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Parametric Design Process of a Complex Building In Practice Using Programmed Code As Master Model
Abstract
Parameter based design explorations inevitably require a unified master model that represents the current design state, where each parameter being explored is essentially a critical sub-case of this master model. Throughout the constantly changing design state, it is beneficial to maintain a master model that is flexible and adaptive. This paper describes the design process of a complex building whose master model documented the design logic through implementation of software code. This process is illustrated by the case study of Lotte Super Tower (Seoul, Korea) from the beginning of schematic design to end of construction document phase. By maintaining the master model as a platform-free software code, in contrast to platform-dependent methods, the case study illuminates the advantages of documenting the generative logic behind design variations in a way that allows greater flexibility and a higher level of alignment with design intent.
... Ecotect and Green Building Studio are owned by Autodesk while the former is an environmental analysis tool that is the least versatile in terms of value and costs and the latter is a webbased energy analysis service that provides users with the capability of evaluating the environmental impact of building components in the early design stage, more versatile than Ecotect but lacking Acoustic capabilities (Azhar, Brown and Farooqui, 2009). In initial form-finding stages, the current set of interfaces in Revit imposes constraints and often explorations of form are executed in a flexible environment and imported into Revit and currently it is used more successfully as a project delivery platform (Park and Holt, 2010). ...
... Scripting within DP can relieve some of the rigidity but the user is still tied to the platform-specific geometrical primitives. Parametric modelling toolset cannot capture the progression of the design logic through various iterations and changes, either due to immaturity of the toolset or its rigidity (Park and Holt, 2010). ...
... The designers used parametric modelling to create the diagrid form of the building while facing challenges especially in designing the large number of diagrid connections. They end up using specific technical solutions not only for the 3D modelling and visualisation but also in using Visual Basic scripts within software programmes (Khemlani, 2009;Brown and Besjak, 2009) This project has been chosen to study because it fits into the third item of the case selection criteria using several BIM platforms and also the design team in this project had an innovative approach regarding information management and modelling as they created "a master data model" by scripting in the form of programmed codes to make the information flow easier (Park and Holt, 2010) and in a way, they translated BIM approach in to a new attitude rather than just using available software packages. ...
Building Information Modelling is known as a revolution in the industry and it is changing the design process and the way designers create the buildings. Among the stages of design, conceptualization is being affected by BIM adoption as well. BIM has brought a lot of benefits to design but still designers are struggling to implement BIM at the very early stage of the design process. Thus, this study has been conducted to investigate how BIM is transforming concept design process and what could be the possible answer to overcome the barriers of BIM adoption at conceptualization.
... Employs reinforced concrete diagrid as primary lateral loadresisting system. Due to the properties of concrete, the structural diagrid patterns which are directly expressed as building facade aesthetics are more fluid and irregular (Figure 12), and different from the pristine features of steel diagrids [16]. This efficiency and modulation enables the shell to create a wide range of atmospheric and visual effects in the structure without changing the basic structural form [27]. ...
... According to Figure 27, it can be concluded that first, the height of diagrid structures has increased significantly during the last decade. Broadly speaking, among the 200 tallest buildings in the world, 76% are within the range of 50-70 stories, showing that this range is still the most economic choice [16]. Buildings with 50-70 stories stand in the second group and the number of buildings in this group has increased by time which may result from economic considerations. ...
... In diagrid structures, a configuration with steeper diagrid angles toward the building corner, produces higher bending rigidity. Short buildings of low aspect ratio (height/width) behave like shear beams, and tall buildings of high aspect ratio tend to behave like bending beams [16]. Thus, it is expected that as the building height increases the optimal angle also increases. ...
Recently the use of perimeter diagonals which resist lateral forces and carry gravity loads simultaneously without vertical columns has increased significantly and are known as ‘diagrid’. This structure is made up of diamond modules with diagonal members and provides more lateral stiffness compared to the conventional structures. Generally, these structures have provided the context for more elegant designs and more efficient structures, making them so popular among architects and engineers. Consequently, these structures have made significant advances during the last decade although they are regarded as a totally new trend. The paper aims at discovering the evolutionary process of diagrid structures and their progresses which leads to major breakthroughs in architectural, structural and sustainability concepts. Indeed, these recent advances are investigated and reported for architects and engineers. The results, based on case studies, show that these structures have been able to address most of the designing requirements. They have also been used in different projects with totally different heights, areas and functions, suggesting diamond modules can be applied not only for high-rises but for a wide range of projects.
... The DSS grows exponentially with the increasing number of design variables. In addition, since ongoing understanding and evolving design requirements address continuous modifications, the transition from requirements to design criteria is also a highly dynamic process that makes the design task even more complex [Park10]. This means that designers are faced with the challenge of DSS exploration by making the right decision of variables in the early design stage [Steb19]. ...
... Thus, the generation of variations with such dependency chains means that the designer must examine the design task in advance to define which parts are to be represented and to determine the sequence of operations needed to create them. This modeling logic is sometimes visible in auxiliary geometric elements present in the model or in the layers that organize the model but, in most cases, it is "rarely recoverable and difficult to decipher" [Park10]. This means that designers often attempt to generate design variations in the absence of an evident appreciation of the actual reasoning underlying the design, as very little modeling logic can be reused. ...
Since only low detailed knowledge is available in the conceptual design stage, many requirements are subjected to uncertainties which lead to design changes throughout the development process. In this context, the development of robust solutions is investigated in this work in order to deal with the continuous design changes within minimal effort.
Design solution space (DSS) exploration is proposed as a new method to integrate robustness in a simple manner, since the uncertainties of the requirements can be represented through a set of solutions instead of a rigid one. Based on the analysis of modeling approaches for variable and multi-variant product models, the generative design approach (GDA) was elaborated as a practical approach for DSS exploration. Therefore, a GDA-based development process was proposed that enables designers to search for the most robust solution. The uncertainties of requirements are mapped via a set of design elements and their parametrizations. As a result, a large DSS is explored and represented via GDA model that delivers high robustness and flexibility for handling the requirements uncertainties.
The implementation of a vehicle door structure development demonstrated that the GDA-based development process is capable of developing robust solution against the uncertainties of requirements through DSS exploration.
... The modeling logic is sometimes visible but often remains difficult to decipher. 44 This implies that designers may struggle to generate alternatives without a clear understanding of the design rationale, limiting the range of solutions. Consequently, the PD approach is considered to have a restricted capacity for discovering diverse alternatives, leading to a lower rating in this aspect. ...
Design solution space (DSS) exploration is a pivotal process for comprehending design challenges and identifying diverse solution alternatives based on varying requirements. Computer-aided design (CAD) approaches, such as parametric design, knowledge-based design, and generative design, have proven successful in DSS exploration. However, a comparative study evaluating their performance is lacking in the technical literature. This paper addresses this gap by conducting a comparative analysis of these approaches regarding their performance in exploring DSS. The research begins by providing an overview of parametric design, knowledge-based design, and generative design, establishing the foundation for the study. Six evaluation criteria are identified based on the DSS exploration process. A qualitative analysis is then conducted, considering these criteria, to objectively assess the performance of each modeling approach. The results highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, revealing that DSS exploration success is directly tied to the quantity of implemented knowledge. The results also emphasize the complementarity of those approaches, as their strengths and weaknesses are based on different problem-solving logics, demonstrating the synergy that can be achieved through strategic combinations of them. Additionally, the paper discusses open issues related to DSS exploration, contributing valuable insights for future developments in this field.
... Nowadays, parametric modelling is embedded inside Building Information Modelling (BIM) as a master model comprising parts and sub-parts within the BIM model (Park and Holt, 2010). The BIM model contains the parametric values for every 3D object and its relationship to other objects and is adaptive to the continuous design state. ...
... The visual data flow makes it easier to learn, use, and debug, such that also non-programmers can become professional users. Speaking of modular collaborative modeling, though it can become hard to re-use the building blocks after a software update of the platform or the plug-ins used, which does not happen to code as easy (Park & Holt, 2010). Further for a large scale project the bare handling of big data becomes a challenge, as Grasshopper being the tool used is geared towards userfriendliness and for this sake produces a lot of overhead computational load. ...
... In the design domain, a number of parametric modelling systems use VPLs for generating models. However, these systems are known to have poor scalability (Stouffs and Chang, 2010;Park and Holt, 2010;Janssen and Chen, 2011;Chok, 2011;Leitão et al, 2012;Janssen, 2014) due to their weak support for fundamental programming mechanisms. Two important mechanisms are iterative loops and higher-order functions. ...
... The Lotte World Tower, Seoul, South Korea, designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates, is an elegant, tapered shape transforming gradually from a square at the bottom to a circle at the top [23]. The building was designed to resist strong winds. ...
The use of constraint-based knowledge assists designers in making well-informed decisions at different stages of digital design process. A constraint is conceived as a direct control on design formation, or as a filter which does not impose a control over a formation process. The paper aims to gain insights into the ways the designers manipulate constraints in the digital design process. It investigated whether the same type of buildings, designed by the same or different architects, presents different approaches to deal with the same constraint. Scenarios of handling a constraint using shaping and validation processes were identified before initial modelling, through modelling, and after modelling. Constraints can effectively participate in design formation by proposing a new shape or a typical shape at pre-modelling. They are refining or developing the initial design through modelling, and optimizing or enhancing the design after modelling. Furthermore, constraints play significant roles in the feasibility study of design solutions. This is done by evaluating the initial forms and selecting the fittest through modelling, in addition to testing and filtering the solution space after modelling, and approving the final design. The paper examined the impact of wind on the morphology of twelve contemporary tower designs. The findings support the opinion that constraints may not restrict the designer’s free will, inspiration, and creativity. They revealed that different scenarios of wind-driven processes had implemented at different design stages even by the same designer. The wind constraint had a substantial impact on the derivation of new morphologies. Through modelling, it had an active role in the refinement of the initial architectural and structural design. Constraint-based design was handled in iterative processes of evaluating and developing or refining the initial forms through modelling; and optimizing or enhancing, testing, and approving the final forms after modelling.
... A code-based BMI model may improve the flexibility, productivity and coordination between disciplines, especially with regard to complex and long-lasting problems. In big and complex BIM projects the code may react to constantly evolving changes to a project much quicker and much more easily than other, comparable software systems (Park & Holt;. ...
Visualization models have accompanied the designing of buildings and structures since ancient times. Their
purpose has been to give the investor an idea of what a building and different solutions applied in it would
look like. To this end, models of different materials were built. But as technology progresses, it became possible
to create new visualization tools and methods. Initially, drawing boards were replaced by computer
programs referred to as computer-aided design (CAD), which supported the design process. They facilitated
the creation of sets of lines and simple planes. With time, the designers increasingly felt the need to shape
not just rectilinear but also curvilinear objects by means of computers. This is when parametrization came
in handy. Parameters constitute a set of variables which can be shaped while keeping the interdependencies
between them. Parametric modelling gave rise to the building information modelling (BIM). Now, a virtual
model can not only be shaped in a digital environment but also enriched with different information. This way
it not only has a geometry but also a structure. It was also assigned other data allowing identification of the
material or technology used to erect a building or a structure. Parametrized elements of a building provide
information about their number, purchase cost or physical properties. Parameters allow making quick and
seamless corrections. Thanks to the application of advanced technologies, designers from different areas can
keep track of these changes. Following accepting them, one can easily generate a complete set of technical
documents and use them in a digital or paper format at a construction site. Parametrization makes it possible
to erect buildings and structures that would have been impossible to design in the past. Today, every designer
either already uses parametric modelling or will start using it sooner or later.
... The design of a building is a creative work where the artist and engineer at the same time (architect) plan the structure, taking into consideration several factors such as budget, investor requirements, local weather conditions, material properties, specific site characteristics, and manufacturing capacities of contractors, among others. All of these can be considered as numerical model constraints determining design alignment with the expectations of the future user [40]. Revolution of the building design field, as an effect of broad digitization and implementation of BIM philosophy to the process, opened completely new possibilities to conceptualize building function and experiment with its form, rhythm, or composition. ...
... Thus, the generation of variations with such dependency chains means that the designer must previously examine the design task to define which parts are to be represented and to determine the sequence of operations needed to create these parts. This modeling logic is sometimes visible in auxiliary geometric elements present in the model or in the layers that organize the model but, in most cases, it is "rarely recoverable and difficult to decipher" (Park and Holt, 2010). This means that designers often attempt to generate design variations in the absence of a clear appreciation of the actual reasoning underlying the design, as very little modeling logic can be reused. ...
The main design activity in engineering practice is to adapt existing designs or to create variants of existing products to new demands, which require a robust model against both parametric and topological changes. To design such a kind of model becomes a big challenge, especially in the development of structural components due to the number of load application points, variable load cases and restrictions from manufacturing technologies. Thus, the generative parametric design approach is applied to generating high dynamic product models, allowing them to be adjusted for changes feasibly.
... In this regards, the designer must previously examine the design task to define which parts are to be represented and to determine the sequence of operations needed to create these parts. This modeling logic is sometimes visible in auxiliary geometric elements present in the model or in the layers that organize the model but, in most cases, it is "rarely recoverable and difficult to decipher" (Park and Holt, 2010). That means that even slightly design changes often require inordinate amounts of work, as very little modeling logic can be reused. ...
Design is a complex problem-solving activity that transforms design restrictions and requirements into a set of constraints and explores the feasible solutions to satisfy those constraints. However, design solutions generated by traditional modeling approaches are hardly to deal with such constraints, particularly for the exploration of the possible design solution space to enhance the quality of the design outputs and confront the evolving design requirements. In this regard, the Generative Design Approach (GDA) is considered as an efficient method to explore a large design solution space by transforming the design problem into a configuration problem. Fundamentally, GDA explores and stores all the necessary knowledge through a design skeleton and a set of design elements. Thus, design solution space is easily explored by configuring variable design elements via iterative design processes. Further, the output model is not only a design solution but also a design concept that designers could manipulate to explore unconsidered design configurations. Finally, a crank creation as a running example confirmed that GDA provides concrete aids to enhance the diversity of design solutions.
... Nowadays, design parameters and logic are built inside building information modeling (BIM) systems as a master database model to represent parts and sub-parts within the 3D model. The master BIM model contains each parameter and its values according to object-to-object relationship design state (Park and Holt, 2010). The core concept in parametric models is that objects or sub-objects are adaptive and are associated with one another thru parametric rules keeping their association as a framework. ...
Purpose
Advances in digital design tools enable exploration and generation of dynamic building facades. However, some processes are formally prescribed and manually driven to only visualize the design concepts. The purpose of this paper is to present a proactive framework for integrating parametric design thinking, paying particular attention to building facade patterning.
Design/methodology/approach
This work developed the PatternGen© add-on in Autodesk® Revit which utilizes an analytical image data (AID) overlay approach as a data source to dynamically pattern the building facade. The add-on was used to manipulate the placement rules of curtain panels on facade surface geometry. As means of validating this research model, a real-life design project has been chosen to illustrate the practical application of this approach. Feedback and observations from a short end-user questionnaire assessed qualitatively the facade patterning and panelization approach.
Findings
The proposed merge (or overlay) of AID images can be used as a parametric thinking method rather than just theory to generate and articulate dynamic facade design. The facade panelization responds to an AID that resembles design-performance data (e.g. solar exposure, interior privacy importance and aesthetics).
Originality/value
This work identifies a form of parametric thinking defined as the expression of geometrical relationships and its configuration dependent on the AID pixel Red Green Blue color source values. In this type of thinking, it explores the impact of the digital process and parametric thinking utility when driven by an AID overlay. The framework highlighted the practical application of AID pixel approach within a digital process to benefit both designers and computational tools developer on emerging design innovations.
... Some authors affirm that combining parametric design and BIM offers many advantages, such as pushing to the end of the process the decision about the final form from among a large variety of possible solutions [3,4]. However, the workflow integration between them is still the subject of discussion and research, since it has not always been easy or obvious, oftentimes requiring redundant work, due to difficulties in interoperability [4][5][6][7]. ...
This paper describes a design customization system that integrates two aspects of Computer-Aided Architectural Design (CAAD) that are usually developed in separate workflows: the algorithmic generation of designs and the detailed representation of the building. The system's workflow starts with the definition of shape grammar rules by an architect. The rules are then automatically imported into a user interface that allows future owners to interactively custom-design their apartment plans. Finally, the plans are automatically converted into detailed Building Information Models (BIM), which allow the architect to add custom finishes, estimate building costs, and automatically generate construction drawings. We conclude that our workflow could contribute to the real customization of houses and other simple architectural programmes, assuring the quality of the outcomes through shape grammars rules and at the same time reducing the cost of production drawings through automation. The paper ends with some suggestions of improvements in BIM software that would allow its integration with shape grammars and the implementation of our workflow in a simpler way.
... Park and Holt apply PD for geometric control, rationalization and knowledge capture. For them, PD thinking is the abstraction of "a specific task into its operation and inputs" (Park & Holt, 2010). Shepherd, Hudson, and Hines (2011) describe the PD process of the Aviva Stadium, Dublin, "the first stadium to be designed from start to finish using commercially available parametric modelling software", namely Generative Components. ...
This paper examines Parametric Design (PD) in contemporary architectural practice. It considers three case studies: The Future of Us pavilion, the Louvre Abu Dhabi and the Morpheus Hotel. The case studies illustrate how, compared to non-parametrically and older parametrically designed projects, PD is employed to generate, document and fabricate designs with a greater level of detail and differentiation, often at the level of individual building components. We argue that such differentiation cannot be achieved with conventional Building Information Modelling and without customizing existing software. We compare the case studies' PD approaches (objected-oriented programming, functional programming, visual programming and distributed visual programming) and decomposition, algorithms and data structures as crucial factors for the practical viability of complex parametric models and as key aspects of PD thinking.
... We intend to remodel the existing workflow, by aiding architects to brainstorm technical challenges early on in the project. Automating some aspect of the workflow by embedding design intelligence in the computer allows modeling reusable parametric objects (Kat Park, 2010), which is repetitive across projects or design options and requires highly technical expertise. This allows instantiation of SC modules over and over again for any input BS geometry. ...
Building design entails an intuitive and informative exploration of an architect involving iterative refinement of design ideas till client objectives, and priorities are satisfied. Similarly, service cores in a building are designed through the exploration of multifarious design options each with different performative metrics regarding accessibility, efficiency, cost, feasibility, etc. As the current process is labor-intensive, manual & dependent on the expertise of the architect, the search space leading to the selection of an optimal design alternative is very limited. This paper describes Service Core Generator (SCG) library in Autodesk Dynamo enabling automated generation of service core models for varied building shell geometry types (limited to orthogonal profiles). The tool described encodes explicit and implicit domain knowledge into the system facilitating service core models for buildings across varied scale with use type's including offices, hotels or residential buildings.
... Many researchers [30][31][32] believe that computational design requires a direct interaction between the architectural designer and the computer program, possibly through a scripting environment. Grasshopper [33], a plugin of Rhinoceros is a flexible parametric design tool that allows the creation of new algorithms or the modification of existing ones in a graphical scripting environment. ...
In this paper, a non-conventional way of additive manufacturing, curved-layered printing, has been applied to large-scale construction process. Despite the number of research works on Curved Layered Fused Deposition Modelling (CLFDM) over the last decade, few practical applications have been reported. An alternative method adopting the CLFDM principle, that generates a curved-layered printing path, was developed using a single scripting environment called Grasshopper – a plugin of Rhinoceros®. The method was evaluated with the 3D Concrete Printing process developed at Loughborough University. The evaluation of the method including the results of simulation and printing revealed three principal benefits compared with existing flat-layered printing paths, which are particularly beneficial to large-scale AM techniques: (i) better surface quality, (ii) shorter printing time and (iii) higher surface strengths.
... The visual data flow makes it easier to learn, use, and debug, such that also nonprogrammers can become professional users. Speaking of modular collaborative modeling, though it can become hard to re-use the building blocks after a software update of the platform or the plug-ins used, which does not happen to code as easy (Park, 2010). Further for a large scale project the bare handling of big data becomes a challenge, as Grasshopper3d (Rutten, 2015) being the tool used is geared towards user-friendliness and for this sake produces a lot of overhead computational load. ...
This paper describes innovative aspects in the parametric structural design process of an automotive flagship store from competition to construction documentation. Novel approaches in design workflow and tight integration of architecture and engineering from the earliest phases on enable a strong correlation of design intent and realized artifact. Parametric structural analysis, cross section sizing, and multi-goal optimization are part of an adaptive procedural model managing a growing body of information throughout all planning phases. Intuitive representation enhances the interface of design engineer to model resulting in amplified adaption of changes in design conditions and requirements. Software interoperability and custom drafting pipelines form a building information system to finally document and deliver complex architectural engineering within a seamless digital chain.
... Nevertheless,VPLs also have problems: (1) VPL programs scale poorly with the complexity of the design task [11], for example, as programs grow it becomes increasingly difficult to understand what they do; and (2) the absence of (sophisticated) abstraction mechanisms forces users to rely extensively on copy/paste, introducing redundancy. In turn, redundancy leads to maintenance problems because modifications in duplicated components must be manually propagated to all instances.These problems might explain the small size and throwaway nature of the majority of visual programs when compared to the size and longevity of textual programs. ...
In the field of Generative Design (GD), Visual Programming Languages (VPLs), such as Grasshopper, are becoming increasingly popular compared to the traditional Textual Programming Languages (TPLs) provided by CAD applications, such as RhinoScript. This reaction is explained by the relative obsolescence of these TPLs and the faster learning curve of VPLs. However, modern TPLs offer a variety of linguistic features designed to overcome the limitations of traditional TPLs, making them hypothetical competitors to VPLs. In this paper, we reconsider the role of TPLs in the design process and we present a comparative study of VPLs and modern TPLs. Our findings show that modern TPLs can be more productive than VPLs, especially, for large-scale and complex design tasks. Finally, we identify some problems of modern TPLs related to portability and sharing of programs and we propose a solution.
... Other digital design methodology use remote monitoring techniques creating real-time applications with networks of sensors in order to capture, and finally simulate coordinates and spatial property measurements (Goni et al, 2009, 141-157). Design processes of a complex building try to use a unique master model as a platform-free software code, in contrast to platform-dependent methods in order to maintain a design logic through implementation of software code from the beginning of schematic design to end of construction document phase (Park, and Holt, 2010, 359-376). ...
This study is based on innovative researches and combines technology, methodologies and means which are used in different sciences and processes such as informatics and computational processes, telegeoprocessing–telegeomonitoring technologies, survey science methodologies, urban and regional planning techniques in order to describe computational processes of innovative digital integrative design. This procedure refers to aspects of digital integrative design – modeling and simulation of a built-up architectural or urban area. These aspects concern a modeling process based on satellite images and specifically developed computational interfaces adapted to a CAD system, such as DTM’s mesh control points, conversion from geodetic to cartesian coordinates, bitmap adjustment to the buildings facades and surfaces normals handling, taking into account techniques that refer to other sciences such as survey, maths, astronomy and computer science. This modeling process is supported by an innovated proposed procedure that transfers remotely spatial data collected from the field (geographical coordinates and relative measurements taken in place) directly into a modeling system in order to model architectural entities and simulate simultaneously qualitative characteristics of an urban space (sound, temperature, humidity, etc) in real-time.
Nature is an essential source of inspiration for designers with the variety of biological and complex organic forms it includes. Such a variation is difficult to capture with conventional design methods. Knowledge of advanced digital tools and parametric modeling, in particular, is crucial for finding a new way to solve design problems and help with creativity and innovation in design. The present research has stressed the importance of parametric modeling use in designing interior architecture, and fostering designers' innovation to come up with innovative and unconventional ideas and activities that satisfy all needs of the user. With parametric modeling methods, we can understand the nature of organic engineering, which will foster its analysis, measurement, and simulation in design thus helping designers to focus more on creativity and innovation. The research followed the descriptive, analytical, and applied methodology to shed light on the use of parametric modeling in designing interior architecture by some parametric modeling software. Furthermore, the research highlighted some of the outstanding global projects of parametric design. And highlighted some suggestions, Results, and recommendations that emphasize the role of parametric in enhancing Interior architecture.
Abstract— Parametric Design got a good deal of interest and debate since the 90s of the 20th century ,yet this debate increased in size and influence when important buildings in the world by known architects were designed parametrically .These buildings have terms with compositional complexity and smoothness .They characterized the architecture uniqueness and practice since 2000, which caused the academic and theoretical institutions and individuals in architecture to carry on research focusing on parametric design and exploring its activities .Previous studies concentrated on the exploring activity and process of parametric design, accordingly the research problem is identified as follows: The lack of knowledge of parametric design in architecture from the theoretical and detailed sides related to the role of the (architect) , act and process of design , and result of the architectural design .The objectives of the research are : Clarifying the specific knowledge on parametric design in general and in architecture in particular .Clarifying the (thought) aspects of parametric design considering it as a tool or a way of design on an architectural approach .Clarifying the role of (parametric design) and exploring the comparative sides between it and the normal ( traditional ) way of design.
Keywords— Parameter, parametric design, grasshopper, Rhino.
The research aims to predict the efficiency of capturing the soot particles generated by the diesel generator within the Hydro Cyclone by conducting the applied study using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) application through modeling and simulation of the turbulent flow within the Hydro Cyclone using SOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation. The ability to predict the impact of such flows on your product performance is time consuming and costly without some form of simulation tools...SOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation uses Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis to enable quick, efficient simulation of fluid flow and can easily calculate fluid forces and help the designer to understand the impact of a liquid or gas on product performance and comparing the results with experimental reality. In this research, the engineering simulation confirmed the importance of using Hydro Cyclone in the capture of diesel soot particles by an error rate of only 4% compared to experimental reality.
The construction of parametric model is an important stage in the digital design process in general and in the parametric design process in particular. The parametric model allows the designer to make changes and reshape the geometry without erasing and redrawing. It also helps to explore design alternatives as it provides a level of flexibility to be continuously evaluated, revised and updated when adding or altering different components within the same parametric model structure. The research problem has been identified, as there is no clear definition of the specifications of constructing a parametric model in the contemporary digital architectural designs. Therefore, the objective of the research is to put forward a theoretical framework that defines clearly the specifications of building a parametric model. The framework describes the specifications using the following issues: the timing of constructing the parametric model, the knowledge employed in the construction of parametric model, the methods of constructing and revising a parametric model, The place where a parametric model is applied, and finally the number of parametric models within a design. The framework has been applied to six international projects adopting a parametric design approach. The results showed that employing parametric modeling mostly starts at the development stage of design and continues in the detailing and manufacturing stages, the adoption of ill-defined knowledge, the definition of design variables in terms of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, and using one parametric model shared among multiple design disciplines.
تعد عملية إنشاء النموذج البارامتري Parametric Model مرحلة مهمة في عملية التصميم الرقمي بشكل عام وفي عملية التصميم البارامتري بشكل خاص. إذ يسمح النموذج البارامتري للمصمم بانجاز التغييرات وإعادة التشكيل الجيومتري دون محو وإعادة الرسم, وكذلك يساعد في استكشاف البدائل التصميمية حيث أنه يمتلك مستوى من المرونة يسمح بتحديثها باستمرار عند إضافة او تغيير او حذف أحد المكونات ضمن هيكل النموذج البارامتري.
تبلورت مشكلة البحث في عدم وجود تصور واضح حول الجوانب المتنوعة لمواصفات إنشاء النموذج البارامتري في تصاميم العمارة الرقمية المعاصرة. وعليه تحدّد هدف البحث في بناء اطار نظري يعرف بشكل أوضح مواصفات إنشاء النموذج البارامتري. إذ اشتمل الاطار على ست مفردات اساسية تعرّف كل من: توقيت إنشاء النموذج البارامتري، والمعرفة الموظّفة فيه، ومنهج إنشاء النماذج البارامترية، وأسلوب تنقيح بنية النموذج البارامتري، وموضع تطبيق النمذجة البارامترية، واخيرا تعددية النماذج البارامترية ضمن التصميم. وقد تمّ تطبيق الإطار على ستة مشاريع عالمية تتبنى المنهج البارامتري في تصاميمها، وتمّ تحديد خصوصية مواصفات إنشاء النموذج البارامتري فيها مثل البدء بتوظيف النمذجة البارامترية على الأغلب في مرحلة تطوير الأفكار التصميمية والإستمرار بالعمل به في مرحلتي وضع التفاصيل ثم التصنيع، وإعتماد المعرفة التصميمية الغير كاملة في إنشائه، وتعريف المتغيرات التصميمية بدلالة الخصائص الكمية والنوعية، وفي الغالب إستخدام نموذج بارامتري واحد مشترك بين التخصصات التصميمية المتعددة
Architect Neil Katz first attended Smartgeometry (SG) in 2006 and has participated in and led workshops at many subsequent events including SG 2007 with Tobias Schwinn and SG 2012 with Bess Krietemeyer. Katz brings a highly valuable practice perspective to the workshops, as he has worked at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) for many years using computational methods to tackle architectural problems, drawing on more than 25 years of experience with algorithmic and parametric modelling. In many modelling tools, the designer will directly and intuitively interact with the model, as a sculptor might work with clay. Evolving interaction methods continue to redefine our notion of the model and our understanding of 3D modelling space. Collaborative workflows and immersive environments generate exciting opportunities to simultaneously design for multiple scales of performance criteria while emphasising the spatial and temporal experience of a particular design. This evolution is exemplified in the projects.
Since the advent of mainstream computer applications, the structural engineering community has strongly embraced technology. Furthermore, the structural community is a leader in the advancement of new software, hardware, and applications within the market. Developments over the last 10 years have greatly expanded structural engineering beyond the traditional analytical methods; essentially, information and communication technologies are changing the way people do business. To understand how these technologies are changing the design and construction of structural solutions to problems in building projects, a study was conducted to develop a deeper understanding into these areas. Industry experts across the United States were interviewed and surveyed on these directions to look at how structural engineering is changing and what to keep in mind when implementing technology on projects. The focus of this paper will be twofold. First, it will focus on information and communication technologies, in particular, building information modeling). Second, it will focus on structural analytical technologies that encompass analysis and design methods. Trends, advantages, and disadvantages, as well as future directions that practitioners are taking are discussed.
To aid in the understanding of design processes and to support the involved actors, a "Research Engine" (RE) is under development. The RE is a set of automated computational processes that simulate a spatial–structural design process. The first developed phase of the RE in which a Spatial Design is transformed into a Structural Solution is presented. It generates a structure, performs a structural analysis and provides an indication of its structural behavior. A case-study presents three building spatial designs which are used to generate 36 different structural solutions. A study of the influence of the transformations in the results is presented. For instance, structural zoning has a larger influence on the maximum displacements of the structural solutions than the amount of structural mass. Additionally, in design processes' early stages, this phase of the RE could help designers to devise different structural solutions and to quickly predict their structural behavior.
The investigation presented in this paper focuses on the following questions: How can engineering and architectural expertise, assisted by a process of digital optimisation, promote structural awareness regarding design alterations in the conceptual design stages? Can building geometry be set up computationally to render it sensitive to structural input? Which software tools are required to foster this interaction and what kind of decision support is needed to allow both architects and structural engineers to interact concurrently in this optimisation process? The authors of this paper form a team of researchers and practitioners from architectural and structural engineering background who combine their efforts to address the issue of interconnecting design intelligence across disciplines and advancing revised work methodologies in practice assisted by academic research. The research has shown that an integrated transfer of design information between architectural and structural designers in the early stages is beneficial to the collaboration if experts from both professions agree on common goals and define suitability rules that guide optimisation processes from the very beginning. To enable this, software tools are required that provide ad hoc decision support to create a wider array of informed design alternatives from which to choose.
The paper describes a methodology for supporting computationally all phases of an energy-conscious design and evaluation process, by combining procedural simulation and knowledge-based heuristic methods in one integrated system. The methodology is based on partitioning the design process into discrete phases and identifying the energy-conscious informational characteristics of each phase. These informational characteristics are expressed in the form of design variables (parameters) and the relationships between them. The methodology allows for testing the applicability of heuristics rules in non-standard cases, using context-sensitive application of default values and judicious selection of rules of thumb, thereby improving the overall predictive powers of the evaluation.The methodology is demonstrated through developing a KB-CAAD system for the schematic-conceptual design phase of solar and low energy buildings. The system is based on the integration of a knowledge-based model and a simulation model with a commercially available CAAD system for building representation. The knowledge base contains heuristic rules for the design of passive solar buildings. Whenever possible, the knowledge-base guides the designer through the decision making process. However, if the rules of thumb are not acceptable for the particular design problem, the system guides the architect by means of the procedural simulation model.A case study demonstrates how the system leads to the design of better energy conscious buildings, while taking less time and effort to introduce the geometrical data that is needed for the representation of a regular, non-solar building.
For the most part, technological innovation in architecture has been narrowly focused around the intersection of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacture (CAM). Here, Mike Silver urges architects to take up the gauntlet and develop software tools that can change the way buildings are made. He describes his own investigations into projects that employ a cellular automaton (CA) program for conveying design data directly on site. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In his introduction to this issue of AD, guest-editor Mike Silver celebrates ‘the flexible language of commands and logical procedures’ of computers whose creative potential has until now been undervalued in architecture. He explains how the ‘happy accident’ of late 1990s blob architecture is now giving way to a focus on programming and composing new code, which promises ‘to generate new and unprecedented modes of expression’. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of computers for automating the processes of design and manufacture promised significant improvements in designer's productivity and products' quality, neither of which, so far, have been realized in architectural design.This paper argues that in order to realize such improvements the modelling/drafting role computers have been assigned in architectural design should be changed, so that computers will become intelligent assistants to designers, relieving them from the need to perform the more trivial design tasks and augmenting their decision making capabilities.To support this argument, architectural design is modelled as a search process in a space of alternative solutions, seeking one or more solutions that satisfy certain design criteria. Design is shown to be a special case of general problem-solving processes, and thus comprised of two major components: design states and the generator/test cycle that facilitates transitions between them. It is then shown that the symbolic representation capabilities of computers qualify them to simulate such design states and the generate/test cycle, using techniques that were developed independently in the fields of geometric modelling and artificial intelligence. A conceptual framework of a knowledge-based computer-aided design system, which brings these techniques to bear on architectural problems, is presented, and its potential for increasing the utility of computers in the design of buildings is discussed.
Through examples of data from three empirical design studies, the paper presents the type of analysis that cognitive psychology makes of the mental activities involved in design. These activities are analysed at three levels: the way in which designers organize their activity, the main strategies that they adopt, and the problem-solving processes that they use.Different types of design task are presented, i.e. functional-specification, software and composite-structure design tasks.The relevance of the results to artificial intelligence is discussed from an assistance viewpoint.