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Transforming the Problems into Opportunities in Energy Sector
Abstract
For energy experts the oil sources in the world except from Middle East end Khazar zone will be exhausted in the next 15 years. In this situation being dependent to outside by oil means that political,economical and ecological problems which focuses on energy’ll be the determinative component for world’s future. Most of the countries are looking out new ways for renewable energy sources like solar, geothermal, hydrogen, heave, biodiesel, wind energy. Between these alternatives wind energy and biodiesel are the most promising ones.The process of the energy problems and transforming them into oppotunities is valid for Turkey too. The aim of the study is to show the the problems due to the heavy usage of fossil fuel, and try to find out how these problems can be transformed into oppurtunities while using renewable energy sources general for world in special for Turkey.
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Individuals' knowledge does not transform easily into organizational knowledge even with the implementation of knowledge repositories. Rather, individuals tend to hoard knowledge for various reasons. The aim of this study is to develop an integrative understanding of the factors supporting or inhibiting individuals' knowledge-sharing intentions. We employ as our theoretical framework the theory of reasoned action (TRA), and augment it with extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces and organizational climate factors that are believed to influence individuals' knowledge-sharing intentions. Through a field survey of 154 managers from 27 Korean organizations, we confirm our hypothesis that attitudes toward and subjective norms with regard to knowledge sharing as well as organizational climate affect individuals' intentions to share knowledge. Additionally, we find that anticipated reciprocal relationships affect individuals' attitudes toward knowledge sharing while both sense of self-worth and organizational climate affect subjective norms. Contrary to common belief, we find anticipated extrinsic rewards exert a negative effect on individuals' knowledge-sharing attitudes.
Recent debate on the reconfiguration of space exaggerates the roles of either economic motives of capitalist restructuring (such as ‘competitiveness’) or non-economic factors of social and cultural landscapes (for instance ‘social capital’) or both (as in the literature on learning regions). It generally aligns emerging structures of new scales with regional governance. This has been mainly due to a concentration of the literature on the developed economies at different scales - such as the EU (European Union) at a supranational scale or Baden-Württemberg or Silicon Valley at subnational scales. Relatively little work has been done to understand the relations between different emerging scales and alternative mechanisms of regionalization in developing countries. This paper explores the impetus of state restructuring (namely Europeanization) in Turkey, and argues that at the regional scale Turkey follows a route apart from the implications of ‘new regionalism’. By doing so the paper also extends the critique of ‘new regionalism’ through an analysis of Turkey. The paper also aims to explain how the failure to regionalize effectively is halting the development of the Turkish economy, and what the hollowing-out of the state implies when statism resists a downward power shift while accepting and even accelerating an upward power shift through Europeanization.
From 1997 to 2001, Italy has been affected by two epidemics of high-pathogenicity avian influenza. The first epidemic was caused by a virus of the H5N2 subtype and was limited to eight premises in backyard and semi-intensive flocks. The prompt identification of the disease was followed by the implementation of European Union (EU) directive 92/40/EEC and resulted in the eradication of infection without serious consequences to the poultry industry. The 1999-00 epidemic was caused by a virus of the H7N1 subtype that originated from the mutation of a low pathogenic virus and resulted instead in a devastating epidemic that affected industrially reared poultry, culminating in the infection of 413 flocks. The description of the epidemics and the result of the control policies are reported.
There is much controversy in the literature over whether military expenditure is associated with higher or lower growth rates. Most studies on the subject utilize cross-sectional data, and the diversity in their conclusions is attributed mainly to sample variations and differences in the specificational choices and time periods examined. Moreover, to the extent that various regions of the world differ substantially in the natural environments they face and in socioeconomic structures, it is inappropriate to generalize the effects of military expenditure across countries. These facts point to the need for case-specific studies using time-series data for individual countries. In this context, the present article seeks to contribute to current research in the area by investigating the growth effects of military expenditure in the case of Greece over the post-war period. Basically, military expenditure can affect economic growth through both direct and indirect spin-offs, the reallocation of resources and the creation of new resources. Those influences can be captured by a simultaneous equation model comprising three equations, namely growth, savings and military burden. In the context of the general-to-specific approach, the estimation of this model for the Greek economy over the period 1960-90, reveals that the combined effect of military expenditure on the output growth rate is negative, independently of the level of significance used in calculating of the relevant multiplier.
Public libraries tend to be taken for granted. They can be found in nearly every community and are used by a substantial proportion of the population, particularly the young and the old. Yet the public library service, as it is today, is a relatively recent phenomenon. Despite their origins in the mid-19th century, the widespread network of public libraries is largely the product of the post-war welfare state. The demand for the service grew rapidly during the war and in the immediate post-war period. Provision to meet the demand was constrained initially by the competing demands for reconstruction, but by 1960 the service was ready to expand. The growth was consolidated by the 1964 Public Libraries and Museums Act and was given further emphasis by the 1962 Bourdillon standards (Ministry of Education, 1962). The Act and the standards provided the impetus for what might be described as the golden age of public libraries. This brief period was brought to an abrupt end by the economic crises of the mid-1970s and the subsequent downward pressure on public expenditure. The service managed to hold its own during the late 1970s and early 1980s but since then it has been in decline, with the rate of decline accelerating during the 1990s as new requirements and increasing costs stretched diminishing resources even further, to the point where the overall level of provision now falls well short of the basic standards that were considered to be essential in the early 1960s.
During the period 1974–90 Greece has allocated an average of 6.4% of GDP to defence yearly. The Greek defence burden is currently the highest among European Union and NATO members. At the same time, the Greek economy has exhibited the lowest rates of growth and it is plagued by persistent economic problems. This paper, using disaggregated military spending data, investigates its economic effects during the period 1974–90. Preliminary results reported here are inconclusive.