 16.34) and methanolic extract (4.32%) of D. latifolia were made. The DLBE was used for the acute oral toxicity and anti-obesity activity in the rodent. However, methanolic extract was used for characterization by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method. During acute toxicity study, it was shown that certainly there was no mortality or morbidity observed up to the maximum dose of 2000 mg/kg after administration of DLBE. The ultimate body weight, food intake, liver weight, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), triglycerides (TG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of rats treated with DLBE at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively was considerably diminished to p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 as compared with high-fat diet (HFD) induced obese animals. However, DLBE treated with quite smaller dose revealed a non-significant (p > 0.05) effects on above parameters. The histopathologi-cal findings of the study from the cross section of liver and kidney show normal architecture in the cells treated with DLBE at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively. Thus we can conclude that the bark extract of D. latifolia can be used for the treatment of obesity and a novel approach for further investigations of its pathology.
... For example, Lee et al. [7] and Pichiah et al. [8] observed that teas from sea buckthorn leaves have anti-obesity properties in vivo. Our earlier research showed that sea buckthorn leaves contained, in addition to phenolics and triterpenoids, also triterpenoid saponins [5]. ...
This study focuses on saponin fraction from sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson) leaves. It has known that for example teas from sea buckthorn leaves have anti-obesity properties. The objective of our present experiments was to investigate both the chemical composition of saponin fraction, as well as their biological properties in different in vitro models (using human plasma, blood platelets, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)). We observed that saponin fraction reduces plasma lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation induced by H2O2/Fe. This fraction also decreased DNA oxidative damage induced by H2O2 in PBMCs. Regarding the cytotoxicity of saponin fraction (0.5–50 µg/mL) none was found to cause lysis of blood platelets, and PBMCs. Our results, for the first time indicate that saponin fraction from sea buckthorn leaves may be a new promising source of compounds for prophylaxis and treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress.
... Moreover, an in vivo experiment demonstrated that the extract was effective at in decreasing adiposity, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced mice (Kwon et al., 2017;Lee et al., 2011;Pichiah, Moon, Park, Moon, & Cha, 2012). ...
Patrinia scabiosaefolia (PS) and Hippophae rhamnoides (HR) are traditionally used functional foods. Extracts from the root of PS are known for their anti‐inflammatory effects, whereas those from the leaf of HR are effective at both preventing and treating obesity. This study investigated whether the extract combination of PS and HR (PHE) affected weight loss in obese mice. In vitro experiments demonstrated that PHE showed a synergistic effect on inhibiting adipocyte differentiation as compared with treatment with the single extracts. Additionally, PHE suppressed adipogenic‐related genes in a concentration‐dependent manner. In vivo PHE supplementation suppressed body weight gain, inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation, decreased adipose size, serum triglycerides, and improved insulin resistance in obese mice. These results suggest that a treatment strategy using a combination of plant‐derived extracts might be effective at ameliorating obesity.
Practical applications
Currently, common methods for reducing obesity are diet and exercise. These can stimulate oxidative phosphorylation and metabolic activation so have significantly effects. However, these are largely due to individual compliance; there is no significant effect of reducing the worldwide obesity rate. Recently, herbal extracts has been reported as alternative medicine about inflammatory and obesity because diet with the herbal extracts can improve obesity with minimal side effects. Of particular, a mixture of herbal products was investigated for the treatment of obesity. Our reports demonstrated the synergistic effects of natural products and emphasizes the need for studies investigating other combinations of herbal extracts in the treatment of obesity. The results of our studies highlight the synergistic effects of combination phytochemical extracts and their role in ameliorating obesity.
... Over the recent years, SBT leaf extracts have been scientifically investigated and various biological properties, i.e. radioprotective, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory, have been reported [1,7,8]. Results of Lee et al. [9] and Pichiah et al. [10] demonstrated that SBT leaves (used in the form of teas and extracts) possess antiobesity properties. Recently, Sadowska et al. [11] have shown that not only SBT leaf extract, but also its twig extract, have anti-virulence action in vitro. ...
Background
Sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson, SBT) is a valuable plant because of its medical and therapeutic potential. Different bioactive compounds in SBT berries are of special interest to various researchers. However, not only sea buckthorn berries, but also leaves of this plant (both fresh and dried) contain a lot of nutrients and bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds. The present study was carried out in order to investigate antioxidant and anticoagulant properties of sea buckthorn twig and leaf extracts (0.5–50 μg/mL) by using various in vitro models. Moreover, the aim of present experiments was to compare the biological activity of SBT leaf extract and SBT twig extract with selected berry extracts (a rich source of phenolic compounds): SBT berry extract (flavonoids being the dominant components), a commercial extract from the berries of Aronia melanocarpa (Aronox®), and a grape seed extract.
Methods
We determined the effect of plant extracts on the oxidative stress using selected markers of this process, i.e. the level of carbonyl groups in proteins. Additionally, we analysed the potential mechanism of modulation of hemostatic properties of human plasma (using selected coagulation times).
Results
SBT twig and leaf extracts were observed to exhibit an antioxidant activity against two strong biological oxidants: hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and H2O2/Fe (the donor of hydroxyl radicals), which induced human plasma lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation. Both extracts also showed anticoagulant properties.
Conclusions
Our present results have demonstrated that extracts from different parts of SBT, especially berries and twigs, in comparison to well-known berries (aronia and grape), may also be viewed as a good source of active substances – antioxidants for pharmacological or cosmetic applications. Moreover, it is very important from an economic point of view to know that there is a possibility of obtaining phenolic compounds not only from the berries or leaves, but also from twigs, which constitute a production waste.
... Sea buckthorn berries are recognized as a rich source of health-promoting substances, including phenolic compounds, numerous vitamins, minerals, omega fatty acids and phytosterols [1][2][3][4][5], and are very good candidates for functional food production. Recently, experiments have demonstrated that other parts of sea buckthorn -leaves and twigs, also contain phenolic compounds, which are beneficial for human health [6][7][8]. ...
Aim:
The main objective of our studies was to determine the chemical composition and biological activities (antioxidant and anticoagulant properties) of two standardized phenolic fractions from sea buckthorn twig and leaf, and two standardized nonpolar fractions from twig and leaf in human plasma in vitro.
Material & methods:
Appropriately prepared extracts from sea buckthorn twigs and leaves were used. Markers of oxidative stress and hemostasis were determined in this work.
Results:
The reduction of plasma lipid peroxidation induced by H2O2/Fe was observed for two fractions from twig. Analysis of the effect on the coagulation properties of plasma demonstrated that the nonpolar fraction from twig and the phenolic fraction from leaf, significantly prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time and the prothrombin time, respectively.
Conclusion:
Sea buckthorn twig and leaf are new promising plant materials in the prophylaxis and treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
... Two upper layers can be processed and used in making of skin care creams, and the bottom layer is usually used in food industry as syrup. Currently, the highly nutritious ingredients of common sea-buckthorn berries are tested for their application in medicine, i.e. in treatment of inflammations, cancers and as adjunctive treatment after chemotherapy [33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. Bark and leaves of sea-buckthorn used to be applied to treat diarrhea and dermatological conditions, whereas berry oil applied topically or taken orally softened the skin [40]. ...
Vegetable oils are obtained by mechanical extraction or cold pressing of various parts of plants, most often: seeds, fruits, and drupels. Chemically, these oils are compounds of the ester-linked glycerol and higher fatty acids with long aliphatic chain hydrocarbons (min. C14:0). Vegetable oils have a variety of properties, depending on their percentage of saturation. This article describes sea-buckthorn oil, which is extracted from the well characterized fruit and seeds of sea buckthorn. The plant has a large number of active ingredients the properties of which are successfully used in the cosmetic industry and in medicine. Valuable substances contained in sea-buckthorn oil play an important role in the proper functioning of the human body and give skin a beautiful and healthy appearance. A balanced composition of fatty acids give the number of vitamins or their range in this oil and explains its frequent use in cosmetic products for the care of dry, flaky or rapidly aging skin. Moreover, its unique unsaturated fatty acids, such as palmitooleic acid (omega-7) and gamma-linolenic acid (omega-6), give sea-buckthorn oil skin regeneration and repair properties. Sea-buckthorn oil also improves blood circulation, facilitates oxygenation of the skin, removes excess toxins from the body and easily penetrates through the epidermis. Because inside the skin the gamma-linolenic acid is converted to prostaglandins, sea-buckthorn oil protects against infections, prevents allergies, eliminates inflammation and inhibits the aging process. With close to 200 properties, sea-buckthorn oil is a valuable addition to health and beauty products.
... Many bioactive compounds such as Hippophae cerebroside, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and 19-alpha hydroxyursolic acid have also been isolated from Seabuckthorn berries (Zheng et al. 2009). Incidentally, isorhamnetin isolated from Seabuckthorn leaves showed significant antioxidant activity (Pengfei et al. 2009;lee et al. 2011) on the other hand, the tannin fraction showed antioxidant and cytoprotective activity (Shipulina et al. 2005). The principle components of tannin fraction were strictinin, isostrictinin, casuarinin and casuaricitin. ...
Ethno pharmacological relevanceThe study explores the anti-inflammatory activity of components present in fractions obtained from leaves of Hippophae rhamnoides in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Aim of the studyImmunomodulators salvage the immune response by enhancing or reducing its capacity to the required level. Plant extracts are extensively used as immunomodulators because of their easy availability, simple methods of preparation and minimum side effects with maximum efficacy. Materials and methodsThe present study was conducted to assess the immunomodulatory activities of phyto constituents present in Seabuckthorn leaves. The aqueous–alcoholic leaf extract was subjected to successive and parallel extraction in the presence of polar and non-polar solvents for fractionation of compounds. Based on the yield, three fractions were selected viz. parallel methanol (PM), successive chloroform (SC) and successive methanol (SM) and screened for in vitro immunomodulatory activities. Peritoneal macrophages were isolated from Balb/c mice and cultured with or without LPS to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of the three fractions on cell viability, hemolytic activity, nitric oxide (NO) production, cytokine levels, iNOS and COX-2 expressions. ResultsThe results revealed that none of the three fractions induced hemolysis. Cells treated with PM fraction significantly suppressed LPS-induced NO production and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ as compared to SC and SM treatment. The iNOS and COX-2 expressions were also significantly reduced after treatment with PM fraction. Conclusions
The decrease in LPS-induced NO production, pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, iNOS and COX-2 expression signifies anti-inflammatory properties of PM fraction containing tannins, proteins and carbohydrate groups. Hence, this plant-derived immunomodulator can be used as a therapeutic agent in inflammatory diseases.
... A potential chemopreventive effect of sea buckthorn berries in mice was observed by Suryakumar and Gupta (2011). In high-fat diet-induced obese mice sea buckthorn leaf tea proved their antioxidant effect and effect of visceral obesity reduction (Lee et al. 2011). ...
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is in the focus of interest mainly for its positive effects on health of both human and animal organisms. The whole plant of sea buckthorn and especially its berries are a source of a large number of different bioactive compounds. The greatest attention has been drawn to its high content of vitamins, minerals, natural antioxidants, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, and proteins. Sea buckthorn is valued for its antioxidant, cardioprotective, antiatherogenic, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-carcinogenic, immunomodulatory, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and vasorelaxant effects. Due to these and other positive effects, the plant is included in both human and animal nutrition, in the latter case to increase the biological value of animal products. This review summarises the botanical characteristics of sea buckthorn, lists the bio-active substances contained in individual parts of the plant, their effects in the prevention of a number of different diseases and their possible utilisation in human and animal nutrition. © 2015, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Metabolic syndrome, a major health issue, is closely associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis, defined by an imbalance of beneficial and harmful bacteria. This imbalance contributes to various gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders. The current research highlights the effectiveness of natural plant components, especially dietary fibers and polyphenols, in positively influencing gut microbiota composition. Sea buckthorn, rich in polyphenols, has emerged as a key player in regulating gut microbiota and mitigating metabolic inflammation. This chapter examines how sea buckthorn and other treatments targeting gut microbiota impact metabolic diseases like obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. It also explores the mechanisms of sea buckthorn in addressing metabolic disorders, focusing on lipid metabolism proteins and oxidative stress markers. This comprehensive review underscores the potential of sea buckthorn as a natural intervention strategy for various chronic metabolic diseases. By influencing gut microbiota composition and diversity, sea buckthorn holds promise in maintaining intestinal barrier integrity, reducing inflammation, and ultimately contributing to metabolic health.
Agriculture and Food Science Book series aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to publish their experiences and research results on all aspects of Agriculture and Food Science. It also provides a premier interdisciplinary platform for researchers, practitioners and educators to present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, and concerns as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the fields of Agriculture and Food Science. High quality research contributions describing original and unpublished results of conceptual, constructive, empirical, experimental, or theoretical work in all areas of Agriculture and Food Science are cordially invited for publication.
The demand for foods containing functional ingredients has increased to a great extent as people prefer foods with health-promoting properties. The present study was aimed to prepare chhurpi- a traditional Himalayan dried cheese, supplemented with sea buckthorn leaves (SBL) having inherent nutraceutical properties. The results revealed that the addition of SBL (1.5%, 2.5% and 3.5%) to chhurpi significantly changed its color and texture. The FT-IR spectra revealed that intensity of peaks between 3400–3200 cm−1 and 1200–800 cm−1 of the enriched chhurpi samples increased significantly. The total flavonoids and total phenolics of the chhurpi samples also increased significantly from 0.05–4.63 mg catechin equivalents/g and 7.55–63.04 mg GAE/g, respectively. Enriched chhurpi showed increased anti-diabetic, anti-obesity and anti-proliferative properties. The organoleptic characteristics of enriched chhurpi samples were modified considerably and the chhurpi with 2.5% SBL was given maximum scores. HPLC analysis of SBL confirmed the presence of phenolics (gallic acid, ferulic acid and vanillic acid) and flavonoid compounds (quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin).
Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the overproduction of free radicals and the radical-scavenging anti-oxidative defense system, which results in the accumulation of detrimental reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a precious plant resource that has been reported useful in foods, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and drugs for a long time. The medicinal value of seabuckthorn is attracting considerable attention mainly for its antioxidant properties. However, there is no systematic literature review focused on the antioxidant capacity and underlying mechanisms of the seabuckthorn extracts. This review summarizes the antioxidant property of the leaf, berry, and oil extracts of seabuckthorn. We also pay much attention to the anti-oxidative properties of the polyphenols, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and other fractions in seabuckthorn extracts. It is noteworthy that the underlying mechanisms of the antioxidant activity of seabuckthorn have been discussed as follows: modulating the NRf-2/ARE antioxidant system, inhibiting the MAPK, NF-κB, STAT3 signaling pathway, suppressing the apoptotic signaling pathway, modulating the metabolic pathway, and impacting the gut microbiota. Major challenges related to the uncertainty problems in the research on seabuckthorn and the key research directions are suggested in this review.
This chapter summarizes the medicinal and nutraceutical applications of seabuckthorn in preventive as well as therapeutic effects in different diseases. This plant is recently gaining a lot of attention all over the world and explored for its bioactive constituents as well as medicinal activity. Traditionally, this plant has been extensively used in folklore treatment for several diseases such as stomach malfunctioning, ulcers, liver injury, tendon and ligament injuries, and cardiovascular and skin diseases. Researchers have investigated the pharmacological activities in seabuckthorn using several in vitro studies, relevant preclinical models, and some clinical trials. Several traditional uses of seabuckthorn have been scientifically analyzed, and the biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-stress, adaptogenic, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, radioprotective, anti-atherogenic, and wound healing have been reported. Hence, the present knowledge identifies the development of herbal medicines and nutraceuticals from seabuckthorn.
Intraspecific genetic diversity is an important characteristic of the evolutionary potential, fitness, and conservation status of any species. Monitoring this characteristic is particularly important in rare, vulnerable, or endangered species with small fragmented populations and in domesticated or cultivated species. Humans have been exploiting seabuckthorn (Hippophae L., Elaeagnaceae) for thousands of years, but its considerable economic potential has only recently been appreciated. Studies of genetic resources in the genus have accumulated valuable information on evolutionary history, biogeography, genetic diversity within populations, population structure, and genes with putative specific adaptive functions in its different species and taxa. The further utilization of genetic resources in seabuckthorn strongly depends on understanding the mechanisms behind genetic patterns in its wild populations and specific evolutionary and ecological mechanisms of adaptations of these populations to local environments. Monitoring and preservation of genetic diversity across the genus have so far been an underappreciated issue, which should be included in further research programs on this plant. Further studies should focus on monitoring genetic diversity in poorly studied taxa, identification of endangered populations under threat of genetic erosion, and on identification of genes controlling important adaptive functions and important agricultural traits. These genes can be a part of genomic regions underlying the adaptation to changing environments, resistance and tolerance to diseases, pests, and abiotic stresses, or biochemical pathways of synthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites with strong potential for local and international marketing. Identification and characterization of these genes can lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of adaptation to past and future climatic fluctuations and environmental modifications. Ultimately, this knowledge will help breeding plants with the desired combination of traits. Specifically, the breeding of varieties of high ecological, medicinal, or nutritional value, adapted to the areas of their cultivation, will be greatly facilitated.
Since the prehistoric times, at least 60,000 years back as per fossil records, humans have been using natural products, such as plants, animals, microorganisms, and marine organisms, in medicines to alleviate and treat diseases. The use of natural products as medicines must have a great challenge to early humans because when seeking food in forests and hills, early humans often consumed poisonous plants, which led them to vomiting, diarrhea, coma, or other toxic reaction-even death. Subsequently, they were able to develop knowledge about edible plant materials and to use many plants as natural medicines for treatment of diseases and ailments, which are the basis of traditional medicine. Such forms of traditional medicines, namely, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Indian Ayurveda, Greek-Arabic Unani, Japanese Kampo, and traditional Korean medicine, known as Sasang constitutional medicine (SCM) have been practiced worldwide for more than thousands of years and have blossomed into the present systems of modern medicines. The advancement of modern technology helped us to evaluate the pharmacology and mechanism of action of many medicinal herbs in treatment of diseases and to use them as cornerstones of modern medicine. In the historic year 1805, German pharmacist Friedrich Serturner isolated morphine from the opium plant, Papaver somniferum L., and laid the foundation of modern medicine. Subsequently, countless active natural molecules, known as phytochemicals have been separated from natural plant and microbial extracts, and many of them have potential anticancer, antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, antiobese, antidiabetic, antiviral, antileishmanial, and antimigraine medicative properties. These phytochemicals, which have evolved over millions of years, have a unique chemical structural diversity, which results in the diversity of their biological actions to alleviate and treat critical human diseases. A group of evidence advocates that a “multidrugs” and “multi-targets” approach would be more effective compared to a “single-drug” and “single-target” approach in the treatment of complex diseases like obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Phytochemicals present in a single herb or in a herbal formulation can function alone or synergistically with other phytochemicals in a “multi-targets” approach to produce desired pharmacological effect in prevention and cure of complex diseases. The optimal efficacy of the herbal/polyherbal extract depends on its correct dosage containing the optimal concentration of bioactive phytochemical (s) and the method of preparing and processing of the herbal/polyherbal composition and the appropriate time of collection of plant parts. Therefore, the research on natural products is a thrust area for future research in drug discovery (Yuan et al. 2016). This chapter summarizes the current progress in the study of the antiobesity and antidiabetic potentials of natural products and their main bioactive phytochemicals, major molecular mechanisms in preventing and treating obesity and diabetes, and their associated complications.
Numerous studies on the chemical composition of various organs of sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson) have found the plant to be a rich source of vitamins, phenolic compounds, amino acids, fatty acids, and micro- and macro-elements. Furthermore, other studies on preparations from various organs have found them to have significant anti-cancer, anti-ulcer, and hepatoprotective properties, as well as various antibacterial and antiviral activities. This paper reviews the current literature concerning the effect of different sea buckthorn preparations, i.e., extracts and fractions with various chemical contents, on hemostasis, and their positive role in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. It also sheds new light on the mechanisms involved in their action on hemostasis both in vivo and in vitro. For these studies, biological materials, including blood platelets, plasma, and blood, were isolated from healthy subjects and those with cardiovascular risk factors. In addition, it describes the cardioprotective potential of commercial products from different organs of sea buckthorn.
Natural ingredients from fruits and fruit-derived by-products have gained special interest as dietary supplements in poultry because of their health-promoting effects. The present work aims to evaluate the impact of the dietary inclusion of watermelon rind and sea buckthorn meal on performances, blood parameters, and gut microbiota and morphology of laying hens. A 4-week trial was conducted on 90 Tetra SL layers (32 weeks old), assigned to three dietary treatments (C, E1, and E2). The C group hens were fed a basal diet based on corn-soybean meal. The experimental diets included 10 g of watermelon rind/kg fed (E1) and 20 g of sea buckthorn meal/kg fed (E2). During the feeding trial, we monitored the performances. Blood samples, intestinal tissue, and intestinal content were collected to assess the effect of dietary ingredients on health status, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal morphology, and gut microbiota characterization. From the blood samples, cholesterol and triglycerides significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in E1 and E2 compared with the C group. Dietary watermelon rind and sea buckthorn meal positively impacted villus height. Maltase and invertase activity increased only in the duodenum of the E2 group, while alpha-amylase decreased in the duodenum and jejunum of both E1 and E2 groups. The two supplements tested triggered Firmicutes and Lactobacillus spp. multiplication, while reducing harmful bacteria such as Bacteroidetes and Enterobacteriaceae. The study provides the first evidence that the dietary inclusion of watermelon rind and sea buckthorn meal can be used in laying hens’ diets with a beneficial impact on hens’ biochemical parameters, gut microbiota, and gut morphology.
Currently, one of the priorities in the field of healthy nutrition of the population in accordance with the State Policy of the Russian Federation is the development of the production of food products enriched with essential components, as well as the expansion of domestic production of the main types of food raw materials that meet modern quality and safety requirements, so the research aimed at the development of new types of products is relevant. The article considers the possibility of creating combined sweet dishes based on animal and vegetable raw materials. A scheme for obtaining vitamin supplements in the form of homogenized purees from sea buckthorn and celery has been developed. The physicochemical parameters and vitamin composition of homogenized sea buckthorn and celery purees were studied. On the basis of the obtained data, a technology for the production of new types of protein-vitamin sweet dishes based on cottage cheese has been developed. The organoleptic and physico-chemical quality indicators of the obtained samples of sweet dishes with different concentrations and ratios of homogenized sea buckthorn and celery purees were determined. The vitamin composition was also studied. The degree of satisfaction of the need for nutrients and energy when eating protein-vitamin sweet dishes with sea buckthorn and celery puree was established. New types of protein-vitamin sweet dishes have high organoleptic characteristics (rich taste, pleasant aroma of sea buckthorn, airy consistency), increased nutritional and biological value due to the proteins, vitamins (A, E, C), macro - and micronutrients contained in them. These sweet dishes can be recommended for the nutrition of the general population, including the diets of school-age children and the elderly.
Sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) is increasingly cultivated to produce raw materials for food and nutraceuticals. There is little knowledge on composition of sea buckthorn leaves (SBLs) and the key factors influencing the composition. This research aims to unravel the metabolic profile of SBLs and the effects of cultivar, location and stage of growth, and climatic conditions on the metabolic profile of SBLs. Leaves of two sea buckthorn cultivars grown in the south and north of Finland during two consecutive growth seasons were studied using untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics. The highest variance in the metabolic profile was linked to the growth stage, wherein leaves from the first 7 weeks of harvest were characterized with higher abundance of polyphenols, while relatively higher abundance of carbohydrates and sugars was observed in the later weeks. The growth location attributed for the second highest variation, wherein the north–south comparison identified fatty acids and sugars as discriminatory metabolites, and the potential association of metabolome to natural abiotic stressors was revealed. An inverse correlation between carbohydrate/sugar content as well as fatty acids of higher carbon chain length with the temperature variables was evident. The supervised chemometric models with high sensitivity and specificity classified and predicted the samples based on growth stage and location, and cultivar. Nontargeted NMR‐metabolomics revealed the metabolic profile of SBLs and their variation associated with various biotic and abiotic factors. Cultivar and growth stage are key factors to consider when harvesting SBLs for use in food and nutraceuticals.
Practical Application
Globally, sea buckthorn cultivation has been rapidly increasing due to the known health‐promoting benefits of the berries and leaves of the plant. The current research obtained new comprehensive information on the compositional profile of sea buckthorn leaves as well as the impact of major contributory factors, such as cultivars, the advancement of growth stage, geographical location, and weather parameters. The findings of this research provide new knowledge and guidance for plant breeding, cultivation and commercial utilization of sea buckthorn leaves as raw materials for food, feed, and nutraceuticals.
Obesity is a major public health problem. Weight loss or weight gain needs an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. The present study examined the possible protective effects of colocynth oil and fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs) of Citrullus colocynthis seed oil consumption against obesity in rats. Male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups. The rats were treated orally with sunflower oil (4%), colocynth oil (4%), and FAMEs (4%) alone or in combination with 28% sunflower oil (high-fat diet) for 8 weeks. The colocynth oil and FAMEs decreased the levels of plasma total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides while highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) and body weight were significantly decreased. FAMEs and colocynth oil intake significantly prevented high-fat diet induced increases in body weight and visceral fat mass. Rats fed with FAMEs showed anti-obesity effects, as marked by a significant decrease in body and adipose tissue weights. These results indicated that the oral administration of FAMEs for 60 days significantly reduced abdominal fat index, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and hepatic lipids, a result that may support the use of FAMES as a hypolipidemic agent in obesity related disorders.
Purpose
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a proanthocyanidin-rich extract of sea buckthorn berry (SBB-PE) on the numbers of various types of adult stem cells in the blood circulation of healthy human subjects.
Study design and methods
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial was conducted in 12 healthy subjects. Blood samples were taken immediately before and at 1 and 2 hours after consuming either placebo or 500 mg SBB-PE. Whole blood was used for immunophenotyping and flow cytometry to quantify the numbers of CD45dim CD34+ CD309+ and CD45dim CD34+ CD309− stem cells, CD45− CD31+ CD309+ endothelial stem cells, and CD45− CD90+ mesenchymal stem cells.
Results
Consumption of SBB-PE was associated with a rapid and highly selective mobilization of CD45dim CD34+ CD309− progenitor stem cells, CD45− CD31+ CD309+ endothelial stem cells, and CD45− CD90+ lymphocytoid mesenchymal stem cells. In contrast, only minor effects were seen for CD45dim CD34+ CD309+ pluripotential stem cells.
Conclusion
Consumption of SBB-PE resulted in selective mobilization of stem cell types involved in regenerative and reparative functions. These data may contribute to the understanding of the traditional uses of SBB for preventive health, regenerative health, and postponing the aging process.
As mango leaf tea contains mangiferin and other bioactive compounds, this study investigated its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects on rats with high-fat induced obesity. Three groups were established: a control group (AIN93M diet), an obese group (high-fat diet HFD) and a treatment group (HFD with mango leaf tea for 8 weeks). Mango leaf tea increased antioxidant enzymes, total antioxidant capacity, AdipoR2 and PPAR-α mRNA and proteins expressions and, it also inhibited the NF-κB p65 and SREBP1c genes expressions in the liver. This beverage also leads to Cpt1 overexpression and a significant decrease in the accumulation of fat droplets, improving the hepatic steatosis. Molecular docking suggested a positive interaction between mangiferin, the main bioactive compound of mango leaf tea, and PPAR-α. Mango leaf tea exhibited a hepatoprotective effect through activating PPARα and decreasing the NF-κB p65 expressions, reducing oxidative stress and steatosis, and improving the lipid metabolism.
The chemical components, as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts derived from the young leaves/shoots and press cake of sea buckthorn (SBT) (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) were studied. The chemical analysis of the ethanolic extracts by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) led to the identification and quantification of 20 individual hydrophilic compounds including phenolic acids, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and proanthocyanidins. The results of this study imply that DPPH• radical scavenging of each polyphenol acts independently. The relative speed of the reaction depends predominantly on each compound's chemical structure rather than its concentration. The extracts from SBT leaves/shoots and press cake, dissolved in water after the removal of ethanol, showed a significant antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive aerobic or facultative anaerobic and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, which included Bacillus spp. and the Enterobacteriaceae family (Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Yersinia pestis, Klebsiella, and Shigella). The study confirmed that SBT extracts obtained using 20% EtOH are promising antimicrobial agents, their preparation is cost efficient, and uses neither toxic reagents nor any expensive extraction techniques. The analysis of microbiological contamination of chicken and pork meat showed that these samples could be stored for 72 h using accelerated spoilage conditions at 22 °C, and relative air humidity of 39%, and only slightly exceed limits for Enterobacteriaceae.
Three new flavonol glycosides, hippophaeosides A–C (1–3), together with 27 known constituents, were isolated from Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses. Their inhibitory activities on 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and triglyceride accumulation in maturing adipocytes, and nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells were examined.
Hippophae rhamnoides (sea buckthorn) offers many health benefits. It has significant cardioprotective activity and exerts many positive healing effects on the cardiovascular system, including inhibiting blood platelet activation (especially platelet aggregation), lowering cholesterol concentration and blood pressure, and providing antioxidant activity. In addition, sea buckthorn has antibacterial and antiviral properties. The leaves and fruits of the plant, and its oils, are sources of many bioactive substances including vitamins (A, C and E), unsaturated fatty acids, phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids, and phytosterols, which bestow positive effects on the cardiovascular system. This review article summarizes the current knowledge of the biological roles of sea buckthorn in cardiovascular diseases.
In the present study, we investigated the effect of 70% EtOH extract from Hippophae Rhamnoides L. leaves (HRL) on the anti-obesity effect in 3T3-L1 cells. The effects of HRL on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells were examined using Oil Red O staining. In addition, we examined the gene expression levels by using RT-PCR and western blot. The results of this analysis showed that 100 ?/? HRL significantly increased the inhibition of lipid accumulation by 82.25%; significantly decreased the mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ? (PPAR?), CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins ? (C/EBP?), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in 3T3-L1 cells as well as the stimulated protein expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); and suppressed the expression level of PPAR?. These results suggest that HRL can prevent adipogenesis through activation of AMPK? and inhibition of adipogenesis transcription factors.
Obesity and overweight are the fifth most fatal diseases leading to an increased rate of morbidity and mortality in global population, with its incidence increasing drastically. Taking this into consideration we have conducted the present study in order to explore the efficacy of plant based formulation in the management of adolescent obesity and its associated biomarkers.
Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial was conducted in 130 obese adolescent of both sexes, with BMI above 25kg/m(2). The subjects were randomly assigned into test formulation group (TFG) and placebo group (PG). TFG received two 500mg capsule containing test formulation whereas, the PG received two 500mg of cellulose powder containing capsule daily for 3 months. The parameters such as blood pressure, inflammatory cytokines, adipokines and lipid profile were assessed in all subjects pre and post treatment.
There was a considerable improvement in the levels of lipid profile, inflammatory cytokines, adipokines and blood pressure after treatment in TFG compared to PG. The statistical difference obtained between the groups after three months of treatment for the various biomarkers are given as mean with 95% CI for BMI (-1.4±0.6 (-2.5 to -0.7)), total cholesterol mg/dl (-20.9±5.0 (-30.8 to -11.0)), triglyceride mg/dl (-12.9±5.7 (-23.9 to -1.2)), HDL-c mg/dl (7.2±0.8 (5.6-8.8)), IL-6 (-0.7±0.1 (-0.9 to -0.6)), hs C-reactive protein (CRP) mg/l(-1.0±0.01 (-1.2 to -0.8)), adiponectin µg/ml(4.9±0.4 (4.2-5.7)), leptin ng/ml (-8.0±1.4 (-10.7 to -5.3)), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) mmHg (-10.4±0.8 (-12.0 to -8.7)) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) mmHg (-6.7±0.7 (-8.1 to -5.3)). Also, there was a statistical significance within group TFG.
The study concludes that the test formulation may prevent the future cardio vascular risk incidence in obese adolescents by reducing inflammation, overweight, lipid profile and by regulating adipokines. Thus it may help to improve the health pattern in obese patients with least side effects.
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
During this study, we report the green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using Hip pophae rhamnoides Linn leaf extract and their application as heterogeneous catalysts for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling in water. The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and UV-vis techniques. This method has the advantages of high yields, simple methodology, and elimination of ligand, organic solvent and homogeneous catalysts and easy work-up. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibits high catalytic activity, superior cycling stability and excellent substrate applicability.
SBT seed powder was used against the oxidative stress produced by thermally oxidized sunflower oil. OSFO and SBT powder were orally administered to the rabbits. Blood biochemistry, hematology and liver pathology were investigated. The results show that OSFO produce changes in the blood biochemistry and hematology and alterations in the liver. However, the toxicity of OSFO was minimized when rabbits were fed with SBT seed powder. The SBT seed both in independent and in fortified forms significantly decreases the serum cholesterol, LDL‐c, ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and TG values, whereas it increases serum glucose and HDL‐c values. The seed powder normalizes all the hematological indices. Histopathological investigation of the liver reveals that OSFO intake causes severe adverse changes, whereas SBT seed powder was found to restore the normal condition. It was concluded that SBT seed powder has strong potential to reduce the toxicity of oxidized lipids in model animals.
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the mechanisms underlying the obesity-induced increase in myocardial lipid peroxidation in the fa/fa rat. We hypothesized that elevated heart work (ie rate-pressure product), an increased rate of superoxide (O2*-)) production, total myocardial lipid content, and/or insufficient antioxidant defenses are potential contributors to myocardial lipid peroxidation in obesity.
DESIGN:
Comparative, experimental study of myocardial tissue in 16-week-old lean control (Fa/?, normal diet), obese high-fat fed (Fa/?, 45% dietary fat), and obese fatty (fa/fa, normal diet) Zucker rats.
MEASUREMENTS:
Myocardial work (heart rate x systolic blood pressure), myocardial lipid content, oxidative and antioxidant enzyme activities (citrate synthase (CS), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD)), the rate of papillary muscle superoxide radical production in vitro, thiol content, basal and post-oxidative challenge myocardial lipid peroxidation levels using thiobarbituric reactive acid substances (TBARS) and lipid hydroperoxides (PEROX) as indices of lipid peroxidation.
RESULTS:
Compared to lean controls, the high-fat fed and fatty animals had similar elevations (P<0.05) in myocardial TBARS and PEROX (23%, 25% and 29% 45%, respectively; P<0.05), and elevated susceptibilities to oxidative stress in vitro following exposure to oxidizing agents (P<0.05). Resting heart work was slightly higher (P<0.05) in both the high-fat fed and fatty animals compared to controls. Myocardial lipid content, SOD activities and non-protein thiol (glutathione) levels were elevated (P<0.05) in high-fat fed and fatty animals compared to controls. The rate of superoxide formation by isolated papillary muscles in vitro did not differ among groups (P<0.05). Regression analysis revealed that the myocardial lipid content contributed most to myocardial lipid peroxidation (R2=0.76, P<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS:
Myocardial oxidative injury is closely associated with myocardial lipid content, but is not closely correlated with heart work, insufficient antioxidant defenses or a greater rate of superoxide production.
Tea (Camellia sinensis, Theaceae) and tea polyphenols have been studied for the prevention of chronic diseases, including obesity. Obesity currently affects >20% of adults in the United States and is a risk factor for chronic diseases such as type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Given this increasing public health concern, the use of dietary agents for the prevention of obesity would be of tremendous benefit. Whereas many laboratory studies have demonstrated the potential efficacy of green or black tea for the prevention of obesity, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The results of human intervention studies are mixed and the role of caffeine has not been clearly established. Finally, there is emerging evidence that high doses of tea polyphenols may have adverse side effects. Given that the results of scientific studies on dietary components, including tea polyphenols, are often translated into dietary supplements, understanding the potential toxicities of the tea polyphenols is critical to understanding their potential usefulness in preventing obesity. In this review, we will critically evaluate the evidence for the prevention of obesity by tea, discuss the relevance of proposed mechanisms in light of tea polyphenol bioavailability, and review the reports concerning the toxic effects of high doses of tea polyphenols and the implication that this has for the potential use of tea for the prevention of obesity. We hope that this review will expose areas for further study and encourage research on this important public health issue.
Cytochrome P450IIE1 (IIE1) is a microsomal xenobiotic-activating enzyme that is inducible not only by various chemical agents but also by fasting and diabetes. Using a rat model that mimics human obesity, we have found that hepatic IIE1 levels are also increased by this common clinical disorder. Liver microsomes from rats made obese by feeding with an energy-dense diet displayed elevated aggregate P450 content (+28%) and enhanced catalytic activities associated with IIE1, including low-Km N-nitrosodimethylamine demethylation (+66%), aniline hydroxylation (+52%), p-nitrophenol hydroxylation (+170%), and acetaminophen-cysteine conjugate formation (+28%). In contrast, obesity had no significant effect on cytochrome b5 content, P450 reductase activity, benzphetamine demethylation, or erythromycin demethylation, with the latter two reactions being linked with rat IIC11 and IIIA1, respectively. The enhancement of IIE1-dependent drug-metabolizing activities noted in liver microsomes from obese rats was paralleled by a similar increase (111%) in hepatic IIE1 protein content in these animals, as assessed on immunoblots developed with anti-hamster IIE1 IgG. Anti-IIE1-inhibitable rates of microsomal p-nitrophenol metabolism, a reaction highly correlated with IIE1 content (r = 0.88, p less than 0.01), were over 3-fold higher in obese rats than in nonobese controls, providing additional evidence for the obesity-related increase of hepatic IIE1. The induction of IIE1 by the pathophysiological condition of obesity may provide a biochemical basis for the increased incidence of occult liver disease and certain cancers noted in obese individuals.
A new assay for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (mevalonate:NADP oxidoreductase [acylating CoA], EC 1.1.1.34) is based upon the measurement of released coenzyme A (SH) during the reduction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA to mevalonate. Coenzyme A was measured in the presence of dithiothreitol, required for activity, by reaction with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Sodium arsenite forms a complex with the dithiol, but not with monothiols. Thus, reduced coenzyme A reacts instantaneously with the reagent and dithiothreitol reacts slowly. The absorbance due to the coenzyme A-5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) reaction is determined by extrapolating the linear (dithiol) absorbance-time curve to the time of addition of the reagent. After subtraction of control absorbance (deletion of NADPH), the concentration of CoA-SH is calculated from epsilon(max) = 1.36 x 10(4) at 412 nm. The method of protein removal and reduction of sulfhydryl groups on the enzyme are critical. This method provides an immediate assay. Recovery of reduced coenzyme A was 98.7%. The assay is applicable for microsomes or purified enzyme and has an effective range of 0.5-50 nmoles of coenzyme A. It was applied to kinetic measurement of the pigeon liver microsomal enzyme reaction. The apparent K(m) value for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA was 1.75 x 10(-5) M, and for NADPH the value was 6.81 x 10(-4) M. This method was compared with the dual-label method at high and low levels of activity. The data were not statistically different.
Hyperleptinemia causes disappearance of body fat without a rise in free fatty acids (FFA) or ketones, suggesting that leptin can deplete adipocytes of fat without releasing FFA. To test this, we measured FFA and glycerol released from adipocytes obtained from normal lean Zucker diabetic fatty rats (+/+) and incubated for 0, 3, 6, or 24 h in either 20 ng/ml recombinant leptin or 100 nM norepinephrine (NE). Whereas NE increased both FFA and glycerol release from adipocytes of +/+ rats, leptin increased glycerol release in +/+ adipocytes without a parallel increase in FFA release. In adipocytes of obese Zucker diabetic fatty rats (fa/fa) with defective leptin receptors, NE increased both FFA and glycerol release, but leptin had no effect on either. Leptin significantly lowered the mRNA of leptin and fatty acid synthase of adipocytes (FAS) (p < 0.05), and up-regulated the mRNA of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha, carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1, (CPT-1), and acyl CoA oxidase (ACO) (p < 0.05). NE (100 nM) also lowered leptin mRNA (p < 0.05) but did not affect FAS, PPARalpha, ACO, or CPT-1 expression. We conclude that in normal adipocytes leptin directly decreases FAS expression, increases PPARalpha and the enzymes of FFA oxidation, and stimulates a novel form of lipolysis in which glycerol is released without a proportional release of FFA.
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is a unique plant currently being domesticated. The fruit is the main component of value, although the leaves are occasionally made into sea buckthorn tea. The two main sources of valuable products are derived from the berries, juice from the fleshy tissue and seed as a single seed from each berry. The juice provides a nutritious beverage, high in suspended solids and very high in vitamin C and carotenes. The juice may contain an oil phase trapped within the suspended solids, or the oil may be removed as pulp oil and provided separately. The pulp remaining after juice removal provides for extraction of "sea buckthorn yellow", a pigment that has potential use as a food coloring material. The seed is a source of seed oil, which is very unsaturated and shows promise, because of its light absorption and emollient properties, as an ingredient in cosmetics, phytopharmaceuticals, or UV skin protectant preparations. It may be prepared by conventional extraction techniques or by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The manufacture of the main products derived from sea buckthorn is described, including several examples from the patent literature. The available compositional data for the main products are tabulated to form a comprehensive source of information on the manufacture and composition of sea buckthorn products.
Obesity is now so common within the world's population that it is beginning to replace undernutrition and infectious diseases as the most significant contributor to ill health. In particular, obesity is associated with diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, certain forms of cancer, and sleep-breathing disorders. Obesity is defined by a body-mass index (weight divided by square of the height) of 30 kg m(-2) or greater, but this does not take into account the morbidity and mortality associated with more modest degrees of overweight, nor the detrimental effect of intra-abdominal fat. The global epidemic of obesity results from a combination of genetic susceptibility, increased availability of high-energy foods and decreased requirement for physical activity in modern society. Obesity should no longer be regarded simply as a cosmetic problem affecting certain individuals, but an epidemic that threatens global well being.
To investigate the development of high fat diet-induced obesity and leptin resistance.
Two experiments were carried out in this study. Firstly, we fed the mice with a high- or low-fat diet for up to 19 weeks to examine a progressive development of high fat diet-induced obesity. Secondly, we examined peripheral and central exogenous leptin sensitivity in mice fed high- or low-fat diets for 1, 8 or 19 weeks.
A total of 168 C57BL/6J mice (3 weeks old) were used in this study.
In the first experiment, we measured the body weight, energy intake, adipose tissue mass, tibia bone length, and plasma leptin in mice fed either a high- or low-fat diet for 1, 8, 15 and 19 weeks. In the second experiment, body weight change and cumulative energy intake were measured at 6 h intervals for 72 h after leptin injection in mice fed a high- or low-fat diet for 1, 8 or 19 weeks.
The results from the first experiment suggested that the development of high fat diet-induced obesity in mice could be divided into early, middle and late stages. Compared with the mice fed a low-fat diet, the mice fed a high-fat diet showed a gradually increased body weight (+5.2%), fat storage (epididymal plus perirenal; +6.7%) and plasma leptin (+18%) at 1 week; +11.4%, +68.1%, and +223%, respectively, at 8 weeks; and +30.5%, +141%, and +458%, respectively, at 19 weeks. Energy intake of high fat diet-fed mice was equal to that of low fat diet-fed controls for the first 3 weeks; it fell below control levels over the next 5 week period, but began to increase gradually after 8 weeks of high-fat diet feeding and then increased dramatically from 15 weeks to be 14% higher than that of controls after 19 weeks. The results from our second experiment showed that: (1) after 1 week of feeding, the mice fed a high-fat diet were sensitive to a 2 microg/g (body weight) intraperitoneal (i. p.) injection of leptin, with no differences in body weight change or cumulative energy intake post-injection; (2) after 8 weeks of feeding, the mice fed a high-fat diet were insensitive to 2 microg/g (body weight) i.p. leptin, but were sensitive to a 0.1 microg intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of leptin; (3) after 19 weeks of feeding, the mice fed a high-fat diet were insensitive to 0. 1 microg i.c.v. leptin, but were sensitive to a high dose of 2 microg i.c.v. leptin.
The present study demonstrated that the development of high fat diet-induced obesity (19 weeks) in C57 B1/6J mice could be divided into three stages: (1) an early stage in response to high-fat diet that mice were sensitive to exogenous leptin; (2) a reduced food intake stage when mice had an increase in leptin production and still retained central leptin sensitivity; and (3) an increased food intake stage, accompanied by a reduction of central leptin sensitivity.
Immunomodulatory activity of Seabuckthorn (SBT) leaf extract was evaluated in adjuvant induced arthritis (AIA) rat model. Inflammation was induced by injecting Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) in the right hind paw of rats. SBT extract was administered intraperitoneally to treat the inflammation. The extent of inflammation and treatment response was evaluated by clinical analysis, scintigraphic visualization using technitium-99m-glutathione (Tc99m-GSH) and lymphocyte proliferation. Serial evaluation was carried out on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 after creation of inflammation. The Tc99m-GSH uptake in the inflamed leg was compared with the normal contralateral leg of the same animal. The measurements were done by obtaining scintigraphic images using gamma camera and an online computer. Both qualitative and quantitative evaluation of radiotracer accumulation was considered to evaluate the anti-inflammatory response. The lymphocyte proliferation study revealed cellular immunosuppression during the early phase of the disease. Administration of SBT extract on the same day or 5 days prior to inflammatory insult into the joint, significantly reduced the inflammation as compared to the untreated animals in a dose dependent manner. These observations suggest that the SBT leaf extract has a significant anti-inflammatory activity and has the potential for the treatment of arthritis.
The fatty acid synthase complex exists in mammalian and avian liver in the soluble portion of the cell. Negligible activity for the de novo synthesis of fatty acids is associated with the microsomal and mitochondrial fractions. The fatty acid synthase complex can be assayed by either radiochemical or spectrophotometric methods. In the radioisotopic method, incorporation of 1-14C-labeled acetyl-CoA into fatty acids is measured in the presence of malonyl-CoA and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). This method is reliable for either crude or purified enzyme preparations. The spectrophotometric method measures the malonyl-CoA- and acetyl-CoA-dependent rate of oxidation of NADPH at 340 nm and is best suited for purified enzyme preparations. However, it can be used with crude preparations providing appropriate corrections are made. A unit of enzymatic activity is defined as the amount of enzyme protein required to synthesize 1 nmole of palmitic acid (equivalent to the oxidation of 14 nmoles of NADPH) per minute under the conditions of the assay. The specific activity is defined as the number of activity units per milligram of protein. Protein is determined by the biuret method.
The concentrations of total phenolics, carotenoids, and chlorophylls of fresh and dried sea buckthorn leaves were determined. Overall, drying of leaves resulted in a decrease in the concentrations of these phytochemicals. The degree of reduction depended on the drying time, temperature, or specific component type. For the phenolics, a greater reduction in concentration was observed in the leaves dried at higher temperatures (80 °C or 100 °C) for longer times (to equilibrium moisture contents of 1% to 3%) compared with those dried at lower temperatures (50 °C or 60 °C). For the leaves dried to higher final moisture (5% to 8%), all drying temperatures resulted in a similar final phenolic concentration. The carotenoid and chlorophyll concentrations in the leaves decreased with the increasing temperatures. However, higher temperatures such as 80 °C or 100 °C resulted in similar carotenoid and chlorophyll concentrations in the leaves. Nonetheless, dried sea buckthorn leaves were of a high nutraceutical quality comparable to those of frequently consumed vegetables.
The autoxidation of pyrogallol was investigated in the presence of EDTA in the pH range 7.9–10.6.
The rate of autoxidation increases with increasing pH. At pH 7.9 the reaction is inhibited to 99% by superoxide dismutase, indicating an almost total dependence on the participation of the superoxide anion radical, O2·−, in the reaction. Up to pH 9.1 the reaction is still inhibited to over 90% by superoxide dismutase, but at higher alkalinity, O2·− -independent mechanisms rapidly become dominant.
Catalase has no effect on the autoxidation but decreases the oxygen consumption by half, showing that H2O2 is the stable product of oxygen and that H2O2 is not involved in the autoxidation mechanism.
A simple and rapid method for the assay of superoxide dismutase is described, based on the ability of the enzyme to inhibit the autoxidation of pyrogallol.
A plausible explanation is given for the non-competitive part of the inhibition of catechol O-methyltransferase brought about by pyrogallol.
The levels of total polyphenols and o-diphenols were determined in virgin oils and in chloroform/methanol-extracted oils.
The solventextracted oils were richer in polyphenols than the virgin oils. High polyphenol content was associated with a high
resistance to oxidation of the oils. A linear relationship was found between polyphenol content and the oxidative stability
of the virgin oils during storage at 60 C. After removal of the polyphenols, the oxidative stability of the oils decreased
considerably and seemed to depend on polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration.
The effects of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L., Elaeagnaceae), leaf aqueous extract were examined in rats for its adaptogenic activity and toxicity. Dose dependent adaptogenic study of extract was carried out at different doses administered orally, 30 min prior to cold (5 °C)–hypoxia (428 mmHg)–restraint (C–H–R) exposure. After sub-acute toxicity studies on 10 and 20 times doses of maximal effective dose administered for 14 days (single oral dose of 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg once daily) and maximal effective dose administered for 30 days (single oral dose of 100 mg/kg once daily), biochemical and hematological parameters were studied in the serum and blood. The maximal effective adaptogenic dose of the extract was 100 mg/kg body weight. No significant changes were observed in organ weight/body weight ratios, of any vital organ studied (except liver and kidney in 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg body weight doses, respectively), and biochemical and hematological parameters of the sub-acute drug treated animals in comparison to control rats. In acute toxicity study LD50 of the extract was observed to be >10 g/kg when given orally. These results indicate that seabuckthorn leaf aqueous extract possess potent adaptogenic activity with no toxicity even after sub-acute (30 days) maximal effective dose administration.
Excess visceral adiposity may predispose to chronic diseases like hypertension and type 2 diabetes with a high risk for coronary artery disease. Adipose tissue secreted cytokines and oxidative stress play an important role in chronic disease progression. To combat adiposity, plant-derived triterpenes are currently receiving much attention as they possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and the ability to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. In the search for potential antiobese compounds from natural sources, this study evaluated the effects of oleanolic acid (OA), a pentacyclic triterpene commonly present in fruits and vegetables, in glucose tolerance test and on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice. Adult male Swiss mice treated or not with OA (10 mg/kg) were fed a HFD during 15 weeks. Sibutramine (SIB) treated group (10 mg/kg) was included for comparison. Weekly body weights, food and water consumption were measured, and at the end of study period, the levels of blood glucose and lipids, plasma hormone levels of insulin, ghrelin and leptin, and the visceral abdominal fat content were analysed. Mice treated with OA and fed a HFD showed significantly (p<0.05) improved glucose tolerance, decreased body weights, visceral adiposity, blood glucose, plasma lipids relative to their respective controls fed no OA. Additionally, OA treatment, while significantly elevating the plasma hormone level of leptin, decreased the level of ghrelin. However, it caused a greater decrease in plasma amylase activity than lipase. Sibutramine-treated group also manifested similar effects like OA except for blood glucose level that was not different from HFD control. These findings suggest that OA ameliorates visceral adiposity and improves glucose tolerance in mice and thus has an antiobese potential through modulation of carbohydrate and fat metabolism.
Obesity, a worldwide epidemic, is associated with metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and heart disease. Many strategies, including natural alternative antiobesity agents, have been widely used to prevent obesity. Polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids from natural products are shown to inhibit adipogenesis. Because mature fruits of Sophora japonica L. were previously shown to contain antiadipogenic compounds, we hypothesized that diets with mature fruits of S japonica L. would prevent body weight gain in high-fat diet-induced obesity. Four-week-old mice were fed either a control high-fat diet, or high-fat diet containing 1% or 5% of S japonica L. for 4 weeks. The administration of S japonica L. fed in combination with a 30% high-fat diet significantly decreased body weight gain. S japonica L. also reduced serum and hepatic triglyceride, serum total, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Consistent with the effects of lowering glucose level and fat mass, S japonica L. caused a decrease in the number of large adipocytes and a concomitant increase in the number of small adipocytes, which may explain at least in part the antiobesity effects of S japonica L. Together, these data provide evidence for roles of S japonica L. in the control of body weight and obesity-related metabolic diseases.
Ghrelin and leptin regulate appetite and energy homeostasis in humans and rodents. The effects of different nutritional factors on ghrelin and leptin secretion are not well documented in rats. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of a high-fat diet on plasma ghrelin and leptin levels and on adiposity. Twenty male Wistar rats, body weight 220-260 g, were used in the study. Rats were randomized either on a standard chow diet (n=10) or on a high-fat diet (a mixture of nuts) for ad libitum 11-week period. Body weight was measured once per week. At the end of the nutritional period, rats were sacrificed. Blood was collected for determination of lipids and glucose, as well as plasma ghrelin and leptin levels by ELISA method. The weight of different organs was determined. Rats fed on a high-fat diet showed significant increase in total body weight compared to control group. The long-term intake of high-fat diet caused hyperleptinemia and hypoghrelinemia. There was a significant positive correlation between plasma leptin levels and epididymal fat mass, liver and heart. In contrast, ghrelin levels showed inverse correlation with epididymal fat mass and liver weight. In conclusion, long-term intake of high-fat diet induced changes in plasma ghrelin and leptin in male rats, as well as in epididymal fat mass, liver and heart weights.
Emerging evidence suggests that consumption or supplementation of foods rich in iso flavones may has a beneficial effect on obesity and glucose levels in animals and humans. It has been demonstrated that genistein, the main component of iso fl avones, could significantly reduce body weight and fat pad size. However, there is no evidence as to whether daidzein, which is also a main component of isoflavones, has the same effect. We hypothesize that LRXH609 (Dzd; a daidzein derivative) also has an antiobesity effect. In this study, we investigate the effects of Dzd on body weight, adipose tissue, blood, and liver lipid levels in obese mice fed a high-fat diet. Activities of pancreatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase, as well as lipolysis, were verified to clarify the potential mechanism of the daidzein. The results indicate that Dzd can significantly reduce body and fat pad weight and ameliorate the high-fat diet-induced hyperlipoidemia. We also found that Dzd inhibits the activity of pancreatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase in a dose-dependent manner, inhibits the differentiation of rat preadipocytes, and stimulates lipolysis by activating hormone-sensitive lipase.
To develop a better understanding of compositional changes occurring during the production of commercial teas, we determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) changes in ingredient levels during each of several manufacturing steps used to produce Kamairi-cha, a premium green tea. Kamairi-cha uses pan-frying instead of the usual blanching technique to inactivate the enzymes responsible for producing traditional black tea. The resulting tea lacks the characteristic bitterness of green tea, producing a green tea that is described as sweet tasting. The processing steps used to produce this pan-fried tea were as follows: 1st roasting, 1st rolling, 2nd roasting, 2nd rolling, 1st firing, and 2nd firing. The results show that during production at temperatures up to 300 degrees C, raw leaves lost (in percent) 97.3 water, 94 two chlorophylls, 14.3 seven catechins, and 2.75 caffeine. A separate analysis showed that the final product contained 21.67 mg/g dry wt of the biologically active amino acid theanine. The results of this 1st report on changes in individual catechins and other tea ingredients in tea leaves during pan-frying make it possible to select production conditions that maximize levels of beneficial tea ingredients. The possible significance of the results for the human diet is discussed.
A 70% ethanol extract of the branches of Hippophae rhamnoides exhibited remarkable antitumor activity in an in vivo two-stage carcinogenesis test in mice using 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene as an initiator and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) as a promoter. From the active fraction of the 70% ethanol extract, three phenolic compounds, (+)-catechin (1), (+)-gallocatechin (2), and (-)-epigallocatechin (3) and a tritepenoid, ursolic acid (4) were isolated and identified. These compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on TPA-induced inflammation (1 microg/ear) in mice. Within the tested compounds, 3 and 4 showed marked anti-inflammatory effects, with a 50% inhibitory dose of 1.7 and 0.2 mumol/ear.
Angiogenesis is necessary for the growth of adipose tissue. Dietary polyphenols may suppress growth of adipose tissue through their antiangiogenic activity and by modulating adipocyte metabolism. We investigated the effect of curcumin, the major polyphenol in turmeric spice, on angiogenesis, adipogenesis, differentiation, apoptosis, and gene expression involved in lipid and energy metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocyte in cell culture systems and on body weight gain and adiposity in mice fed a high-fat diet (22%) supplemented with 500 mg curcumin/kg diet for 12 wk. Curcumin (5-20 micromol/L) suppressed 3T3-L1 differentiation, caused apoptosis, and inhibited adipokine-induced angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Supplementing the high-fat diet of mice with curcumin did not affect food intake but reduced body weight gain, adiposity, and microvessel density in adipose tissue, which coincided with reduced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor VEGFR-2. Curcumin increased 5'AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, reduced glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase-1, and increased carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 expression, which led to increased oxidation and decreased fatty acid esterification. The in vivo effect of curcumin on the expression of these enzymes was also confirmed by real-time RT-PCR in subcutaneous adipose tissue. In addition, curcumin significantly lowered serum cholesterol and expression of PPARgamma and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha, 2 key transcription factors in adipogenesis and lipogenesis. The curcumin suppression of angiogenesis in adipose tissue together with its effect on lipid metabolism in adipocytes may contribute to lower body fat and body weight gain. Our findings suggest that dietary curcumin may have a potential benefit in preventing obesity.
Elevated blood triacylglycerol (TG) is a significant contributing factor to the current epidemic of obesity-related health disorders, including type-2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease. The observation that mice lacking the enzyme sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase are protected from insulin resistance suggests the possibility that the regulation of TG synthesis be a target for therapy. Five-week-old Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats were fed a diet containing (R)-alpha-lipoic acid (LA, approximately 200mg/kg body weight per day) for 5 weeks. LA offset the rise in blood and liver TG by inhibiting liver lipogenic gene expression (e.g. sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase-1 and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase-2), lowering hepatic TG secretion, and stimulating clearance of TG-rich lipoproteins. LA-induced TG lowering was not due to the anorectic properties of LA, as pair-fed rats developed hypertriglyceridemia. Livers from LA-treated rats exhibited elevated glycogen content, suggesting dietary carbohydrates were stored as glycogen rather than becoming lipogenic substrate. Although AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) reportedly mediates the metabolic effects of LA in rodents, no change in AMPK activity was observed, suggesting LA acted independently of this kinase. The hepatic expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) target genes involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation was either unchanged or decreased with LA, indicating a different mode of action than for fibrate drugs. Given its strong safety record, LA may have potential clinical applications for the treatment or prevention of hypertriglyceridemia and diabetic dyslipidemia.
This study was undertaken to investigate the association among BMI and lipid hydroperoxide (LH), total antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH). Ninety (n = 90) healthy males and females (n = 23/67) (29 normal weight (BMI: 22.74 +/- 0.25 kg/m(2)), 36 overweight (BMI: 27.18 +/- 0.23 kg/m(2)), and 25 obese (33.78 +/- 0.48 kg/m(2))) participated in the study. Data collected included anthropometric measures, fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, LH, TAS, and enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, and reduced GSH). The results of the study showed that obese individuals had significantly increased LH levels compared to normal-weight individuals (obese vs. normal weight (0.88 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.67 +/- 0.03 micromol/l, P < 0.01)) but the increased levels were not significantly different when compared to the overweight group (obese vs. overweight (0.88 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.79 +/- 0.05 micromol/l)). No other consistent significant differences in TAS, SOD, and GSH were identified between groups. This study concluded that only obesity and not moderate overweight elevates LH levels. Furthermore, the levels of TAS, SOD, and GSH in obesity do not explain the increased LH levels observed in obesity.
The primary vitamin in sea buckthorn berries is vitamin C containing values of approximately 400 mg/100 g. Processing effects were investigated during juice and concentrate production from sea buckthorn berries (Hippophaë rhamnoides) and storage stability of juices was determined for up to 7 d using berries and juices from 2 different growing areas. During industrial juice production the technological processing of the berries caused a loss of about 5% to 11% total ascorbic acid (TAA) in the generated juice. The production of the concentrated juice resulted in 50% depletion of TAA. Sea buckthorn berries and juice were stored at 6, 25, and 40 degrees C for up to 7 d to investigate the temperature effects on TAA during storage. Analysis of kinetic data suggested that the degradation follows a 1st-order model. The results of the experiments showed that storage of sea buckthorn juices for 7 d at cold temperature (6 degrees C) already resulted in a degradation of TAA of about 11% to 12%.
Insulin and leptin play complementary roles in regulating the consumption, uptake, oxidation and storage of nutrients. Chronic consumption of diets that contain a high proportion of calories from saturated fat induces a progressive deterioration in function of both hormones. Certain rat lines and strains of mice are particularly sensitive to the obesogenic and diabetogenic effects of high fat diets, and have been used extensively to study the developmental progression of insulin and leptin resistance in relation to the increasing adiposity that is characteristic of their response to these diets. Some aspects of the diminished efficacy of each hormone are secondary to increased adiposity but a consensus is emerging to support the view that direct effects of dietary components or their metabolites, independent of the resulting obesity, play important roles in development of insulin and leptin resistance. In this minireview, we will examine the implications of crosstalk between leptin and insulin signaling during the development of diet-induced obesity, emphasizing potential interactions between pathways that occur among target sites, and exploring how these interactions may influence the progression of obesity and diabetes.
The reaction of lipid peroxides in animal tissues with thiobarbituric acid was dependent on pH of the reaction mixture as was the case for linoleic acid hydroperoxide. The optimum pH was found to be 3.5. Taking this fact into consideration, a standard procedure for the assay of lipid peroxide level in animal tissues by their reaction with thiobarbituric acid was developed as follows. Ten percent ( tissue homogenate was mixed with sodium dodecyl sulfate, acetate buffer (pH 3.5), and aqueous solution of thiobarbituric acid. After heating at 95°C for 60 min, the red pigment produced was extracted with n-butanol-pyridine mixture and estimated by the absorbance at 532nm. As an external standard, tetramethoxy-propane was used, and lipid peroxide level was expressed in terms of nmol malondialdehyde. Using this method, the liped peroxide level in the liver of rats suffering from carbon tetrachloride intoxication was investigated. The results were in good agreement with previously reported data obtained by measuring diene content.
A protein determination method which involves the binding of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 to protein is described. The binding of the dye to protein causes a shift in the absorption maximum of the dye from 465 to 595 nm, and it is the increase in absorption at 595 nm which is monitored. This assay is very reproducible and rapid with the dye binding process virtually complete in approximately 2 min with good color stability for 1 hr. There is little or no interference from cations such as sodium or potassium nor from carbohydrates such as sucrose. A small amount of color is developed in the presence of strongly alkaline buffering agents, but the assay may be run accurately by the use of proper buffer controls. The only components found to give excessive interfering color in the assay are relatively large amounts of detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton X-100, and commercial glassware detergents. Interference by small amounts of detergent may be eliminated by the use of proper controls.
Ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 (P450IIE) is reported to be induced by ketosis. In the present study, the effects of a high fat diet on P450IIE induction and the relationship between ketone body concentration and P450IIE induction were studied by the following: 1) measurement of the activity of aniline hydroxylase, 2) immunoblot analysis for P450IIE protein, and 3) Northern blot analysis for P450IIE mRNA. The enzyme activities (aniline hydroxylase) in hepatic and renal microsomes were elevated about 2-3-fold by feeding with a high fat diet for 3 days. The increases in enzyme activities were also accompanied by 3-fold increases in immunoreactive P450IIE protein and its mRNA. In contrast, no differences were observed for the catalytic activities of N-alkoxyresorufin dealkylases or the amounts of immunoreactive P450IA and P450IIC, indicating a specific induction of P450IIE by high fat feeding. Furthermore, the increases in the levels of P450IIE mRNA correlated positively (r = 0.73) with plasma concentrations of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate but not with that of acetone, which induces P450IIE without changing its mRNA level. Our data thus indicated that P450IIE induction during the ketosis of a high fat feeding appears to be due to pretranslational activation and that is similar to the induction mechanism of fasted and diabetic animals.
The hydroxylation of p-nitrophenol to 4-nitrocatechol was investigated using rabbit hepatic microsomes and six purified isozymes of cytochrome P-450. The microsomal activity was maximal at pH 6.8 and at 100 microM p-nitrophenol. At higher substrate concentrations inhibition was observed. At pH 6.8 and 100 microM p-nitrophenol, isozyme 3a exhibited the highest activity of the purified isozymes: 3.4-fold more active than isozyme 6, and 8-fold more active than isozymes 2 and 4. The isozyme 3a-catalyzed hydroxylation reaction was stimulated 2.4-fold by the addition of a 4:1 ratio of cytochrome b5/P-450. At optimal concentrations of cytochrome b5, isozyme 3a was 8- to 9-fold more active than isozymes 2 and 6 and 20-fold more active than isozyme 4. Under the same conditions, isozyme 3a-catalyzed butanol oxidation was inhibited 40%. Antibodies to isozyme 3a inhibited greater than 95% of the p-nitrophenol hydroxylase activity of microsomes from untreated or from ethanol- or acetone-treated rabbits. The microsomal hydroxylase activity was linearly correlated with the microsomal concentration of isozyme 3a (correlation coefficient of 0.94) and had an intercept near zero. The results from reconstitution, antibody inhibition, and correlation experiments indicate that isozyme 3a is the principal catalyst of rabbit microsomal p-nitrophenol hydroxylation. The ability of the ethanol-inducible isozyme to catalyze catechol formation may be important in the ethanol-enhanced toxicity of aromatic compounds such as benzene.
In previous work we have demonstrated that liver microsomal N-nitrosodimethylamine demethylase (NDMAd) activity is increased in rats by fasting, and we have postulated that this is due to the induction of a specific form of cytochrome P-450. This communication provides evidence for such a hypothesis. Fasting for 24 and 48 h caused 59 and 116% increases, respectively, in NDMAd activity in male rats, and fasting for 48 h caused a 63% increase in female rats. These increases were accompanied by corresponding increases of cytochrome P-450j (P-450ac) determined by immunoblotting. Fasting for 24 and 48 h also increased the mRNA for P-450j by 153 to 250%, as determined by hybridization with a cDNA probe of this cytochrome. The results suggest that fasting affects the gene expression of P-450j.
The experimental conditions for a rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric assay for carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) are described. The amount of reduced CoA liberated from palmitoyl CoA by CPT is quantitated using 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB). Since corrections can be made for the amount of reduced CoA formed from palmitoyl CoA by other reactions, i.e., deacylations or transacylations, the assay can be used with impure CPT preparations such as liver mitochondria.
An assay procedure is described in which blood cell glutathione peroxidase may be accurately measured by a direct spectrophotometric procedure. Glutathione peroxidase activity is found to be associated with a relatively stable, nondialyzable, heat-labile, intracellular component which is separable from hemoglobin, by gel filtration and ammonium sulfate precipitation. The activity appears to be dependent upon active sulfhydryl groups and is unaffected by low concentrations of azide, cyanide, or ferricyanide.
Rat lung microsomes washed with increasing concentrations of NaCl show a displacement of protein from microsomes to the wash supernatant. Among the proteins removed from the microsomal surface was the Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, while the Mg2+-independent activity remained associated with the microsomes. The Mg2+-dependent activity could be quantitatively assayed in the wash supernatant. Microsomes washed with increasing concentrations of NaCl showed a progressive impairment in the synthesis of labelled neutral lipid and phosphatidylcholine from [14C]glycerol 3-phosphate with a concomitant increase in the labelling of phosphatidic acid. The impairment was sigmoidal and correlated highly with the decrease in Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity. When Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphohydrolase from wash supernatant was incubated with microsomes previously washed with high salt concentrations, the labelling of neutral lipid and phosphatidylcholine was returned to control levels. Labelling of neutral lipids and phosphatidylcholine could be restored upon addition of a cytosolic Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphohydrolase isolated by gel filtration. Mg2+-independent phosphatidate phosphohydrolase isolated from cytosol was incapable of restoring the labelling of neutral lipids and phosphatidylcholine. These findings confirm that the Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphohydrolase of rat lung is involved in pulmonary glycerolipid biosynthesis. The role of the Mg2+-independent phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity remains unknown.
This chapter describes the assay of peroxisomal β-oxidation of fatty acids. In the presence of palmitoyl-CoA, the reduction of NAD to NADH that occurs at the third step of the β-oxidation spiral is measured spectrophotometrically. Assay method may be applied to mitochondria by omitting Triton X-100 and including final concentrations of 0.25 M sucrose, and 1 mM carnitine in the assay and using freshly isolated organelles diluted with 0.25 M sucrose. Under these conditions peroxisomes show somewhat submaximal activity. The spectrophotometric assay is strictly linear with the amount of enzyme and the results are obtained immediately. The radioactivity assay is more sensitive. The two assay methods give similar results in measuring the distribution of peroxisomal β-oxidation during cell fractionation experiments measuring the effect of hypolipidemic drugs on the activity of peroxisomal B-oxidation. It is found that peroxisomal β-oxidation does not require carnitine, is insensitive to freezing, and is not inhibited by 1 mM KCN, when assayed in homogenates or subcellular fractions.
Sex differences in the diabetes-induced changes in hepatic cytochrome P450 proteins were investigated in rats treated with streptozotocin. Changes in specific cytochrome P450 proteins were monitored using diagnostic substrates and immunologically utilizing specific polyclonal antibodies. When expressed in terms of nmoles of total cytochrome P450, ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity was increased by treatment with streptozotocin, the extent of induction being the same in the two sexes. In contrast, lauric acid hydroxylase and ethylmorphine N-demethylase activities were induced only in the male rat. Finally, p-nitrophenol hydroxylase and pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase were enhanced by the same treatment in both sexes, the effect being more pronounced in the male. These findings indicate that sex-specific changes in certain cytochrome P450 proteins exist in response to insulin-dependent diabetes but these cannot, however, be ascribed to sex differences in the severity of diabetes induced by streptozotocin since the degrees of hyperketonaemia and hyperglycaemia were the same in the two sexes. These are likely to reflect sex-specific differences in growth hormone and triglyceride levels in the diabetic animals.
Mannose is an aldohexose component of a number of glycoproteins in cellular membranes and blood plasma. Free (unbound) mannose is a normal blood plasma constituent and its concentration is elevated in diabetes mellitus and chronic glomerulonephritis. We devised an enzymatic method for the determination of free mannose in which mannose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate and measured spectrophotometrically using glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). Accumulation of reduced NADP in the assay was verified by spectral analysis and by finding rapid disappearance of absorbance at 340 nm on addition of glutathione reductase and oxidized glutathione into the reaction mixture. The method necessitates prior removal of glucose from the samples. This we accomplished using glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and a surplus amount of NADP, followed by elimination of reduced NADP by acidification of the reaction mixture. The assays may be run in parallel for expediency. Concentration of free mannose in serum was 18.5 +/- 5.5 mumol/l in healthy fasting female adults. The analytical recovery was 90.2 +/- 10.2% and the between-run imprecision was 13.5% (18.5 +/- 5.5 mumol/l, mean +/- SD) and 10.4% (75.3 +/- 10.3 mumol/l). The assay showed rectilinearity up to 220 mumol/l, which covers the measuring range to which the mannose concentrations in normal and clinical samples may be expected to fall.
The definable causes of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) include jejunoileal bypass surgery (JIB), other causes of rapid and profound weight loss in obese subjects, total parenteral nutrition, drugs, industrial toxins, copper toxicity, and disorders characterized by extreme insulin resistance. However, the etiopathogenesis in most cases of NASH appears multifactorial. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia are often associated with hepatic steatosis, and although this does not invariably lead to NASH, the fatty liver is vulnerable to hepatocellular injury initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is critical to understand not only the triggers for hepatitis (injury and inflammation) in NASH but also how this is perpetuated as chronic liver disease. The present focus is on whether the biochemical processes that generate oxidative stress lead to hepatocyte injury and secondary recruitment of inflammation or whether inflammation is the primary mediator of liver cell injury. Insulin resistance is a reproducible pathogenic factor in NASH. It favors accumulation of free fatty acids in the liver and predisposes to oxidative stress by stimulating microsomal lipid peroxidases and by the direct effects of high insulin levels in decreasing mitochondrial beta-oxidation. CYP2E1 is normally suppressed by insulin but is invariably increased in the livers of patients with NASH. In rodent dietary models of steatohepatitis, CYP2E1 is the catalyst of microsomal lipid peroxidation, while in Cyp 2e1 nullizygous mice, CYP4A proteins are induced and function as alternative microsomal lipid peroxidases. Other studies implicate activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR alpha) as leading to NASH; PPAR alpha is a transcription factor that governs both microsomal (via CYP4A) and peroxisomal (beta-oxidation) pathways of lipid oxidation and ultimately production of ROS. Increased lipid peroxidation is a crucial difference between the livers of rodents with experimental NASH and those of ob/ob genetically obese mice that have uncomplicated steatosis. Administration of endotoxin, through the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), provokes liver inflammation with hepatocyte injury in the steatotic liver. This may be particularly relevant in JIB and has been suggested as a pathogenic mechanism in primary NASH. It has been proposed that inheriting one or more copies of the hemochromatosis gene, C282Y, promotes fibrotic progression in NASH because of increased hepatic iron deposition, but recent studies have failed to confirm this. The relationship between the severity of hepatitis in NASH and progression to cirrhosis implies that products of the inflammatory infiltrate play a role in fibrogenesis. In summary, NASH can be regarded as the hepatic consequence of the metabolic syndrome (or syndrome X). Attention should now shift from steatosis, a generally benign process that is less evident in the advanced stages of cirrhosis, to the mechanisms for hepatocellular injury, inflammation, and hepatic fibrosis. In particular, the genetic, molecular, and cellular factors that ordain and moderate fibrosis in the context of steatohepatitis will be of greatest relevance to effective therapy and clinical outcome.
This study was designed to determine the anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory properties of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) using lymphocytes as a model system. Chromium(VI) as potassium dichromate was used to induce oxidative damage. The production of free radicals by chromium and the ability of alcoholic leaf and fruit extracts of seabuckthorn to inhibit the oxidative damage induced by chromium was investigated. Addition of chromium (10 microg/ml) to the cells resulted in enhanced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, free radical production and decreased glutathione (reduced) levels. Chromium also caused a significant inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation induced by both lipopolysaccharide and concanavalin A. Alcoholic extracts of leaves and fruits of seabuckthorn at a concentration of 500 microg/ml were found to inhibit chromium-induced free radical production, apoptosis, DNA fragmentation and restored the anti-oxidant status to that of control cells. In addition, these extracts also were able to arrest the chromium-induced inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. These observations suggest that the alcoholic extracts of leaves and fruits of seabuckthorn have marked cytoprotective properties, which could be attributed to the anti-oxidant activity.
There is increasing evidence to support the hypothesis that free radical-mediated oxidative processes contribute to atherogenesis. More recently the ability of antioxidant nutrients to affect cell response and gene expression has been reported in vitro, providing a novel mechanistic perspective for the biological activity of antioxidants. Sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) is a rich source of antioxidants both aqueous and lipophilic, as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids. The objective of the study was to characterize the antioxidant profile of Sea buckthorn juice (SBJ) and to evaluate its effect on plasma lipids, LDL oxidation, platelet aggregation and plasma soluble cell adhesion protein concentration. Twenty healthy male volunteers were given either a placebo or SBJ for 8 weeks. Additional daily intakes of vitamin C, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and flavonoids through SBJ supplementation were 462, 3.2, 1.0 and 355 mg respectively. There were no significant changes in plasma total cholesterol, LDL-C, platelet aggregation or plasma intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) levels between treatment groups. Although not significant, a 20% and 17% increase in plasma HDL-C and triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations were observed. SBJ supplementation also resulted in a moderate decrease in the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation.
Obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m(2), is now recognised as a risk factor for diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, colon cancer, sudden death and other cardiovascular diseases. In this study, it is hypothesized that obesity is an independent risk factor for lipid peroxidation and decreased activities of cytoprotective enzymes in humans.
Fifty normal healthy subjects with healthy BMI (19-25 kg/m(2)) and 250 subjects with different grades of obesity (30-50 kg/m(2)) with no history of smoking or biochemical evidence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, renal or liver disease or cancer.
To test this hypothesis, we assessed lipid peroxidation and cytoprotection by measuring the concentrations of plasma malondialdehyde (P-MDA) and the activities of erythrocyte copper zinc-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX).
The concentration of P-MDA was significantly lower (P<0.001) in subjects with healthy BMI (2.53+/-0.04 micro mol/l) than in those with BMI above 40 kg/m(2) (4.75+0.05 micro mol/l). Furthermore, there was a significantly positive association (r=0.342, P=0.013) between BMI and P-MDA. On the other hand, subjects with healthy BMI had significantly higher (P<0.001) erythrocyte CUZn-SOD (1464+/-23 units/g Hb) and GPX (98.4+/-3.3 units/g Hb) than those with BMI above 40 kg/m(2) (1005+/-26 units/g Hb) and (84.3+/-6.7 units/g Hb) respectively. Furthermore, erythrocyte CuZn-SOD and GPX activities were negatively associated with BMI (r=-0.566, P=0.005 and r=-0.436, P=0.018) respectively.
It is concluded from these results that obesity in the absence of smoking, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, renal or liver disease causes lipid peroxidation and decreased activities of cytoprotective enzymes, and should therefore receive the same attention as obesity with complications.
On low-fat chow diet, rats prone to diet-induced obesity (DIO) have increased arcuate nucleus neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression but similar leptin levels compared with diet-resistant (DR) rats (19). Here, body weight and leptin levels rose in DIO rats, and they defended their higher body weight after only 1 wk on a 31% fat high-energy (HE) diet. However, DIO NPY expression did not fall to DR levels until 4 wk when plasma leptin was 168% of DR levels. When switched to chow, DIO rats lost carcass fat (18). By 10 wk, leptin levels fell to 148% and NPY expression again rose to 150% of DR levels. During 4 wk of food restriction, DIO leptin fell by approximately 50% while NPY increased by 30%. While both returned to control levels by 8 wk, DIO rats still regained all lost weight when fed ad libitum. Finally, the anorexic effect of intracerebroventricular leptin (10 microg) was inversely correlated with subsequent 3-wk weight gain on HE diet. Thus NPY expression and food intake are less sensitive to the leptin's suppressive effects in DIO rats. While this may predispose them to develop DIO, it does not fully explain their defense of a higher body weight on HE diet.
Vitamin C, tocopherols, and tocotrienols in berries of wild and cultivated sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) of different origins and harvesting dates were determined with HPLC. Wild berries of subsp. sinensis, native to China, contained 5-10 times more vitamin C in the juice fraction than the berries of subsp. rhamnoides from Europe and subsp. mongolica from Russia (4-13 vs 0.02-2 g/L juice). Genetic background and berry-harvesting date were two primary factors determining the vitamin C content in the berries. Crossing different subspecies influenced the vitamin C content to some extent. For bushes cultivated in southwest Finland, the best berry-harvesting date for high vitamin C content was the end of August. The seeds of subsp. sinensis contained less tocopherols and tocotrienols (average 130 mg/kg) compared with seeds of subsp. rhamnoides (average 290 mg/kg) and mongolica (average 250 mg/kg). The fruit flesh of sinensis berries had contents of tocopherols and tocotrienols 2-3 times higher than those found in the other two subspecies (120 mg/kg vs 40 mg/kg in rhamnoides and 50 mg/kg in mongolica). The fresh whole berries of subsp. sinensis were clearly the best source of total tocopherols and tocotrienols. The total content of tocopherols and tocotrienols in the soft parts of the berries reached the maximum level around early- to mid-September, whereas the content in seeds continued to increase until the end of November. The excellent combination of the highest content of vitamin C and tocopherols and tocotrienols makes the berries of subsp. sinensis an optimal raw material for nutritional investigation as a candidate for functional foods with special antioxidative properties.
Antioxidants protect an organism from the detrimental effects of free radicals via scavenging or inhibiting their formation. Alterations in the levels of antioxidants and several essential trace elements in the plasma and various tissues of ob/ob mice have been reported previously. The aim of this study was to investigate oxidative status and trace elements in obese individuals.
Seventy-six obese men (body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m(2)) and 24 healthy, age-matched male control volunteers were enrolled in the study. Fasting plasma insulin, glucose, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, VLDL, and HDL levels, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and copper zinc-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) activities, and erythrocyte thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were measured in both groups. Erythrocyte copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) levels were also measured.
We found that the mean Cu and Fe levels in obese individuals were not significantly different than those in the control group, whereas the mean Zn levels were significantly lower than those of the control group (p = 0.023). The mean erythrocyte CuZn-SOD and GSH-Px levels in obese individuals were significantly lower than those in controls (p = 0.001) whereas erythrocyte TBARS levels were significantly higher (p = 0.001) than those of the control group.
We conclude that male obesity is associated with defective antioxidant status and hypozincemia, which may have implications in the development of obesity related health problems.