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Effect of Adding Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate to Resin Cements: Durability against Thermal Stress of Adhesion to Titanium
Abstract
The present study was conducted to examine the effect of the addition of a dimethacrylate to resin cements on bond strength between titanium and resin after thermocycling. Titanium disks, polished and treated with a phosphate monomer, were bonded to acrylic rods using two types of experimental resin cements. The cements were composed of methyl methacrylate (MMA) containing a tributylborane initiator and 0-10 wt% of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and two types of polymer component of hard poly (MMA) or soft fluoropolymer (2-6F). The bonded specimens were subjected to a thermocycling test in water and then to tensile strength testing. The addition of 5% or more dimethacrylate monomer to the two MMA-based resin cements caused a drastic decrease in bond strength to the metal after the thermocycling test. The resin prepared with soft 2-6F as a polymer component was significantly more durable than the rigid type resin based on PMMA. However, even a 1% addition of ECDMA to the 2-6F resin resulted in a significant decrease in durability.
... Several methods have been tested to increase the bond strength between polymers and alloys in dental prostheses [1,9,12,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Table 1 summarizes the strengths obtained by binding PMMA and Ti with different methods, measured with shear bond, four-point bending, and tensile strength tests (it should be noted that the reported values are not comparable with each other as the specimen size, test methods and practice vary between different studies). ...
... Most of the methods reported in Table 1 require sandblasting the metallic surface, and all of them use either silane or phosphonate groups to create a chemical bond between the two surfaces [1,9,12,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Silanes and phosphonates covalently bind to Ti, while sandblasting increases the surface area of the exposed Ti, thus increasing the overall bonding strength [27]. ...
... The highest bond strengths reported were achieved using phosphonate-based adhesives (MHPA, MDP, and VDT; see Table 1) in combination with sandblasting. Specifically, the highest tensile strength reported without sandblasting was 7.4 MPa [12], while using a combination of sandblasting and bonding agents the tensile strength went up to 23.5 MPa [12,15,17,[19][20][21]24]. These values are still too low for dental applications. ...
Many dental devices, such as partial dentures, combine acrylic and metallic parts that are bonded together. These devices often present catastrophic mechanical failures due to weak bonding between their acrylic and metallic components. The bonding between alloys and polymers (e.g. poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA) usually is just a mechanical interlock, since they do not chemically bond spontaneously. The aim of this study was to develop a new method to make a strong chemical bond between alloys and polymers for dental prostheses based on diazonium chemistry.
The method was based on two steps. In the first step (primer), aryldiazonium salts were grafted onto the metallic surfaces. The second step (adhesive) was optimized to achieve covalent binding between the grafted layer and PMMA. The chemical composition of the treated surfaces was analyzed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the tensile or shear bonding strength between metals and poly(methyl methacrylate) was measured.
XPS and contact angle measurements confirmed the presence of a polymer coating on the treated metallic surfaces. Mechanical tests showed a significant increase in bond strength between PMMA and treated titanium or stainless steel wire by 5.2 and 2.5 folds, respectively, compared to the untreated control group (p<0.05).
Diazonium chemistry is an effective technique for achieving a strong chemical bond between alloys and PMMA, which can help improve the mechanical properties of dental devices.
Copyright © 2014 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
... Because the bond strength test performed in this study does not reflect all the factors present in the oral cavity, long-term clinical observations are required to validate the present findings. It has been reported that a luting agent producing a heavily crosslinked structure with a high elastic modulus is less durable against thermal stress than a linear polymer with a low elastic modulus, such as MT [38]. Therefore, the next research goal is to determine the relationship between bonding durability and the chemical components of various resin composite block materials using MMA-TBB-based resins. ...
Purpose:
This study compared the bond strengths of four adhesive systems and four different resin composite block materials: Gradia Block (GR), Shofu Block HC (SH), Estelite Block (ES), and KZR-CAD HR2 (KZ).
Methods:
A primer (PZ-AB) containing a silane (γ-MPTS) with 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) was applied to ground surfaces of the resin composite block specimens, and the specimens were then bonded to stainless-steel rods using two methyl methacrylate-tributylborane (MMA-TBB)-based luting agents (SB and MT), designated as the PZ-AB/SB and PZ-AB/MT adhesive systems, respectively. The SB resin contained 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META), whereas the MT resin did not. The SB resin without primer (No primer/SB) and a dual-curing composite-type adhesive system (UPA/RelyX) were used as controls. The 24-h tensile bond strengths were determined and analyzed using the Tukey-Kramer HSD test (α = 0.05, n = 8).
Results:
The highest bond strengths were obtained for the GR/PZ-AB/MT, GR/PZ-AB/SB, KZ/PZ-AB/MT, ES/PZ-AB/SB, and KZ/No primer/SB groups, whereas the KZ/UPA/RelyX, ES/UPA/RelyX, SH/UPA/RelyX, and SH/No primer/SB groups exhibited the lowest bond strengths.
Conclusion:
For each resin composite block material primed with γ-MPTS and MDP, the MMA-TBB-based luting agents, irrespective of the presence of 4-META, provided higher bond strengths than the dual-curing composite-type adhesive system.
... The mechanical properties of orthodontic resin cements are also important for resisting bond failure (8). Unfilled MMA-based resins, such as Super-Bond C&B (Sun Medical Co., Ltd, Shiga, Japan), are considerably elastic and flexible compared to filled dimethacrylate-based resins (composite resins) such as Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, California, USA) owing to their linear structure after polymerization (9,10). When debonding force is applied to a bracket, various stresses may be generated within the adhesive resin layer under the bracket (8,11). ...
Summary OBJECTIVE : To test the null hypothesis that neither the flexural properties of orthodontic adhesive resins nor the enamel pre-treatment methods would affect metal bracket debonding behaviours, including enamel fracture.
A dimethacrylate-based resin (Transbond XT, TX) and two methyl methacrylate (MMA)-based resins (Super-Bond C&B, SB; an experimental light-cured resin, EXP) were tested. Flexural strength and flexural modulus for each resin were measured by a three-point-bending test. Metal brackets were bonded to human enamel pretreated with total-etch (TE) or self-etch adhesive using one of the three resins (a total of six groups, n = 15). After 24 hours of storage in water at 37°C, a shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed using the wire loop method. After debonding, remaining resin on the enamel surfaces and occurrence of enamel fracture were assessed. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
The two MMA resins exhibited substantially lower flexural strength and modulus values than the TX resin. The mean SBS values of all groups (10.15-11.09MPa) were statistically equivalent to one another (P > 0.05), except for the TE-TX group (13.51MPa, P < 0.05). The two EXP groups showed less resin remnant. Only in the two TX groups were enamel fractures observed (three cases for each group).
The results were drawn only from ex vivo experiments.
The hypothesis is rejected. This study suggests that a more flexible MMA resin is favourable for avoiding enamel fracture during metal bracket debonding.
... Nanoparticles made from HSA are biodegradable [19,34], thus potentially altering the structure of resin containing HAS nanoparticles during long- term clinical service. However, the degradation of HSA nanoparticles with only a small amount (0.5 wt%) incorporated in the resin does not seem to affect the mechanical properties of the resin due to the unique flexible characteristics of the resin [35]. Nonetheless, further investigation is required to confirm the assumption. ...
A functional dental adhesive resin system with antimicrobial properties was developed using human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles as the drug delivery carrier. HSA nanoparticles loaded with chlorhexidine (CHX) diacetate, a model antimicrobial drug, were prepared using a desolvation technique. The resulting CHX-loaded HSA nanoparticles were incorporated into a commercial methyl methacrylate (MMA)-based resin. The size of the nanoparticles ranged 50–300 nm, and the nanoparticles were dispersed homogeneously in the resin matrix. The CHX-loaded HSA nanoparticles showed an early release burst of ~20 % of the total CHX by day 5, followed by the sustained release of the remaining CHX over the next 20 days. In contrast, the resin matrix containing the HSA nanoparticles showed a sustained release of CHX without an early release burst in a 4-week immersion study. In the agar diffusion test, the resin matrix incorporating the CHX-loaded HAS nanoparticles showed a larger growth inhibition zone against Streptococcus mutans than the resin matrix alone, indicating that this delivery platform potently imparts antibacterial activity to the resins. These results also suggest that CHX, which inhibits the growth of oral bacteria, can be incorporated efficiently into the MMA-based resin matrix using HSA nanoparticles.
... On this ground, the thermocycling test is considered as an expedient, in vitro experiment to accelerate aging with controlled thermal stresses in water. Thermal stress is mainly derived from the difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of the substrate materials and the luting agents used, and Young's modulus of the luting agent affects the relief of thermal stress 32,33) . ...
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bond strength between a fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) and six luting agents (Panavia F 2.0, Linkmax MC, Chemiace II, Multibond, Super-Bond C&B, and Fuji I). A prosthodontic resin composite material (RC-control) and a luting agent containing no functional monomer (MT) were used as controls. Shear bond strengths between alumina-blasted FRC and the luting agents were determined after 20,000 thermocycles. The FRC showed superior bond strength when compared with the RC-control. Highest bond strengths were achieved when FRC was bonded with Panavia F 2.0, Linkmax MC, Multibond, Super-Bond C&B, and MT, whereas Chemiace II trailed in the list of resin-based luting agents evaluated. Insufficient bonding was obtained with Fuji I. Results of the present study revealed that when fabricating restorations, the clinician should select an appropriate combination of resin composite material and luting agent so as to ensure the longevity of restorations.
... The relationship between primer type and bond strength manifested after thermocycling. Thermal stress is mainly derived from the difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of the substrate materials used 35) . It was reported that the coefficients of thermal expansion of MMA-TBB resin (89.9×10 -6 /℃) and acrylic resin (77.5×10 -6 /℃) were considerably greater than that of Ag-Pd-Au alloy (18.3×10 -6 /℃) or a resin composite material (37.1×10 -6 /℃) 36) . ...
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of four experimental primers on bond strength between a self-curing luting agent and silver-palladium-gold alloy. The experimental primers were in mixed solutions of a thiouracil primer (Metaltite) and a phosphate primer (Epricord, PM, PE, or PP), which were designated as Metaltite/Epricord, Metaltite/PM, Metaltite/PE, and Metaltite/PP respectively. Three primers (Metal Primer II, V-Primer, and Alloy Primer) were also prepared as controls. Alumina-blasted metal alloys were bonded with acrylic rods. After 5,000 thermocycles, the maximum shear bond strength was obtained with Metaltite/PE (27.8+/-2.4 MPa) and Metaltite/Epricord (27.6+/-5.9 MPa), followed by Metaltite/PP, Alloy Primer, Metaltite, Metaltite/PM, Metal Primer II, V-Primer, and Epricord. PE, PM, and PP showed the lowest bond strength. Results of this study revealed that the combined use of a thiouracil monomer and a phosphate monomer improved adhesive bonding. In this light, clinicians should pay attention to the types of functional monomers dissolved in a primer when fabricating resin-bonded prostheses.
As a part of our studies to understand the durability of an MMA-based resin cement against thermocycling in adhesion to metals, the changes of bond strength to titanium produced using various cements were examined by a thermocycling test in water with regard to the effects of bonding area, type of adherend material, cement thickness, type of initiator, powder/liquid ratio, and type of polymer powder.Cement thickness, type of adherend material, and type of initiator affected durability of the bond.The powder/liquid ratio in PMMA/MMA-TBB resin had little effect.Among the MMA-soluble polymer powders formulated in MMA-TBB resin, PMMA produced more durable bonds than a homopolymer of ethyl methacrylate or its copolymer with MMA.Measurement of glass transition temperatures of the cured resins suggested that the heterogeneity of the polymer blend may be involved in the reduced durability.
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of functional monomers with phosphorus on bonding durability to titanium. Three metal conditioners (Alloy Primer, AP; Metal Link, ML; Eyesight Opaque Primer, EP) were assessed. The functional monomers for base metal are 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogenphosphate (MDP) for the AP, 6-methacryloxyhexyl phosphonoacetate (MHPA) for the ML, and methacrylatephosphate (MP) for the EP. Cast disk specimens made of high-purity titanium (T-Alloy H) were air-abraded with 70μm alumina, primed with three conditioners, and then bonded with an acrylic resin adhesive (Super-Bond C&B). Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after thermocycling (20, 000 cycles).
Before thermocycling, the shear bond strengths for the AP and ML groups were significantly higher than those for the EP and unprimed (defined as control) groups (p<0.05). The AP group exhibited significantly higher bond strength than the ML group after thermocycling (p<0.05). Significant difference was not found between the EP and the unprimed groups regardless of thermocycling application (p>0.05).
The function of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in 4-acryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride/methyl methacrylate-tri-n-butylborane (4-META/MMA-TBB) resin during polymerization was investigated. Resin specimens were prepared using two experimental [MB-8C (EM) and SB-LL White (ES)] and two commercial [L-Type Clear (CL) and Clear (CC)] PMMA powders. Following thermocycling (0, 500, and 2000 cycles), the degree of conversion of each resin and its tensile bond strength to titanium were measured. The experimental powders had spherical morphology and contained substantially smaller particles than the commercial powders. The experimental EM and ES powders had the highest and lowest molecular weight, respectively, among the powders investigated. Before thermocycling, the two experimental resins showed significantly lower degrees of conversion than the two commercial resins. After 2000 cycles, the experimental EM resin showed significantly lower degree of conversion and bond strength values than the commercial resins, whereas the experimental ES resin showed comparable corresponding values to those of the commercial resins. The size and molecular weight of PMMA powder in the resin seemed to influence the degree of conversion of the resin and, to a certain degree, its bond strength to titanium, probably by altering the dissolving tendency and influencing the resulting polymer structure.
ObjectiveA search was conducted in biomedical journals published from January 1997 to June 1997 to identify all dental materials publications and sort them into major categories.MethodsTables of contents for 79 journals for the period of January to June, 1997 were inspected and divided into 17 categories. Citations were analyzed by both frequency in journals and in categories, as well as compared to frequencies for previous years.ResultsA total of 445 citations were detected in 79 journals for the period January 1997 to June 1997. Certain journals (n=19) demonstrated a higher citation frequency (>_ 10 citations for 6 months) and represented 77.8% of all citations. The greatest number of citations continued to involve bonding (n = 97), resin-based restorative materials (composites; glass ionomers) (n = 95), prosthodontic materials (n=51), and pulp protection / luting materials (n=48). Frequencies by category were very similar to those for the last four years.SignificanceThe compiled literature citations provide a supplement for researchers and academicians seeking information in existing electronic databases.
The present study examined the effect of crosslinking of resin cement on durability of adhesion between titanium and resin against repeated thermal stress. Titanium disks, polished and treated with a phosphate monomer, were bonded to acrylic rods with resins composed of poly (methyl methacrylate), methyl methacrylate containing 0 approximately 5% dimethacrylates or diacrylate as crosslinking agent, and a benzoyl peroxide/amine initiator system. The bonded specimens were subjected to thermocycling in water and then tensile strength testing. The addition of 5% crosslinking agent, irrespective of its type, to the resin resulted in a significant decrease in bond strength after 500 thermocycles. No significant difference in durability was revealed among the five crosslinking agents studied.
This study evaluated the antibacterial effects of 4-acryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride/methyl methacrylate-tri-n-butylborane (4-META/MMA-TBB) resin containing chlorhexidine (CHX) digluconate. The CHX was incorporated into the resins at varying concentrations from 0.0 (control) to 3.0%. The antibacterial effect of each resin against seven microorganisms was examined using agar diffusion tests. Growth inhibition of two streptococci was also tested in brain heart infusion (BHI) liquid broth containing each resin. Release of CHX was analyzed using HPLC, and enamel and dentin bond strengths of each resin were measured. In the agar diffusion tests, growth of all the microorganisms was inhibited by the resin specimens containing CHX at 1.0% or higher except for Enterococcus faecalis. There was greater sensitivity in Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus than in the other bacteria tested. Complete growth inhibition of these two streptococci was observed in BHI liquid broth containing 1.0-1.5% or greater CHX-incorporated resin. According to HPLC analysis, 1.0% and 1.5% CHX-containing resins released means of 3.63 and 8.59 microg/mL of CHX, respectively. Specimens with 0.5-1.5% and 0.5-2.0% CHX exhibited no significant reduction in enamel and dentin bond strengths, respectively, when compared to the control (p > 0.05). This in vitro study suggested that incorporation of 1.0-1.5% CHX digluconate into the 4-META resin is optimal in terms of antibacterial effects and bond strength to the tooth.
O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a resistencia de uniao entre o titanio fundido e cimentos resinosos, comparada com a de uma liga de niquel-cromo. Os fatores estudados foram: cimentos (Enforce, Cimento de resina 3M, Cement-it); conjugacao liga/revestimento (titanio obtido com revestimento com (alfa) case e sem (alfa) case e liga de niquel-cromo, com fosfatado); tratamento superficial (jateamento com oxido de aluminio e sistema Siloc); desgaste (cimentacao antes do desgaste e depois). Para os especimes foram obtidos discos por fundicao, que foram jateados com oxido de aluminio. A metade foi cimentada depois desse tratamento e outra apos a aplicacao do Siloc. A armazenagem foi por 5 dias fazendo-se termociclagem (1.000 ciclos). Apos o rompimento dos especimes, por ensaio de tracao, as superficies cimentadas foram desgastadas com lixa n[vbar] 200 e novamente cimentadas. As conclusoes foram: houve grande diferenca entre cimentos; o titanio e o niquel-cromo nas devidas condicoes apresentaram retentividades semelhantes; o Siloc aumentou muito a retencao; o desgaste so influiu um pouco no titanio (alfa) case (AU). Doutor -- Universidade de Sao Paulo. Faculdade de Odontologia, Sao Paulo, 2000.
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the adhesive performance of metal conditioners and a surface modification system when used for bonding between a prosthetic composite material and a titanium alloy.
Eight metal conditioners (Acryl Bond, All-Bond 2 Primer B, Alloy Primer, Ces II Opaque Primer, Eye Sight Opaque Primer, Metafast Bonding Liner, Metal Primer II, and MR Bond) and a bonding system (Siloc) were assessed. Cast disk specimens made of a titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-7Nb, T-Alloy Tough) were either primed with one of the eight primers or treated with the Siloc system and bonded with a light-activated prosthetic composite material (Artglass). Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after thermocycling (4 C-60 C, 60 s each, 20,000 cycles) for evaluation of the durability of the bonds.
The results showed that the Siloc-treated group recorded the greatest post-thermocycling bond strength, followed by the two groups conditioned with the Cesead II Opaque Primer and Alloy Primer agents, both of which contain an identical hydrophobic phosphate-methacrylate functional monomer.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adhesive performance of luting cements to a noble metal alloy treated with metal conditioners. Cast disk specimens made of a noble metal alloy were gritblasted with alumina followed by no treatment or priming with two different types of metal conditioner. A mold was placed on the metal surface and filled with luting cement. Ten samples per test group were stored in 37 degrees C distilled water for 24 hours, then shear tested at a cross-head speed of 1.0 mm/minute. ANOVA and Tukey's HSD tests (alpha=0.05) were done. The mean bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomer cement increased significantly with metal conditioner application compared to the controls, indicating the efficacy of the tested metal conditioners in improving bond strength. Based on the results of this study, it seemed to be a useful method to incorporate a functional monomer into resin cements so as to improve the bond strength to a noble metal alloy.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of four different fluoride etchants in titanium bonding. The etchants were aqueous solutions of 5 wt% sodium fluoride (NaF), ammonium fluoride (NH4F), sodium hydrogen fluoride (NaFHF), and ammonium hydrogen fluoride (NH4FHF). Cast specimens of commercially pure titanium were air-abraded with alumina, etched for 30 seconds, and then primed with a phosphate primer. An acrylic rod was bonded to the specimen with a tri-n-butylborane-initiated self-curing luting agent. Shear bond strengths were determined before and after 10,000 thermocycles. Regarding pre-thermocycling bond strength, there were no significant differences among the etchants. After thermocycling, there was a decrease in bond strength for all groups. Nonetheless, the bond strengths of NaFHF and NH4FHF were significantly higher than those of NaF, NH4F, and non-etched control. In terms of bonding durability between resin and titanium, it was significantly improved when the titanium surface was microscopically roughened with alumina blasting and etching using NaFHF or NH4FHF.
The present study examined the effect of the molecular weight of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) used in PMMA/ MMA-tributylborane (TBB) resin cement on the durability of adhesion to titanium against repeated thermal stress in water. PMMA beads with the same diameter and molecular weights of 1427, 239, 116, 78, and 66 (x 10(3)) were used. Titanium disks bonded to stainless steel or acrylic rods with the PMMA/MMA-TBB resin were subjected to a thermal cycling test (500 and 2,000 cycles) in water followed by tensile testing. Change in molecular weight of the resin cements collected after thermocycling and tensile testing was examined using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The acrylic specimens exhibited a significant decrease in post-thermocycling bond strength as compared to the stainless steel specimens. It was also found that the molecular weight of PMMA powder in PMMA/MMA-TBB resin had little influence on adhesion durability to titanium. In terms of the molecular weight of resin cements, they decreased and then increased after 500 and 2,000 cycles respectively.
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