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Gender differences in motion sickness history and susceptibility to optokinetic rotation-induced motion sickness
Abstract
The present study investigated gender differences in motion sickness history and susceptibility to optokinetic rotation-induced motion sickness.
The study included two phases. In Phase 1, 485 subjects filled out a survey of previous incidence of motion sickness. Results indicated that women reported significantly greater incidence of feeling motion sickness than did men on buses, on trains, on planes, in cars, and on amusement rides before the age of 12 yr; and on buses, on trains, on planes, in boats, on ships, in cars, on amusement rides, and on swings between the ages of 12 and 25 yr. Women also reported significantly higher incidence of being actually sick than did men on buses before the age of 12 yr and on buses, on ships, and in cars between the ages of 12 and 25 yr. In Phase 2, each of the 47 subjects viewed an optokinetic rotating-drum for 16 min. Subjects' subjective symptoms of motion sickness (SSMS) were obtained during drum rotation. The results showed that there were no significant differences on SSMS scores between men and women.
Although women reported greater incidence in motion sickness history, women did not differ from men in severity of symptoms of motion sickness while viewing a rotating optokinetic drum.
... Cybersickness measurement is complicated because are no proper guidelines to explain the level of cybersickness (Porcino et al., 2021). Several studies have reported that cybersickness is affected by individual characteristics, such as age , gender (Koch et al., 2018), and sensitivity to motion sickness (Benzeroual and Allison, 2013;Paillard et al., 2013;Park and Hu, 1999;Stanney et al., 2003), as well as VR content (e.g., simple or complex content, speed, optic flow) and device type (e.g., head-mounted display; HMD, cave automatic visual environment; CAVE) Naqvi et al., 2014;Sharples et al., 2008). For example, Freitag et al. (2016) found significant differences in simulator sickness scores between female and male participants. ...
... Moreover, studies examining the effects of individual cybersickness susceptibility are very limited. However, some studies examining motion sickness have reported differences in individuals according to susceptibility to motion sickness (Benzeroual and Allison, 2013;Paillard et al., 2013;Park and Hu, 1999;Stanney et al., 2003), suggesting that some individuals may be more susceptible to motion sickness than others. ...
Cybersickness refers to the uncomfortable side effects, such as headaches, dizziness, and nausea, felt while experiencing virtual reality (VR). This study investigated cybersickness in people with sensitivity to motion sickness using electroencephalography (EEG), the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ), and simple VR content. Based on the scores from the Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire (MSSQ), 40 males in their twenties were selected as the sensitive group (n = 20) and non-sensitive group (n = 20). The experiment contained two conditions: a baseline condition representing a resting state and a cybersickness condition in which watching VR content induced cybersickness. The SSQ score increased significantly after watching the VR content in both groups. The sensitive group showed significantly lower absolute power in the beta and gamma bands than the non-sensitive group. The cybersickness condition showed significantly increased delta and decreased alpha compared to the baseline condition. We evaluated EEG and SSQ to identify subjective symptoms and objective physiological changes associated with cybersickness.
... The authors showed that when VR headsets were accurately adjusted to a user's interpupillary distance, sex- related differences in VIMS ratings disappeared. Last, it has been speculated that women might be more honest when it comes to reporting VIMS compared to men, although empirical evidence for this assumption is weak (Cheung & Hofer, 2003;Park & Hu, 1999) and several studies have suggested that reporting bias might not be a valid explanation for sex-related differences in motion sickness research (Dobie et al., 2001;Flanagan et al., 2005). Of note, an imbalance in the ratio between male and female participants of VR studies has been pointed out by Peck et al. (2020), cautioning the interpretation of findings that investigate sex-related differences in headset-based VR-sickness research. ...
... The group with low levels of car sickness was balanced by sex, whereas the group with high levels of car sickness contained only one man, which is consistent with the greater susceptibility to motion sickness in women compared to men. Indeed, the severity of MS symptoms is greater in women than in men in land and sea transport [21,[33][34][35][36]. During road transport, women are also more likely to report sickness than men by a ratio of four to three [21]. ...
Postural control characteristics have been proposed as a predictor of Motion Sickness (MS). However, postural adaptation to sensory environment changes may also be critical for MS susceptibility. In order to address this issue, a postural paradigm was used where accurate orientation information from body sensors could be lost and restored, allowing us to infer sensory re-weighting dynamics from postural oscillation spectra in relation to car-sickness susceptibility. Seventy-one participants were standing on a platform (eyes closed) alternating from static phases (proprioceptive and vestibular sensors providing reliable orientation cues) to sway referenced to the ankle-angle phases (proprioceptive sensors providing unreliable orientation cues). The power spectrum density (PSD) on a 10 s sliding window was computed from the antero-posterior displacement of the center of pressure. Energy ratios (ERs) between the high (0.7–1.3 Hz) and low (0.1–0.7 Hz) frequency bands of these PSDs were computed on key time windows. Results showed no difference between MS and non-MS participants following loss of relevant ankle proprioception. However, the reintroduction of reliable ankle signals led, for the non-MS participants, to an increase of the ER originating from a previously up-weighted vestibular information during the sway-referenced situation. This suggests inter-individual differences in re-weighting dynamics in relation to car-sickness susceptibility.
... Of the seven participants who reported nausea during the right dlPFC experiments, six were male. It seems somewhat unlikely that this sex disparity would play a role in the obtained results, as it is known that the severity of motion sickness does not vary between sexes (Park and Hu 1999), and such a disparity was not seen during the left dlPFC experiments (of the six who indicated nausea, there was an even distribution of three males and three females), but it may be worth noting. Interestingly, the occurrence and the amount of nausea from our experiments did not correlate with the participants' perceived sway. ...
The vestibular apparatus provides spatial information on the position of the head in space and with respect to gravity. Low-frequency sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation (sGVS), a means of selectively changing the firing of vestibular afferents, induces a frequency-dependent perception of sway and, in some individuals, induces nausea. Given that vestibular afferents project to the insular cortex—which forms part of the vestibular cortex—and that the insula receives inputs from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), we tested the hypothesis that electrical stimulation of the dlPFC can modulate vestibular inputs. Sinusoidal electrical stimulation (± 2 mA, 0.08 Hz, 100 cycles) was delivered via surface electrodes over (1) the mastoid processes alone (sGVS), (2) electroencephalogram (EEG) site F4 (right dlPFC) and the nasion or (3) to each site concurrently (sGVS + dlPFC) in 23 participants. The same stimulation protocol was used in a separate study to investigate EEG site F3 (left dlPFC) instead of F4 in 13 participants. During sGVS, all participants reported perceptions of sway and 13 participants also reported nausea, neither sensation of which occurred as a result of dlPFC stimulation. Interestingly, when sGVS and dlPFC stimulations were delivered concurrently, vestibular perceptions and sensations of nausea were almost completely abolished. We conclude that the dlPFC provides top-down control of vestibular inputs and further suggests that dlPFC stimulation may provide a novel means of controlling nausea.
... In 2014, Lui and colleagues [74] found participants' VRISE more severe as exposure duration increased from 5 to 15 min. These findings are congruent with many studies [25,68,[75][76][77][78][79]. Other studies have found no differences in VRISE between after-acclimation and postexposure scores, indicating peak VRISE severity may occur early in the study and then remain approximately the same as participants adapt to the environment [80,81]. ...
The utilization of commercially available virtual reality (VR) environments has increased over the last decade. Motion sickness that is commonly reported while using VR devices is still prevalent and reported at a higher than acceptable rate. The virtual reality induced symptoms and effects (VRISE) are considered the largest barrier to widespread usage. Current measurement methods have uniform use across studies but are subjective and are not designed for VR. VRISE and other motion sickness symptom profiles are similar but not exactly the same. Common objective physiological and biomechanical as well as subjective perception measures correlated with VRISE should be used instead. Many physiological biomechanical and subjective changes evoked by VRISE have been identified. There is a great difficulty in claiming that these changes are directly caused by VRISE due to numerous other factors that are known to alter these variables resting states. Several theories exist regarding the causation of VRISE. Among these is the sensory conflict theory resulting from differences in expected and actual sensory input. Reducing these conflicts has been shown to decrease VRISE. User characteristics contributing to VRISE severity have shown inconsistent results. Guidelines of field of view (FOV), resolution, and frame rate have been developed to prevent VRISE. Motion-to-photons latency movement also contributes to these symptoms and effects. Intensity of content is positively correlated to VRISE, as is the speed of navigation and oscillatory displays. Duration of immersion shows greater VRISE, though adaptation has been shown to occur from multiple immersions. The duration of post immersion VRISE is related to user history of motion sickness and speed of onset. Cognitive changes from VRISE include decreased reaction time and eye hand coordination. Methods to lower VRISE have shown some success. Postural control presents a potential objective variable for predicting and monitoring VRISE intensity. Further research is needed to lower the rate of VRISE symptom occurrence as a limitation of use.
... There is evidence that females tend to be more susceptible to visually-induced motion sickness than males [45]. Both vestibular and visual motion sickness incidence in females tends to be higher than in males, but with no difference in the severity of symptoms [46][47][48][49]. Emerging evidence suggests that interpupillary distance non-fit, while wearing HMDs is one driving factor for this gender discrepancy [50]. ...
This systematic review offers a world-first critical analysis of machine learning methods and systems, along with future directions for the study of cybersickness induced by virtual reality (VR). VR is becoming increasingly popular and is an important part of current advances in human training, therapies, entertainment, and access to the metaverse. Usage of this technology is limited by cybersickness, a common debilitating condition experienced upon VR immersion. Cybersickness is accompanied by a mix of symptoms including nausea, dizziness, fatigue and oculomotor disturbances. Machine learning can be used to identify cybersickness and is a step towards overcoming these physiological limitations. Practical implementation of this is possible with optimised data collection from wearable devices and appropriate algorithms that incorporate advanced machine learning approaches. The present systematic review focuses on 26 selected studies. These concern machine learning of biometric and neuro-physiological signals obtained from wearable devices for the automatic identification of cybersickness. The methods, data processing and machine learning architecture, as well as suggestions for future exploration on detection and prediction of cybersickness are explored. A wide range of immersion environments, participant activity, features and machine learning architectures were identified. Although models for cybersickness detection have been developed, literature still lacks a model for the prediction of first-instance events. Future research is pointed towards goal-oriented data selection and labelling, as well as the use of brain-inspired spiking neural network models to achieve better accuracy and understanding of complex spatio-temporal brain processes related to cybersickness.
... The psychological state in relation to comfort, happiness, and stress � Females are more likely to get motion sick (Park and Hu 1999;Turner and Griffin 1999;Turner, Griffin, and Holland 2000) and seasick (Gahlinger 2000). This is notable because it can limit the participation of females in experimental simulation research trials (Matas, Nettelbeck, and Burns 2015), which are common in HF research. ...
The deeply embedded inequalities in gender which mark most contemporary societies have led to a world shaped by male perspectives. This world fails to accommodate adequately the needs and experiences of women: no more evident than in the transport sector, where a ‘default male’ perspective dominates the planning and policies that shape our roads, railways, airlines, and shipping. This paper argues that the ways in which masculinity infuses transport systems mean they are integral to debates on gender and work. They impact both the way women experience travel and their access to places of work. A multi-transport domain scoping study has been conducted to review the literature for key gender factors that influence the use of road, rail, aviation, and maritime transport modes. A multi-disciplinary approach is proposed which incorporates perspectives and methods from the social sciences that can help to foster Gender-Equitable Human Factors (GE-HF).
Practitioner summary: This paper seeks to identify the gender issues related to transport and work. A scoping review provides key factors that detail how women are disadvantaged by current transport systems. It presents gaps in knowledge that future research needs to fill. Women must be included in key decisions within the transport sector.
Objectives
Motion sickness (MS) is a common physiological response to real or virtual motion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of transcutaneous electrical acustimulation (TEA) on MS and the underlying mechanisms in healthy subjects.
Materials and Methods
A total of 50 healthy participants were recruited and randomly assigned into two groups to complete two separate sessions in a crossover study. A Coriolis rotary chair was used as a model to provoke severe MS. The total tolerable rotation time and Graybiel scoring scale were recorded. Gastric slow waves were detected by electrogastrogram. The autonomic nervous function, including the vagal activity, was evaluated by the analysis of heart rate variability derived from the electrocardiogram recording. The serum levels of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and norepinephrine (NE) were examined.
Results
Of note, 22 participants in TEA and only 11 participants in the sham-TEA session completed the entire five-rotation MS stimuli (p = 0.019). TEA significantly prolonged the total tolerable rotation time of MS stimuli (220.4 ± 11.59 vs 173.6 ± 12.3 seconds, p < 0.001) and lowered MS symptom scores (12.56 ± 2.03 vs 22.06 ± 3.0, p < 0.001). TEA improved the percentage of normal gastric slow waves, compared with sham-TEA (56.0 ± 2.1% vs 51.6 ± 2.0%, p = 0.033). TEA also significantly enhanced vagal activity compared with sham-TEA (0.41 ± 0.02 vs 0.31 ± 0.02, p < 0.001). In addition, the increased serum levels of AVP and NE on MS stimulation were markedly suppressed by TEA treatment, compared with sham-TEA (AVP, 56.791 ± 4.057 vs 79.312 ± 10.036 ng/mL, p = 0.033; NE, 0.388 ± 0.037 vs 0.501 ± 0.055 ng/mL, p = 0.021).
Conclusions
Needleless TEA is a potent therapeutic approach for severe MS, as it increases participants' tolerance and ameliorates MS symptoms, which may be attributed to the integrative effects of TEA on autonomic functions and neuroendocrine balance.
Background:
Chronic motion sensitivity (CMS) is a combination of autonomic symptoms provoked by exposure to motion. The correlation between anxiety and CMS is not yet well understood.
Objectives:
1) To compare median anxiety levels between young adults with and without CMS. 2) To examine the effect of anxiety on postural stability with immersion virtual reality. 3) To compare anxiety levels between sexes.
Methods:
Participants included 60 adults (20-40 years), with and without CMS. After determining their current and general anxiety levels, postural stability was measured.
Results:
There were significant differences in median (minimum, maximum) state- and trait-anxiety scores between participants with and without CMS, but no significant differences in median state- and trait-anxiety scores between males and females with CMS. There was a significant inverse relationship between state- and trait-anxiety scores and postural stability (ρ= -0.28, p = 0.03, and ρ= -0.32, p = 0.01, respectively). The stepwise regression analysis showed the Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire-Short Form score to be the only variable contributing significantly to postural stability (R2 = 26.2%; t = -4.5, p < 0.001).
Conclusions:
Young adults with CMS are more anxious, although anxiety does not contribute to postural stability in this group. Anxiety levels do not appear to differ between young adult males and females with CMS.
This research tested the hypotheses that (1) women identifying with the traditional feminine sex-role stereotype, (2) more anxious women, and (3) women with less role density will manifest more illness behavior than their counterparts. Subjects were 100 nonindigent white women 20-45 years of age randomly selected from enrollees of a prepaid health care system. Illness behavior was measured by: (1) Mechanic's Response-to-Illness; (2) recorded number of clinic visits in past year; and (3) reported number of health-related visits in past year, inside and outside the prepaid system. Weak support was obtained for the first two hypotheses, but none for the third. More feminine women, less masculine women, more anxious women, and women with greater role density, rather than less, utilized services more. Regression analysis revealed that the independent variables taken all together accounted for only 4% of the variance in Mechanic's measure, and 14% in the two utilization measures. Reasons for the failure of current theoretical formulations to predict accurately women's illness behavior are advanced, and directions for future research indicated.
Objective. To determine if differences exist between men and women in their reports and evaluations of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) symptoms, and, if so, to identify explanations for those differences.
Method. Data from a longitudinal panel study of persons with RA were used. Symptom reports were defined as individuals' evaluations of body states, e.g., evaluations of the severity of pain. Analyses were controlled for sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological characteristics.
Results. In unadjusted analyses, women were more likely to evaluate their symptoms as severe. Adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics changed these results very little. Controlling for depressive symptoms decreased the magnitude of associations somewhat. Analyses controlling for additional respondent-reported clinical characteristics (Health Assessment Questionnaire score, number of painful joints) yielded dramatically different results; in no case did women evaluate their symptoms significantly more severely than men.
Conclusion. Our analyses suggest that women reported more severe symptoms, but that these differences may be due to more severe disease rather than a tendency by women to over-report symptoms or overrate symptom severity. Future research should examine whether physicians respond to reports or prescribe treatments differently for men and women.
The incidence of motion sickness in a large (N = 3,618) college population was determined by means of a questionnaire. The test-retest reliability coefficient (0.84) suggested that the motion sickness questionnaire (MSQ) for this particular population yields highly consistent information. Significantly greater proportions of men than women had low susceptibility scores and, conversely, significantly greater proportions of women had high susceptibility scores. The relationships between motion sickness susceptibility scores and several behavioral characteristics in men and women were also investigated. Specifically, comparisons of MSQ scores were made with other self-assessments, age changes, motion experiences, familial susceptibility, use of motion sickness medication, muscular coordination, willingness to participate in motion experiments, flying experience, phobias, visual motion effects, and use of alcohol.
Monozygotic twins were concordant for car-sickness about 21/2 times as often as dizygotic twins. Car-sickness was about five times as frequent in the twins when one or both parents had been car-sick during childhood as when neither parent had been car-sick. The results in twins and in family incidence point to a genetic basis for car-sickness in children.
Mal des transports chez les jumeaux
Les jumeaux monozygotes sont concordants pour les malaises en voiture environ deux fois et demi plus souvent que les jumeaux dizygotes. Chez les jumeaux avec l'un ou les deux parents ayant eu des malaises semblables durant l'enfance, le mal des transports en voiture est environ cinq fois plus fréquent que lorsqu'aucun des parents n'avait de malaise. Les résultats chez les jumeaux et le caractère familial sont en faveur d'une base génétique au mal des transports chez l'enfant.
Autokrankheit bei Zwillingen
Monozygote Zwillinge hatten ungefähr 21/2 mal so häufig gemeinsam die Autokrankheit wie dizygote Zwillinge. Die Autokrankheit war bei den Zwillingen etwa fünf mal häufiger, deren einer oder beide Eltern während ihrer Kindheit unter Reiseübelkeit gelitten hatten. Die Ergebnisse bei den Zwillingen und die Familienhäungkeit weisen auf eine genetische Grundlage der Autokrankheit im Kindesalter hin.
Mareo de caches en gemelos
Los gemelos monozigotos eran concordantes en el mareo de coche con una frecuencia de alrededor dos veces y media más que en gemelos dizigotos. El mareo de coche era alrededor de 4 veces más frecuente en gemelos en los que uno o ambos progenitores habían padecido también dicho mareo en su infancia, en comparación con aquéllos cuyos progenitores no lo habían padecido. Los resultados de la incidencia en gemelos y en sus familiares apuntan hacia una base genética del mareo de coche en niños.
The study investigates illness orientation as a factor which may account for sex differences in the utilization of medical care. First, sex differences in the way symptoms are perceived, evaluated and acted upon (illness orientation) are analyzed. Then gender role factors which may account for sex differences in illness orientation are examined. Finally, the degree to which gender role factors and illness orientation account for sex differences in medical care utilization are assessed. The study population includes 1648 adults between the ages of 18 and 59. Medical record data covering 7 years of outpatient services are linked with survey data on the respondents. The findings show that while females are more likely to perceive symptoms than males, there is no apparent sex difference in a tendency to adopt the sick role when ill. In addition, results indicate that gender role factors such as level and type of role responsibility and concern with health are related to female though not male symptom reports. Illness orientation variables are related to rates of medical utilization for both sexes. However, it is primarily the perception of symptoms and an interest and concern with health which contributes to sex differences in utilization rates. When examining respondents who report either a very low or very high number of symptoms, sex differences in utilization rates fall below statistical significance.
This study investigated correlations between motion sickness susceptibility to a rotating optokinetic drum and past history of motion sickness.
There were 49 subjects who filled out a questionnaire on motion sickness history (MSH) who participated in the experiment. Each subject sat in an optokinetic drum for a 12-min baseline and a 12-min drum rotation period. Subjects' motion sickness symptoms (MSS) and electrogastrograms (EGG's) were measured.
There were significant correlations between MSH scores and MSS scores during drum rotation (r = 0.5392, p < 0.001), and between MSH scores and EGG 4-9 cycles per minute (cpm) spectral intensity ratios between drum rotation and baseline periods (r = 0.5320, p < 0.001). Further analysis indicated that the mean MSS scores during the drum rotation period were 11.50 for the top 33% MSH scorers, 4.18 for the middle 34% MSH scorers, and 3.63 for the bottom 33% MSH scorers. The mean EGG 4-9 cpm spectral intensity ratios between drum rotation and baseline periods were 2.62 for the top 33% MSH scorers, 1.44 for the middle 34% MSH scorers, and 1.21 for the bottom 33% MSH scorers.
These results indicated that past history of motion sickness correlates with severity of motion sickness provoked by optokinetic rotation.
This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between family history of pain and current pain experience in a student population. In a sample of 180 students who completed a pain history questionnaire there was a significant difference between males and females with women reporting significantly more pain models than men even when menstrual pain models were excluded from the analysis. There was also a difference on current pain symptoms, with women reporting more pain symptoms but this difference was no longer significant when menstrual pain was excluded. These results suggest that differences observed between sexes in a young student population in relation to current pain symptom reports may be accounted for by the presence of menstrual pain rather than by differences in family history of pain as it has previously been suggested. The higher incidence of pain models reported by females for menstrual as well as non-menstrual pain suggests a greater awareness of pain in others without implying a greater tendency for the young females as a group to report pain themselves.