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Intra-Industry Trade in the Baltic Sea Region
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to analyse economic integration in the Baltic Sea Region as it has emerged from mid-1990s. More importantly, we seek to assess the quality of integration as conferred by the development of intra-industry trade between the two groups of countries in the Baltic Sea region: Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Germany at the Western coast, and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland at the Eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. The analysis of the change in the quality of the traded goods reveals that the economic intergration in the Baltic Sea Region has so far not led to a vast increase of the competitiveness of industry at the relatively less developed Eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. The equalisation of market prices has predominantly taken place in the trade of raw materials, whereas the Eastern countries continue to trade with deficit in the majority of manufactured goods where the equalisation of unit prices has actually taken place. The above seems to support the results of our previous research, in which we have concluded that the economies of the Baltic States and Poland continue to act as lower value-added parts of the cross-border clusters in the Baltic Sea Region. Consequently, if catching up in living standards with the northern and western neighbours is envisioned, much more systematic investment into education and technology is needed in the Baltic States and Poland.
Perdagangan intra-industri (intra-industry trade, IIT) adalah perdagangan internasional untuk produk-produk yang dihasilkan oleh sektor yang sama. Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, IIT mendapatkan porsi perhatian yang cukup besar dari para ekonom dunia. Sejumlah studi empiris telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui manfaat serta faktor-faktor penentu perdagangan intra-industri. Hanya saja penelitian yang dilakukan lebih dititikberatkan pada hubungan dagang antar negara-negara industri dan masih sedikit diantara studi itu yang dilakukan dengan kasus negara-negara berkembang, termasuk perdagangan antara Indonesia dengan negara-negara mitra dagangnya. Tulisan ini mencoba menganalisa pola perdagangan Indonesia dengan sejumlah negara mitra dagang di kawasan Asia dalam periode 1992 – 2005. Hasil analisis baik dengan menggunakan pendekatan statis, yaitu Grubel-Lyod Index (Indeks GL) maupun pendekatan dinamis, yaitu indikator Brülhart (marginal intra-industry trade, MIIT dan Performance Sectoral Index) menunjukkan bahwa dalam periode studi terjadi perubahan pola perdagangan Indonesia. Berdasarkan analisa statis yang dilakukan diperoleh hasil yang menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan dari tahun ke tahun terjadi peningkatan perdagangan intra-industri antara Indonesia dengan negara-negara mitra dagang di kawasan Asia. Artinya, dalam periode studi telah terjadi peningkatan dalam ekspor dan impor antara produk untuk barang-barang atau komoditi dengan klasifikasi industri yang sama. Hal ini terutama terjadi untuk produk-produk manufaktur (SITC 5-8). Selain itu juga diperoleh hasil dari analisa statis bahwa dalam periode studi telah terjadi peningkatan perdagangan intra-industri antara Indonesia dengan negara-negara mitra dagang Asia seperti Malaysia, Singapura, dan Thailand, China, dan Australia. Sementara itu, hasil analisa dinamis dengan menggunakan indeks perdagangan intra-industri marjinal menunjukkan bahwa dalam periode studi, perdagangan intra-industri antara Indonesia dengan negara-negara mitra di kawasan Asia semakin pesat. Disamping itu, hasil analisa tersebut juga menunjukkan semakin terintegrasinya Indonesia dengan negara-negara di kawasan ASEAN. Indeks kinerja sektoral menunjukkan bahwa meskipun perdagangan intra-industri semakin berkembang, namun perdagangan antara Indonesia dengan negara-negara mitra dagang di kawasan Asia masih didominasi oleh tipe perdagangan inter-industri. Artinya, keunggulan komparatif masih berperan penting dalam perdagangan internasional Indonesia. Analisa sektoral juga menunjukkan bahwa industri dalam negeri masih memerlukan pembenahan mengingat kinerja mereka masih kalah dibandingkan dengan sektor sejenis di negara-negara di kawasan Asia.
This article contributes to the discussion on changes in intra-industry competitiveness of the economies of the Visegrad Group countries during the crisis. It attempts to prove the thesis that in the case of the analyzed countries their intra-industry trade was relatively more resilient to negative consequences of the crisis than their global turnovers. The article presents the most important results of analyses of the trade flows which the countries under research had in the initial years after the accession and during the crisis. Particular attention is paid to identification of the most significant tendencies shaping these countries’ intra-industry trade with the New Member States (EU-10) and with the EU-15 countries.
The global financial crisis, mostly triggered by external factors, interrupted the trend toward enhanced strength of the EU-10 economies, which was the outcome of the solid structural reforms carried out in the pre-accession era. In this regard, this article investigates the following research problem: what have been the changes in intra-industry competitiveness of the new member states (EU-10) economies during the crisis, and to what degree have the positive adaptive processes taking place in the structures of their economies before and after their accession to the EU-which reflected the extent of their preparations for full integration with the single EU market-been influenced by this crisis? This paper aims to present the main results of our analysis of changes in the trade flows of the examined countries in the initial years after the accession (2003-2008), and subsequently during the crisis (2009-2011). It especially focuses on presenting the main tendencies in intra-industry trade development in mutual trade among the new member states and with the EU-15 countries, and the main changes in a vertical and horizontal intra-industry specialization.
This paper investigates the extent of intra-industry trade between Lithuania and the European Union and its role in export specialization. Lithuanian integration into the EU had an influence on the changes of intra-industry trade and export structure. The paper analyses the basic methods of intra-industry trade and export specialization measurement; the pattern of intra-industry trade between Lithuania and the EU, the influence of this form of trade on the changes of export structure. For measurement of Lithuanian intra-industry trade in the paper two approaches are adopted. The Grubel-Lloy index is used to calculate the intensity of intra-industry trade and thus to determine its relative importance compared to inter-industry trade. Secondly, the changes in trade over time are examined using an index of marginal intra-industry trade. Using these methods of measurement and Combined Nomenclature of commodities (CN) are calculated that Lithuania export specialization is based on similar goods with relatively different quality. It was determined that Lithuania has advantages in such CN groups as milk, fish products and other products. The EU has advantages in trade of product fruit, vegetables, coffee and other products.
The globalization and integration processes opened additional possibilities for development of international trade. A large part of trade consists of intra-industry trade, defined as the exchange of broadly similar goods. Intra-industry trade has risen rapidly in the past three decades and now accounts for more than half of all trade manufactures among the industrial countries. Current economic integration process expanded the boundaries of the European Union thus influencing tendencies of changes of intra-industry trade.The causes of intra-industry trade, and its implica-tions for structural adjustment and the gains from trade, have been the subject of much study. Traditional theories such as comparative advantages or factor endowments state that countries with different resources or factor en-dowments will trade with each other. But empirical evi-dences show that countries with similar endowments do more trade these days. Based on new theories, monopo-listic competition and increasing returns lead to intra-industry trade among countries, whereas the old com-parative advantage is still applied for countries sepa-rated by high economic distance. Many studies suggest that more developed countries and more specialized trade structure lead to higher intra-industry trade. To under-stand why economists have to turn their attention to in-tra-industry trade and its importance are analyzed in this article. The importance of intra-industry trade arises from its basic character: it does not need to be based on comparative advantage. To a large extent intra-industry trade arises from the facts that products are differenti-ated and the production of any particular product re-quires some fixed costs.Increasing part of intra-industry trade in the volume of global trade is of the importance to the changes of economy, export and import structure of separate coun-tries. This leads to changing nature of international trade and its structure of goods. Therefore the influence of in-tra-industry trade on the nature of international trade is analyzed in this article. Seeking to define the influence of intra-industry trade on the nature of international trade the basic theories of intra-industry trade, differences of inter-industry and intra-industry trade are analyzed in the article. For the analysis of the importance of intra-industry trade its share in international trade is meas-ured. Therefore the methods of measurement of impor-tance of intra-industry trade are analyzed in this article.Using Grubel-Lloyd index and standard international trade classification, there was established the nature of international trade between the European Union and its main partners and performed the analysis of Lithuanian intra-industry trade. On the basis of researches the im-portance of intra-industry trade in respect of interna-tional trade nature changes was evaluated in the article.
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