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Vol.51 - No. 2 THE JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE AND PHYSICAL FITNESS 211
J SPORTS MED PHYS FITNESS 2011;51:211-9
Anno: 2011
Mese: June
Volume: 51
No: 2
Rivista: THE JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE AND PHYSICAL FITNESS
Cod Rivista: J SPORTS MED PHYS FITNESS
Lavoro: 3145-JSM
titolo breve: THE EFFECTS OF ROPE JUMP TRAINING ON PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE IN
FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
primo autore: OZER
pagine: 211-9
D. OZER 1, I. DUZGUN 3, G. BALTACI 1, S. KARACAN 2, F. COLAKOGLU 4
The effects of rope or weighted rope jump training
on strength, coordination and proprioception
in adolescent female volleyball players
Received on February 16, 2010.
Accepted for publication on May 3, 2011.
Corresponding author: G. Baltaci, PT.Ph.D., FACSM, Unit of Sports
Physiotherapy, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Facul-
ty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey. E-
mail. ybaltaci@hacettepe.edu.tr
1Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation
Faculty of Health Sciences
Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
2Konya Selçuk University, School of Physical
Education and Sport, Konya, Turkey
3Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation
Faculty of Health Sciences
Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
4Gazi University, School of Physical Education
and Sport, Ankara, Turkey
Aim. The aim was to assess the effects of a 12-week “rope
jumping” and “weighted rope jumping” training programs
on functional parameters including multi-joint coordina-
tion and proprioception, strength, endurance in adolescent
female volleyball players.
Methods. Pretest posttest experimental design. Intervention:
Weighted Rope Training group (N.=9; 15±1 years), Rope
Training group (N.=9; 14.1±1.3 years) and Controls (N.=7;
14.4±1.3 years). Main Outcome Measures: Motor coordina-
tion, proprioception, strength and endurance of the lower ex-
tremities with concentric and eccentric performances in closed
kinetic chain on multi joint system assessed by the Monitorized
Squat system. Absolute average error (cm) and the standard
deviation for coordination and proprioception, Peak Force (N),
Total Work (Nm), Average Power (Nm/s), Maximal Speed for
strength and endurance tests were calculated. Kruskal-Wallis
and Mann Whitney U test were utilized.
Results. Weighted rope jump group had signicant decrease
for the deviation results of coordination on the concentric
and eccentric phases for both legs (P<0.05). Rope jump and
weighted rope jump groups had signicantly lower results on
non visible second movement deviation (P<0.05). In strength
tests, the difference was found for total work that there was
difference on the post assessment within groups in favour of
Weighted Rope Training group in comparison to controls
(P<0.05). Weighted Rope Training and control groups im-
proved in concentric maximal speed (P<0.05). Most signi-
cant changes occured on eccentric phaese of the endurance
tests that peak force increased in Weighted Rope Training
group (P<0.05).
Conclusions. Adding rope jump to training programs im-
proves joint repositioning and coordination. Weighted Rope
Training group got greater gains for coordination and eccen-
tric endurance parameters for lower extremities in a closed
kinetic chain.
K : Volleyball - Lower extremity - Psychomotor
performance - Proprioception - Physical endurance - Muscle
strength.
Volleyball is a complex discipline with high
technical, tactical and athletic demands on the
players.1 Serving, passing, and placing the ball are
accompanied by spiking or attacking actions.2 It is
desirable to possess a strong attack, smash, or spike
in order to achieve success in this sport.
Training in volleyball requires various exercises
and regimens for the total body. Training the func-
tion of the lower extremities is the main function of
all regimens since the jumping or hopping is the key
to the success of a player. Training the thigh mus-
culature for concentric and eccentric phases is im-
portant for maximal performance, rehabilitation, and
injury prevention.1
Rope jumping has been a major training tool for
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OZER THE EFFECTS OF ROPE JUMP TRAINING ON PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE IN FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
212 THE JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE AND PHYSICAL FITNESS June 2011
many sports like boxing, wrestling, tennis and mar-
tial arts. Lately, it has also been a favourite training
tool for volleyball players in addition to many other
training options. Rope jumping requires the coordina-
tion of several muscle groups to sustain the precisely
timed and rhythmic movements that are integral to the
exercise. It is the coordination of these muscle groups
that increases the athlete’s capacity for dynamic bal-
ance. It can also be used to develop the coordination
of neuromuscular skills, muscular strength, and cardio-
vascular endurance.3, 4 Rope jumping burns calories
and builds strength in the upper and lower body.4, 5
The effects of rope training on lower extremity
strength, endurance, coordination and proprioception
in a closed kinetic chain mechanism which mimics
the jumping performance in adolescent volleyball
players have not been researched very well.
Also weighted rope jumping has been another
choice because it combines the loading principle of
exercise with excessive load. The use of weighted
ropes may have additional advantages that are typi-
cally associated with core plyometrics.6 Weighted
ropes are commonly thought to help develop upper
body strength. There is also the question as to whether
weighted rope jumping has any additional effects in
comparison to unweighted ones to the lower extrem-
ity functions.
Factors that cause injuries in volleyball include a
proprioceptive decit, muscular weakness, and /or
absent coordination.1 Nowadays, assessing the joint
closed kinetic chain of the lower limb for strength,
endurance, motor coordination and proprioception
by means of these neurophysiological parameters is
very important.7
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of
a 12-week “rope jumping” and “weighted rope jump-
ing” training program on functional parameters us-us-
ing monitored rehab functional squat tests includ-monitored rehab functional squat tests includ-
ing strength, endurance, multijoint coordination and
proprioception in eccentric-concentric phases in
comparison with each other and controls.
Materials and methods
The study was conducted on 25 female subjects,
aged 13-16 years (mean age=14.5±1.2 yrs; Body
Mass Index (BMI) mean=20.6±2.5 kg/m²) who had
played experienced-volleyball for at least 2 years.
The players were randomly divided into three
groups: Group I= Weighted Rope Training Group
(WRJ; N.=9), Group II=Rope Training Group (RT,
N.=9) and Group III=Control Group (N.=7). The
control group consisted of volleyball players ran-
domly selected from a High School in Ankara. All
subjects and their parents had read and signed an in-
stitutionally approved informed consent form before
the evaluations.
Exclusion criteria were: 1) having had lower ex-
tremity pain in movement rated at least 3/10 on an 11
point numeric rating scale; 2) having a systemic pa-
thology including inammatory joint disease; 3) hav-
ing had active intervention related to lower extremity
pathology in the last 3 months; 4) having taken anti-
inammatory medication in the past two weeks.
Before testing began the following information
was obtained: age, height, weight, years in playing
sport, and years in current position.
T I.—12-wk Rope jumping training program for Group I and II.
Training
No
Training/
Rest
Duration
(s)
Number
of
sets
Training
No
Training/
Rest
Duration
(s)
Number
of
sets
Training
No
Training/
Rest
Duration
(s)
Number
of
sets
Training
No
Training/
Rest
Duration
(s)
Number
of
sets
1-wk
1 30/30 1
2wk
4 40/40 1
3wk
7 50/50 1
4wk
10 60/60 1
2 30/30 1 5 40/40 1 8 50/50 1 11 60/60 1
3 30/30 1 6 40/40 1 9 50/50 1 12 60/60 1
5-wk
13 30/30 2
6wk
16 40/40 2
7wk
19 50/50 2
8wk
22 60/60 2
14 30/30 2 17 40/40 2 20 50/50 2 23 60/60 2
15 30/30 2 18 40/40 2 21 50/50 2 24 60/60 2
9wk
25 30/30 3
10wk
28 40/40 3
11wk
31 50/50 3
12wk
34 60/60 3
26 30/30 3 29 40/40 3 32 50/50 3 35 60/60 3
27 30/30 3 30 40/40 3 33 50/50 3 36 60/60 3
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The measurements were applied to the groups
twice, pre and post training after the 12-wk train-
ing program. All evaluations were conducted by
the same examiner (D.O.), who used a standardized
protocol to ensure the consistency of subject posi-
tioning, instructions, and overall testing procedures
in the morning between 10 and 12 am. Before the
tests all subjects were informed about the partic-
ular requirements of the tests and they were pro-
vided with standardized 10 min warm-up exercise
programs including basic stretching exercises for
the lower extremities.
Subjects in Group I received a technical train-
ing program with a weighted rope three times a
week for twelve weeks. Group II was given the
same training program but with a normal rope. The
control group followed only a technical training
program for the same duration. The 12- week rope
training programs are provided in Table I.6
Two different kinds of rope were used in this
study. The RT group used the cable rope (Selex) and
the length of the rope, the part of the rope weight,
and the total weight were 270 cm, 100 g and 160 g;
respectively. The WRT group used the weighted rope
(Power rope (V-3067)) and the length of the rope, the
part of the rope weight and the total weight were 260
cm, 600 g and 695 g; respectively.
Testing procedure
Recently, a functional squat system was intro-
duced by Monitored Rehab Systems (Functional
Squat System Machine, Monitored Rehabilitation
Systems, Harlem in The Netherlands) that mimics
the movement coordination pattern of a squat jump,
under the control of external load and has started to
be popular for assessment and treatment.7-11
After the piece of equipment was introduced to the
subjects and each person became familiar with it, the
tests began. In order to prevent the occurrence of fa-
tigue, the coordination and proprioception tests were
done rst and then strength and endurance tests were
applied respectively. Participants were instructed to
lie on the bed of the “Functional Squat System”, su-
pine with both legs lifted up, hips and knee exed
to 90 degrees, and feet in full contact on the plat-
form of the machine in a squat position. Participants
were asked to extend the knees to 0 degree with full
contact of their feet to determine the minimum and
maximum range of motion (ROM) of the lower ex-
tremity. The rst procedure is to specify the test for
the subject, since the extremity length and range of
motion differs from subject to subject (Figure 1).
Then specic instructions were given before each
test. This procedure was applied before every test
application.
Coordination and proprioception
Proprioception was rst dened by Charles Bell as
the fundamental anatomical basis for sense, percep-
tion and movement. Bell included within this muscu-
lar sense the senses of position and movement, and
then the most contemporary authorities described
it as a specialized variation of the sensory modal-
ity of the sensation of joint movement (kinesthesia)
and joint position (joint position sense).12 Coordina-
tion has been dened as a cooperative interaction
between the nervous system and skeletal muscles
and therefore encompasses the proprioceptive abili-
ties in a broader sense that includes neuromuscular
control.13
The tracking-trajectory test has proved to be a
good tool for the evaluation of motor coordination
during multi-joint closed kinetic chain action of the
lower limb musculature.7
Firstly coordination and then proprioception were
Figure 1.—Assessment of the participants on Monitored Squat
System.
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214 THE JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE AND PHYSICAL FITNESS June 2011
tested. The coordination test was performed unilat-
erally with a load minimizing force control (5 kg)
and consisted of 60 seconds of target tracking during
eccentric and concentric contractions of the lower
limb. Participants were provided with ongoing vi-
sual feedback of their position by means of a cursor
(a sort of target) displayed on the monitor in front
of them. They were instructed to match the criterion
trajectory as accurately as possible.7-9
In the proprioceptive test, participants were in-
structed to keep the crosshair on the line, even af-
ter the visual aid had disappeared, for an objective
quantication of proprioceptive ability for 60 sec-
onds (Figure 2). The software automatically cal-
culated the absolute average error (in cm) and the
standard deviation (S.D.) of the average error. Both
average and S.D. error were independently quanti-
ed as a function of the action mode (concentric ver-
sus eccentric) and of the tested lower limb (dominant
versus non-dominant).
Strength and endurance
Strength capacity test is a power capacity test. The
test principle is to execute a short series at a high
speed, with a relatively high weight (70% to 80%
maximum). Endurance capacity test is a strength
endurance test. The principle is to executive a long
repetitive series as fast as possible, with a relatively
light weight (50% to 60% maximum).14
After setting the minimum and maximum ROM,
the test person was told to reach a (concentric) high
speed to get information about maximal speed with
maximal weight from the hips and knees 90° ex-
ion to 0° extension of the knees with full contact of
the feet and then to slow down in an (eccentric) con-
trolled manner. The number of 3 trial repetitions was
selected as 10. The weight was chosen as 30 kg for
all subjects according to the guidelines of machine.
Testing started with the dominant side and after a
rest of 15 seconds the non-dominant side was tested.
During the test the software counted the repetitions
and gave a feedback to the test person.
After 3 minutes the Functional Endurance test
was performed to get information about the endur-
ance of muscle groups. The positions were the same
as for the strength test. The test person was told to
perform 20 repetitions at the highest speed possible
with 10 kg. Peak Force (PF) gives information about
the combination of weight and speed in Newtons;
Total Work (TW) shows total capacity within ROM
in Nm; Average Power (AP) which is TW divided
by time; Maximal Speed (MS) is the maximal speed
performed during the one repetition. These were tak-
en as the main results from both strength and endur-
ance tests.14
Statistical analysis
The statistical analysis was performed using the
SPSS-PC+ (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) soft-
ware. The differences between pre and post values
were calculated and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used
for these value differences between groups. Accord-
ing to the results of the test the signicant test results
were compared with the Mann-Whitney U test. Pre-
test results of the groups were also determined with
the Kruskal-Wallis test. The level of signicance for
all statistical analysis was set at α value of <0.05.
Figure 2.—Proprioceptive testing.
T II.—The characteristics of the subjects.
Variables
Weighted rope
Jumping
(WRJ)
X±SD
Rope
jumping
(RJ)
X±SD
Control
X±SD P
Age (years) 15±1 14.1±1.3 14.4±1.3 0.305
Height (cm) 166±6 165±5 161±5 0.132
Weight (kg) 59.4±8.3 57.7±9.7 50±7.8 0.76
Body Mass Index (BMI)
(kg/m²) 21.4±1.9 21.2±3.1 19.1±2 0.157
P<0.05
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Vol. 51 - No. 2 THE JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE AND PHYSICAL FITNESS 215
Results
The age, body height, body weight and BMI values
(mean±standard deviation) of the volleyball players
in each group are given in Table II. There were no
signicant differences in body weight, height, and
BMI among the groups I, II and III (P>0.05).
Coordination and proprioception tests results were
given in Figures 3, 4 respectively.
Coordination
By making comparisons within groups, before and
after training, it was determined that the WRJ group
showed a signicant decrease in the deviation results
on the concentric and eccentric phases for both dom-
inant and non-dominant legs (F=3.78, P<0.05).
But between groups the weighted rope jump group
had signicantly higher concentric and eccentric re-
sults before training, in comparison to other groups
(F=5.97, P<0.01).
Proprioception
With pre and post training comparisons between
simple rope jump and weighted all rope jump groups
had signicantly lower results on non visible devia-
tion of second movement (P<0.05).
No signicant difference was found between the
weighted rope jump groups and controls (P>0.05).
Strength capacity
PF, TW, AP, MS results for strength test were
shown in Figure 5.
1. Peak Force: no signicant difference was found
for PF results for concentric-eccentric, dominant-
non-dominant sides between groups, within groups,
and by means of group interactions (P>0.05).
2. Total Work: there was a signicant difference
between weighted rope jump groups and controls on
eccentric TW of the dominant side (P<0.05).
3. Average Power: no signicant difference was
found for AP results for eccentric, dominant-non-
dominant sides between groups and within groups
(P>0.05). Signicant increase was determined for
the concentric dominant side AP of the rope jump
and control groups (P<0.05).
4. Maximal Speed: there were signicant differ-
ences for eccentric dominant and non-dominant MS
results of the groups for pre and post training and on
comparing groups, weighted rope jump and control
groups had higher results for concentric dominant
and non-dominant sides (F=3.78, P<0.05, F=7.55,
P<0.01).
Endurance capacity
PF, TW, AP, MS for endurance test results were
shown in Figure 6.
1. Peak Force: no signicant difference was found
for concentric dominant and non-dominant sides for
groups for pre and post training results (P>0.05),
but there were signicant differences between the
weighted rope jump group and controls for eccentric
non-dominant side when the groups were compared
(P<0.05). Comparisons between groups also showed
that there were signicant differences on PF for pre
and post training results (P<0.05).A signicant dif-
Pre con
in dev
Post con
in dev
Pre con
nonin
dev
Post con
nonin
dev
Pre ecc
in dev
Post ecc
in dev
Pre ecc
nonin
dev
Post ecc
nonin
dev
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
cm
* *
**
*
†
†
†
*
Rope jump Weighted rope jump Control
Pre non
visi dev
FM
Post non
visi dev
FM
Pre visi
dev FM
Post visi
dev FM
Pre non
visi dev
SM
Post non
visi dev
SM
Pre visi
dev SM
Post visi
dev SM
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
cm
*
* *
†
Rope jump Weighted rope jump Control
Figure 3.—Coordinative concentric and eccentric dominant and
non dominant side deviations.
Figure 4.—Proprioceptive nonvisible visible deviation rst and
second movement.
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ference was shown in the eccentric dominant side
results between weighted rope jump groups and rope
jump and controls (P<0.05).
2. Total work: there were no differences for con-
centric dominant and non-dominant TW results
in the groups by means of pre and post training
(P>0.05). Eccentric non-dominant leg results were
signicantly higher in the weighted rope jump group
in comparison to controls (P<0.05).
3. Average Power: no signicant difference was
found for concentric dominant and non dominant
legs in pre and post training (P>0.05). Comparison
between groups showed signicant differences be-
tween WRJ group and control group (P<0.05). By
comparing groups it was shown that RJ groups were
signicantly different in eccentric phase, on domi-
nant and non dominant sides P<0.01)
4. Maximal Speed: No difference was found for
concentric dominant and non-dominant results for
pre- and post assessment (P>0.05).
Comparison between groups showed that there
was a signicant difference for RJ and Controls on
the eccentric dominant side (P<0.05).
Discussion
The study that examined coordination, proprio-
ception, strength and endurance in a closed kinetic
chain mechanism with an eccentric following con-
centric cycle for three different training programs
showed these very signicant ndings: 1) the WJT
group was the most improved group by means of co-
ordination on concentric and eccentric cycles; 2) non
visible proprioception was improved both for the RJ
and WRJ groups; 3) endurance results for eccentric
phases showed differences brought about by differ-
ent training methods.
The sport of volleyball creates considerable low-
er extremity coordination demands for performing
block jump landings and pendulum rebound jumps.
Some studies assessed lower limb coordination with
different tests in volleyball players and stressed its
importance for both prevention and rehabilitati-rehabilitati-
on.15-18 In this study coordination was assessed with
the “Functional Squat Sytem” and the test itself is
not related to strength but is related to the quality of
movement both on concentric and eccentric phases.
As a major outcome of this study, the WRJ group
*
**
*
*
*
†
Pre ecc
inv AP
Post ecc
inv AP
Pre ecc
noninv
AP
Post ecc
noninv
AP
Pre con
inv AP
Post con
inv AP
Pre con
noninv
AP
Post con
noninv
AP
150
200
250
100
50
0
W
*
Rope jump Weighted rope jump Control
C
Pre ecc
inv MS
Post ecc
inv MS
Pre ecc
noninv
MS
Post ecc
noninv
MS
Pre con
inv MS
Post con
inv MS
Pre con
noninv
MS
Post con
noninv
MS
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
cm/s
D
Pre ecc
inv PF
Post ecc
inv PF
Pre ecc
noninv
PF
Post ecc
noninv
PF
Pre con
inv PF
Post con
inv PF
Pre con
noninv
PF
Post con
noninv
PF
700
800
900
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
N
*
A
Pre ecc
inv TW
Post ecc
inv TW
Pre ecc
noninv
TW
Post ecc
noninv
TW
Pre con
inv TW
Post con
inv TW
Pre con
noninv
TW
Post con
noninv
TW
1500
2000
2500
1000
500
0
N. m
B
Figure 5.—Strength a) Peak Force; b)Total Work; c) Average Power; d) Maximal Speed.
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had the most improved results on coordination tests
although it started with the higher deviations. The
RJ group however showed improvement only on the
eccentric phase on dominant side. Lee 19 emphasized
that concentrating on the spinning cycle of rope and
hoping on it brings out complicated neuromuscu-
lar corrections. Even very basic activities with rope
itself needs not only coordination of the lower ex-
tremities but also harmony of the upper and lower
extremities and rope.19 In order to get maximum gain
for coordination the use of weighted rope may be
strongly recommended for volleyball players.
Lately, lack of proprioception seems highly corre-
lated with injuries in sports. So, many training regi-
mens include sport specic proprioceptive exercises
with the use of balance boards, balance pads as an
effective and economic ways of training for balance
and proprioception.20-22 Using rope, whether weight-
ed or non-weighted as an extra material in the train-
ing program seemed to decrease non-visible devia-
tions especially in the long term. In the assessment
of the proprioception test we wanted to look at the
quality of reproducing a certain joint position and we
conclude that RJ training, whether weighted or not,
made it certain in their joint positioning in a non-
visible position that the person learns where the rope
located in the space that improves kinestetic sense.
Similarly Ropics emphasized that rope jumping
might create strong kinestatic sense that improves
the ability of sportsmen and the experience of sport
itself.23
The lower limb strength of volleyball players is
generally evaluated by isokinetic systems or func-
tional performance tests in the literature.24-26 Au-
gustsson and Thomee studied the ability of open and
closed kinetic chain tests of muscular strength to as-
sess functional performance and they recommended
that the effect of training or rehabilitation interven-
tions should be based exclusively on tests of muscu-
lar strength. Rather various forms of dynamometry
including functional tests could be suggested (27).
A closed kinetic strength test in “Functional Squat
System” was chosen as an evaluation since it may
mimic the functional jumping performance of the
body with full contact of the feet but the impulsion of
the body. No difference was found for PF but for TW
there was a difference in the post assessment within
groups in favour of WRJ in comparison to controls.
*
****
**
†
†
†
†
†
† †
Pre ecc
inv MS
Post ecc
inv MS
Pre ecc
noninv
MS
Post ecc
noninv
MS
Pre con
inv MS
Post con
inv MS
Pre con
noninv
MS
Post con
noninv
MS
50
60
70
40
30
0
10
20
cm/s
Rope jump Weighted rope jump Control
C
Pre ecc
inv AP
Post ecc
inv AP
Pre ecc
noninv
AP
Post ecc
noninv
AP
Pre con
inv AP
Post con
inv AP
Pre con
noninv
AP
Post con
noninv
AP
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
0
20
W
D
Pre ecc
inv TW
Post ecc
inv TW
Pre ecc
noninv
TW
Post ecc
noninv
TW
Pre con
inv TW
Post con
inv TW
Pre con
noninv
TW
Post con
noninv
TW
2000
2500
3000
1500
1000
500
0
N. m
A
Pre ecc
inv PF
Post ecc
inv PF
Pre ecc
noninv
PF
Post ecc
noninv
PF
Pre con
inv PF
Post con
inv PF
Pre con
noninv
PF
Post con
noninv
PF
400
450
500
350
300
0
50
100
150
200
250
N.
B
Figure 6.—Endurance a) Peak Force; b)Total Work; c) Average Power; d) Maximal Speed.
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The WRJ group did not get any advantage from AP
but improved in concentric MS. The Control group
also showed improvements in concentric MS.
Strength results did not result in any drastic
change. Since the upper extremity bears the weight
of the rope, lower extremity strength may not be
affected. Like Ropics our studies also showed that
rope jumping did not strengthen muscles as it did
in weight training.23 Further studies for lower ex-
tremities need to be done in closed and open Kinetic
chains for different training groups. The results of
upper extremity strength in volleyball players were
shown in other studies.28, 29
Muscular endurance is one of the main parameters
of sport-specic health and tness. The most signi-
cant change in the eccentric phases of the tests was
that the PF increased in the WRJ group. It was seen
that different training regimens brought about dif-
ferences between themselves for TW and AP. Rope
jumping has often been referred to as an effective
warm-up to plyometric exercises. Unlike most other
plyometrics exercises, rope jumping allows this ac-
tivity to be repeated hundreds of times per session.
This accent on repeated jumps also underscores a
plyometrics principle that emphasizes the force pro-
duction of eccentric (stretched) contractions over
concentric (shortened) contractions. In rope jump-
ing the concentric contraction takes place during the
landing phase of each jump. This landing phase pro-
gresses into the subsequent take-off phase (eccentric)
contraction of each jump. The gravity-assisted land-
ing phase (concentric) contraction provides the force
necessary for the explosiveness executed on each
subsequent jump. By jumping less than an inch from
the surface and landing lightly on the balls of the
feet, the neuromuscular system becomes thoroughly
trained in and adapts to this key principle of plyo-
metrics.6, 30 Gerald and Stanley’s ndings suggested
that weighted rope jumping is a viable alternative to
high impact plyometric exercises.31 Also in prospec-
tive, randomised, clinical trials, eccentric exercises
have shown good results in rehabilitation.32-34 RJ and
WRJ had some effects on eccentric phases of con-
centric-eccentric contractions that might be effective
for injury prevention. Further follow up studies may
show the effects of the rate of injury for groups in
the long term.
To our knowledge this was the rst randomized
trial that evaluated lower extremity in this way and
showed many results. It may be a useful guide and
an addition to the training programmes of volleyball
players. Rope jumping training is also recommended
to be used as an effective way for the improvement
of aerobic capacity and reduction in the percentage
of body fat.35
However there were limitations to our study. Our
sample was a homogeneous group of healthy young
students. It is unclear if our results could be applied
across populations. We did not evaluate any func-
tional tests regarding jumping performance or run-
ning. Further studies, which also focus on functional
assessment and eld tests, such as isokinetic test for
open kinetic chain, EMG analysis for muscle activa-
tion may be added. Another aspect when interpret-
ing the results from this study is that the inuence of
psychosocial factors like motivation during test and
training sessions were not taken into consideration.
Individual characteristics, the relationships to team,
coach and friends are unknown, because this area
was not covered by our studies. Future researchers
should investigate the effects of these training pro-
grams on other sports.
Conclusions
In conclusion, adding Rope jumping to training
programs improves joint repositioning and coordi-
nation. WRJ training got greater gains for coordina-
tion and eccentric endurance parameters but there
was not an advantage in favour of strength for lower
extremities in a closed kinetic chain. We also recom-
mend for improving in coordination and propriocep-
tion both WRJ and Rope Jumping training which are
an impressive, preventive, cost-effective, entertain-
ing training program for volleyball players.
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