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Léon Walras et la conciliation des vérités

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Abstract

Selon Léon Walras, il est possible de définir la société idéale et, dans l'avenir, celle-ci se réalisera nécessairement. Cependant, un problème majeur se pose. L'Idéal social doit être conforme à la vérité pure, vérité économique pure et vérité morale pure, et il doit être à la fois un Idéal de justice et un Idéal d'intérêt. Quelle relation entre ces Idéaux ? Y-a-t-il harmonie ou antinomie ? S'ils ne sont pas un, s'ils sont pluriels, comment se concilient-ils ? L'Idéal social apparaît comme le résultat d'une synthèse, et même de synthèses...
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
Manuscrit auteur, publié dans "N/P"
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
halshs-00138312, version 1 - 17 Apr 2007
Chapter
The conceptual approach to solidarity-based management certainly requires a return to the foundations of the economy and the historical production of knowledge that renders invisible experiences in non-English speaking countries, where solidarity is not reduced to the mere charity. The managerial revolution described by Burnham was likely to encompass the technical, economic, and political dimensions in a single approach. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, management thinkers have to go one step further and to engage in a societal turn. Thus, they can change the usual vision and favor the emergence of a school of organizational thought focused on solidarity. By rediscovering solidarist authors, a counter-history can be written and new lenses can be adopted to better look at cooperatives, mutualist organizations, associations, organizations of the popular economy, or all organizational forms of resistance to capitalism.KeywordsManagement unthoughtManagerial revolutionSocietal turnSolidarist authorsCounter-historySolidarity perspective
Thesis
Traitant la question du meilleur régime économique dans une démarche de philosophie politique appliquée, nous menons une critique du capitalisme d’un point de vue non pas marxiste mais libéral, au sens de la doctrine fondant la démocratie moderne. Nous appliquons les critères de justice de Rawls aux statistiques de Piketty sur les inégalités pour montrer que le capitalisme est injuste, ce qui exige de forger une interprétation projective, réellement applicable, du principe de différence. Passant de l’évaluatif au prescriptif, nous proposons un régime alternatif : l’équitéisme, qui place en son cœur non plus le capital, mais l’équité. Plutôt que l’accroissement de la réglementation ou de la fiscalité, nous prônons une réforme en profondeur des institutions organisant la circulation de la richesse (la monnaie), sa production (l’entreprise) et sa transmission (l’héritage). Ligne de crête entre libertarianisme et républicanisme, cet institutionnalisme libéral requiert une forme de criticisme juridique distinguant, au sein du droit positif, deux types de dispositions : celles qui transcrivent des droits naturels à sanctuariser (propriété, liberté contractuelle) et celles du « droit positif pur » que l’État institue souverainement, pour conférer aux agents des droits surérogatoires par rapport aux droits naturels. Cela autorise la mise en place des trois piliers de l’équitéisme : la monnaie libre (désencastrée du marché de la dette), l’entreprise partenariale (émancipée de l’actionnariat) et l’héritage universel (libéré du cadre lignager). Échappant à l’emprise du capital, cette économie de marché non capitaliste respecterait la justice commutative, distributive et attributive.
Book
Este livro parte de um diagnóstico crítico sobre a dupla insustentabilidade que tem caracterizado a dinâmica do desenvolvimento das sociedades contemporâneas: a crise ambiental e o aumento das desigualdades. Tais condições têm revelado um déficit de solidariedade tanto na relação dos seres humanos com a natureza, quanto na relação das pessoas entre si. É assim que o livro funda sua reflexão num paradoxo importante relativo ao lugar da solidariedade nas sociedades atuais: nunca antes houve tanta necessidade de fortalecê-la, tanto no plano nacional quanto internacional, e a reflexão a seu propósito jamais foi tão eludida, tão desconhecida, para não dizer tão desacreditada. Após salientar como a solidariedade foi invisibilizada na construção do conhecimento sobre as organizações e a gestão, o livro explora a emergência de práticas organizacionais inovadoras visando responder aos dilemas dessa dupla insustentabilidade. São os desafios e potencialidades contidos numa outra economia que nos convida a refletir sobre uma outra gestão.
Article
What is the purpose of economic science? Is it about discovering general laws of economic behaviour? Is it about policy-making? And how do those objectives tie in with political views and normative preferences? In 1882–1883 a debate about the existence of economic laws arose between the French Liberal School and Émile de Laveleye, who had just published his Éléments d’économie politique. The debate concerned the form and meaning of economic science and it was bound up with the political views of both sides. A third party to this debate, Léon Walras, was having great difficulty in finding institutional and political support. Although he was closer to the French Liberals in terms of method, he was more inclined to Laveleye’s views concerning the purpose of political economy and in his political outlook. Based on unpublished letters, we will trace the imbroglio between method and purpose of political economy in the triangle formed by Émile de Laveleye, Léon Walras and the “orthodox” French Liberal School.
Article
Full-text available
Léon Walras and the ordoliberals share the opinion that State intervention in favour of a competitive order is a central element of economic policy. Hence, can Walras be regarded as a forerunner of ordoliberalism? This study performs a methodological and ontological analysis of Walras’ and Eucken’s thoughts and sheds light on another common ground: philosophical idealism. By taking different inclinations – Walras’ Teleological Realism vs Eucken’s Historicist Conceptualism – these authors reveal different relations with reality and methodological stances, which result in opposing philosophies of History. Paradoxically, by revealing tenuous epistemological bonds, we set a new distance between Walras and the ordoliberals.
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