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Evidence that epidermal growth factor is present in Swiflet's (Collocalia) nest
Abstract
1. An epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like activity was detected and partially purified from swiftlet's nest extract. 2. The partially purified EGF-like activity was able to (a) generate competitive binding curves parallel to the standard curves in radioreceptor assay and (b) stimulate thymidine incorporation in quiescent culture of 3T3 fibroblasts and the latter activity can be suppressed by mouse EGF antibody. 3. Partial characterization of the EGF-like activity in terms of pI, molecular weight and its behavior on gel filtration column suggest that it bears similar physical properties to the EGFs isolated from the mouse and the shrew.
... Few scientific studies [13][14][15][16][17] have documented the medical and health benefits of consuming EBN, despite its numerous pharmaceutical uses and health claims. The medicinal benefits of EBN are established due to its multiple bioactivities resulting from the presence of amino acids, glycoproteins, and sialic acid. ...
... Ng et al. [13] initially proved that the water extract of EBN could boost human peripheral blood monocytes' mitogenic response, thereby enhancing immunity. 3T3 fibroblasts' DNA synthesis could be stimulated by the epidermal growth factor (EGF)like activity identified in EBN extracts [14]. Zhang et al. [15] proved that pearl powder's EBN enhanced DNA synthesis in T lymphocytes and boosted serum IgM levels in mice. ...
... The major component of EBN is composed mainly of mucinous glycoproteins (heavily glycosylated proteins) [5], which are rich in sialic acid, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, proteoglycan, glycosaminoglycans, iduronic acid, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, fucose, mannose, xylose, rhamnose, hexosamine, hexose, and mannitose [26][27][28][29][30][31]. EBN also contains all eighteen types of amino acids, including the eight essential amino acids (methionine, threonine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, tryptophan, lysine, valine, and leucine) [5,24]; essential trace elements such as calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, selenium, manganese, and iron [5,23,24]; and EGF [14]. The medicinal benefits of the effect of EBN have been validated based on its multiple biological activities, such as improving bone strength [32,33], promoting cellular proliferation and tissue regeneration [14,[34][35][36][37], anti-inflammation [34,37,38], anti-viral effect [6,39,40], attenuating oxidative stress [41][42][43], neuroprotective effect [16,[44][45][46], and improving sexual dysfunction [47,48]. ...
Background and Aim
Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is known as the “Caviar of the East” because of its high nutritional and medicinal values. Nevertheless, its effect on human immunity is yet to be explored. This study examined the effects of EBN’s aqueous extract (EBNE) on human immunity through the modular immune in vitro construct (MIMIC) model consisting of peripheral tissue equivalent (PTE) and lymphoid tissue equivalent (LTE) modules.
Materials and Methods
One hundred twenty mL of full blood was obtained from four healthy human volunteers. The human immune system was simulated using an in vitro model, called MIMIC. Under EBNE treatment, monocyte transendothelial migration through reversed endothelial layers was observed. Using PTE and LTE modules, monocytes were differentiated into dendritic cells with lipopolysaccharide, then co-cultured with T- and B-cells for cytokine and immunoglobulin (Ig) production. The human cytokine array G2000 and quantitative human Ig isotyping array were used to identify the cytokine profile and Ig isotypes, respectively.
Results
IgE, IgA, and IgG3 levels were significantly raised by EBNE. These cytokines, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, glial cell line-derivative neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4, were generated.
Conclusion
For the first time, this work uses a MIMIC model to illustrate the impact of EBNE on human immune response. This new understanding of EBN’s immunoregulatory effect allows for further exploration of how EBN interacts with the human immune system.
... Additionally, it increases immunity and improves aging skin. Studies also showed that EBN is a potential curative agent in cancer, stomach ulcers, asthma, and cough (Kong et al. 1987;Ma and Liu 2012;Hobbs 2004;Macron 2005). Lately, EBN was showed to have antiviral effect by inhibiting influenza infection (Haghani et al. 2016(Haghani et al. , 2017 and neuroprotective activity (Xie et al. 2018). ...
... Today the awareness toward EBN has been increased worldwide as this salivary secretion is valuable for its therapeutic effect and delicacy (Ma and Liu 2012). With the aid of modern technology, EBN has been produced as one of the key ingredients in health supplementation food, drinks, and cosmetics products (Kong et al. 1987). ...
... Studies showed that EBN has the potential mitogenic effect on cell proliferation. Kong et al. indicated that EBN exhibits EGF like activity to promote cell growth (Kong et al. 1987). Following that, many studies were conducted to verify the existence and possibility of using EBN in cell proliferation. ...
This book comprehensively reviews the relationship between micronutrients and brain in health and diseases. It explains the relationship between micronutrients and brain functions, neurogenesis, and cognitive functions. The book also explores the relationship between micronutrients and brain disorders including depression, epilepsy, PD, and Autism. It further explores the recent advancements in understanding the important role of micronutrients as therapeutics in various brain disorders like TBI and AD. Lastly, it presents an overview of micronutrients as neuroprotective agents along with the main principles of nutrigenomics.
... Additionally, it increases immunity and improves aging skin. Studies also showed that EBN is a potential curative agent in cancer, stomach ulcers, asthma, and cough (Kong et al. 1987;Ma and Liu 2012;Hobbs 2004;Macron 2005). Lately, EBN was showed to have antiviral effect by inhibiting influenza infection (Haghani et al. 2016(Haghani et al. , 2017 and neuroprotective activity (Xie et al. 2018). ...
... Today the awareness toward EBN has been increased worldwide as this salivary secretion is valuable for its therapeutic effect and delicacy (Ma and Liu 2012). With the aid of modern technology, EBN has been produced as one of the key ingredients in health supplementation food, drinks, and cosmetics products (Kong et al. 1987). ...
... Studies showed that EBN has the potential mitogenic effect on cell proliferation. Kong et al. indicated that EBN exhibits EGF like activity to promote cell growth (Kong et al. 1987). Following that, many studies were conducted to verify the existence and possibility of using EBN in cell proliferation. ...
t Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the key causes of deaths and
disabilities worldwide. TBI progresses in two phases. The primary phase of injury is the direct result of the physical damage caused by the external force applied to the brain while the secondary injury takes place minutes to days after the primary injury. The secondary phase of TBI is marked by a series of pathological events that start following the initial mechanical impact. The mechanisms underlying TBI pathogenesis in the secondary phase are intricate and include metabolic alterations, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, among others; all culminating in neuronal cell damage and death. Currently, there is no FDA-licensed drug that
targets TBI. Hence, the search for novel therapeutic agents that can target one or more of the mechanisms underlying the pathology of the secondary phase of TBI is warranted. Such novel therapeutic agents are expected to ameliorate the adverse consequences of TBI
... Sarang burung walet kaya akan nutrisi, protein yang larut dalam air, karbohidrat, zat besi, garam, serat organik, dan lainlain (Quek et al., 2018). Sarang burung walet terbukti secara ilmiah memiliki manfaat dalam pencegahan penyakit dengan cara memperkuat sistem kekebalan tubuh (Haghani et al. 2016), merangsang pertumbuhan epidermis (Kong et al. 1987), menekan produksi tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (Aswir dan Wan Nazaimoon, 2011), menghambat infeksi virus (Guo et al., 2006), meningkatkan respirasi dan menurunkan masalah pencernaan (Wong, 2013). ...
... Ekstrak SBW digunakan sebagai salah satu bahan utama dalam produk nutraseutikal, seperti suplemen kesehatan. Industri kosmetik menggunakan ekstrak SBW dalam produk kecantikan yang digunakan untuk regenerasi sel kulit (Kong, 1987). Produk tersebut diklaim dapat mempertahankan keremajaan kulit dan menyebabkan kulit lebih cerah sehingga menunjukkan efek anti-penuaan (Koon dan Cranbrook, 2002). ...
... Sarang burung walet mengandung komponen epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like yang mampu merangsang penggabungan timidin dalam kultur sel dari sel 3T3 fibroblas (Kong et al., 1987). Kehadiran komponen EGF yang ditemukan dalam SBW juga telah dikaitkan dengan perannya dalam pembelahan sel, pertumbuhan dan peningkatan regenerasi jaringan. ...
Sarang burung walet (SBW) merupakan sarang yang berasal dari saliva beberapa spesies burung walet keluarga Apodidae, terutama spesies Aerodramus fuciphagus dan A. maximus. Indonesia merupakan negara penghasil SBW terbesar dengan menyumbang 85% dari pasar dunia. Sarang burung walet sejak lama telah digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional Tiongkok. Komponen utama dari SBW adalah glikoprotein, yang diyakini terlibat dalam jalur biologis yang beragam untuk meningkatkan kesehatan. Berbagai metode penelitian telah dilakukan untuk mengkarakterisasi peptida dan glikoprotein SBW sebagai bahan bioaktif makanan fungsional. Ulasan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi mengenai potensi SBW sebagai produk makanan fungsional berdasarkan kandungan bahan bioaktif dan sifat fisikokimia yang dimilikinya. Sarang burung walet digunakan sebagai bahan makanan, baik dengan menyajikan dalam bentuk utama atau menggabungkan dengan bahan lain yang meningkatkan nilai tambah produk pangan seperti minuman siap saji, yoghurt, roti daging, es krim, mie dan cokelat. Potensi komponen bioaktif SBW sebagai pangan fungsional meliputi klaim penurunan risiko penyakit dan klaim fungsi lain. Klaim penurunan risiko penyakit antara lain anti inflamasi, aktifitas antivirus, meningkatkan kesehatan jantung dan pembuluh darah, meningkatkan imunitas, efek neuroprotektif, dan mencegah penyakit diabetes. Klaim fungsi lain meliputi ploriferasi sel, aktifitas epidermal growth factor (EGF) dan anti penuaan, memperbaiki fungsi saluran pencernaan, peningkatan kekuatan tulang, meningkatkan fungsi saluran reproduksi, dan antioksidan.
... Cosmetic industry has been incorporating EBN extracts in products to promote skin cell renewal. [7] The products were claimed to maintain youthful and radiant complexion thus exhibits anti-aging effect. [7,8] The major component of this protein-rich nest is glycoprotein, which believed to be involved in a diverse biological pathway to improve health and well-being. ...
... [7] The products were claimed to maintain youthful and radiant complexion thus exhibits anti-aging effect. [7,8] The major component of this protein-rich nest is glycoprotein, which believed to be involved in a diverse biological pathway to improve health and well-being. As many studies have characterized functional bioactive peptides from a variety source of proteins [9,10] , the similar method of studies was applied to explore the benefits of consuming EBN in the form of soup, supplements, food products, and ingredients. ...
... As many studies have characterized functional bioactive peptides from a variety source of proteins [9,10] , the similar method of studies was applied to explore the benefits of consuming EBN in the form of soup, supplements, food products, and ingredients. [6] The EBN was proven scientifically to possess high medicinal benefits in enhancing complexion, strengthening immune system [11] , stimulating epidermal growth [7] , depressing the production of TNF-α [12] , inhibiting viral infection [13] , improving respiratory and digestive problems. [14][15][16] Incorporating EBN into food products can improve the variety, quality, taste, and availability of the EBN products for consumption. ...
... Some of the impressive medicinal properties of EBN identified include potent anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the production of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) [14], inhibition of influenza virus infection [15], cytoprotective properties from cyclophosphamide [16], neuroprotective effect [17], EGF like peptide which promotes cell proliferation [18], and estradiol hormones [19] which may be beneficial in women health by improving menstrual dysfunctions. EGF was first found to be present in EBN back in 1987. ...
... EGF was first found to be present in EBN back in 1987. EGF in EBN was detected by using radioreceptor assay [18] and Western blot [20]. Human EGF is known to have the ability to stimulate cell growth and proliferation. ...
... ereby, we postulated that EGF may have bound tightly to the insoluble jelly-like substance leading to underestimation of EGF. Insufficient extraction was previously highlighted as one of the reasons for low detection of EGF content in EBN [18]. Furthermore, Yang et al. had identified that only one kind of EGF antibody can specifically bound to the EGF of EBN after trial of multiple types of EGF primary antibodies [20]. ...
Edible bird’s nest (EBN) which is solidified swiftlet’s saliva contains high nutritional value. It is widely consumed in countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. However, previous proximate analysis of Malaysia EBN was not representative of all the regions in Malaysia. In recent years, safety issues such as high nitrate and nitrite contents, presence of heavy metal, adulteration, fungal infection, and cancer cell stimulation were associated with EBN. Hence, this study aimed to determine the proximate analysis, safety profile during normal weather and hazy periods, and its effect on cancer cells stimulation in Malaysia-farmed EBN. Seven raw cleaned EBN samples were sourced from 6 different regions in Malaysia. Proximate analysis and safety profile were performed using official AOCA methods and Malaysian Standard. High protein (53.03–56.37%) and carbohydrate content (27.97–31.68%) with an acceptable level of moisture (10.8–14.04%) and ash (2.22–3.38%) were reported. A good safety profile was obtained with low nitrite and nitrate levels, with undetectable heavy metals and no significant growth of pathogenic microorganism except mould. Epidermal growth factor was detected but below the quantification level with the chicken EGF ELISA kit. The microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay was performed for growth stimulation assessment comparing human EGF and EBN. There was no significant cell growth observed in cancer cells after EBN treatment. In conclusion, EBN Malaysia has a good nutritional profile, free of heavy metals, and an acceptable level of nitrate, nitrite, and microorganism profile except for mould contents. Furthermore, the in vitro study indicated that EBN was not associated with cancer cell growth.
... Cosmetic industry has been incorporating EBN extracts in products to promote skin cell renewal. [7] The products were claimed to maintain youthful and radiant complexion thus exhibits anti-aging effect. [7,8] The major component of this protein-rich nest is glycoprotein, which believed to be involved in a diverse biological pathway to improve health and well-being. ...
... [7] The products were claimed to maintain youthful and radiant complexion thus exhibits anti-aging effect. [7,8] The major component of this protein-rich nest is glycoprotein, which believed to be involved in a diverse biological pathway to improve health and well-being. As many studies have characterized functional bioactive peptides from a variety source of proteins [9,10] , the similar method of studies was applied to explore the benefits of consuming EBN in the form of soup, supplements, food products, and ingredients. ...
... As many studies have characterized functional bioactive peptides from a variety source of proteins [9,10] , the similar method of studies was applied to explore the benefits of consuming EBN in the form of soup, supplements, food products, and ingredients. [6] The EBN was proven scientifically to possess high medicinal benefits in enhancing complexion, strengthening immune system [11] , stimulating epidermal growth [7] , depressing the production of TNF-α [12] , inhibiting viral infection [13] , improving respiratory and digestive problems. [14][15][16] Incorporating EBN into food products can improve the variety, quality, taste, and availability of the EBN products for consumption. ...
Edible bird’s nest (EBN), the swiftlet’s nest, has been consumed for centuries as a tonic or health food. The information upon the usage and benefits of the EBN are largely based on historical and observational reports since its discovery, until some were proven scientifically at recent times. Studies have been conducted on the major components of the EBN, i.e. glycoprotein, in attempts to elucidate the roles of the glycoprotein in terms of functionality toward health improvement. This article presents a review of the physicochemical and nutritional composition of EBN from different harvested locations and its functional properties. The conversion of EBN glycoproteins to glycopeptides via suitable hydrolysis methods to produce bioactive EBN glycopeptides was demonstrated, and it showed improvements in the functionality and nutritional values of EBN. Some applications of EBN glycopeptides into the new development of food and beverage products showed positive results, implicated to the bioavailability of the EBN glycopeptides. The combined information in this review will benefit the scientific communities, EBN manufacturers, and nutraceutical industries.
... The epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like compound was previously identified in EBN extracts (Kong et al., 1987). EGF modulates the proliferative, migration and neurogenesis pattern of NSC in vivo (Gonzalez-Perez & Quiñones-Hinojosa, 2010;Reynolds, Tetzlaff, & Weiss, 1992). ...
... Previous studies are especially helpful in elucidating the basis of this postulate. Kong et al. (1987) reported that partially-purified protein eluted using chromatographic separation of EBN showed similar activity and physical properties to that of murine EGF. EGF has been shown to determine migratory pattern of neural precursors in the fetal telencephalon (Caric et al., 2001;Ciccolini, Mandl, Holzl-Wenig, Kehlenbach, & Hellwig, 2005), confer motile phenotype to NSC in vitro (Boockvar et al., 2003) and induce migration of subventricular zonederived cells (Aguirre, Rizvi, Ratner, & Gallo, 2005). ...
... The current proteomic analysis did not identify the EGF-like compound mentioned in the study by Kong et al. (1987). However the possible presence of EGF-like compounds in EBN cannot be ruled out as the current proteomic analysis might not be exhaustive. ...
Neural stem cells (NSC) are multipotent precursor cells in the neurogenic regions of the brain which respond to trophic factors to achieve functional recovery from neurodegenerative diseases. Edible bird's nest (EBN) is a salivary product of Aerodramus swiftlets and may contain potent neurotrophic compounds. Crude and water extracts of EBN were shown to have neurotrophic properties by promoting proliferation and migration of the NSC model, embryonic mouse neuroectodermal cells (NE-4C). Neuronal differentiation of retinoic acid-primed NE-4C was also increased after being treated with EBN extracts. Using de novo peptide sequencing with tandem mass spectrometry, a total of 29 proteins were identified from EBN extracts. It is suggested that the repulsive guidance molecule domain family member B, which has been shown to promote neurite extension and axonal growth, as well as proteins involved in the process of cell proliferation and migration such as protein lin-9 and hyaluronan mediated motility receptor might be involved in the neurotrophic effects of EBN extracts. Other proteins found in EBN extracts were known to have potential roles in immunity, extracellular matrix formation, cell survival and apoptosis, antioxidation, and common cellular processes, which may be implicated in other EBN studies. Seven hypothetical proteins suggested using the PEAKS Studio 7.0 software did not have a match in the Swiss-Prot database, which may need to be further characterized in the future. In conclusion, this study described the neurotrophic properties of EBN extracts and supports the use of EBN as a potential functional food against neurodegenerative diseases.
... In addition, it increases the look of aging skin and strengthens the immune system. EBN has been demonstrated to be beneficial for asthma, cough, and stomach ulcers (Kong et al. 1987;Ma and Liu 2012;Hobbs 2004;Macron 2005). Recent research has shown that EBN has antiviral and neuroprotective qualities by inhibiting influenza infection (Haghani et al. 2016(Haghani et al. , 2017Xie et al. 2018). ...
... Due to its therapeutic and palatable properties, EBN is gaining popularity around the globe (Ma and Liu 2012). EBN, a key component in health-enhancing foods, drinks, and cosmetics, has been synthesized utilizing contemporary technology (Kong et al. 1987). ...
The most common kind of neurological condition leading to mobility disability is Parkinson’s disease (PD). This illness is characterized by a wide variety of motor symptoms, such as tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia or akinesia, and postural instability. Nevertheless, motor and non-motor symptoms coexist in a person with PD. In many cases, a clinical diagnosis of PD may be more reliable. Nevertheless, a wide variety of other lab tests may help differentiate PD from other forms of parkinsonism. Treatments for PD include the use of levodopa. It is the gold standard treatment for motor symptoms associated with PD. Levodopa crosses the blood–brain barrier and is converted to dopamine in the substantia nigra’s dopamine-receiving neurons (SN). Antioxidants including melatonin, resveratrol, green tea, and lipoic acid have gained widespread attention as potential neuroprotective agents in recent years. As our understanding of nutrigenomics grows, we will be able to pinpoint the role that alterations in diet play in the breakdown of normally functioning systems and the development of pathological diseases. This information might be used to improve neuroprotective mechanisms by dietary changes and the introduction of novel, more beneficial natural compounds. Such mechanisms include increased expression of health-promoting genes and decreased expression of disease-promoting genes after brain damage or other pathologies. There are numerous potential neuroprotective techniques that might include this approach.
... In addition, it increases the look of aging skin and strengthens the immune system. EBN has been demonstrated to be beneficial for asthma, cough, and stomach ulcers (Kong et al. 1987;Ma and Liu 2012;Hobbs 2004;Macron 2005). Recent research has shown that EBN has antiviral and neuroprotective qualities by inhibiting influenza infection (Haghani et al. 2016(Haghani et al. , 2017Xie et al. 2018). ...
... Due to its therapeutic and palatable properties, EBN is gaining popularity around the globe (Ma and Liu 2012). EBN, a key component in health-enhancing foods, drinks, and cosmetics, has been synthesized utilizing contemporary technology (Kong et al. 1987). ...
Cognitive enhancement is the growth or augmentation of the mind's core capacities via the improvement or expansion of internal or external information processing systems. Edible bird nest (EBN) is a natural dietary ingredient formed from the saliva of edible velvet nests. Supplementation with EBN has been shown to boost brain growth in animals. During times of fast brain development, notably in premature newborns, the bioactivity and nutritional value of EBN are substantial. Nevertheless, the effect of EBN on learning and memory regulation is uncertain. This chapter attempts to show the neuroprotective properties of EBN and its possible cognitive-enhancing effects.KeywordsCognitive enhancementEdible bird nestNutritionNeuroprotection
... In addition, it increases the look of aging skin and strengthens the immune system. EBN has been demonstrated to be beneficial for asthma, cough, and stomach ulcers (Kong et al. 1987;Ma and Liu 2012;Hobbs 2004;Macron 2005). Recent research has shown that EBN has antiviral and neuroprotective qualities by inhibiting influenza infection (Haghani et al. 2016(Haghani et al. , 2017Xie et al. 2018). ...
... Due to its therapeutic and palatable properties, EBN is gaining popularity around the globe (Ma and Liu 2012). EBN, a key component in health-enhancing foods, drinks, and cosmetics, has been synthesized utilizing contemporary technology (Kong et al. 1987). ...
This book reviews the role of trace elements in brain development, function, metabolism, and neurodegenerative disorders. It explores the molecular mechanisms of the effects of trace elements on metabolic pathways, mitochondrial nutrients, neurodegeneration, Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders, cell signaling, and neuronal functions. The book also discusses transport mechanisms of trace elements within CNS and their impact on neurotransmitter biology. Further, it examines the deleterious effects due to dyshomeostasis of trace elements in the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in damage to neurons and glial cells through the generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress turn leading to neurodegeneration and neurological dysfunction. The book also explores the putative role of trace element deficiency in psychiatric disorders, including depression, and the imbalance of trace elements on neuronal genomic stability.
... For example, Roh et al. (2012) found that EBN extract can strongly promote the proliferation of human adipose-derived stem cells, which can be used for stem cell therapy (Roh et al., 2012). In addition, Kong et al. (1987) detected and partially purified epidermal growth factor (EGF) from EBN and found that it can increase skin cell metabolism and cell proliferation, improve skin texture, rejuvenate skin cells, and make skin whitened (Kong et al., 1987). ...
... For example, Roh et al. (2012) found that EBN extract can strongly promote the proliferation of human adipose-derived stem cells, which can be used for stem cell therapy (Roh et al., 2012). In addition, Kong et al. (1987) detected and partially purified epidermal growth factor (EGF) from EBN and found that it can increase skin cell metabolism and cell proliferation, improve skin texture, rejuvenate skin cells, and make skin whitened (Kong et al., 1987). ...
Edible bird's nest is built by swiftlet during breeding using salivary gland secretions, which have rich nutritional value, such as anti-aging, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant activity. As a result, the global demand for edible bird's nests has increased significantly. Swiftlet farmers, consumers, traders, and authorities are increasingly concerned about obtaining safe and high-quality edible bird's nests. On the other hand, subject to the limitations of the number of swiftlet populations and the ecological environment, exploring new food processing technologies to improve the utilization efficiency of edible bird's nest nutrition has also become the research frontier. Therefore, this study introduced the origin and classification of edible bird's nests in detail, presented the current situation of the edible bird's nest industry and the corresponding review measures of various countries, reviewed the efficacies of edible bird's nest, and introduced the new form of edible bird's nest utilization: edible bird's nest hydrolysates and their efficacies.
... In addition, it boosts the immune system and enhances the appearance of aging skin. Asthma, cough, and stomach ulcers have also been shown to benefit from EBN (38,(45)(46)(47). EBN has recently been shown to have antiviral and neuroprotective properties by suppressing influenza infection (48)(49)(50). ...
... Due to EBNs medicinal and delectable qualities, it has become more widely known worldwide (47). EBN has been reported worldwide as a major element in health-supplementing foods, beverages, and beauty enhancers (46). ...
Cognitive enhancement is defined as the augmentation of the mind's core capabilities through the improvement of internal or external information processing systems. Recently, the focus has shifted to the potential therapeutic effects of natural products in improving cognitive function. Edible bird's nest (EBN) is a natural food substance derived from the saliva of swiftlets. Until today, EBN is regarded as a high-priced nutritious food with therapeutic effects. The effectiveness of dietary EBN supplementation to enhance brain development in mammals has been documented. Although the neuroprotection of EBN has been previously reported, however, the impact of EBN on learning and memory control and its potential as a cognitive enhancer drug remains unknown. Thus, this article aims to address the neuroprotective benefits of EBN and its potential effect as a cognitive enhancer. Notably, the current challenges and the future study direction in EBN have been demonstrated.
... Previous studies showed that EBN exhibited epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like activity. (3) Furthermore, digested EBN has been reported to inhibit melanogenesis in vitro. (4) We also reported that supplementation with EBN extract (EBNE) maintained dermal thickness of ovariectomized rats. ...
... (23,24) Although the present work did not examine the mechanisms by which oral supplementation with EBNE would exert positive effects on epidermal cells, in vitro supplementation with EBN to cultured cells was shown elsewhere to promote cell viability and to exhibit EGF-like activity. (3,11,25) Therefore, it is possible that certain components in EBN act directly on EGF receptors found on the surface of epidermal cells and help increase cell viability. Further investigation is needed to identify the key components in EBNE that confer anti-apoptotic effects to epidermis. ...
The purpose of the present study was to examine whether daily intake of edible bird’s nest extract reduced ultraviolet-induced damage to skin. Twenty-one female HR-1/Hos mice were divided into control (C, n = 7), low-dose (2 mg/kg BW/day of edible bird’s nest extract) (L, n = 7), and high-dose (20 mg/kg BW/day of edible bird’s nest extract) (H, n = 7) groups. With their left back skin covered with aluminum sheet to prevent exposure, mice were radiated with either ultraviolet A (20 J/cm²) or ultraviolet B (40 mJ/cm²) in an alternate manner once daily for 10 weeks. They were gavaged either a solution of saline or edible bird’s nest extract every day. The moisture content of the ultraviolet-exposed right back skin was significantly higher in H than in C or L. Histochemical analysis showed that the number of apoptotic epidermal cells on the ultraviolet-exposed skin was significantly lower in L and H than in C. In H, the mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase 2 was significantly higher on ultraviolet-exposed skin than on unexposed skin. Our data suggested that edible bird’s nest extract enhanced superoxide dismutase 2 expression and downregulated apoptosis in their epidermis, which likely helped reduce skin damage.
... Bird's nest soup is a sought-after delicacy among Chinese gourmands, especially for its supposed health benefits, which include cellular proliferation, fast recovery from illness, and resistance to the effects of ageing (e.g. Kong et al. 1987;Ng et al. 1986). The nests are a valuable commodity, fetching up to US$3,000 for 1 kg of well-formed, clean nests (Thorburn 2015). ...
... Edible bird's nest may play a role in wound healing. EBN has epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like activity [15,32]. EGF plays a crucial role in wound healing [33]. ...
Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is composed of the solidified saliva of swiftlet birds. EBN has been extremely popular in Asian culture for centuries. They are often consumed as a delicacy in the form of bird’s nest soup and are believed to have numerous skin benefits. In light of EBN’s growing popularity and significant cultural importance, we aim provide a comprehensive review of EBN’s potential dermatologic benefits and role in photoaging, anti-inflammation, wound healing, skin barrier enhancement, and skin whitening. While in vitro, in vivo, and preliminary clinical trial results are promising, there is a need for future human clinical research to further validate these findings and establish EBN’s efficacy and safety for dermatologic applications.
... For EGF in EBN, it could be divided into two types of concepts. First, a large number of peptides with functions similar to EGF (such as promoting skin repair) were found in EBN [26][27][28][29], which can be considered as the broad sense EGF of EBN, e.i. human-like EGF peptides. ...
Edible bird's nest (EBN) is a traditional food which was nourishing and functional. Particularly, there is the epidermal growth factor (EGF) in EBN, which is thought to play an important role in promoting skin repair. However, the type and content of EGF in EBN were not determined yet. In this study, the type of EGF in EBN was identified as bird EGF by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and this method was validated to be accurate and precise. Moreover, it was found that the content of EGF in raw-unclean EBN, raw-clean EBN and stewed EBN was 3000 pg/g-4000 pg/g and there were no significant differences, which suggested that the batches, origins, forms, stewing temperatures and stewing times of EBN had no effect on the content of EGF in EBN. However, it was due to that enzyme destroyed the primary structure of EGF, the EGF content of neutral protease and trypsin hydrolysates of EBN was lower than that of flavor enzymes, alkaline protease and pepsin hydrolysates of EGF. This study was the first to determine the type and content of EGF in EBN, and provided a theoretical basis for the selection and processing of EBN and using EBN as a source of EGF.
... Regarding the scientific evidence for the therapeutic effects of EBN, a prior study discovered that aqueous extract from EBN demonstrated similar activity to epidermal growth factor (EGF) in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, which resulted in the synthesis of DNA in a 3-day transfer inoculum 3 × 10 5 cells (3T3) fibroblasts (Kong et al., 1987). EGF plays an essential role in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and developmental processes. ...
The present work investigated the chemopreventive and immunoadjuvant properties of edible bird’s nest (EBN) extract on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Specifically, the cytotoxicity level of EBN extracts (HMG, EHMG, pHMG) against MCF-7, human immune cells of cytotoxic T cells, and monocytes (CD8+ and CD14+) were evaluated by measuring the production of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic molecules released in single and co-culture of MCF-7, CD8+, and CD14+ cells, before and after EBN treatment. The highest cytotoxic effect towards MCF-7 using IC50 of 15 µg/mL was demonstrated by HMG but no effects on CD8+ and CD14+, with cell viability of more than 90%. At the mRNA level, activated CD8+ and CD14+ depicted increased pro-apoptotic gene expression after HMG treatment in co-culture. Additionally, HMG treatment increased apoptosis by down-regulating the regulation of anti-apoptotic genes and up-regulating the pro-apoptotic genes in MCF-7. ELISA and multiplex assay reflected increased pro-apoptotic factors, and decreased anti-apoptotic soluble factors, by non-activated and activated CD8+ and CD14+, in a single or co-culture with MCF-7 after HMG treatment. In conclusion, HMG extract possesses immunoadjuvant properties that can be a potential anticancer agent without causing any deleterious effects on the human immune cells.
... Salah satu bahan alam yang memiliki potensi antioksidan yang tinggi dan diketahui memiliki banyak khasiat adalah sarang walet putih (Aerodramus fuchipagus) atau dikenal secara global sebagai edible bird's nest (EBN) (4,5). Sarang walet putih (SWP) mengandung EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) yang dapat meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh (5,6). Sarang walet juga mengandung glutathione yang berfungsi sebagai antioksidan yang akan mengikat radikal bebas (7). ...
Abstrak: Sarang walet putih (SWP) mengandung Epidermal Growth Factor yang dapat meningkatkan imunitas serta glutation yang berfungsi sebagai antioksidan. SWP berpotensi tinggi menjadi minuman imunomodulator kaya antioksidan. Kombinasi maltodextrin dan povidon dalam formula granul dapat melindungi zat aktif dari panas dan menjaga komponen flavor. Namun konsentrasi yang tidak tepat dapat menurunkan kualitas granul yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kombinasi konsentrasi maltodextrin dan povidon dalam formulasi granul SWP yang menghasilkan granul dengan mutu dan stabilitas fisik terbaik. Metode granulasi basah dengan kombinasi konsentrasi maltodextrin-povidon digunakan untuk membuat sepuluh (kode: F1 sampai F10) formula SWP. Evaluasi mutu fisik granul (organoleptik, pH, waktu larut, kandungan lembap, indeks kompresibiltas, dan sifat alir) dilakukan pada hari ke-0, ke-7, ke-14 dan ke-21. Regresi linear digunakan untuk membuat model persamaan pengaruh formulasi terhadap parameter mutu granul. Formula F6 memiliki indeks kompresibilitas terendah dan kecepatan alir tertinggi. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna untuk semua parameter mutu fisik semua formula selama penyimpanan (p>0,05). Pengaruh variasi konsentrasi maltodextrin berbanding terbalik dengan pengaruh variasi konsentrasi povidon terhadap mutu fisik granul SWP. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa kombinasi maltodextrin (5%) dan povidon (1%) pada F6 menghasilkan granul dengan mutu fisik terbaik. Semua formula stabil selama penyimpanan.
... Thus, it is very important to sensitivity-detect SA in the serum sample, which is helpful in disease screening and follow-up and in monitoring treatment [9]. In addition, the previous study indicated that exogenous SA via oral administration has helped to increase the repair of the cell tissue, promoting cell division and cell proliferation [11,12]. Interestingly, SA has also been reported to be effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease [13]. ...
Sialic acid (SA) is a well-known component of glycoproteins, which have applications in various functional processes on the cell's surface. The colorimetric is a simpler and more convenient method for measuring SA due to its low-cost apparatus and visual signal changes. This work focused on the unpredictable interparticle crosslinking aggregation of the functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in complex media. We proposed a balance of the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO)-type aggregation and molecule-based interaction method to solve this problem. Here, we report a novel colorimetric assay for the determination of SA using 4-mercaptophenyl boronic acid (4-MPBA) as an analyte's recognition molecule, and negative charge PEG 400 was used to repulsive the interparticle crosslinking. The proposed sensing platform shows a linear relationship between the ratio of the absorbance intensity (A 525 /A 660) and concentration of SA from 0.05 to 8 mM (R 2 = 0.997) and a detection limit of 48 µM was observed. The novel gold-based colorimetric sensor is easy to fabricate, reproducible in its test performance and has been successfully applied for the detection of SA in biological and healthcare product samples.
... Sarang burung walet merupakan produk dari sekresi saliva burung walet yang kemudian digunakan sebagai obat dan terapi fisik (Koon dan Cranbrook, 2002). Sarang burung walet terbukti secara ilmiah memiliki manfaat dalam pencegahan penyakit, memperkuat sistem kekebalan tubuh (Haghani et al., 2016), merangsang pertumbuhan epidermis (Kong et al., 1987), menekan produksi TNF-α (Aswir dan Wan Na zaimoon, 2011), menghambat infeksi virus (Guo et al., 2006), meningkatkan respirasi, dan mengurangi gangguan pencernaan (Wong, 2013). Burung walet penghasil SBW terutama berasal dari spesies burung walet sarang putih (Aerodramus fuciphagus) dan burung walet sarang hitam (A. ...
Burung walet di Indonesia umumnya dibudidayakan pada rumah burung walet (RBW) secara tradisional dengan pola pemeliharaan tertentu. Pola pemeliharaan menjadi salah satu faktor pendukung bagi burung walet untuk memproduksi sarang burung walet (SBW) dengan kualitas baik secara berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pola pemeliharaan burung walet di RBW di pulau-pulau utama penghasil SBW di Indonesia. Suatu survei terhadap total 44 RBW di pulau Jawa, Sumatera, Sulawesi, dan Kalimantan telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui pola pemeliharaan di masing-masing pulau tersebut. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara secara langsung dengan menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur. Pertanyaan dalam kuesioner terdiri atas karakteristik bangunan, kebersihan, sumber makanan dan udara, dan lingkungan RBW. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bangunan RBW umumnya bertingkat, dengan atap beton, dinding bata semen, lantai plester semen, dan sirip kayu. Rumah burung walet dibersihkan dibersihkan dengan cara digores/disapu dalam waktu kurang dari dua bulan. Kotoran burung walet umumnya digunakan untuk kebutuhan sendiri. Rumah burung walet umumnya tidak menyediakan bahan untuk menarik serangga atau pakan tambahan. Pakan burung walet umumnyaHymenoptera , dan sumber airnya adalah kolam di dalam gedung RBW. Lingkungan RBW merupakan kawasan pemukiman dan dekat dengan jalan raya. Pembinaan dan pemantauan terhadap pola pemeliharaan burung walet perlu terus dilakukan untuk mendapatkan SBW yang berkualitas baik.
... Studies have found that EGF can enhance the vitality and delay the aging of epidermal cells. In addition, it can stimulate the synthesis and secretion of certain extracellular macromolecules (such as hyaluronic acid, collagen, etc.), and moisturise the skin, and is the source of skin vitality and health (Kong et al., 1987;Thönes et al., 2019). ...
Taraxasterol (TAL) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound, which has anti-inflammatory effect. Cytotoxicity assay was used to determine the optimal concentration of TAL and positive control dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (DG), and the optimal dose of UVB. Experimental data indicate that TAL has scavenging activity against UVB radiation-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to UVB controls. The contents of skin barrier-related factors in the groups were detected by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), then ELISA and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were used to detect changes in the inflammatory factors, apoptosis factors, and gene levels in the groups. Therefore, TAL stabilised the levels of inflammation, apoptosis, and skin barrier-related factors by regulating Mitogen-activated protein kinases/nuclear factor-k-gene binding (MAPK/NF-κB) signalling pathways, such as jun-amino-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and NF-κB. These results suggest that TAL repairs UVB-induced skin barrier damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species and regulating the MAPK/NF-κB signalling pathway.
... This finding suggested that these prophylactic groups of EBN 60 and EBN 120 potentially enhance hepatocytes proliferation after APAP intoxication to resume complete hepatic architectures and restore their cellular functions. Apart from being an antioxidative agent, EBN also may initiate the other components to accelerate the recovery of hepatocytes such as epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like component in swiftlets nest that was discovered by Kong et al., 1987. This could be assumed that the EGF-like component aids significantly in accelerating the hepatocytes regeneration at an early point. ...
Edible bird's nest (EBN) is one of the natural products believed to pose health-enhancing properties. To provide a better insight into the protective role of EBN from a toxicological perspective, acetaminophen (APAP) as a common hepatotoxicant is chosen. This study focuses on the regenerative response of prophylaxis EBN extract in APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) of mice model. Eighty (80) ICR mice were assigned to groups of control, APAP (500 mg/kg), silymarin (200 mg/kg), and prophylactic EBN (60, 120 and 250mg/kg). The EBN and silymarin were orally administered daily for 7 days followed by an APAP intraperitoneal induction. Animals were sacrificed at 5, 10 and 24 hours post-APAP dosing (hpd). Liver samples were processed for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining. Significant differences in histological changes between APAP and prophylactic EBN groups were observed at 10 hpd with complete liver recovery for all groups at 24 hpd except for EBN 250 that continuously showed injuries. Hepatocyte proliferation was initiated at 5 hpd in EBN 60 and 120, while at 24 hpd, EBN 120 and 250 expressed higher PCNA-stained hepatocytes. The hepatoprotective role of EBN was shown earlier in EBN 60 and 120, while cellular proliferation delay in EBN 250. In conclusion, EBN has the potential as a prophylactic liver supplement to accelerate hepatic regeneration in the AILI model.
... Scientific evidence supports the claims of ESN in TCM. For example, there are evidence on the ESN's immunity enhancing properties [8] ; epidermal growth factor (EGF) that promotes anti-aging effects [9] ; ganglioside and brain structuring by sialic acid [10] ; anti-influenza prevention properties [2] ; anti-hypertensive properties [11] ; and prebiotic ingredients that improve gut health. [12,13] In the modern times, ESN has been used as food supplement, nourishment, medicine, and even cosmetic component. ...
The swiftlet’s nest is an edible bird’s nest (EBN) produced from dried gelatinized saliva secreted by swiftlets during the breeding season. It is widely used in industries for its high nutritional values and health benefits. However, the utilization of ESN is restricted due to its physicochemical properties, such as insolubility. The recently invented bioactive ESN hydrolyzate is reported to improve the ESN’s solubility, functional and nutritional properties to broaden its application. This study has produced bioactive ESN hydrolyzates with different hydrolysis periods to investigate the optimum conditions to achieve maximized degree of hydrolysis (DH) and to compare the physicochemical differences. The result revealed that optimum ESN hydrolysis was at 90 minutes, in which the DH and enhanced solubility (three folds) indicated a complete breakdown of glycoprotein into bioactive glycopeptide. This result is in line with the physicochemical analyses result. The hydrolysis has significantly decreased (p ≤ .05) the ESN protein content, while the levels for peptide, glycopeptide, polysaccharides, and sialic acid showed the opposite. Interestingly, the amino acid from raw ESN and hydrolyzates in all incubation periods showed no significant difference (p ≤ .05). This result suggests that the ESN biological properties remained unchanged with alcalase hydrolysis. Therefore, the findings in this study confirm the feasibility of bioactive ESN hydrolyzate as a versatile product suitable for various industries in utilizing ESN in whole instead of as extracts.
... In Southeast Asian countries, EBN has been known for its ability to prevent lung diseases, strengthen the immune system, and improve complexion. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been found in EBN, which has proposed to correspond the proliferation effect of EBN in epidermal tissues (Kong et al., 1987). In addition, N-acetylneuraminic acid, contained in EBN, possessed a skin-whitening function (Chan et al., 2015), and additionally EBN was shown to reduce water loss, wrinkle area, and dermal thickness of skin (Terazawa and Shimoda, 2020). ...
Edible bird’s nest (EBN) has been consumed as a Chinese delicacy for hundreds of years; the functions of which have been proposed to prevent lung disease, strengthen immune response, and restore skin youthfulness. To support the skin function of EBN, the water extract and the enzymatic digest of EBN with enriched digested peptides were tested in cultured keratinocyte, HaCaT cell line. The effects of EBN extract and digest in inducing proteins crucial for skin moisturizing were determined in both in vitro and ex vivo models. In cultured keratinocytes, the expressions of S100-fused type proteins contributing to skin barrier function in the stratum corneum, e.g. filaggrin and filaggrin-2, were determined in both mRNA and protein levels, which were markedly induced in the treatment of EBN extract or digest. The EBN-induced gene transcriptions of filaggrin and filaggrin-2 were mediated by activation of p38 MAPK pathway and various transcription factors, e.g. GATA3, PPARα, PPARβ, and PPARγ: these transcriptional factors were markedly activated by the digested products of EBN, as compared to the extract, in cultured keratinocytes. By using atomic force microscopy (AFM), the EBN-treated keratinocyte was shown to have more liquid-like morphology, as compared to a control cell. The EBN digest showed better induction on these moisturizing effects as compared to the extract. These lines of evidence therefore suggested the water moisturizing effect of EBN in skin function.
... Furthermore, sialic acid in EBN can enhance memory and improve cognitive function [30,31] . Additionally, EBN has epidermal growth factor-like activity, and is a rich source of proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids and minerals [18,[32][33][34] . With such previous encouraging results, the current study investigated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of EBN using a chronic cerebral hypoperfusion model. ...
Introduction. Alzheimer’s disease is marked by insufficient blood supply to the brain, leads to progressive loss of memory and cognitive skills. Continuous reduction of cerebral blood flow as a result of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion leads to overproduction of reactive oxygen species that may cause cognitive decline. Until now there is no available curative treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the only available option is symptomatic treatment. Recent alternative medicines have underscored the neuroprotective and antioxidant ability of the edible bird’s nest (EBN). The current study evaluates the effects of EBN on hippocampal neurons specifically in the CA1 hippocampal region by using chronic cerebral hypoperfusion- induced neurodegeneration in rat model.
Methods. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion was induced by permanent bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (2VO) in rats that triggers the neuroinflammatory processes. The rats were divided into 4 groups: Sham group, 2VO group, and two 2VO groups treated with 2 different doses (60,120 mg/kg) of EBN, which was administered daily by oral gavage. After 8 consecutive weeks, rats were euthanized and the hippocampi were examined histopathologically by counting the viable neuronal cells and the level of F2 Isoprostane in hipoocampal tissue was measured by ELISA.
Results. A significant decrease in the neuronal cell death and significant decline in F2 Isoprostane level was shown in the group of rats treated with EBN.
Conclusion. CCH, which was triggered by 2VO, causes reduction in viable neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region. This damage could be ameliorated by administration of EBN, which exhibits a neuroprotective effect via increasing the viable neuronal cell count and decline in oxidative stress level. Our results underscored the possible effects of EBN in delaying the progression of dementia in AD patients if used early in the disease. It is safe supplement that could be used prophylactically for a long time.
... Bird's nest also contains substances that inhibit the haemagglutination of viruses to red blood cells (Howe et al., 1960;1961;Biddle & Belyavin, 1968;Goh et al., 2001;Guo et al., 2006;Yagi et al., 2008). In addition, bird's nest extract can boost the activity of the epidermal growth factor, and hence the growth of skin cells, which slows down the aging of cells in the body, repairs bone mass, removes wrinkles of women in menopause and keeps the skin youthful (Kong et al., 1987;1989;Matsukawa et al., 2011). Moreover, the glycoprotein in bird's nest is involved in the processes of fibroblast cells, connective tissue, and the brain and central nervous system (Nakagawa et al., 2007;Lee & Kamini, 2009). ...
... This leads to DNA synthesis and cell proliferation (Albishtue et al., 2018). Kong et al. (1987) was the first to demonstrate that there is a particular component in the EBN extract that has the EGF-like activity. The EGF-like substance was semi-purified from aqueous extract of the EBN using a Bio-Gel P-10. ...
Edible Bird’s Nest (EBN) is the most prized health delicacy among the Chinese population in the world. Although some scientific characterization and its bioactivities have been studied and researched, no lights have been shed on its actual composition or mechanism. The aim of this review paper is to address the advances of EBN as a therapeutic animal bioproduct, challenges and future perspectives of research involving EBN. The methodology of this review primarily involved a thorough search from the literature undertaken on Web of Science (WoS) using the keyword “edible bird nest”. Other information were obtained from the field/market in Malaysia, one of the largest EBN-producing countries. This article collects and describes the publications related to EBN and its therapeutic with diverse functional values. EBN extracts display anti-aging effects, inhibition of influenza virus infection, alternative traditional medicine in athletes and cancer patients, corneal wound healing effects, stimulation of proliferation of human adipose-derived stem cells, potentiate of mitogenic response, epidermal growth factor-like activities, enhancement of bone strength and dermal thickness, eye care, neuroprotective and antioxidant effects. In-depth literature study based on scientific findings were carried out on EBN and its properties. More importantly, the future direction of EBN in research and development as health-promoting ingredients in food and the potential treatment of certain diseases have been outlined.
... The sialic acid can be found in edible bird's nest (EBN) and it is one of the eight glyconutrients which has helped to increase cell tissue repair (Kong et al., 1987), promotes cell division and cell proliferation (Aswir and Wan Nazaimon, 2010). EBN has also been reported to be effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders located in the hippocampal and cortical neurons in the brain such as AD and Parkinson's disease (PD) (Yew et al., 2014;Zhiping et al., 2015), and was able to improve the physiological human health (Guo et al., 2006;Matsukawa et al., 2011). ...
Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is one of the expensive functional foods in herbal medicine. One of the major glyconutrients in EBN is sialic acid, which has a beneficial effect on neurological and intellectual capability in mammals. The aims of this research were to study the effects of sialic acid from EBN on cell viability and to determine its effect on mitochondria membrane potential (MtMP) in Caco-2, SK-N-MC, SH-SY5Y, and PC-12 cell lines. Fourteen samples of raw EBN were collected from four different states in Malaysia. The confluency of the epithelial monolayers measurement of the tight junction for all the cell lines was determined using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and the sialic acid uptake study in cell lines was determined by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). The MTT assay was conducted for cell viability study. The MtMP in cell lines was determined using the Mito Probe JC-1 Assay by flow cytometer analysis. We have recorded a statistically significant difference between the uptake of sialic acid from EBN and the standard solution. A higher amount of sialic acid was absorbed by the cells from extract of EBN compared to the standard solution. The amounts of sialic acid uptake in Caco-2, SK-N-MC, SH-SY5Y, and PC-12 cell lines were (0.019 ± 0.001), (0.034 ± 0.006), (0.021 ± 0.002), and (0.025 ± 0.000) µmol/L, respectively. The MTT results indicated that the concentration of sialic acid increased the cell viability and showed no cytotoxicity effects on cell lines when they were exposed to the sialic acid extract and sialic acid standard at all the tested concentrations. The number of active mitochondria was found to be significantly higher in SH-SY5Y cell lines with a 195% increase when treated with sialic acid from EBN. Although many researchers around the globe use SH-SY5Y and SK-N-MC for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) study, based on our finding, SH-SY5Y was found to be the most suitable cell line for AD study by in vitro works where it has a known relationship with mitochondrial dysfunction.
... The beneficial properties of EBN have also been proven through modern science and technology, revealing its nutritional values and pharmacological activities, including 1) body maintenance and enhancement of the immune system (Marcone, 2005;Ma and Liu, 2012); 2) stimulation of cell growth (Kong et al., 1987); 3) anti-inflammatory effect (Vimala et al., 2012); 4) protection from joint degeneration and chondro-protection against osteoarthritis (Matsukawa et al., 2011;Chua et al., 2013); 5) enhancement of antioxidant capacity-antioxidative effect (Hu et al., 2016); 6) anti-influenza or as anti-viral agent (Guo et al., 2006;Haghani et al., 2016;Hu et al., 2016); 7) skin whitening, anti-aging, antiinflammatory and wound healing (Zeng and Lai, 2019;Hwang et al., 2020); 8) promotion of corneal wound healing (eye caring) (Zainal Abidin et al., 2011); 9) improvement of stem cell proliferation (Roh et al., 2012); 10) learning and memory functions of multi-generational mice - (Haghani et al., 2016;Careena et al., 2018;Xie et al., 2018;Khalid et al., 2019;Mahaq et al., 2020); 11) neuroprotection in Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease (Hou et al., 2017;Yew et al., 2018); 12) anti-obesity effects (Yida et al., 2015); 13) prevention of cardio-metabolic and diabetic diseases ; 14) anti-hypertensive effect (Ramachandran et al., 2018); and 15) amelioration of the detrimental effects of lead acetate (LA) toxicity in the uterus (Albishtue et al., 2019). Therefore, EBN has proved its nutritional and therapeutic values. ...
Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is recognized as a nourishing food among Chinese people. The efficacy of EBN was stated in the records of traditional Chinese medicine and its activities have been reported in many researches. Malaysia is the second largest exporter of EBNs in the world, after Indonesia. For many years, EBN trade to China was not regulated until August 2011, when a safety alert was triggered for the consumption of EBNs. China banned the import of EBNs from Malaysia and Indonesia due to high level of nitrite. Since then, the Malaysia government has formulated Malaysia Standards for swiftlet farming (MS 2273:2012), edible bird’s nest processing plant design and management (MS 2333:2010), and edible bird’s nest product quality (MS 2334:2011) to enable the industry to meet the specified standards for the export to China. On the other hand, Indonesia's EBN industry formulated a standard operating procedure (SOP) for exportation to China. Both countries can export EBNs to China by complying with the standards and SOPs. EBN contaminants may include but not limited to nitrite, heavy metals, excessive minerals, fungi, bacteria, and mites. The possible source of contaminants may come from the swiftlet farms and the swiftlets or introduced during processing, storage, and transportation of EBNs, or adulterants. Swiftlet house design and management, and EBN processing affect the bird’s nest color. Degradation of its optical quality has an impact on the selling price, and color changes are tied together with nitrite level. In this review, the current and future prospects of EBNs in Malaysia and Indonesia in terms of their quality, and the research on the contaminants and their effects on EBN color changes are discussed.
... Furthermore, sialic acid in EBN can enhance memory and improve cognitive function [30,31] . Additionally, EBN has epidermal growth factor-like activity, and is a rich source of proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids and minerals [18,[32][33][34] . With such previous encouraging results, the current study investigated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of EBN using a chronic cerebral hypoperfusion model. ...
... The %DH was determined with the pH-stat method from the study of [26]. The degree of hydrolysis (DH) was tracked using a thermostatically controlled stirring batch reactor (Auto-titrator Horiba Scientific SZ-100). ...
Bioactive edible swiftlet's nest (ESN) sialylated-mucin (SiaMuc) hydrolysate is produced by alcalase hydrolysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis of ESN breakdown high-valued ESN SiaMuc-glycoprotein into bioactive SiaMuc-glycopeptide. This is a breakthrough for the issue of insolubility and low extraction rate in ESN, and even increases the bioavailability of ESN nutritional functionality and health benefits. Hydrolysis of ESN SiaMuc-glycoprotein was performed for 1 to 4 h and its effect on physicochemical properties, molecular weight (MW) distribution, SiaMuc-glycoprotein and glycopeptide integrity were determined. Other than improvement in solubility and bioavailability as SiaMuc-glycopeptide, results from SDS-PAGE revealed that MW of SiaMuc-glycoprotein decreased from 42.0–148.8 kDa to 17.7–142.7 kDa with increasing hydrolysis period. Further hydrolysis from maximized DH (90 min) showed an insignificant effect on the MW of ESN SiaMuc-glycopeptide and remained constant at 15.2 kDa. This highlights that enzymatic hydrolysis only influences macro SiaMuc-glycoprotein fractions (142.7, 115.3 and 102.7 kDa), while the majority of SiaMuc-glycopeptide fractions from 36.6–98.6 kDa remained intact. Conclusively, alcalase hydrolysis of ESN showed high recovery in the form of bioactive ESN SiaMuc-glycopeptide. Therefore, enzymatic biotechnology is an economic alternative applicable on ESN that broaden industrial utilization by reducing the MW without destroying the quality of bioactive SiaMuc-glycoprotein.
... A previous study had suggested that there is a synergistic relationship between VEGF, FSH and estradiol in preventing apoptosis, inhibiting caspase 3 activation and stimulating proliferation (Vitale et al., 2002;Bussmann et al., 2006;Irusta et al.,2010). EBN has Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) -like activity (Kong et al., 1987), resulting in its stimulatory effect on cell growth and regeneration (Ng et al., 1986;Kong et al., 1989;Zhiping et al., 2015). Oxidative stress created by LA exposure is a major disorder contributor, which causes the development of toxicity that indicates significant pathological lesions on the vital organs (Oyagbemi et al., 2015). ...
Lead acetate (LA) has been shown to cause hepato-renal damages through induction of oxidative stress. Edible bird’s nest
(EBN) has reportedly been shown to alleviate these damages, but no studies have been conducted on this area. The present
study was aimed to evaluate the protective effects of EBN supplement on the liver and kidney of rats exposed to LA toxicity.
Five groups of rats were used and grouped as follows: group 1 (positive control, C), was given distilled water; group 2
(positive control, T0), was administered with LA (10 mg/kg BW); and groups 3 (T1), 4 (T2), and 5 (T3), were given LA (10
mg/kg BW) plus graded concentrations of 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg BW of EBN, respectively. At day 35, blood was collected
via cardiac puncture, serum was used for biochemical analysis, and rats were euthanized to collect liver and kidney for histo-
morphological study. Laboratory analysis revealed significantly elevated liver enzymes, urea and creatinine levels in the T0
and T1 compared to C and T3 (p<0.05). The level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was
significantly lower in the T3 and C compared to T0 and T1 (p<0.05). Histo-morphological studies showed that exposed rats
to LA without EBN supplement with portal and central vein dilatation and congestion evidenced by hepatocyte necrosis and
degeneration as well as increased number of kupffer cells, while degree of damage was decreased in EBN treated groups.
The animals in T3 showed ameliorating effects against LA toxicity, as well as decreased number of kupffer cells. In T0 and
T1 rats, histopathological lesions of the kidneys were characterized by the degenerations of the tubular system, while T2 and
T3 groups showed no such lesions. In conclusion, the findings showed that EBN can protect the hepatic and renal tissues
from the damaging effects of LA toxicity and modulate biochemical alterations.
... Edible bird's nest (EBN), or cubilose, is a health food supplement originated from salivary secretion by specific swiftlets, mainly from Aerodramus fuciphagus and Aerodramus maximus (Kang et al., 1991), which has been proven to have nutritious and therapeutic values, such as anti-influenza viruses, antioxidant, skin lightening, bone strength improvement, anti-inflammatory, and epidermal growth enhancement (Kong et al., 1987;Kong et al., 1989;Guo et al., 2006;Aswir and Wan Nazaimoon, 2011;Matsukawa et al., 2011;Yew et al., 2014; Besides, most of the publications still retained in elucidating chemical composition as the quality control parameters: since no official method has been established for quality surveillance of EBN (Deng et al., 2006;Wang et al., 2006;Wu et al., 2010;Chan et al., 2013a). ...
OBJECTIVES
Proteins are the major component and play a key role in nutritious and therapeutic functions of edible bird’s nest (EBN); however, limited studies have been conducted on the protein due to difficulties in extraction, isolation as well as identification. This study aimed to provide comprehensive information for the quality evaluation of EBN peptides, which would be a valuable reference for further study on EBN proteins.
METHODS
Here, we developed a quality control method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) peptide fingerprints deriving from EBN being digested with simulated gastric fluid. The characteristic peptide peaks were collected and identified by LC-MS/MS.
RESULTS
The characteristic peptide peaks, corresponding to the protein fragments of acidic mammalian chitinase-like, lysyl oxidase, and Mucin-5AC-like, were identified and quantified. Interestingly, the principal component analysis indicated that the fingerprints were able to discriminate colour of EBN (white/red) and production sites (cave/house) of White EBN on the same weight basis. As proposed by the model developed in this study, Muc-5AC-like and AMCase-like proteins were the markers with the highest discriminative power.
CONCLUSIONS
The overall findings suggest that HPLC peptide fingerprints were able to clearly demonstrate peptide profile differences between genuine and adulterated EBN samples; and classify EBN samples by its color and production site. In addition, the protein identification results suggested that Muc-5AC-like protein was the major protein in EBN.
... Recently, EBN is further demonstrated for its properties on suppressing the virus, inflammation and oxidative stress, strengthening bone, eye caring, and neuroprotective properties [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. On the other hand, Roh et al. [15] and Kong et al. [16] have reported the proliferative effects of EBN on human adipose-derived stem cells and normal human fibroblasts with the presence of epidermal growth factor-like activity. In summary, EBN acts as a dual function bioproduct with both its nutritional and therapeutic values. ...
Background and Aim: Edible bird's nest (EBN) is the nutrient-rich salivary bioproduct produced by swiftlets in Southeast Asia. Currently, researchers are exploring the therapeutic effects of EBN, such as cell growth promotion, antioxidant content, antiviral effects, bone strengthening, eyes care, and neuroprotection bioactivities. The therapeutic effects of EBN have been studied through different extraction methods but the metabolites profile of the EBN in each extract has not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to profile the water-soluble metabolites of EBN prepared in different extraction methods. Subsequently, an extraction method will be selected as an ideal extraction method for untargeted metabolite profiling on the water-soluble metabolites in EBN.
Materials and Methods: In this study, water-soluble metabolites of EBN extracted by the four extraction methods were subjected to metabolite profiling through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The extraction methods were acid extraction(ABN), pancreatic extraction (EzBN), eHMG extraction, and spray drying of HMG extraction (pHMG). The metabolite profiles, such as the number of metabolites and their identities in each extraction method, were evaluated through LC-MS analysis.
Results: The identity of metabolites present in the four extraction methods is inconsistent. Based on LC-MS analysis, only one and six metabolites were extracted differently through EzBN and ABN, respectively, in the first pre-screening. Through the second LC-MS screening on pHMG and eHMG extraction methods, eHMG was selected as an ideal extraction method due to the highest numbers of water-soluble metabolites with an amount of 193 was detected. Besides, eHMG extraction method was able to extract sialic acid and a high percentage of secondary metabolites.
Conclusion: This study suggests that eHMG is the ideal extraction method for extracting higher number of water-soluble metabolites from EBN and could be further developed as an extraction method for industry application. In addition, this study also has identified the types of primary and secondary metabolites present in EBN.
... Edible bird's nest has lethal dose (LD 50 ) cut off more than 5,000 mg/kg and is classified as category 5 or unclassified category of globally harmonized classification system (GHS), therefore it is safe to be taken by to humans (Haghani et al., 2016). Furthermore, there are scientific reports of its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, influenza virus inhibitory effect, hemagglutination-inhibitory activities, and bone-strengthening effects (Kong et al., 1987;Guo et al., 2006;Matsukawa et al., 2011;Ma and Liu, 2012;Vimala et al., 2012;Yida et al., 2014). In 2015, Yida et al. showed that edible bird's nest prevents high-fat diet-(HFD) induced insulin resistance in rats. ...
Increased oxidative stress by hyperglycemia is a major cause of vascular complications in diabetes. Bird’s nest, which is made from the saliva of swiftlets has both medicinal and nutritional values dated back to ancient China. However, its role in improving endothelial dysfunction due to diabetes is yet to be elucidated. The present study examined the protective effect and mechanism of action of the aqueous extract of hydrolyzed edible bird nest (HBN) on endothelium in models of diabetes, in vitro and in vivo. Male db/m+ and db/db mice were orally administered with or without HBN and glibenclamide for 28 days, followed by vascular reactivity studies in mouse aortas. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and isolated mouse aorta from C57BL/6J were treated with high glucose (HG), HBN, sialic acid (SA), glibenclamide, and apocynin, respectively. The effects of HBN on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability were assessed by Western blot, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate (DCF-DA), and 4-amino-5-methylamino-2′,7′ difluorofluorescein (DAF-FM DA) in HUVECs, isolated mouse aorta, and db/db diabetic mice. HBN significantly reversed the endothelial dysfunction in diabetic mice and isolated mouse aorta. HBN normalized ROS over-production of NOX2 and nitrotyrosine, reversed the reduction of anti-oxidant marker, SOD-1 as well as restored NO bioavailability in both HUVECs challenged with HG and in db/db diabetic mice. Similarly, HG-induced elevation of oxidative stress in HUVECs were reversed by SA, glibenclamide, and apocynin. This attests that HBN restores endothelial function and protects endothelial cells against oxidative damage induced by HG in HUVECs, isolated mouse aorta, and db/db diabetic mice via modulating ROS mechanism, which subsequently increases NO bioavailability. This result demonstrates the potential role of HBN in preserving endothelial function and management of micro- or macrovascular complications in diabetes.
... ' It was reported that besides the major nutrition such as protein (62-63%), carbohydrate (25.62-27.26%), ash (2.1%) and lipid (0.14-1.28%), the diverse nutritional components, sialic acid, mannose, glucose, galactose, fructose, xylose, rhamnose, and ribose, (Chua, Chan, Bloodworth, Li, & Leong, 2015;Jamalluddin et al., 2019) contribute to the wide range of health-promoting properties ascribed to EBN, including anti-aging activity (Hou et al., 2017), antiviral activity (Haghani et al., 2017), corneal cell growth-promoting and proliferation-promoting ability (Lee et al., 2011), chondroprotection ability for human articular chondrocytes (Chua et al., 2013), epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like activity (Kong et al., 1987), antihypertensive effects (Nurfatin et al., 2016), and immunomodulatory and antioxidant activity (Haghani et al., 2016;. ...
... EBN extract [29]. These properties of EBN were considered as a breakthrough for promoting the healing process in corneal wounds. ...
Aim:
This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of edible bird's nest (EBN) supplement on the uteri of rats exposed to lead acetate (LA) toxicity.
Materials and methods:
Five treatment groups were established as follows: Group 1 (C), which was given distilled water; Group 2 (T0), which was administered with LA (10 mg/kg body weight [BW]); and Groups 3 (T1), 4 (T2), and 5 (T3), which were given LA (10 mg/kg BW) plus graded concentrations of 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg BW of EBN, respectively. Rats were euthanized at week 5 to collect blood for superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay, and uterus for histomorphological study and expression analyses of epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA).
Results:
Results revealed that LA causes destruction of uterine lining cells and necrosis of uterine glands of exposed rats without EBN supplement while the degree of damage decreased among EBN treated groups; T3 showed the highest ameliorating effect against LA toxicity, as well as an increased number of uterine glands. Increased levels of SOD were also achieved in EBN supplemented groups than the controls. Results of immunohistochemistry showed significantly higher expressions of EGF, VEGF, and PCNA levels (p<0.05) in T3 compared to other treatments. EBN maintained upregulation of antioxidant - reactive oxygen species balance.
Conclusion:
The findings showed that EBN could ameliorate the detrimental effects of LA toxicity on the uterus possibly by enhancing enzymatic antioxidant (SOD) activity as well as expressions of EGF, VEGF, and PCNA with cell proliferation roles.
... China is the main importer of EBN driven by their belief in high medicinal benefits in EBN. Some of the benefits reportedly include improve respiratory and digestive problems [13] improve skin complexion, slow anti-aging and simulate epidermal growth [23], prevent influenza viruses [7], depress the production of tumour necrosis factor alpha [3], increase bone strength and skin thickness when administered with 100 mg/kg of bird's nest extract [20], and improve immune system or joints [17]. The consumption of EBN is tremendous in Southeast Asian region but according to [1], more than 50% of the global market has not been met. ...
Domestic consumption of nutritional products and food supplements are on the rise. This is due to the fact that consumers have become more affluent and aware of their health. Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is used as a health supplement for medicinal benefits to improve health quality. However, issues such as contamination and counterfeit EBN have caused fluctuation of the product’s price over time and consumers are slowly shunning away from consuming EBN products. Marketing effort is a strategy tool often used to convince buying intention among consumers and therefore relieve the public’s anxiety. Presently, the extent of marketing mix that can convince consumers’ intention to purchase EBN products remains unknown. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the influence of marketing mix towards consumers’ intention to purchase EBN products. Principle component analysis and decision tree models were used to analyze the data. The performance of three decision tree models was compared based on accuracy and sensitivity rate. Result showed that all three models possessed similar accuracy rate (CART = 84.35%, C5.0 = 84.73%, QUEST = 83.08%), while C5.0 had the highest sensitivity (CART = 84.7%, C5.0 = 87.46%, QUEST = 85.59%). The important variables derived from C5.0 model are health conscious, gender, promotion, race, price, employment, and income. The outcomes from the present study through the performance prediction have provided informative profile of the consumers which will be useful to target potential consumers and to narrow down the market segment for the marketers’ benefit.
... According to Roussel et al. (1988), EBN contains hundreds of carbohydrate chains attached to the peptide by O-glycosidic linkages between N-acetylgalactosamine and a hydroxylated amino acid made from serine and threonine. EBN has been consumed over many decades, and many health claims have been made, ranging from enhancing complexion due to the presence of epidermal growth factor, alleviating asthma, strengthening the immune system and neuroprotective effect against 6-OHDA-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, particularly through inhibition of apoptosis (Kong et al., 1987;Lim and Cranbrook, 2002;Yew et al., 2014). Traditionally in Chinese culture, EBN drink is a type of delicate food prepared by double boiling the EBN with rock sugar. ...
This study reported the effect of heat treatment and protein enzymatic hydrolysis on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and physicochemical properties of edible bird’s nest (EBN). The EBN samples were subjected to eleven different processing treatments which were control EBN (raw), 30 mins normal boiled EBN (NB30); 30 mins normal boiled EBN followed with protein hydrolysis using 1% Alcalase® (NB30H); 60 mins normal boiled EBN (NB60); 60 mins normal boiled EBN followed with protein hydrolysis using 1% Alcalase® (NB60H); 60 mins slow cooked EBN (SC60); 60 mins slow cooked EBN followed with protein hydrolysis using 1% Alcalase® (SC60H); 120 mins slow cooked EBN (SC120); 120 mins slow cooked EBN followed with protein hydrolysis using 1% Alcalase® (SC120H); autoclaved EBN at 121oC for 15 mins (A); autoclaved EBN at 121oC for 15 mins followed with protein hydrolysis using 1% Alcalase® (AH). The treated EBN samples were then freeze dried prior to further analysis. This study found that heat treatment alone produced EBN sample with lower DH (5.84% to 14.54%) as compared to those undergone combined heat treatment and enzymatic protein hydrolysis (12.16% to 22.59%). EBN samples in this study gave solubility of 4.52 - 87.11%, water holding capacity of 3.82 - 17.9 mL/g, oil holding capacity of 4.87 - 7.65 mL/g, emulsifying capacity of 18.08 - 56.15%, emulsifying stability of 12.03 - 50.34%, foaming capacity of 0.75 - 359%, foaming stability (after 60 mins) of 58.89 - 96.39% and viscosity (for 1 - 10% EBN sample) of 26.67 - 7526.67 mPa.s. It was found that there was a positive correlation between DH and solubility, emulsifying capacity and emulsifying stability of EBN samples. However, a negative correlation was found between DH and water holding capacity and viscosity of EBN samples. Furthermore, there was no correlation between DH and oil holding capacity and colour profiles. Thus, this study shows that heat treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of EBN can be tailored to achieve a certain degree of hydrolysis and physicochemical properties.
Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is a highly valuable food product obtained from swiftlet nests, primarily those of the Aerodramus genus. Due to its purported health benefits and exceptional taste, EBN is often referred to as the “caviar of the East.” This abstract presents a comprehensive review of the current state of EBN research, focusing on its chemical composition, nutritional value, pharmacological effects, and safety considerations. The chemical composition of EBN is intricate and influenced by various factors, including bird species, geographic origin, nest collection time, and processing methods. It is primarily composed of proteins, polysaccharides, minerals, lipids, and a wide range of bioactive compounds such as sialic acid, amino acids, and antioxidants. Additionally, EBN has demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-aging properties attributed to these bioactive constituents. While EBN is generally considered safe for human consumption, it is essential to address concerns related to potential contaminants like heavy metals, microbial pathogens, and allergens. This review offers a comprehensive overview of previous research conducted on residual impurities that may be present in edible bird’s nests (EBNs). The review encompasses various aspects, including, the regulatory framework and associated concerns regarding EBNs, the levels of nitrite and nitrate detected in EBNs, the presence of bacteria, fungi, and mites in EBNs, the identification of allergenic substances in EBNs, and the presence of heavy metals and excessive mineral content at different stages of EBN processing, including raw uncleaned (RUC) EBNs, raw cleaned (RC) EBNs, and EBNs after undergoing treatment.
Graphical abstract :
Background:
Edible bird's nest (EBN) is one of the most valuable tonic Chinese foods that made from glutinous salivary secretion with highly concentrated mucin glycoprotein. For ease of consumption, manufacturers have marketed different ready-to-eat EBN products, where the EBN contents would be varied. This is the first study to analyze the EBN content in ready-to-eat beverages.
Objective:
To determine the EBN content in ready-to-eat beverages by its active ingredients of N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid).
Method:
Sialic acid in ready-to-eat beverages and raw EBN was extracted in sodium hydrogen sulfate solution, followed by derivatization using o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride and determination using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Method precision, recovery of extraction, degradation of sialic acid due to cooking and measurement uncertainty were evaluated.
Results:
The mean concentrations of raw EBN in different origins and colours were ranging from 5.77 to 10.92%. Ten different brands of traditional ready-to-eat EBN beverages from the market were analyzed, where estimated concentrations of EBN were diversified, ranging from 0.014 ± 0.010% to 0.66 ± 0.069% (w/w) (95% confidence level). The concentration of sialic acid was found to ranging from 11.4 to 527 mg/kg.
Conclusion:
Based on the results, sialic acid content can provide a better estimation to the EBN content in traditional ready-to-eat beverage. Neither the selling price nor dried matters can be used as an indicator to the quality of the ready-to-eat EBN beverage among the samples obtained.
Highlights:
Sialic acid can be used as an indicator to estimate EBN content, where the sialic acid and EBN contents in Ready-to-eat beverages from the market were found varied significantly.
Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is a Chinese delicacy possessing skin rejuvenating functions. To verify skin anti-inflammatory function of EBN, water extract and enzymatic digest of EBN, as well as the major sialic acid, N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA), were probed in TNF-α-treated HaCaT keratinocytes. The mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and an enzyme responsible for inflammatory response, i.e., Cox-2, as well as filaggrin and filaggrin-2, were markedly altered after treating with different preparations of EBN. The EBN-mediated responses could be accounted by its robust reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), NF-κB signaling and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK, as triggered by TNF-α-induced inflammation. The anti-inflammatory response of EBN was further supported in animal model. In 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced dermatitic mice, the effects on skin thickness, severity level of damage and scratching behavior, exerted by DNCB, were reversed after EBN treatments, in dose-dependent manners. In parallel, the levels of immune cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines in dermatitic skin were markedly reduced by treatment of EBN preparations. In general, NANA and enzymatic digest of EBN showed better anti-inflammatory responses in both models of in vitro and in vivo. These lines of evidence therefore suggest the possible application of EBN in treating atopic dermatitis.
Only a few species of swiftlets in the Aerodramus and Collocalia genera can produce edible bird's nests (EBN). These saliva-cemented nests have been consumed as delicacies for centuries in Asia. Many researches have reported the aqueous extract of EBN has epidermal growth factor-like (EGF-like) activity. However, no standalone EGF has been identified in EBN. Moreover, proteome of EBN remained unclear due to lack of genomic data base of an EBN-producing swiftlet to support proteomic analysis of EBN. To address this, the first genome of the EBN-producing swiftlet, Aerodramus fuciphagus, was constructed. Orthology comparison of A. fuciphagus with 10 other avian species were conducted. The results revealed that the number of predicted paralogous coiled-coil domain-containing protein 63 (CCDC63) coding sequences (CDSs) in A. fuciphagus was found to be significantly expanded in comparison to Gallus gallus. There were 3 paralogous CCDC63 genes in the genome of A.fuciphagus. The CDSs predicted from the genome of A. fuciphagus were used to construct a database for proteomic analysis of EBN. In total, 398 proteins have been identified in EBN. The proteome of EBN was significant enriched with extracellular proteins as well as proteins related to extracellular matrix (ECM) organization and immune response. A few proteins with Ca²⁺-binding EGF-like domains were found in the proteome of EBN, like fibrillin-1, protocadherin fat 4 and coagulation factor X. No standalone EGF protein was identified. This indicated that the proteins with EGF-like domains might be responsible for the EGF-like activity of EBN. In addition, acidic mammalian chitinase and lysyl oxidase in EBN were found to be active when extracting with distilled water at room temperature. The current study has not just revealed the species-specific genotype of the EBN-producing swiftlet, A. fuciphagus, but also revealed the proteome of EBN. This established an important foundation for subsequently studies on efficacies of EBN.
Edible bird nest (EBN) is a natural food substance derived from edible velvet nest saliva consisting of glycoproteins as one of its key components; these glycoproteins contain an excess of sialic acid. Dietary EBN supplementation has been documented to promote brain development in mammals. The bioactivity and nutritional benefit of EBN are significant during periods of rapid brain development, especially in preterm infants. However, the impact of EBN on learning and memory control remains unknown. This chapter aims to illustrate the benefits of EBN and its potential effects as a neuroprotective supplement for adults.KeywordsEdible Bird Nest (EBN)Herbal MedicineBrainNeuroprotectionAntioxidantOxidative stress
Edible bird's nest (EBN) swiftlet existed naturally 48,000 years ago in caves as their natural dwellings. Nowadays, edible bird's nest has become a very important industry due to its high nutritional, medicinal and economic value. Additionally, edible bird's nest has a long quality guarantee period. Obviously, the nutritional components and medicinal functions vary depending on geographical origins. Recently, the global demand for edible bird's nest has markedly increased, accompanied by the increasing attention of all key players of the global food trade system, i.e., producers, consumers, traders and the authorities to obtain safe and high-quality edible bird's nest. Hence, this target can be accomplished via the enforcement of an efficient and universal geo-tracing technique. Current methods of the geo-tracking of edible bird's nest, i.e., automation, physical and analytical techniques have several limitations and all of them fail to discriminate different quality grades of edible bird's nest. Meanwhile, in many studies and applications, polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) has proven to be a “cutting edge” technique for greatly enhance food traceability from field to fork through its ability in distinguishing the food products in terms of their quality and safety. This article provides an overview of (1) edible bird's nest as a multiuse strategic food product, (2) quality issues associated with edible bird’s nest including implications that the site of acquisition of the edible bird’s nest has food safety implications, (3) current regulations and geo-tracking approaches to ensure the safety and quality of edible bird’s nest with the special focus on polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis technique as a vigorous and universal geo-tracing tool to be suggested for edible bird's nest geo-traceability.
Therapeutic peptides derived proteins with alpha-reconformation states like antibody shape have shown potential effects in combating terrible diseases linked with earlier signs of angiogensis, mutagenesis and transgenesis. Alpha reconformation in material design refers to the folding of the peptide chains and their transitions under reversible chemical bonds of disulfide chemical bridges and further non-covalence lesions. Thus, the rational design of signal peptides into alpha-helix is intended in increasing the defending effects of peptides into cores like adjuvant antibiotic and/or vaccines. Thereby, the signal peptides are able in displaying multiple eradicating regions by changing crystal-depositions and deviation angles. These types of molecular structures could have multiple advantages in tracing disease syndromes and impurities by increasing the host defense against the fates of pathogens and viruses, eventually leading to the loss in signaling by increasing peptide susceptibility levels to folding and unfolding and therefore, formation of transgenic peptide models. Alpha reconformation peptides is aimed in triggering as well as other regulatory functions such as remodulating metabolic chain disorders of lipolysis and glucolysis by increasing the insulin and leptin resistance for best lipid storages and lipoprotein density distributions.
Context:
Indonesia is the largest producer of edible bird's nest (EBN) in the world. Previous research proved that epidermal growth factor (EGF) was detected from edible bird's nest extract. EGF will increase the metabolism of skin cells and can lighten the skin EGF will increase the metabolism of skin cells and can lighten the skin.
Aims:
This research aimed to formulate and prove the lightening and the moisturizing effect of EBN cream on white mice.
Materials and methods:
The 28 mice were divided into four group treatment. EBN 40% were formulated into cream with two formula types: water in oil (W/O) and oil in water (O/W). Before the treatment, white mice were exposed to UVA radiation until skin color level was 4. For 14 days, white mice were treated and observed skin color level and moisture content by skin analyzer.
Results:
The skin color level was 1 on day 8 (O/W), on day 9 (W/O), on day 8 (positive control), and showed skin color level was 4 on day 14 (negative control). The average water content on day 14 was 53.70 ± 1.21 (O/W), 50.13 ± 1.39 (W/O), 53.88 ± 0.88 (positive control), and 21.48 ± 2.90 (negative control).
Conclusion:
No significant difference was observed in lightening effect (Sig. 0.495) and moisturizing effect (Sig. 0.564) between O/W cream and W/O creams. W/O cream has good adhesion and O/W cream has good dispersion.
N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid (NeuAc) has attracted considerable attention because of its wide-ranging applications. The use of cheap carbon sources such as glucose without the addition of any precursor in microbial NeuAc production has many advantages. In this study, improved NeuAc production was attained through the optimization of amino sugar metabolism pathway kinetics and reservation of a phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) pool in Escherichia coli. N-acylglucosamine 2-epimerase and N-acetylneuraminate synthase from different sources, and their best combinations were used to obtain optimized enzyme kinetics and expression intensity, which resulted in a significant increase in NeuAc production. Next, after a design was engineered for enabling the PEP metabolic pathway to retain the PEP pool, the production of NeuAc reached 16.7 g/L, which is the highest NeuAc production rate that has been reported from using glucose as the sole carbon source.
Food processing uses tissues or by-products of biological origins in the production of food for human consumption, a technique that has been used by ancient human societies to produce many staples that still remain in the human diet today. In the world of delicacies, however, many of the world’s exquisite delicacies result from using very unique ‘bio-processing’ methods, and these methods use living mammals, birds, insects, or arachnids in the processing methods. The most accurate description of these is ‘digestive bio-processing’, and this processing may involve the use of a biological system fully (such as the full digestive system, from the salivary glands to the gastrointestinal tract), or only a part of a particular organ. While the vast majority involves the use of animals, a delicacy that is plant bio-processed also exists, and this method involves predation of a plant on a living animal. Most delicacies use rather unique and limited bio-processing methods and hence are both expensive and rare. For these delicacies, demand is increasing and ingredients availability is dwindling, and unsuspecting consumers are purchasing and consuming food delicacies that have been deliberately adulterated or falsified. Despite the uniqueness of these food delicacies, a combination of observational and analytical investigative techniques, some usable in the field, can be used to determine the authenticity of these very special bio-processed foods.
Une glycoprotéine a été purifiée par électrophorèse préparative en film liquide de l'extrait aqueux de « nids d'hirondelles(Collocalia). Cette glycoprotéine qui représente la fraction majeure des glycoprotéides de Collocalia, est homogène en électrophorèse en agarose mais légèrement polydispersée en ultracentrifugation (So20 w = 3,0). La partie glycannique de cette glycoprotéine se caractérise par sa richesse en galactose, glucosamine et galactosamine. Elle possède, d'autre part, des résidus d'acide sialique complètement libérés par les neuraminidases de Diplococcus pneumoniae et de Clostridium perfringens et qui, en chromatographie, se comportent essentiellement comme l'acide N-acétylneuraminique. La partie polypeptidique de cette glycoprotéine comprend principalement des résidus de sérine, thréonine et proline.
Environ 40 p. cent des résidus d'acides aminés hydroxylés sont impliqués dans des liaisons glycanneprotéine alcali-labiles.
Urogastrone is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion which is present in human urine. Its existence has been known for over 30 years but it has only recently been isolated in a sufficiently pure form for detailed structural studies to be undertaken. Two separate polypeptides β- and γ-urogastrone were isolated. The structures were established by carrying out enzymic degradations of S-carboxymethyl and S-carboxamidomethyl derivatives with trypsin, chymotrypsin, thermolysin and a protease derived from the fungus Armillaria mellea. Sequences of the smaller peptides thus obtained were determined by the dansyl Edman method. Partial acid hydrolysis of urogastrone itself gave fragments containing single intact disulphide bonds, and oxidation then allowed the direction of individual bonds to be established. β-Urogastrone was shown to be a 53-amino acid residue polypeptide containing three disulphide bonds, and γ-urogastrone had an identical sequence but lacked the C-terminal arginine residue.
Urogastrone was subsequently found to be structurally related to mouse epidermal growth factor in that 37 of the 53 residues were commonly located in each polypeptide. Furthermore, as both peptides had similar effects upon gastric acid secretion and upon epidermal growth, urogastrone was also a human epidermal growth factor. The 16 variable residues were spread across the molecule, all apart from two were compatible with single base changes in the triplet codons, and the overall effect was to make urogastrone more acidic than EGF. The smallest biologically active unit has not been defined but at least six residues can be removed from the C-terminus without causing a reduction in potency.
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been isolated from the submaxillary gland of testosterone-treated male rats. Using a variety of batch processes as well as ion-exchange and gel chromatography, a relatively homogeneous protein is obtained. The EGF protein is a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight 6000 with an isoelectric pH of 4.3–4.6. The amino acid composition of rat EGF is very similar to the well-characterized mouse EGF and to the partially characterized human EGF. The protein demonstrates biological activity at levels as low as 0.05–0.10 μg/g body weight in newborn rats.
This chapter discusses the characteristics of epidermal growth factor—urogastrone, a polypeptide acquiring hormonal status. The discovery, isolation, and complete sequence determination of two related polypeptides, one from the mouse and the other from man, that are both highly potent stimulators of cellular proliferation and inhibitors of gastric acid secretion is described. The structure of human urogastrone is determined by Cohen who isolated two polypeptides from human urine concentrates, both of which are observed to interact with the same membrane receptor and one of which is demonstrated to be an active mitogen both in vivo and in vitro. The physicochemical data obtained by Cohen and colleagues suggest that the polypeptides isolated are the same as the isolated urogastrones. Human urine provides the richest convenient source of human epidermal growth factor-urogastrone (hEGF-URO). By radioreceptor assay, it can be estimated that random urine samples from male donors contain, on average, about 9.5 nmol/liter. The isolation requires the initial preparation from urine of either tannic acid-acetone or benzoic acid-acetone powder of urinary proteins, followed by multiple gel filtration and ion exchange steps.
The characteristics of insulin receptors were studied in cultured embryonic chick heart cells which demonstrated insulin-responsive amino acid transport. Binding of [l25I]iodoinsulin was time dependent, reversible, saturable, species specific, and proportional to cell number. Optimum binding occurred at pH 7.8 in the presence of 0.1% bovine serum albumin. Curvilinear Scatchard plots were found for chicken and bovine insulin binding at 15 and 30 C. Equilibrium association constants (Kas) and maximum capacities were calculated based on a tworeceptor model. When studied at 15 C, chicken insulin was bound with Kas of 5.0 and 0.026 nM-1 for the high and low affinity receptors, respectively. Bovine insulin bound with Kas of 2.1 and 0.03 nM-1. The binding capacities of 600 and 9000 molecules/cell for the high and low affinity receptors, respectively, were the same for both species of ligand. At 30 C, the Ka of the high affinity chicken insulin receptor interaction decreased to 1.6 nM-1, whereas the low affinity ...
THE clinical observation of the very low incidence of peptic ulceration during pregnancy led to the finding that extracts of the urine of pregnant women had a beneficial effect on experimental ulcers in dogs1. It was later reported that not only pregnancy urine but also that from all females and males contained a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion2,3. Sandweiss4 named the anti-ulcer factor anthelone and regarded it as having a therapeutic effect on ulcers without depressing gastric acid secretion. The antisecretory agent was thought to be a separate entity and was called urogastrone because its actions resembled those of the postulated duodenal hormone enterogastrone5. Subsequent work amply demonstrated urogastrone action, but the existence of anthelone as a separate entity remained less well established. To establish the true nature of these agents, however, and in particular their possible role in the therapeutic control of peptic ulceration it was necessary to make a full chemical identification. Many attempts have been made to isolate urogastrone, and probably the most highly purified sample on record was that obtained by Gregory6. This was described as a combination of a golden yellow fluorescent pigment and a protein of relatively low molecular weight. Others have provided additional evidence of a protein structure7 but some recent work has led to the suggestion that urogastrone is a high-molecular weight glycoprotein8,9. Nevertheless its exact nature, source10 and physiological role have remained unknown. Gastric inhibitory effects have also been shown by extracts of animal urine but studies were undertaken on the nature of urogastrone from more readily available human urine.
The colour yield from glucose and the anthrone reagent is more than doubled in the presence of hydrochloric and formic acids. By using a suitable heating time, approximately equal colour yields can be obtained from glucose and fructose.
The shrew SMG contains a very high level of EGF. By heterologous radioreceptor assay, the EGF content was determined to be about 300 pmol/mg wet weight in the male. The content is sex dependent; in the female gland, it is only 4% of the male gland level. EGF level and EGF receptor content in other tissues showed a reciprocal distribution pattern with the parotid gland containing the second highest level of EGF and the liver containing the largest amount of EGF receptor. Shrew EGF is heat stable. It could induce early eyelid opening and incisor eruption in neonatal rat pups at a very low dose level. There is apparently no high molecular weight form of EGF in shrew tissues and body fluids. However, gel chromatography revealed that the foetus contained multiple forms of EGF. The contribution of a high EGF level to the active life in adult shrews and the exceptionally high growth rate in shrew pups are discussed.
The epidermal growth factor (EGF) from the submaxillary glands of the Chinese Shrew (Suncus murinus) is purified to apparent homogeneity by using a sequence of four chromatographic steps, viz. gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200, affinity chromatography on immobilized Ni, hydrophobic interaction on phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B and reverse-phase HPLC. An 800-fold increase in specific activity and an overall recovery of 46% were achieved. The most effective step in its purification is the successful use of immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC). This method was very selective, reproducible and requires a minimum of sample pre-treatment prior to chromatography.
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a polypeptide extracted from male mouse submaxillary glands which promotes epidermal growth and keratinization in the immature mouse. Androgens markedly increase submaxillary gland EGF content but have no apparent effect on basal plasma or urine EGF levels; they appear to stimulate synthesis and storage, but not release, of submaxillary gland EGF. EGF is released into plasma by α adrenergic agents and by cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation, suggesting that its release is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system. If androgens have induced a sufficient concentration of EGF in the gland, plasma levels of EGF rise dramatically as submaxillary gland levels of EGF fall in response to α adrenergic agents. The increase in plasma EGF in response to α adrenergic stimulation is abolished by excision of the submaxillary glands, but basal plasma and urine levels are unchanged. This raises the possibility that EGF is secreted by other tissues as well. Immunoreactive EGF is also present in high concentrations in mouse milk, saliva and urine. (15 references.)
THE epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a peptide hormone which has been isolated from the submaxillary glands of male mice1,2. It enhances proliferation and keratinisation of embryonic and neonatal epidermis in vivo and in vitro3,4. In spite of these morphologically well documented effects, attempts to demonstrate stimulation of epidermal DNA synthesis have failed5. In this communication we report that EGF considerably enhances precursor incorporation into DNA of chick embryo epidermal explants and that the responsiveness of the tissue to the hormone is increased by foetal calf serum.
Using an improved method of gel electrophoresis, many hitherto unknown
proteins have been found in bacteriophage T4 and some of these have been
identified with specific gene products. Four major components of the
head are cleaved during the process of assembly, apparently after the
precursor proteins have assembled into some large intermediate
structure.
The growth-stimulating effects of a protein (EGF) isolated from the submaxillary gland of the mouse on cultures of both intact skin and separated epidermal sheets derived from the chick embryo have been examined, both by standard histological techniques and by autoradiography with the aid of tritiated thymidine. One of the effects of the growth factor is to stimulate markedly epidermal proliferation and keratinization, both in organ cultures of intact skin and in dermis-free epidermal sheets.
Since 1922 when Wu proposed the use of the Folin phenol reagent for
the measurement of proteins (l), a number of modified analytical pro-
cedures ut.ilizing this reagent have been reported for the determination
of proteins in serum (2-G), in antigen-antibody precipitates (7-9), and
in insulin (10).
Although the reagent would seem to be recommended by its great sen-
sitivity and the simplicity of procedure possible with its use, it has not
found great favor for general biochemical purposes.
In the belief that this reagent, nevertheless, has considerable merit for
certain application, but that its peculiarities and limitations need to be
understood for its fullest exploitation, it has been studied with regard t.o
effects of variations in pH, time of reaction, and concentration of react-
ants, permissible levels of reagents commonly used in handling proteins,
and interfering subst.ances. Procedures are described for measuring pro-
tein in solution or after precipitation wit,h acids or other agents, and for
the determination of as little as 0.2 y of protein.
The primary structure of human urogastrone Epidermal growth factor-urogastrone, a polypeptide acquiring hormonal status Purification et etude chimique dune glycoproteine de Collocalia Radioreceptor assay for epidermal growth factor
- Gregory H Preston
- B M Munson
- P L Diczfalusky
- E Glover
- J Olson
Gregory H. and Preston B. M. (1977) The primary structure of human urogastrone. Int. J. Peptide protein Res. 9, 107 118. Hollenberg M. D. (1979) Epidermal growth factor-urogastrone, a polypeptide acquiring hormonal status. In Vitamins and Hormones (Edited by Munson P. L., Diczfalusky E., Glover J. and Olson R. E.), Vol. 37, pp. 69-I10. Academic Press, New York. Houdret N., Lhermitte M., Degand P. et Roussel P. (1975) Purification et etude chimique dune glycoproteine de Collocalia. Biochimie 57, 603~508. Imai Y., Ysushima T., Sasaki N. and Matsuzaki F. (1979) Radioreceptor assay for epidermal growth factor. In Growth and Growth Factors (Edited by Shizume K. and Takano K.), pp. 275-288. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. Jermyn M. A. (1975) Increasing the sensitivity of the anthrone method for carbohydrate. Analyt. Biochem. 68, 332-335.
Studies on the swiftlet's nest
- P S Kwan
- Y C Kong
Kwan P. S. and Kong Y. C. (1985) Studies on the swiftlet's nest (in Chinese) Ming Pao Monthly 231, 33-37.
Radioreceptor assay for epidermal growth factor
- Imai
Studies on the swiftlet's nest (in Chinese)
- Kwan