Article

A pilot study of the role of green tea use on oral health

December 2009
International Journal of Dental Hygiene 9(2):110-6

DOI:10.1111/j.1601-5037.2009.00440.x

Source
PubMed

Authors:

An increasing number of people all around the world are turning to the nature by using the natural herbal products in both prophylaxes and treatment of different diseases. Green tea with active chemical ingredients posses diverse pharmacological properties that include anti-inflammatory, anticariogenic, antioxidant and antibacterial effects. To assess the possible protective properties of green tea on oral health. The researchers used the following measurements: Streptococcus mutans count in saliva and plaque, Salivary and plaque pH values, Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI). The above-mentioned measurements were applied to a sample consists of 25 subjects before and after rinsing with green tea for 5 min (short-term study). While, S. mutans count for saliva and plaque and GBI measurements, this experimental intervention study was carried out in the El-Azhar University dental clinic. The results of this study showed that there was a statistically significant difference among subjects pre- and post-rinsing with 2% green tea for 5 min concerning S. mutans count in saliva and plaque, salivary and plaque pH values and GBI. This study supports the effectiveness of local application of green tea as antibacterial and anticariogenic material as it decreases the acidity of the saliva and plaque, so it is a cost-effective caries prevention measures especially in developing countries.

An Agenda for Spectrum Thinking and Technological Assistance Derived From the Research of the Late Dr. Dur Muhammad Lashari: Preventive Dentistry and Emerging Technologies

Chapter

Aug 2024

Dental research explores herbal treatments, such as EGCG, for treating gingivitis. This study introduces a mucoadhesive gingival patch loaded with EGCG and EGCG gel. This patch highlights green tea's potential for oral health. With 3D animation, we can provide an interactive experience for people to understand better how to treat gingivitis with EGCG, its application, and its journey. It will also explain how to use the mucoadhesive gingival patch and EGCG gel, making it easier for people to start using the treatment. It will further delight education through why herbal and safe treatments should be ensured and how technology can help make its acceptance possible. The patch and gel can be used for periodontitis treatment, offering cost-effective, health-promoting, and time-effective solutions. The research aims to address dental health issues with low risk and cost and provide more information, technological acceptance, self-understanding, and practical solutions, potentially eradicating antibacterial medicine and shifting toward herbal medicine.

GO NATURAL, SAY NO TO CHEMICALS - A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON EFFECTIVENESS OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT CONTAINING FORMULATIONS ON DENTAL CARIES

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2019

Objective: In recent years, the side effects encountered with the use of chemicals has led to the search for safe anticariogenic alternatives. Green tea is one such naturally occurring alternative which possesses anticariogenic activity through a direct bactericidal effect against cariogenic microorganisms. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review was to analyze the existing literature on the effectiveness of green tea extract containing formulations on dental caries. Methods: The databases of PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct, Metapress, and Google Scholar were searched up to July 2015 for the related topic. References of the selected articles and relevant reviews were searched for any missed publications. Results: The systematic search revealed a total of 437 publications which were scrutinized based on eligibility criteria. Six publications fulfilled the criteria and 431 publications were excluded from the review. Out of six studies, three studies reported a statistically significant difference in favor of green tea while two studies showed no statistically significant difference between the groups. One study reported no statistically significant difference between the two groups; however, the reduction observed in chlorhexidine (control group) was slightly greater than green tea. Conclusion: With the available evidence, it can be concluded that green tea extract containing formulations are effective in reducing cariogenic microflora and caries increment.

Clinical Properties of Green Tea: Focus on Blood Lipid Profiles, Analgesia, Periodontal Status

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2019
JRMDS

Nowadays, considering medicinal herbs for treating of diseases, especially the infective ones, is increasing due to their less side effects compared to the chemical drugs. Green tea is a customary drink around the world and has detoxifying and anti-oxidant properties and has been evaluated as herbal medicine. In the recent years using medicinal herbs instead of synthetic medicine has been increased due to their less side effects and variety of active ingredients in many part of worldwide. The aim of this study is to investigate some of the effects of green tea. Green tea is effective on periodontal status and reduction of tooth decay. Moreover, green tea has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antimetastatic and anticarcinogenic activities. Tea consumption has useful effect on cancer, and in enhancing the immune function. Other considerable effect of green tea is its analgesic, antimicrobial properties and it reduces the blood lipid profiles. The authors of this paper suggest that more international investigations on variety of diseases should be conducted to evaluate some other potential effect of green tea.

THE CHANGES IN SALIVARY PH BY CHEWING BLACK TEA (Camellia sinensis) CANDY CONTAINING THE SORBITOL

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2022

Background: Tea contains beneficial chemical compounds, one of which is polyphenols. The polyphenols in black tea can inhibit the growth of bacteria and prevent oral infections. Black tea extract has been proven to increase salivary pH, but children do not like it because of its bitter taste. Therefore, innovation is needed by incorporating black tea extract into candy containing sorbitol. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of chewing black tea candy containing sorbitol on salivary pH compared to non-black tea candy in children aged 7-8. Methods: This research is an experimental field study using a single-blind randomized controlled trial with a pretest-posttest control group design. The research subjects were of 42 children aged 7-8 years divided into two groups, the treatment group, and the placebo group, using a simple random sampling technique. A sampling of saliva was carried out before and after chewing hard candy. Monitoring was carried out for approximately 23 days, and pH was measured three times. Measurement of pH using a digital pH meter®. Results: After conducting the research, it can be seen that there is a significant difference between chewing hard candy made from black tea and sorbitol on the changes in salivary pH (p-value = 0.0001). Conclusion: Chewing hard candy made from black tea and sorbitol is likely to help increase salivary pH, and it could be a solution to prevent dental caries in the future. Keywords : Black tea; Dental caries; Hard candy; Salivary pH ; Sorbitol.

Identification and Classification of the Tea Samples by Using Sensory Mechanism and Arduino UNO

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2021

Tea is the most popular hot beverageworldwide. In 2020, the value of the global tea market was almost USD 200 billion, and is estimated to reach up to USD 318 billion by the year 2025. Tea has been included as part ofa regular diet for centuries because of its various health benefits. However, tea is acidic, and over-consumption causes heat problems, disturbance of the sleep cycle, tooth erosion, and low calcium absorption in the body. Strong tea concentration is very harmful and toxic. The safe consumption of tea should be guaranteed. The treatment applied in this research work is on sensory mechanisms and Arduino UNO. The objective of this paper is to find out community interest in a particular tea species and inform them about tea overdose.The acidity is mapped with tea taste in terms of strong, medium, and low flavors. Based on the data analysis, the results differentiatethe acidity level of black tea (pH: 3.89–4.08) as very high, green tea (pH: 4.68–4.70) is in the 2nd position, and the energy drink Herbalife Nutrition (pH: 5.59–5.64) is the least acidic comparatively, with a proportion ratio 1:10 of tea to water. Experimental analysis reveals that in the additives, lemon is most acidic, followed byginger, lemongrass, and Tulasi.

Camellia sinensis in Dentistry: Technological Prospection and Scientific Evidence

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021
EVID-BASED COMPL ALT

Purpose. This study aimed to evaluate reports of patents for oral care formulations, based on Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis), deposited and granted in intellectual property banks. Methods. A survey was conducted through collection, treatment, and analysis of extracted information from patent reports selected. The documentary research was conducted in January 2021 on formulations with C. sinensis for dental applications, including since the first patent deposits until the current time. The risk of bias of clinical trials with these formulations was analyzed to verify the scientific evidence. The data extracted represent the distribution of the number of patents by banks, annual evolution of patent deposits, applicant of patents by country, distribution of patents according to International Patent Classification codes, and the types of patented products. Results. Data and information from 20 selected patents were extracted. The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) were the banks with the largest number of patents for products/formulations with C. sinensis for oral care applications with 7 (35%) and 6 (30%) patent registrations, respectively. Other banks did not provide patents related to the search. Patents of compositions were the largest with 14 filings, and the remainder of formulations are represented specially by mouthwashes and toothpastes. As for clinical application, 18 patents were filed as products with antimicrobial and antibiofilm action, while 2 patents are directed to the treatment of xerostomia. In general, the aspects of the studies of clinical efficacy pointed to a low risk of bias. Conclusion. The study pointed out a small number of products protected by patents for Camellia sinensis for oral care indication, highlighting mainly mouthwash compositions and formulations. In the methodological parameters of clinical trials carried out with the formulations, the majority pointed out a low risk of bias. 1. Introduction The practice of using medicinal plants with pharmacological activities for the treatment of diseases is ancient, including for conditions related to oral health. The use of natural products as medicinal therapy existed long before the pharmaceutical industry and after the emergence of these products has been incorporated into the development of formulations to the present day [1–3]. Herbs and medicinal plants can be used in different ways, including whole herb, leaves, roots, essential oils, and prepared as teas, syrups, creams, ointments, and even capsules or pills that contain a powdered form of the plant [4]. Tea constitutes an infusion prepared from dry leaves and is the second most consumed drink in the world, its consumption being surpassed only by water, in addition to having great cultural and economic relevance in several countries. Among the most varied types of teas, Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis) teas stand out as one of the most popular and used worldwide [5–7]. C. sinensis is a plant rich in polysaccharides, caffeine, polyphenols, amino acids, and antioxidants, in addition to micro and macronutrients beneficial to human health [8]. It has different important pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities, in addition to its consumption presenting several documented benefits related to oral health, especially regarding caries and periodontal diseases [3, 6]. This plant is a species belonging to the Theaceae family and has small perennial shrubs, widely used to produce teas, especially green and black [9]. These teas have several pharmacological properties, with their production being carried out mainly in regions of tropical and subtropical climate, with abundant and regular rainfall [9, 10]. According to its fermentation and maturation process, C. sinensis tea can be classified as green, white, yellow, red, and black, where important differences can be verified according to its cultivation and leaf processing [6, 11]. Green tea from C. sinensis has a strong antioxidant power through its polyphenolic chemical constituents, beneficial in several clinical conditions such as dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, and halitosis, in addition to neuroprotection in the oral cavity [1]. Since it has a high concentration of fluoride in its nutrient composition, the consumption of this tea is extremely beneficial in repairing dental tissue in an acidic environment and improving resistance to demineralization [12, 13]. Furthermore, it has been shown that this tea has other properties, such as antiviral action against influenza viruses, herpes viruses, and antifungal action against Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Trichophyton rubrum [14]. Black tea is a product of C. sinensis treated with an oxidation process that requires longer steps and contains a greater amount of caffeine when compared to other teas from this plant. Its continued use can reduce blood pressure, the risks of type 2 diabetes, and improve the lipid profile. Its polyphenolic constituents promote health benefits, mainly in obesity, diabetes, cancer, atherosclerosis, inflammatory diseases, and osteoporosis [15–18]. In recent years, the search for new substances and formulations with pharmacological potential and biocompatibility has increased, which is revealed by the growing number of studies on the use of natural products. Often these studies seek to generate new technologies for society with a natural raw material traditionally used, giving rise to the development of innovations and patents [19, 20]. The elaboration of an invention patent or utility model is an extremely relevant indicator to mainly evaluate the level of development and technological innovation in industries and research institutions. Therefore, natural products are sources of biomolecules or therapeutic complexes that can be used for technological innovation and maintain competition in the market in several areas, including products for dental applications [21, 22]. Given the economic importance and medicinal products of C. sinensis, as well as its several benefits to systemic and mainly oral health, this study aimed to evaluate reports of patents deposited and granted on dental formulations based on C. sinensis in intellectual property banks. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Elaboration of the Technological Prospective Study The survey was conducted through collection and analysis of extracted information from patent reports selected. The documentary research was conducted in January 2021 about formulations with C. sinensis for dental applications, including since the first patent deposit in 2004 until all the year of 2020. The searches were direct with access to reports of patents deposited and granted in the following intellectual property banks of worldwide references:(1)Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO)—Canada(2)China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA)—China(3)Espacenet—European Patent Office (EPO)—Europe(4)German Patent and Trademark Office (DPMA)—Germany(5)Intellectual Property India—India(6)Japanese Patent Office (JPO)—Japan(7)National Institute of Intellectual Property (INPI)—Brazil(8)Swiss Federal Institute of Patent Office (IGE-IPI)—Switzerland(9)United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)—United States(10)World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)—Europe 2.2. Search Strategy and Data Extraction For the preparation of the study, we conducted a mapping of patent applications using the keyword “Camellia sinensis” in the search field. All patent documents that included this term were initially considered in the search with the exploratory reading of titles and summaries, as a criterion for inclusion of the patents found. Then, only the active reports related to dentistry were selected; expired, abandoned, or denied patents were not included. Relevant information that describes the invention in the patent reports was selected and organized in graphics in GraphPad Prism 6 program to analyze descriptive statistics. The data extracted represent the distribution of the number of patents by banks, annual evolution of patent deposits, applicant of patents by country, distribution of patents according to International Patent Classification (IPC) codes, and the types of patented products. 2.3. Scientific Evidence According to the patents selected at the end of the search, the described inventions and their purposes with dental applications were evaluated and were searched clinical trials related to each selected patent in PubMed. 2.4. Risk of Bias Assessment Trials were assessed using Cochrane’s tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomized trials [23]. The tool includes the following domains: random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting, and other sources of bias. We rated each domain as low risk, unclear risk, or high risk of bias. We classified the overall risk of bias as low if all domains were at low risk of bias, as high if at least one domain was at high risk of bias, or as unclear if at least one domain was at unclear risk of bias, and no domain was at high risk. This rule is specified by the Cochrane tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomized controlled trials because any source of bias in a trial is problematic, and there is a paucity of empirical research to prioritize one domain over the other. 3. Results The initial search resulted in 5126 patents found with the term “Camellia sinensis” in the intellectual property banks selected, followed by the stage title and abstract read targeting dental applications from the first patent deposited until the last one that had a total of 28 patent registrations. Then, the repeated records (8) were deleted. At the end of the search, data and information from 20 selected patents were extracted (Table 1). Title Publication number Product Country Year Classification IPC Inventor 1 Oral care composition containing extract of unoxidized Camellia 4852/DELNP/2007 Composition US 2005 A61K Colgate–Palmolive® 2 Oral compositions containing oxidized Camellia 4860/DELNP/2007 Composition US 2005 A61K/A61Q Colgate–Palmolive® 3 Oral composition comprising Camellia extract of semioxidized tissue from a member of the genus Camellia and an enhancing agent 2387/KOLNP/2009 Composition UK 2006 A01N Kingston University 4 Composição de higiene oral, método de tratamento ou prevenção de xerostomia e uso de polifenol de chá verde (gtp) (in Portuguese) BRPI1008380 Composition US 2008 A01N/A61K Georgia Health Sciences University Research Institute, Inc. 5 Composição oral, e, métodos para a promoção da saúde oral de um paciente animal, e para a redução da extensão de descoloração em uma pasta de dentes (in Portuguese) BRPI0519427 (A2) Toothpaste US 2004 A61K/A61Q Colgate–Palmolive® 6 Formulação tópica de uso bucal e seu uso (in Portuguese) BR102016237505 Composition BR 2016 A61K/A61P University of São Paulo 7 Composições odontológicas contendo inibidores de metaloproteinases e seus usos (in Portuguese) PI 1003771-3 Composition BR 2010 A61K/A61Q University of São Paulo 8 Oral care composition WO2017/199453 Toothpaste IN 2012 A61K/A61Q Nippon Zettoc Co., Ltd. 9 Oral care compositions for treating xerostomia PCT/US2010/024906 Composition US 2009 A01N/A61K University of São Paulo 10 Compositions for the treatment and prevention of infections of the oral cavity PCT/EP2009/002515 Composition IT 2009 A61K/A61P Indena SpA Company 11 Noncarious material and anticarious agent containing rare sugar US 20100166678 A1 Composition JP 2006 A61K/A61P Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd./National University Corporation Kagawa University 12 Antibacterial oral rinse formulation for preventing coronary artery disease US 20070154414 A1 Mouthwash US 2005 A61K Richard Paul Bonfiglio 13 Epigallocatechin-3-gallate crystal compositions WO2008/153938 Composition US 2007 C09K/A61P/C07D/A61K University of South Florida 14 Oral care compositions containing combinations of antibacterial and host-response modulating agents US 20070053849 A1 Composition US 2006 A61K/A61P/A61Q The Procter & Gamble Company 15 Use of a phenol-containing extract from Camellia sinensisin oral and dental cleaning agents for improving the visual appearance of the gums WO/2016/062449 Composition DE 2016 A61K/A61Q Henkel Ag & Co., KGaA 16 Oral composition containing saponin extracted from the root of Camellia sinensis for effectively preventing or treating periodontal diseases KR1020130035323 Composition KR 2013 A61K/A61Q/Y10S Jeong Kee Kim; Su Kyung Kim; Dae Bang Seo; Seok Sik Moon 17 Composition for enhancing oral hygiene comprising natural extract as active ingredient and use thereof KR1020160050108 Composition KR 2016 A61K/A61P/A61Q Dongguk University Gyeongju Campus Industry-Academy Cooperation Foundation 18 Effervescent mouthwash US20130149359 Mouthwash KR 2011 A61K/A61Q Eric M. Sanders 19 Health care buccal bag for refreshing mouth smell CN101015516 Bagged tea CN 2007 A61K/A61Q/A61P/A23F Zhu Huagang 20 Foamable mouthwash solid formulation and preparation method therefor WO/2020/054996 Mouthwash KR 2020 A61K Eun Sang Lee

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Phenolic Compounds, Free Radical Scavenging Activity and α-Glucosidase Inhibition Properties of Green, Oolong and Black Sacha Inchi Tea Extract

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Sacha Inchi leaves may possess antioxidant function which is naturally rich in bioactive ingredients and has been widely processed into herbal teas that has many benefits to human health. According to the global data from the World Health Organization (WHO), there has been a rise in the frequency of diabetes mellitus (DM) among adults. Sacha Inchi tea was prepared using several methods, with green tea not fermented, oolong partially fermented, and black tea completely fermented. The phenolic compounds (total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), tannin), free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) and inhibition properties of α-Glucosidase on green, oolong and black Sacha Inchi tea extract were determined. The green Sacha Inchi tea extract displayed the highest TPC and TFC values among the oolong and black Sacha Inchi tea extracts at a concentration of 500µg/mL, with values of 2.10±0.01 µg GAE/mL and 3.23±0.20 µg QE/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, at a concentration of 500µg/mL, Sacha Inchi black tea extract demonstrated strong antioxidant activity by DPPH with radical scavenging activity (%) (89.4±0.45). Furthermore, at a concentration of 15.625 µg/mL, black, oolong, and green tea extracts exhibited stronger inhibitory effects on α-Glucosidase (95%, 95%, 92%, respectively) than acarbose (90%). Therefore, the processing steps involved in tea production impact the phenolic compounds, free radical scavenging activity, and the ability to inhibit α-Glucosidase in green, oolong, and black tea extracts. Keywords: α-Glucosidase inhibition; Free Radical Scavenging; Phenolic Compounds; Sacha Inchi leaves; Tea Processing

Comparative evaluation of the effects of black tea extract mouthrinse and chlorhrxidine mouthwash on salivary streptococcus mutans load

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Aug 2023

Anushree Rathore

Natural products’ potential to maintain/ameliorate oral health: A review

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Jun 2022

Many diseases such as human dental caries result in the destruction of tooth structure; dental caries is an infectious disease leading to the destruction of tooth structure due to the acids produced on the fermentation of dietary carbohydrates by acidogenic bacteria. Bacteria colonise non-shedding oral surfaces, and produce lactic, acetic, and formic acids. Preserving tooth structure using fluoride in dental products may have its adverse effects on human health. The use of fluoride-containing dental products without supervision in children when the teeth are developing can lead to fluorosis. Therefore, the main aim of the present review was to identify natural oral healthcare products having minimum or no adverse effects in maintaining the integrity of tooth enamel. The active compounds observed in the natural plant products till date are polyphenolic compounds which contain antibacterial effects, and a potential to shift demineralisation to remineralisation. But their mechanism of action remain unclear. Therefore, further studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of these natural products and enhance their effect.

Dental Caries And The Application of Topical Fluoride Combined With Natural Product In School Going Children

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2021

Fluoride is a safe and effective agent that can be used to prevent and control dental caries. Fluoride can be delivered topically and systemically. Topical fluorides strengthen teeth already present in the mouth, making them more decay resistant, while systemic fluorides are those that are ingested and become incorporated into forming tooth structures. Systemic fluorides also provide topical protection because fluoride is present in saliva, which continually bathes the teeth. Tea can be used as antioxidant, antimutagenic and anticariogenic. It is used to improve oral health including dental caries, periodontal disease and tooth loss, abolition of halitosis, oral malignancy prevention and regression. Studies on the development of anti-plaque agents in the prevention of dental caries have investigated the effect of some tea preparations and their individual components on the glucan synthesis catalyzed by glucosy transferase from mutans streptococci. Extracts of tea combined with topical fluoride showed appreciable inhibition of the dental caries prevntion. For bacterial screening four Gram-positive and four Gram-negative bacteria was used against crude acetone and chloroforms extracts at a concentration of 200 µg/ml and 400 µg/ml. Upon antibacterial screening, the crude ethyl acetate extract of C. sinensis L. extract showed highest activity against S. mutans than most of other organisms. A single compound (SR-1) isolated from the crude ethyl acetate extract of C. sinensis L. (Black Tea), having RF value 0.73 showed highest antibacterial activity against S. mutans among the four Gram positive and four Gram negative bacteria at a concentration of 200 µg/ml and 400 µg/ml. The zone of inhibition are 16 mm and 24 mm when extract used at a concentration 200 µg/ml and 400 µg/ml, respectively. These zone of inhibition are more than that of the standard kanamycin which showed only 13 mm. This is perhaps due to the partial resistance of Kanamycin against S. mutans.

Characterization and quantification of two acylated flavonol glycosides from Camellia sinensis and their antibacterial effect on oral pathogens

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

Acylated flavonol glycosides (AFGs) are a new group of flavonoids with multiple pharmacological functions. In the present work, two AFGs were isolated with a combined chromatography technology from Camellia sinensis and identified as quercetin tetraglycosides with one p-coumaryl moiety (F1) and kaempferol tetraglycosides with one p-coumaryl moiety (F2) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). F1 and F2 with high purity and quantity can be obtained through relatively simple steps, which is of great significance in industrial production and application. The quantification of two AFGs in different tea cultivars and different season samples was conducted using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Among fifty tested tea cultivars, the contents of F1 and F2 were extremely high in 'Zhenghe Dabaicha' and 'Wannong 95', but these were undetectable in some tea cultivars. Relatively high contents of AFGs were found in autumn harvested tea samples which might be related to sunlight irradiation. Further in vitro experiments showed that F1 and F2 monomers were effective on inhibiting growth and biofilm development of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. This antibacterial activity was proven to involve the chelation of iron. These results provide useful information on AFGs-rich tea resources and new insights of AFGs into effective agents against oral diseases.

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Effect of Anise Extract on Cariogenic Oral Microflora

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Oct 2021

A Comparative Evaluation of Herbal and Nonherbal Mouthrinses on Salivary pH Levels and Salivary Streptococcus Mutans Count in 6–12-Year-Old Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021

Background Dental caries is a disease of complex etiology, in which microorganisms play an important role. Salivary pH and Streptococcus mutans count influence the initiation and progression of dental caries. Objectives This study aimed to assess the efficacy of the combined herbal and nonherbal rinse on salivary pH and salivary S. mutans count and comparing it with herbal and nonherbal mouthrinse in 6–12-year-old high caries-risk children. Methodology Ninety high caries-risk children of age 6–12 years were selected and allocated randomly into three groups (herbal, nonherbal, combination mouthrinses = 30 each). Children were instructed to rinse their mouth twice daily with their assigned mouthrinses for 7 days. Salivary samples were collected at baseline, 1 h post rinsing, and at the end of 7 th day of mouthrinsing for determining the salivary pH and S. mutans count. ANOVA and post hoc tests were applied. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05. Results There was a statistically significant difference in salivary pH between baseline, 1 h, and 7 days. There was a statistical significant difference in mean S. mutans count among herbal, nonherbal, and combination mouthrinse at baseline and 1 h. There was a statistically significant intragroup difference for mean salivary pH and S. mutans at baseline and follow-ups in all three groups. Conclusion Combination mouthrinse was more effective in increasing salivary pH level and reducing S. mutans count followed by herbal and nonherbal mouthrinse at 1 h. Nonherbal mouthrinse was more effective in increasing salivary pH level as compared to combination and herbal mouthrinse after 7 days. There was no statistically significant reduction in S. mutans count among groups at 7 days.

Effect of epigallocatechin gallate on dental biofilm of Streptococcus mutans: An in vitro study

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021
BMC Oral Health

Background Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) plays a major role in the formation of dental caries. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), on biofilm formation of S. mutans. Methods Following exposure to increasing concentrations of EGCG, the planktonic growth was measured by optical density and the biofilm biomass was quantified by crystal violet staining. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) production was visualized by confocal scanning laser microscopy, and the bacterial DNA content was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Gene expression of selected genes was analyzed by real time (RT)-qPCR and membrane potential was examined by flow cytometry. Results We observed that EGCG inhibited in a dose-dependent manner both the planktonic growth and the biofilm formation of S. mutans. Significant reduction of S. mutans biofilm formation, DNA content, and EPS production was observed at 2.2–4.4 mg/ml EGCG. EGCG reduced the expression of gtfB, gtfC and ftf genes involved in EPS production, and the nox and sodA genes involved in the protection against oxidative stress. Moreover, EGCG caused an immediate change in membrane potential. Conclusions EGCG, a natural polyphenol, has a significant inhibitory effect on S. mutans dental biofilm formation and EPS production, and thus might be a potential drug in preventing dental caries.

Physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide pastes in association with other compounds

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Full-text available

Jul 2021

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the pH, Ca2+ release, solubility, and antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) pastes in association with different substances. Methods: Sixty acrylic teeth (n=10) were filled with pastes that associated Ca(OH)2 with the following substances: benzalkonium chloride 5% (G1) and 50% (G2) both in propylene glycol, arnica glycolic extract (G3), green tea glycolic extract (G4), Calen/PMCC™ (G5), and Calen™ (G6). In the group G1 to G4 were used 1g of Ca(OH)2 powder with 0,8g of vehicle. pH and Ca2+ release was measured after 7, 15, and 30 days. For solubility, micro-CT was used immediately and at the periods of 7, 15, and 30 days. For the antimicrobial analysis, a biofilm of E. faecalis was induced in vitro on bovine dentin discs. Live/dead viability dye and confocal scanning microscopy were used. Results: The highest pH values occurred on the first 7 days, and the G6, G1, G3, and G5 presented the highest pH values at this period (P <0.05). Ca2+ release was higher in all groups at 7 days, with the highest values observed in G1, G5, and G6. The volume of all pastes showed no significant difference in the intragroup analysis at 7 and 15 days (P <0.05). G1 and G2 showed the highest antimicrobial action (P <0.05). For the biovolume, there was difference between the G6 and the other groups (P >0.05) with G1 presenting the lowest values. Conclusion: Benzalkonium chloride 5% increases the antimicrobial action of the Ca(OH2), without impairs physicochemical properties.

Effect of Black and Green Tea on Salivary pH: a Double Blinded Cross-Over Study

Article

Jul 2021

Background: Some herbal products could affect on salivary pH and prevention of dental caries. Tea consumption has inhibition effects on some oral bacteria. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of green and black tea on salivary pH. Material and Methods: In this double blinded cross-over trial, salivary samples of 50 healthy male students of Zahedan Faculty of Dentistry, aged 20-22 years old were collected for evaluation of salivary pH. All volunteers were asked to consume commercially black tea on the first day and then saliva samples were collected before drinking tea and immediately after drinking tea and 5 and 10 minutes after tea consumption. With replacing consumption of green tea, at the second day, saliva samples were collected again. Then the salivary pH was estimated with a digital pH-meter. Data were analyzed through independent t-test and paired samples t-test. Results: Mean salivary pH before and after green tea consumption were 7.15±0.05 and 7.56±0.09, respectively, which showed a remarkable difference (p<0.001). It was 7.14±0.05 and 7.51 ± 0.10, respectively, for black tea, with significant difference (p<0.0001). Mean salivary pH after green tea consumption was significantly higher than black tea (p= 0.006). Conclusion: Both green and black tea intake led to a significant rise in salivary pH, which was higher after green tea consumption compared to black tea. This study suggests the beneficial effects of drinking tea in providing an alkaline environment in oral cavity. KEYWORDS Black tea; Green tea; Saliva; pH.

Comparative Evaluation of 0.2% Chlorhexidine and 0.5% Green Tea Mouthwashes As An Antiplaque agents in the treatment of Chronic Gingivitis Patients

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Jul 2018

Comparing the effects of green tea/ green coffee bean extracts and chlorhexidine gluconate on salivary Streptococcus mutants count in children with early childhood caries

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Full-text available

May 2021

Dental caries is known as a major oral health problem induced by Streptococcus . and Lactobacillus as primary contributing microorganisms responsible for this condition. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of Green tea/ Green coffee Bean Extracts and Chlorhexidine Gluconate on Streptococcus mutans count. The study was conducted among 90 preschool children aged from 4 to 6 years. Statistical analysis was done using the Shapiro-Wilk test, Friedman test, Chi-square test, paired sample t-test, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Mann-Whitney U test at a signi icance level of 0.05. The results demonstrated a signi icant difference in the mean of salivary S. mutans count after administration of CHG (p-value=0.001) and GT (p-value=0.02) between three different times. The study results indicate the bene icial effects of Green Tea/ Green Coffee Bean extracts and Chlorhexidine Gluconate on salivary Strepto- coccus mutans count.

Effectiveness of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Mouth Rinse on Wound Healing after Gingivectomy

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Full-text available

Dec 2020

Çay Bitkisinin (Camellia sinensis) Bileşimi ve Sağlık Etkileri

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Full-text available

Nov 2019

Dünya çapında yaygın olarak tüketilen içeceklerden olan çayın sağlık üzerine etkisi çoğunlukla bileşiminde bulunan fitokimyasallar ile ilişkilendirilmektedir. Çay üretim aşamasında fermantasyon işlemi, çay içeriğinde bulunan biyoaktif bileşenlerin çeşit ve miktarlarında değişiklikler oluşturmaktadır. Çay polifenollerinden kateşinlerin antioksidan aktivite ile obezite, diyabet, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar ve kanser gibi hastalıkların önlenmesine katkıda bulunduğu, aynı zamanda bu bileşenlerin antiviral, antibakteriyel ve nörolojik hastalıklara karşı koruyucu etkileri olduğu belirtilmektedir. Bu derlemede çayın bileşimi ve sağlık üzerine etkilerinin irdelenmesi hedeflenmiştir.

Efficacy of Gargling the Green tea Solution to the Level of pH Saliva on Teenager Students Population in Deli Serdang District of Indonesia

Article

Sep 2019

Manta Rosma

Effect of Green Tea Extract Mouthwash on Salivary Streptococcus mutans Counts in a Group of Preschool Children: An In Vivo Study

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Full-text available

Apr 2019

Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of green tea mouthwash on the salivary level of Streptococcus mutans in the preschool children. Materials and methods: In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 40 cooperative children (4-5 years old) were divided into two groups. The study group included 20 children who did the routine tooth brushing 3 times/day, and then green tea extract mouthwash (8 mL/day) 2 times/day for 4 weeks. The control group included other 20 children who did the routine tooth brushing as the study group but did not use any green tea extract mouthwash. The quantitative microbiological laboratory cultivation method of S. mutans was carried out for each child at the baseline, after 2 weeks, and after 4 weeks of the study period. Results: Statistically, the results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the mean log S. mutans counts between the study and control groups in both follow-up periods after 2 weeks and after 4 weeks. Also, there were statistically significant mean percentage decreases in log S. mutans counts for the two groups. Conclusion: The use of green tea mouthwash showed promising results in reducing the cariogenic salivary S. mutans counts. Clinical significance: Green tea extract mouthwash is a nontoxic and safe, particularly for children. Catechins, the main bioactive ingredient of green tea, show an antibacterial action; thus, it has a promising effect in decreasing the count of salivary S. mutans and in the prevention of dental caries. How to cite this article: Salama MT, Alsughier ZA. Effect of Green Tea Extract Mouthwash on Salivary Streptococcus mutans Counts in a Group of Preschool Children: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(2):133-138.

Antimicrobial efficacy of green tea mouth rinse against oral bacteria causing early childhood caries

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Full-text available

Aug 2019

Aim: The aim of the present study is to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of green tea mouth rinse against oral bacteria causing early childhood caries. Materials and Methods: In the present study, preparation of green tea mouth rinse was done before the study and the prepared solution was transferred to bottles for antimicrobial testing. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus pure isolates used in this study were obtained from HiMedia Laboratories. Distilled water loaded discs were used as negative controls for mouthwash, respectively. The discs were then inoculated in Mueller-Hinton agar and the diameter of inhibition zone was measured for the antibacterial activity assessment. Results: From the present study, it is evident that green tea acts as an effective mouth rinse in creating a barrier for the growth of oral bacteria and there is a significant increase in the salivary levels of L. acidophilus and S. mutans. The results were also statistically significant. Conclusion: This study is done to create awareness of green tea as a prevention modality against bacterial diseases in the oral cavity and its use as an adjunct to other mouth rinses.

Pengaruh berkumur larutan teh hijau dalam menurunkan akumulasi plak pada gigi anak usia 8-10 tahun

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Full-text available

Oct 2016

Oral health is still a major problem in Indonesia. Ignorance towards oral health has lead to accumulation of dental plaques. Children aged 8-10 are susceptible to have dental caries because they like to consume rich-sugar foods. Moreeover, these children are in the process of teeth changes and the growth of new teeth. There are many methods to prevent plaque forming besides tooth brushing inter alia oral rinsing which can cover wider surfaces of the oral cavity. This study was aimed to determine the effect of oral rinsing with green tea solution on reducing dental plaque accumulation among children aged 8-10 years. This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test group design. Population of study was students of SDN 126 Manado aged 8-10 years old. Samples were obtained by using total sampling method. There were 32 participants divided into two groups: rinsing with green tea solution and rinsing with 0.2% chlorhexidine solution (control group). The paired t-test stated that the accumulation of plaque was decreased after rinsing with green tea solution significantly (p=0.001). Meanwhile, the t-independent test on green tea solution and chlorhexidine had different scores in reducing plaque accumulation (p=0.004). Conclusion: Oral rinsing with green tea solution could reduce plaque accumulation in students aged 8-10 years, however, the mean reduction of plaque accumulation after rinsing with green tea solution was less than after rinsing with 0.2% chlorhexidine solution. Keywords: dental plaque, green tea Abstrak: Masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut masih menjadi perhatian di Indonesia. Salah satu penyebab ialah terabaikannya kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang mengakibatkan timbulnya akumulasi plak pada gigi. Usia 8-10 tahun sangat rentan terhadap karies karena anak senang mengonsumsi makanan yang mengandung gula. Pada usia ini diperlukan perawatan lebih intensif karena terjadi pergantian gigi dan tumbuhnya gigi baru. Pendekatan pencegahan yang dikenal selain menyikat gigi ialah dengan berkumur yang mencapai lebih banyak permukaan rongga mulut, sehingga efektivitas kontrol plak meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh berkumur dengan larutan teh hijau dalam menurunkan akumulasi plak pada gigi anak berusia 8-10 tahun. Jenis penelitian ialah kuasi-eksperimental dengan pre-test dan post-test group design. Metode pengambilan sampel ialah total sampling Populasi penelitian ialah siswa SDN 126 Manado berusia 8-10 tahun dengan 32 orang responden yang dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu kelompok perlakuan dengan larutan teh hijau, dan kelompok kontrol dengan chlorhexidine 0,2%.. Uji t-paired menyatakan antara sebelum dan sesudah berkumur larutan teh hijau terjadi penurunan akumulasi plak yang bermakna (p=0,001). Berdasarkan uji t-independent larutan teh hijau dan chlorhexidine memiliki penurunan akumulasi plak yang berbeda (p=0,004). Simpulan: Larutan teh hijau dapat menurunkan akumulasi plak pada siswa berusia 8-10 tahun. Rerata penurunan akumulasi plak gigi berkumur dengan larutan teh hijau lebih kecil daripada berkumur dengan chlorhexidine 0,2%.Kata kunci: plak gigi, teh hijau

Antibacterial efficacy of green tea mouth rinse in children with early childhood caries

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2019

Purpose Of this study was to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of green tea (0.5%) mouth rinse to that of chlorhexidine (CHX) (0.125%) against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli spp.Participants and methods Forty-two children had early childhood cairns were recruited in this study, and randomly divided, using lottery method, into three groups; group A: children using green tea mouthwash; group B: children using CHX (0.12%) mouthwash; group C: children using colored flavored nonsweetened tape water. They were instructed to rinse the mouth for 1 min using 5 ml of the respective mouth rinse 30 min after the tooth brushing for 2 weeks. A volume of 2 ml saliva samples were collected prior to the commencement of mouth rinsing, and after 2 weeks rinsing, data were collected and statistically analyzed. Results Revealed both CHX and green tea mouth rinses showed a statistically significant fall in the colony counts of S. mutans and Lactobacilli spp. (P < 0.001 and <0.001), while in the third group not statistically significant (P = 0.003 and 0.183) for S. mutans and Lactobacilli spp., respectively). When the antimicrobial efficacy of CHX and green tea was evaluated against both S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp., no statistically significant difference was found (P = 0.462 and 0.824, respectively).

Utilización del Colutorio de Aloe Vera en el Control de la Gingivitis en Pacientes Adultos: Un Estudio Preliminar

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2018

Gingivitis correspond to inflammation of the gums as a result of plaque deposits, a material composed of bacteria attached to the tooth, infecting surrounding tissues, in addition to microorganisms of the subgingival microbiota. The use of mouthwash in addition to brushing, helps in the prevention, control and reduction of this condition, so that the generation of new products is paramount in the treatment of periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to establish the efficacy of Aloe Vera Mouthwash compared with Chlorhexidine mouthwash in adults and patients with gingivitis, in the municipality of Concepción, Chile. The design was a clinical pilot study. The effectiveness of Aloe Vera mouthwash on Gingivitis mouthwash versus chlorhexidine between 18 and 25 on the tenth day of use was evaluated. The variables analyzed were the plaque index and gingival index. A total of 87 subjects were analyzed. The sample was calculated by analysis of variance yielding 18 subjects. It was approved by a committee of bioethics. Descriptive statistics were used in addition to the Student t test for associations. Results showed a significant reduction in the rate of Plaque for chlorhexidine (ICI IPF 57.8 to 27.7), Aloe Vera (IPI IPF 64.3 to 42.1) and Gingival Index for chlorhexidine (IGI 0.26 0.11 IGF), aloe Vera (IGI 0.95 0.42 IGF). Aloe Vera mouthwash significantly decreases the concentration of plaque and gingival inflammation.

Inhibitory activity of a green and black tea blend on Streptococcus mutans

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2018

Through the years, tea consumption has been associated with good health, and some publications are related to oral health. The bioactive components of green tea are thought to be able to influence the process of caries formation through inhibition of proliferation of the streptococcal agent, interference with the process of bacterial adhesion to tooth enamel, and inhibition of glucosyl transferase and amylase; however, little is known about black tea and oral health. The aim of the present in-vitro study was to determine the inhibitory activity of a novel, patent-pending and proprietary blend of green and black tea aqueous extracts on Streptococcus mutans, a bacterium widely associated with plaque development and tooth decay. A minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5 mg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 12.5 mg/mL was established against S. mutans, meaning that at concentrations of 12.5 mg/mL and higher, the proprietary tea blend is effective against the growth of S. mutans. This MIC concentration is lower than the ones reported in the literature for alcoholic black tea and green tea extracts tested separately. As a promising natural ingredient for oral health, this finding is a good indicator for the use of this proprietary blend of black and green tea water extracts.

Effects of green tea and chamomile tea on plaque pH, salivary pH, Streptococcus mutans count

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2017

Aim: Green tea is healthy beverage and is a part of our day to day life. Similarly, chamomile tea is known for its aspirin like properties. Beneficial effects of these tea includes protection against dental caries, periodontal disease and tooth loss and found that can a decrease in streptococcus mutans count as well as increase in pH. Hence the present study was to compare the pH of saliva and plaque, before and after the intake of green tea and to evaluate the role of green tea and chamomile tea on growth of s.mutans in culture using saliva. Material and Methods: Salivary samples were collected from 30 healthy individuals aged 20-30 years with certain criteria. The pH of saliva was determined by collecting samples before, immediately after and 15 min, 30 min after drinking tea using pH meter. Similarly the microbial colonies were also counted. The Data obtained were analyzed using Wilcoxon’s, Friedman's and Mann Whitney test. Results: There was statistically no significant difference between salivary streptococcus mutans count before and after (p less than 0.001) intake of green tea and chamomile tea. Conclusion: The result of the present study has proved that consumption of green tea and chamomile tea inhibit salivary Streptococcus mutans count and cause reduction of pH in saliva. So, it is advisable to encourage the regular consumption of this widely available, tasty and inexpensive beverage as an interesting alternative to other drinks.

Efficacy of green tea-based mouthwashes on dental plaque and gingival inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review and if appropriate a meta-analysis of the efficacy of daily rinsing with green tea-based mouthwashes in terms of plaque index (PI) and/or gingival index (GI) as compared to other mouthwashes in plaque-induced gingivitis patients. Materials and methods: MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, IndMed, Google Scholar, and major journals were searched for studies up to December 2016. A comprehensive search strategy was designed, and the eligible articles were independently screened for eligibility by two reviewers. Randomized controlled trials in which individuals were intervened with oral mouthwashes of interest were included. Where appropriate, a meta-analysis was performed and standardized mean differences (SMDs) for GI and PI were calculated. Results: A total of 9 articles out of the 311 titles met the eligibility criteria. A meta-analysis was performed for five studies that compared green tea-based mouthwashes with chlorhexidine (CHX). The SMD for PI was -0.14 (95% CI: -1.70, 1.43; P = 0.86 and I2 = 94%), while that for GI was 0.43 ((95% CI: -0.63, 1.49; P = 0.43, I2 = 89%). Both these estimates suffered from significant heterogeneity. For both PI and GI, two studies were in favor of green tea while three studies were in favor of CHX. Conclusions: Green tea-based mouthwashes can be considered an alternative to CHX mouthwashes in sustaining oral hygiene, especially because of the added advantages provided by such herbal preparations.

Differences in the effects of 0.05% and 0.1% propolis flavonoids on in vitro biofilm formation by streptococcus mutans from children’s dental plaque

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to analyze the effects obtained with different concentrations (0.5 and 0.1%) of propolis flavonoids on in vitro biofilm formation by clinical Streptococcus mutans strains isolated from children’s dental plaque.Materials and Methods: S. mutans isolated from children’s dental plaque was assayed for biofilm formation in 96-microwell plates using crystal violet.Results: The effects on S. mutans biofilm formation were the same for propolis flavonoids administered at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1% (p>0.01).Conclusion: A 0.05% propolis flavonoids concentration was deemed as effective as a 0.1% concentration at inhibiting S. mutans biofilm formation.

Green tea in medicine: a brief overview

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2017

Over the past decades, focused interest in drugs obtained from medicinal plants has markedly increased. Since times immemorial, tea has traditionally been the most popular and widely consumed beverages in the world obtained from the extracts of leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis by the process of oxidation. It is the oldest non-alcoholic beverage containing caffeine. Among the varieties of tea manufactured, green tea is considered of utmost significance since it exerts antimicrobial, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-collagenase, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity and anti-hypertensive activities due to rich content of polyphenol, namely catechins, which prevent the pathogenesis of numerous disease processes and play a pivotal role as a scavenger of free radical generation. The present review discusses the botanical description, photo-chemical constituents and biological activity of green tea with clinical relevance in the various fields of medicine.

Antibacterial Activity of Green Tea and Peppermint Extracts Against Enterococcus faecalis and the Potential of EGCG in Oral Health

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2025

Aim Enterococcus faecalis is a significant pathogen in endodontic infections, often leading to treatment failure in root canal therapy and contributing to chronic infections. The growing concern over antimicrobial resistance highlights the need for alternative treatment approaches. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial properties of aqueous green tea ( Camellia sinensis ) and peppermint ( Mentha × piperita ) extracts, focusing on their phytochemical profiles and antibacterial activity against E. faecalis , a major pathogen in endodontic infections. Material and Methods Phytochemical analysis of green tea and peppermint extracts was conducted to determine the content of key compounds, including tannins, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, and total polyphenols. The antibacterial activity of green tea and peppermint extracts, as well as their key compounds, (–)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (–)-epicatechin, caffeic acid, and rosmarinic acid, was assessed using the broth dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against E. faecalis clinical strains. Results Green tea extract showed superior antibacterial activity (MIC/MBC 1.25–2.5/5–10 mg mL ⁻¹ ), with EGCG exhibiting the highest efficacy (MIC/MBC 0.25–0.5/1 mg mL ⁻¹ ). Peppermint extract demonstrated moderate antibacterial activity, with its active compounds, caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid, showing higher MIC/MBC values. A 1:1 mixture of both extracts demonstrated antagonistic effects, yielding higher MIC and MBC values compared to the individual extracts. Conclusions The results suggest that green tea, particularly EGCG, holds significant potential for oral health applications due to its strong antibacterial activity against E. faecalis . The findings indicate that green tea could contribute to the effective treatment of E. faecalis -related infections, although the combination of green tea and peppermint extracts may not provide additive benefits.

Efecto antifúngico del té verde tostado sobre Candida albicans: Conceptos básicos y estudio piloto

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022

Oral candidiasis is a fungal infection caused primarily by the fungus Candida albicans, a pathogen found in 35-80 % of healthy mouths; however, any dysbiosis can lead to the eruption of oral Candida, causing a pathogenic condition in mucous membranes and soft tissues. Currently, natural extracts in oral health are having a positive impact as an alternative for treatment against various bacterial and fungal species, highlighting the use of green tea due to its high content of phenols and polyphenols. The objective of the following study was to present the basic aspects of natural extracts and the results of a pilot study on the antifungal effect of green tea in culture with C. albicans, as well as to establish the therapeutic advantages.

Clinical efficacy of Green Tea, Aloe Vera and Chlorhexidine mouthwashes in the treatment of dental biofilm induced gingivitis: A multi‐arm, double‐blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

Objective: This multi-arm, randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial was designed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of 0.5% Green Tea (GT), 0.2 % Chlorhexidine (CHX) and Aloe Vera (AV) mouthwash as compared to the control (CNT) group (scaling and polishing alone with no mouthwash) in the management of dental biofilm induced gingivitis among 18-40-year-old patients. Material and methods: Sixty patients with generalized dental biofilm-induced gingivitis) were randomly allocated to four study groups (n=15 each) for treatment, namely, Group GT, Group CHX, Group AV and Group CNT after scaling and polishing were administered to all the patients. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and sulcular bleeding index (SBI) were recorded at baseline, 14th, and 21st day. Results: PI, GI and SBI at various time intervals (baseline, 14th day and 21st day) showed high statistically significant differences within the group (p < 0.01). Among these, the maximum percentage change was found in the CHX group followed by GT when evaluated from baseline to 21st day. The least percentage change was found in the AV group for PI and GI while the CNT group showed the least percentage change for sulcular index when evaluated from 14th day to 21st day. Inter-group results showed high statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) for PI and GI when evaluated between baseline to 14th day and baseline to 21st day. SBI also showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) when evaluated between baselines to 14th day and baseline to 21st day. Conclusion: Green tea mouthwash displayed a significant reduction in plaque index, gingival index, and sulcular bleeding index. 0.5% Green tea catechin has equivalent anti-plaque efficacy as 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate and can be considered a potent alternative to prevent and treat gingival diseases.

TÜRKİYE’DE HAVA VE UZAY DİŞ TABİPLİĞİ Aerospace Dentistry in Turkey

Article

Oct 2021

Nazim Ata

ÖZ Amaç: Çalışmamızda uçuş diş tabipliği ile hava ve uzay diş tabipliği kavramlarından bahsedilerek ülkemizde gelişmeye başladığı ilk yıllara ait bilgiler verilmesi, böylece diş tabiplerinin pilot ve astronotların seçim ve tedavilerindeki önemine ışık tutulması amaçlanmaktadır. Gereç ve yöntem: TC Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığında ülkemizde ilk Türk uçuş tabibinin görev yapmaya başladığı 1931 yılından başlamak üzere havacılık tıbbı ile ilgili belgeler incelenmiş; Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) Ulusal Arşivinde ve ABD Havacılık Tıp Okulu Kütüphanesinde 1948 yılından itibaren yapılan Amerikan yardımları kapsamında havacılık tıbbı ile ilgili bilgiler değerlendirilmiş; Milli Kütüphane katologlarında uçuş personelinin diş sağlığı ile ilgili kitap ve dergi makaleleri incelenmiştir. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Arşivindeki 36 belge, Milli Kütüphanedeki beş kitap ve iki makale ile ABD’deki bir kitap ve iki belge analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: 1930’lu yıllarda Eskişehir’de kurulan uçucu sağlık kurulunda diş tabiplerinin görev yapmasıyla birlikte pilotların ağız ve diş sağlığına önem verilmeye başlanmıştır. 1938 yılında pilot ve pilot adaylarının muayene usulleri ile ilgili hazırlanmış olan talimatnamede ilk defa pilotların ağız içi muayenelerinin yapılması gerektiği kısaca belirtilmiştir. 1957 yılında ise uçuş personeli seçiminde kabul edilebilir ağız ve diş hastalıkları kapsamlı bir şekilde talimatlara dahil edilmiştir. Günümüzde ise uçuş diş tabibi kavramı yönergelere girerek resmiyet kazanmıştır. Sonuç: Diş tabipleri, uçuşun ve yüksek irtifanın ağız ve diş sağlığı üzerine etkilerini bilmeli, bu alanda çalışmış uçuş diş tabiplerinin izinden giderek havacılıkta diş sağlığı ile ilgili araştırmalar yapmalıdır. Ülkemizin uzay çalışmalarının başladığı günümüzde hem uçuş hem uzayın insan fizyolojisi üzerine etkilerine hakim olan hava ve uzay diş tabiplerine ihtiyacı vardır. Anahtar kelimeler: havacılık tıbbı, uçuş diş tabipliği, hava ve uzay diş tabipliği, barodontalji ABSTRACT Aim: The aim of this study is to explain the aviation dentistry and the aerospace dentistry terms and to give information about the aviation dentistry in Turkey from the beginning to the present; thus showing the importance of dentists in the selection and treatment of aircrew and astronauts. Material and Methods: Documents related to aviation medicine from 1931, when the first Turkish flight surgeon started to work in our country, to the present were researched at the Turkish National Archives. Also, documents and books were researched in the United States of America (USA) National Archives and the Airforce School of Aviation Medicine Library within the scope of American aids from 1948 to the present. In addition to them, the books and the journal articles about aviation dentistry were researched at the Turkish National Library catalogs. Results: Importance was given to the oral and dental health of pilots with dentists working in Eskisehir Aeromedical Center which was established in 1930s. In 1938, it was first shortly stated that pilots should have a dental examination. In 1957, acceptable oral and dental diseases were included in the instructions comprehensively in the selection of aircrew. Nowadays, aviation dentist term formalized by entering the guidelines. Conclusion: Dentists should be aware of the effects of flying and high altitude on oral and dental health, and follow the footsteps of aviation dentists who have worked in this field and should research on aviation dentistry. It can be stated that, whenever the space studies start, our country will need aerospace dentists who know the effects of flying and aerospace conditions on human physiology. Keywords: aviation medicine, aviation dentistry, aerospace dentistry, barodontalgia.

Comparison of Inhibitory Effect of Green Tea Extract and Nystatin on Candida Albicans Growth: An in-vitro Study

Article

Mar 2020

KARANFİL VE YEŞİL ÇAYIN RESTORATİF MATERYALLERİN YÜZEY VE OPTİK ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ: İn Vitro çalışma EFFECT OF CLOVE AND GREEN TEA ON SURFACE AND OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RESTORATIVE MATERIALS: In Vitro Study

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2021

Zeynep Buket Kaynar

Amaç: Bu in vitro çalışmanın amacı, farklı kompozit rezin materyallerinin iki farklı bitkisel çay içerisinde bekletilmeleri sonrasında renk değişimi ve mikrosertlik değerleri açısından değerlendirilmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada supra-nano (Asteria, Tokuyama Dental, Tokyo Japonya) ve nanohibrit kompozit rezin (GrandioSo, VOCO Dental, Almanya) materyaller kullanıldı. Örnekler, disk şeklinde 2x10 mm ebatlarındaki paslanmaz çelik kalıp içerisinde 40 adet hazırlandı. Örneklerin polisajı, alüminyum oksit cila diskleri (Sof-Lex™,, 3M ESPE, ABD) ile yapıldı. Hazırlanan örnekler, 37 ˚C’de 24 saat distile suda bekletildikten sonra başlangıç renk ölçümleri bir spektrofotometre (Vita Easy Shade Advance 4.0., Almanya) ile ölçüldü. Vickers sertlik ölçümleri ise mikrosertlik test cihazında (Shimadzu, Japonya) alt ve üst yüzeylerinden üç ayrı noktadan yapıldı. Renk değişimi ve mikrosertlik ölçümlerinden sonra, örnekler bekletme solüsyonuna (yeşil çay, karanfil çayı) göre iki gruba (n=10) ayrıldı. Kompozit örnekler 20 mm çay solüsyonu içerisinde 48 saat 37 °C’de etüvde bekletildi. Bu sürenin sonunda renk ve mikrosertlik ölçümleri tekrarlandı. Elde edilen verilerin istatistiksel analizi ANOVA, Post Hoc Tamhane ve Wilcoxon Signed Ranks testleri ile yapıldı (p<0.05). Bulgular: Supra-nano kompozit materyali (Asteria) ile hazırlanan örneklerin mikrosertlik değerlerinin nanohibrit kompozit materyali (GrandioSo) ile hazırlanan örneklerden istatistiksel olarak daha düşük olduğu bulundu (p<0.05). Her iki solüsyonda bekletme sonrasında, supra-nano kompozit materyali (Asteria) ile hazırlanan örneklerin mikrosertlik değerinde anlamlı bir değişiklik gözlenmezken, nanohibrit kompozit materyali (GrandioSo) ile hazırlanan örneklerin mikrosertlik değerinde anlamlı bir artış olduğu bulundu (p=0.000). Renk değişimi açısından değerlendirildiğinde, istatistiksel olarak en fazla renklenme karanfil çayında bekletilen nanohibrit kompozit materyali (GrandioSo) ile hazırlanan örneklerde gözlendi (ΔE =3.44±1.26) ve bu değer klinik olarak kabul edilebilir değerin (ΔE ≥ 3.3) üzerinde hesaplandı. Yeşil çayda bekletilen nanohibrit kompozit materyaliyle (GrandioSo) hazırlanan örnekler ile karanfil çayında bekletilen nanohibrit kompozit materyaliyle (GrandioSo) hazırlanan örnekler arasında renk değişimi açısından anlamlı fark gözlendi (p=0.011). Supra-nano kompozit materyali (Asteria) ile hazırlanan örnekler her iki solüsyonda da nano-hibrit kompozit materyali (GrandioSo) ile hazırlanan örneklere göre daha az renklenme gösterdi ve istatistiksel olarak aralarındaki farkın anlamlı olduğu bulundu (p<0.05). Sonuç: Karanfil ve yeşil çayda bekletilmiş supra-nano dolduruculu kompozit materyali, klinik olarak kabul edilebilir renk değişimi gösterdiğinden, mikrosertlik açısından ise bir değişim sergilemediğinden, ön bölge restorasyonlarda güvenle tercih edilebilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Nanodolduruculu kompozit rezin, renk değişimi, mikrosertlik, bitki çayı ABSTRACT Aim: The Aim Of This İn Vitro Study İs To Evaluate Different composite resin materials in terms of color change and microhardness values after being kept in two different herbal teas. Materials and Methods: In this study, supra-nano (Asteria, Tokuyama Dental,Tokyo,Japan) and nanohybrid composite resin (GrandioSo, VOCO Dental, Germany) materials were used. Samples were prepared in a disc-shaped 2x10 mm stainless steel mold (n= 40). Samples were polished with aluminum oxide polishing discs (Sof-Lex ™, 3M ESPE, USA) then kept in distilled water at 37˚C for 24 hours. Initial color measurements were performed with a spectrophotometer (Vita Easy Shade Advance 4.0.,Germany). Vickers hardness measurements were made at three separate points from the top and bottom surfaces with the microhardness tester (Shimadzu, Japan). After the color change and microhardness measurements, the samples were divided into two groups (n= 10) according to the solutions (green tea, clove tea). Samples were kept in an oven at 37 °C for 48 hours in 20 mm solutions. At the end of this period, color and microhardness measurements were repeated. Statistical analysis of were performed using ANOVA, Post Hoc Tamhane, and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks tests (p<0.05). Results: It was found that the microhardness values of samples prepared with supra-nano composite material (Asteria) were statistically lower than the samples prepared with nanohybrid composite material (GrandioSo) (p <0.05). After kept in both herbal teas, no significant change was observed in the microhardness value of the samples prepared with supra-nano composite material (Asteria), while a significant increase was found in the microhardness value of the samples prepared with nanohybrid composite material (GrandioSo) (p = 0.000). Statistically, the more discoloration was observed in samples prepared with nanohybrid composite material (GrandioSo) that were kept in clove tea (ΔE = 3.44 ± 1.26) and this value was calculated above the clinically acceptable value (E ≥ 3.3). A significant difference was also observed between the samples prepared with nanohybrid composite material (GrandioSo) that were kept in green tea, and the samples prepared with nanohybrid composite material (GrandioSo) that were kept in clove tea (p = 0.011) in terms of color change. The samples prepared with the supra-nano composite material (Asteria) showed less discoloration in both herbal teas compared to the samples prepared with the nano-hybrid composite material (GrandioSo) and the difference between them was found to be statistically significant (p <0.05). Concluson: The supra-nano-filled composite material kept in clove and green tea can be safely preferred in anterior restorations, as it shows clinically acceptable color change and does not indicate a change in terms of microhardness.

Green Tea -A Magical Herbal Therapy

Article

Jan 2015

Green tea is one of the commonly ingested drinks in day to day routine. In vitro studies have shown that green tea polyphenols inhibit the growth and cellular adherence of periodontal pathogens and their production of virulence factors. Green tea extract has been used in the form of chewing gums, mouth rinses, gum paints and dentifrices as a part of preventive (proactive) periodontal maintenance regimen. Extracts from green tea have been shown to inhibit bacterial growth. The most important green tea polyphenols are tannins and flavonoids. Polyphenols constitute the most interesting group of green tea leaf components, and in consequence, green tea can be considered an important dietary source of polyphenols, particularly flavonoids. The main flavonoids present in green tea include Catechins. The 4 major catechins are Epigallocatechin-3-gallate of total catechins, epigallocatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate 1 and epicatechin. Green tea also contains gallic acid (GA) and other phenolic acids such as chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid, and flavonols such as kaempferol, myricetin and quercetin.Green tea from the leaves of plant Camellia sinensis has been shown to have wide range of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and anti-bacterial activity.

The Erosive Potential of Fruit-flavouredTea According to pH: An In-Vitro Study

Poster

Full-text available

Aug 2018

Development of Formulas and Technology of Dental Elixirs with the Use of Plant Resources and Thermal Mineral Waters of Georgia

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2019

Dental caries, inflammatory periodontal and the oral cavity diseases today are the diseases, which are observed often enough. They are related primarily to the presence of pathogenic microflora in the oral cavity. The main cause are bacteria contained in plaque. It would seem appropriate to create new combinations of bioactive substances in dental elixirs that prevent the growth of microorganisms. Of particular importance is the creation of the new combinations of herbal extracts and thermal mineral waters allowing for almost full covering the range of possible periodontal and the oral cavity diseases. A very rich flora of Georgia, and that it contained the plants having anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiseptic and other activities, a wide range of thermal mineral waters with different compositions and concentrations of the micronutrients and the macronutrients, are providing what is required for creating different formulations of dental elixirs in various combinations. In this study, there have been used oil from Rose hip (Fructus Rosae cinnamomea) and essential oil from leaves of Eucalyptus (оleum Еucalypti), glycerin extracts from the leaves of Green tea (Camellia sinensis) and Sage (Salvia officinalis), leaves of Peppermint (Mentha piperíta) and thermal mineral waters of Sulori (Vani district), Tskhaltubo and Borjomi having the different mineral compositions and salt loads. The formula and technology for obtaining similar elixirs have been developed.

GREEN TEA- A MAGICAL HERBAL THERAPY-

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2018

Pooja Palwankar

Green tea - A review

Effect of green tea consumption on chronic periodontitis patients

Article

Full-text available

May 2017

Nadia Mohammad

Abstract: Background: Green tea is primarily abundant in health-promoting flavonoids involving catechins and their derivatives (which assess for 30% of the weight of a leaf). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate is the most copiouscatechinfound in green tea, which is believe to act a central role in the green tea's antioxidant and anticancer effects. Catechins should be regarded right side by side of the better antioxidants such as vitamins C and E as potent scavengers for free radical and for this reason is health-supportive. By preventing bone resorption, reducing inflammation and restricted certain bacteria growth related to disease of periodontium, it has been found that green tea also encourage periodontal health .Aim of the study: This study was undertaken to determineclinically the green tea effect onchronic periodontitis. Material and methods: The persons enrolled in this study were taken from the patients attending the dentistry college, University of Baghdad. The whole sample of studycomposed of 33chronic periodontitis patients (male and female) with age range from 35 to 60 years. For all patients PL ,GI,PPD were meatured before scaling then after 2 weeks. Those patients were separated into two groups: First groupcomposed of 20 patients (males and females)onlyscaling was performed. And the Second groupcomposed of 13 patients ( males and females) scaling was performed and told the patients to drink daily 3 cups of green tea. Results: The study revealed that there is positive effect on periodontitis from the green tea clinically it has positive effects on periodontal health status.GI, PLI and PPD for participants consuming green tea was lower than those without consuming green tea with highly significant differences for PPD and PLI and no differences statistically for GI. Conclusion: Consumption of green tea after scaling has very advantageous effect on treatment of chronic periodontitis. Keywords: green tea, periodontitis, catechinand plant extract.

GREEN TEA (CAMELLIA SINENSIS) AND ITS ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY: A REVIEW

Article

Full-text available

May 2018

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. Tea extracts are source of polyphenols, which are antioxidant components. Green tea phenolic compounds are predominately composed of catechin derivatives, although other compounds such as flavonols and phenolic acids are also present in lower proportion. The main catechin compounds found in green tea are (-) Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), (-) Epigallocatechin (EGC), (-) Epicatechin Gallate (ECG) and (-) Epicatechin (EC) and other compounds. An antioxidant is a molecule capable of inhibiting the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons from the substance to an oxidizing agent. Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals. A molecule with one or more unpaired electron in its outer shell is called a free radical. Free radicals are formed from molecules via breakage of a chemical bond such that each fragment keeps one electron, by cleavage of a radical to give another radical and, also via redox reactions. In turn, these radicals can start chain reactions that damage cells. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions. They do this by being oxidized themselves, so antioxidants are often reducing agents. Antioxidants play a significant role in our health. They are the compounds that protects cell against the damaging effect of reactive oxygen species. This review highlights the potentials of green tea with respect to its antioxidant constituents.

HEMOSTATIC AGENTS IN ENDODONTICS TREATMENT: REVIEW

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2012

The control of hemorrhage is a major concern during endodontic procedures. Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanism of action, efficacy and possible adverse events as they relate to each agent. A good hemostatic agent achieves hemostasis within a short period of time, is easy to manipulate, is biyocompatible, does not impair healing and active and compatible with the patient’s own physiology. In endodontic therapies, control of pulpal bleeding is more important than choosing a specific pulp capping agent to preserve pulp vitality, because of evidence that pulp healing is most compromised by hemorrhagic injury thus provoking a choronic inflamatory response whilst impairing the healing process. Despite the priority of the topic, for a long time no significant progress made and current practice is based on beliefs and habits rather than on evidence. This review focuses on traditional and promising hemostatic agents and the value they provide during surgical field.

Correspondence: Correlation of Salivary pH, Incidence of Dental Caries and Periodontal Status in Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2017

Parisa Piroozmand

Relationship Between Intake of Green Tea and Periodontal Disease

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2009

Green tea is a very popular beverage, and in vitro studies have shown that green tea polyphenols inhibit the growth and cellular adherence of periodontal pathogens and their production of virulence factors. We investigated the epidemiologic relationship between the intake of green tea and periodontal disease. We analyzed 940 Japanese men aged 49 to 59 years as part of a comprehensive health examination. Probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (AL), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were used as the periodontal parameters. We examined the relationship between the intake of green tea and periodontal parameters. The intake of green tea was defined as the number of cups per day in a self-administered questionnaire. The intake of green tea was inversely correlated with the mean PD, mean clinical AL, and BOP. In multivariate linear regression models, every one cup/day increment in green tea intake was associated with a 0.023-mm decrease in the mean PD (P <0.05), a 0.028-mm decrease in the mean clinical AL (P <0.05), and a 0.63% decrease in BOP (P <0.05), after adjusting for other confounding variables. There was a modest inverse association between the intake of green tea and periodontal disease.

Mutans Streptococci in Plaque from Margins of Amalgam, Composite, and Glass-ionomer Restorations

Article

Full-text available

Apr 1990

Levels of mutans streptococci in plaque samples from margins of Class II amalgam (Dispersalloy), composite (P-10), and glass-ionomer (Ketac Silver) restorations were compared. Fifty-one children, each having one of the restorations in a permanent first molar, were part of an inter-individual comparison, giving 17 restorations of each material. The age of the children, the age of the restorations, and the salivary levels of mutans streptococci were comparable in the three groups. Another seven children-each having both a composite and a glass-ionomer restoration of the same age placed on contralateral premolar or molar teeth-were part of an intra-individual comparison. The percentage mutans streptococci of total CFU count in plaque was higher on composite (mean 13.7) and amalgam (mean 4.3) than on glass-ionomer (mean 1.1) restorations in the inter-individual comparison, and higher on composite (mean 4.2) than on glass-ionomer (mean 0.4) restorations in the intra-individual comparison. In both comparisons, the differences in values between samples from glass-ionomer restorations and samples from composite or amalgam restorations were statistically significant (p<0.05).

Effect of Xylitol and Sorbitol in Chewing-Gums on Mutans Streptococci, Plaque pH and Mineral Loss of Enamel

Article

Full-text available

Jan 1994

Seventeen subjects with more than 3 x 10(5) mutans streptococci per millilitre of saliva completed this randomised, cross-over study. Four different chewing-gums, containing: (1) 70% xylitol, (2) 35% xylitol + 35% sorbitol, (3) 17.5% xylitol + 52.5% sorbitol, and (4) 70% sorbitol, were tested. The participants used 12 pieces of each gum per day for 25 days. During the four experimental periods, they wore a removable palatinal plate containing two demineralised enamel samples, and brushed their teeth with a non-fluoridated toothpaste. The results showed that an increased concentration of xylitol in the gum resulted in a lower number of mutans streptococci in both saliva and dental plaque, although the decreases were only significant in the saliva samples (p < 0.01). The pH drop in plaque, measured in vivo after a 1-min mouthrinse with a 10% sorbitol solution, was least pronounced after the 70% xylitol gum and most pronounced after the 70% sorbitol gum period (p < 0.01). No significant differences were found after a mouthrinse with a 10% sucrose solution. All demineralised enamel samples lost mineral during the experimental periods. However, the lesion depth as well as the mineral loss values, assessed microradiographically, did not differ significantly between the four chewing-gums.

Anti-cariogenic properties of tea (Camellia sinensis)

Article

Full-text available

May 2001

Jeremy Hamilton-Miller

Various components in green and black tea, the beverages made by infusing appropriately processed dried leaves of Camellia sinensis, notably simple catechins, have properties in vitro that suggest an anti-cariogenic activity. These include: a direct bactericidal effect against Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus; prevention of bacterial adherence to teeth; inhibition of glucosyl transferase, thus limiting the biosynthesis of sticky glucan; inhibition of human and bacterial amylases. Studies in animal models show that these in-vitro effects can translate into caries prevention. A limited number of clinical trials in man suggest that regular tea drinking may reduce the incidence and severity of caries. If substantiated, this could offer a very economical public health intervention.

Delivery of Tea Polyphenols to the Oral Cavity by Green Tea Leaves and Black Tea Extract

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2004
CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR

Catechins and theaflavins, polyphenolic compounds derived from tea (Camellia sinensis, fam. Theaceae), have been reported to have a wide range of biological activities including prevention of tooth decay and oral cancer. The present study was undertaken to determine the usefulness of green tea leaves and black tea extract for the delivery of catechins and theaflavins to the oral cavity. After holding either green tea leaves (2 g) or brewed black tea (2 g of black tea leaves in 100 ml) in the mouth for 2–5 min and thoroughly rinsing the mouth, high concentrations of catechins (Cmax = 131.0–2.2 μm) and theaflavins (Cmax = 1.8–0.6 μm) were observed in saliva in the 1st hour. Whereas there was significant interindividual variation in the peak levels of catechins and theaflavins, the overall kinetic profile was similar, with t1/2 = 25–44 min and 49–76 min for catechins and theaflavins, respectively (average coefficient of variation in t1/2 was 23.4%). In addition to the parent catechin and theaflavin peaks, five unidentified peaks were also observed in saliva after black tea treatment. Hydrolysis of theaflavin gallates, apparently by salivary esterases, was observed in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that tea leaves can be used as a convenient, slow-release source of catechins and theaflavins and provide information for the possible use of tea in the prevention of oral cancer and dental caries.

Beneficial Effects of Green Tea—A Review

Article

Full-text available

May 2006

Tea is the most consumed drink in the world after water. Green tea is a 'non-fermented' tea, and contains more catechins, than black tea or oolong tea. Catechins are in vitro and in vivo strong antioxidants. In addition, its content of certain minerals and vitamins increases the antioxidant potential of this type of tea. Since ancient times, green tea has been considered by the traditional Chinese medicine as a healthful beverage. Recent human studies suggest that green tea may contribute to a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease and some forms of cancer, as well as to the promotion of oral health and other physiological functions such as anti-hypertensive effect, body weight control, antibacterial and antivirasic activity, solar ultraviolet protection, bone mineral density increase, anti-fibrotic properties, and neuroprotective power. Increasing interest in its health benefits has led to the inclusion of green tea in the group of beverages with functional properties. However, although all the evidence from research on green tea is very promising, future studies are necessary to fully understand its contributions to human health, and advise its regular consumption in Western diets, in which green tea consumption is nowadays limited and sporadic.

Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Myrtus communis. L leaves against salivary Mutans streptococci

Article

Jan 2008

Anticariogenic potential of commercial teas

Article

Jan 1980
J Prev Dent

Antibacterial substances in Japanese green tea extract against Streptococcus mutans, a cariogenic bacterium

Article

Jan 1989

Anticaries Effects of Polyphenolic Compounds from Japanese Green Tea

Article

Feb 1991

The dental caries inhibiting effect of the extract from Japanese green tea, one of the most popular drinks in Japan, was studied both in vitro and in vivo. The crude tea polyphenolic compounds (designated Sunphenon) from the leaf of Camellia sinensis were found to effectively inhibit the attachment of Streptococcus mutans strain JC-2 (serotype c) to saliva-coated hydroxyapatide discs. Sunphenon was also inhibitory to water-insoluble glucan formation from sucrose by crude glucosyltransferase of S. mutans JC-2 (c). Among the tea catechins tested, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and (-)-epicatechin gallate showed the most potent inhibition of the glucosyltransferase activity. Finally, significantly lower caries scores were observed in specific pathogen free rats infected with S. mutans JC-2 (c) and fed a cariogenic diet and/or drinking water containing 0.05% Sunphenon as compared with control rats not receiving polyphenolic compounds.

Screening of Tiwanese crude drugs for antibacterial activity against SM bacteria

Article

Jan 1990
J ETHNOPHARMACOL

Preliminary antibacterial screening of local crude drugs was carried out using the cariogenic bacterium, Streptococcus mutans. Of 79 aqueous extracts tested, 6 crude drugs were shown to have significant antibacterial activity with minimal inhibitory concentration equal to or lower than 7.8 mg/ml (expressed in terms of dry starting material). Of these effective crude drugs, Morus australis, Ludwigia octovalvis and Thuja orientalis were very effective in inhibiting the growth of serotypes c and d of S. mutans (MIC less than or equal to 2.0-7.8 mg/ml). Elephantopus scaber, Artemisia vulgaris, Mosla chinensis and Orthosiphon aristatus also exhibited considerable antibacterial activity (MIC = 7.8-23.4 mg/ml) against both serotypes. In the presence of 5% sucrose, the antibacterial potency of the majority of the extracts did not change for type c, while the potency decreased about one-half for type d.

[A vaccine against dental caries]

Article

Jul 1989
Stomatologiia

G D Ovrutskiĭ

A New Method for the Estimation of Mutans Streptococci in Human Saliva

Article

Apr 1989

A new method for quantitating the numbers of mutans streptococci in saliva--the "Strip mutans" test--was developed. It includes the following steps: A prepared plastic spatula is contaminated with saliva, transferred to a selective broth, incubated for two days, and dried. A predetermined area is counted or evaluated for CFUs of mutans streptococci. The medium contains sucrose to promote adhesion of mutans streptococci to the strip. Bacitracin, added just before use, is the basis for the selectivity. Results with the new medium were compared with those from the "spatula technique" and with those from conventional saliva sampling with dilution. The studies involved 302 and 60 schoolchildren, respectively. There was a highly significant correlation between the results from the new method and those from conventional methods. The strip mutans test is easy to used and has long shelf-life, and the spatulas with adherent colonies can be saved for future comparisons.

Restorative treatment and longevity of resin restoration in Denemark

Article

Jan 1987

A survey has been made of the reasons for placement and replacement of 883 resin restorations in Denmark. In patients more than 16 years of age 39% of all restorations were made because of primary caries, and 61% were replacements of failed restorations. In primary teeth 63% and in permanent teeth of children 65% of the restorations were made because of primary caries. The reasons for replacement of restorations were dependent on dentition, age of the patient, and type of restoration. Secondary caries, loss of fillings, and marginal discrepancies were the most frequently recorded reasons for replacement of failed resin restorations. The age of the restorations replaced ranged from 0 to 15 years, and half of the replaced resin restorations in adults were just over 6 years old. In permanent teeth in children half of the failed restorations were replaced within 2 years, whereas half of those in primary teeth were replaced within 1 year. Information on a selected material of old silicate cement restorations in adults showed that two-thirds of these were replaced owing to marginal discrepancies and lost fillings.

The Gingival Bleeding Index

Article

Dec 1974

Study on feasibility of Chinese green tea polyphenols (CTP) for preventing dental caries

Article

Jul 1993

S Q You

This study demonstrated that streptococcus mutans could be inhibited completely after contacted with 0.1% CTP for 5 minutes. There were no drug resistance after repeat cultures in 0.025% CTP. Plaque Index and Gingival Index decreased significantly (P < 0.001) after 0.2% CTP were used to rinse and brush the teeth. Results proved that CTP is an effective agent to prevent dental caries.

Simultaneous determination of catechins in human saliva by high-performance chromatograph

Article

Jan 1998
J Chrom B Biomed Sci Appl

Green tea extracts have been suggested to possess a preventive effect against dental caries. A quantitative method for their anticariogenic substances, catechins, was developed to evaluate their concentrations in human saliva after mouthrinsing with green tea extract. Salivary catechins were extracted to the organic phase after forming a complex with diphenylborate and an ion-pair with tetra-n-butylammonium, and then back-extracted to the acidic aqueous phase. The extract was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography using diode array detection at absorption wavelengths ranging from 269 to 278 nm. In reversed-phase chromatography by a gradient elution, eight catechins originating from green tea and an internal standard were separated in 15 min without interfering peaks. All the catechins were simultaneously and selectively determined in the concentration range 0.05-25.0 microg/ml. In replicate spiking experiments with standards, the mean recovery ranged between 86 and 99%, and both intra- and inter-assay C.V.s were within 2.3%. When mouthrinsing with an aqueous solution of green tea extract (5.0 mg/ml) containing eight catechins, the quantitative results revealed that each catechin was retained at microg/ml levels in saliva for up to 60 min.

Antibacterial activity of Camellia sinensis extracts against dental caries

Article

Jul 1998

Different bacteria were separated from saliva and teeth of cariogenic patients and identified by a variety of morphological and biochemical tests. Extracts of green tea strongly inhibited Escherichia coli, Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus mutans. The antibacterial effect of green and black tea extracts were compared with those of amoxicillin, cephradine and eugenol.

Low cariogenicity of trehalose as substrate

Article

Dec 2000
J DENT

The effects of trehalose on cariogenesis by mutans streptococci were investigated. Inhibited effect of trehalose on water-insoluble glucan (WIG) synthesis from sucrose by glucosyltransferase (GTase) of mutans streptococci was assayed. The acid fermentability of trehalose by mutans streptococci was determined by the measurements of pH, and amounts of lactic acid production. Plaque pH was determined by the measurements of collected plaque from volunteers after sugar mouth-rinse. Rat experimental caries was investigated by feeding a sucrose and/or trehalose diet. Trehalose was not utilized as a substrate for GTase. In addition, trehalose inhibited synthesis of WIG by GTase in the presence of sucrose. Trehalose showed weaker and slower acid fermentation than sucrose by mutans streptococci. The levels of lactic acid production from trehalose by Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus were 24.2 and 59.8% of those from sucrose, respectively. The minimum plaque pH after sucrose mouth-rinse was lower than those after trehalose mouth-rinse in all subjects. Plaque pH after trehalose mouth-rinse never reached critical pH. The substitution of trehalose for sucrose in the rat diet significantly reduced caries scores. Furthermore, rats fed diets containing sucrose and trehalose had significantly lower caries scores than those fed a sucrose diet. These results suggested that trehalose might be not only lowly cariogenic but also anti-cariogenic, and is promising as a sugar substitute.

Antimicrobial effects of tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) on oral microorganisms [Antimikrobielle Wirkung von Teebaumöl (Melaleuca alternifolia) auf orale Mikroorganismen.]

Article

Feb 2000

The essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) exhibits antimicrobial activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and fungi. In this study the bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal/fungicidal activity of a tea tree oil solution, of a new tea tree oil (Tebodont) and the respective placebo-gel, of a chlorhexidindigluconate-solution and of PlakOut was tested in vitro against ten different oral microorganisms. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were in the range from 0.0293% to 1.25% for the tea tree oil solution and from 0.0082% to 1.25% for the tea tree oil gel. The values for minimum bacteriocidal/fungicidal concentrations were in the range from 0.0521% to 2.5% for the tea tree oil solution and from <0.0098% to 3.33% for the tea tree oil gel. The most susceptible microorganisms were Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, whereas Streptococcus mutans and Prevotella intermedia were the least susceptible ones. Both for the chlorhexidindigluconate solution and for PlakOut the values for the minimal inhibitory concentration and for the minimal cidal concentration were between <0.0002% and 0.0125%.

A Vaccine against Dental Caries

Article

Feb 2001

Dental caries continues to be a costly and prevalent oral disease. Research efforts towards developing a well tolerated and effective vaccine against dental caries were initiated following the demonstration of a specific bacterial aetiology for this disease. The cariogenic mutans streptococci are the principal bacteria causing this disease. Specific immune defence against these bacteria is provided mainly by secretory immunoglobulin (Ig) A antibodies present in saliva, which are generated by the common mucosal immune system. Progress in the development of a vaccine against dental caries has increased due to both advancements in molecular biology and our understanding of the mucosal immune system and mucosal vaccines. Advancements in molecular biology have facilitated the cloning and functional characterisation of virulence factors of the mutans streptococci, including the cell-surface fibrillar proteins, which mediate adherence to the tooth surface, and the glucosyltransferase enzymes, which synthesise adhesive glucans and allow microbial accumulation on the teeth.

Anti-plaque agents in the prevention of biofilm-associated oral diseases

Article

Feb 2003

The prevention of dental caries and periodontal diseases is targeted at the control of dental plaque. In this context, chemical agents could represent a valuable complement to mechanical plaque control. The active agents should prevent biofilm formation without affecting the biological equilibrium within the oral cavity. Depending on the goals of the preventive measures, various strategies may be considered. Anti-plaque agents with properties other than bactericidal or bacteriostatic activities may be used in primary prevention. In this approach, a modest antiplaque effect may be sufficient or even desirable, as it would decrease the side effects of the active agent. Antimicrobial agents are best indicated in secondary and tertiary prevention, as the objectives are to restore health and to prevent disease recurrence. The rational is to prevent or delay subgingival recolonization by pathogenic micro-organisms. The development of in vitro oral biofilm models certainly represents a major advance for studying and testing oral anti-plaque agents in recent years. The results of these studies have shown that chlorhexidine, hexetidine, delmopinol, amine fluoride/stannous fluoride, triclosan, phenolic compounds, among others, may inhibit biofilm development and maturation as well as affect bacterial metabolism.

Increased Microbicidal Activity of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) in Combination with Butylated Hydroxyanisole

Article

Apr 2004

We have demonstrated that green tea (Camellia sinensis) shows increased antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi when used in combination with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). Glycolic extract taken from green tea showed only limited activity against Streptococcus mutans and no activity against Candida albicans and certain strains of Escherichia coli. BHA, at non inhibitory concentrations, increased the microbicidal activity of green tea against 10(10) S. mutans (p<0.01), non-susceptible E. coli (p<0.01) and C. albicans (p<0.01). Green tea in combination with BHA reduced the hydrophobicity of S. mutans (p<0.01) and greatly inhibited (p<0.001) the formation of hyphae in C. albicans. The increased antimicrobial activity of green tea is related to an impairment of the barrier function in microorganisms and a depletion of thiol groups. The increased activity of green tea as an oral antimicrobial product is discussed.

The effects of a tea tree oil-containing gel on plaque and chronic gingivitis

Article

Jul 2004

[corrected] This clinical study assessed the effects of topically applied tea tree oil (TTO)-containing gel on dental plaque and chronic gingivitis. This was a double-blind, longitudinal, non-crossover study in 49 medically fit non-smokers (24 males and 25 females) aged 18-60 years with severe chronic gingivitis. Subjects were randomly assigned to three groups and given either TTO-gel (2.5 per cent), chlorhexidine (CHX) gel (0.2 per cent), or a placebo gel to apply with a toothbrush twice daily. Treatment effects were assessed using the Gingival Index (GI), Papillary Bleeding Index (PBI) and plaque staining score (PSS) at four and eight weeks. No adverse reactions to any of the gels were reported. The data were separated into subsets by tooth (anterior and posterior) and tooth surface (buccal and lingual). The TTO group had significant reduction in PBI and GI scores. However,,TTO did not reduce plaque scores, which tended to increase over the latter weeks of the study period. Although further studies are required, the anti-inflammatory properties of TTO-containing gel applied topically to inflamed gingival tissues may prove to be a useful non-toxic adjunct to chemotherapeutic periodontal therapy.

Are dental disease examples of ecological catastrophes?

Article

Mar 2003

Philip D Marsh

Dental diseases are among the most prevalent and costly diseases affecting industrialized societies, and yet are highly preventable. The microflora of dental plaque biofilms from diseased sites is distinct from that found in health, although the putative pathogens can often be detected in low numbers at normal sites. In dental caries, there is a shift towards community dominance by acidogenic and acid-tolerant Gram-positive bacteria (e.g. mutans streptococci and lactobacilli) at the expense of the acid-sensitive species associated with sound enamel. In contrast, the numbers and proportions of obligately anaerobic bacteria, including Gram-negative proteolytic species, increase in periodontal diseases. Modelling studies using defined consortia of oral bacteria grown in planktonic and biofilm systems have been undertaken to identify environmental factors responsible for driving these deleterious shifts in the plaque microflora. Repeated conditions of low pH (rather than sugar availability per se) selected for mutans streptococci and lactobacilli, while the introduction of novel host proteins and glycoproteins (as occurs during the inflammatory response to plaque), and the concomitant rise in local pH, enriched for Gram-negative anaerobic and asaccharolytic species. These studies emphasized (a). significant properties of dental plaque as both a biofilm and a microbial community, and (b). the dynamic relationship existing between the environment and the composition of the oral microflora. This research resulted in a novel hypothesis (the 'ecological plaque hypothesis') to better describe the relationship between plaque bacteria and the host in health and disease. Implicit in this hypothesis is the concept that disease can be prevented not only by directly inhibiting the putative pathogens, but also by interfering with the environmental factors driving the selection and enrichment of these bacteria. Thus, a more holistic approach can be taken in disease control and management strategies.

Minor gland saliva flow rate and proteins in subjects with hyposalivation due to Sjogren syndrome and radiation therapy

Article

Apr 2005
ARCH ORAL BIOL

In this study, the secretion rate and IgA, albumin and lactoferrin concentrations in minor labial and buccal gland saliva were investigated in individuals with hyposalivation due to primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS; 10 subjects) or head and neck radiation therapy (RT; 10 subjects) and in their matched controls. Whole saliva was similarly examined. The minor gland saliva flow was measured using the Periotron method. IgA, albumin and lactoferrin concentrations were analysed by ELISA techniques. A general finding was that the flow rate and protein concentrations were lower in labial than in buccal gland saliva. In both hyposalivation groups, the labial minor gland saliva secretion rate was lowered compared to their respective controls. The buccal gland saliva flow rate was significantly reduced in the RT group only. IgA and albumin concentrations were not different from the controls in the labial secretions. The concentration of lactoferrin was increased in the RT group. In buccal saliva, the concentrations of all proteins examined but pSS IgA, were increased compared to the controls. Reduced flow rate and increased protein concentrations were seen for whole saliva where the lactoferrin concentration was higher in RT than in pSS subjects. Thus, our findings suggested that minor gland saliva flow rate and protein concentrations are affected in RT and pSS subjects and to highest extent in the former.

Evaluation of Microbiological Screening Systems Using Dental Plaque Specimens from Young Children Aged 6–36 Months

Article

Feb 2006

Using cotton swab specimens of dental plaque from children aged 6-36 months, four commercial chairside tests for oral bacteria were evaluated by comparison with conventional selective culture: mitis salivarius kanamycin bacitracin agar for mutans streptococci and Rogosa SL agar for lactobacilli. Representative colonies of all isolates were identified by commercial identification kits. According to qualitative evaluations, all chairside tests for mutans streptococci were effective in our population. Those for lactobacilli were not as effective, due mainly to a high recovery of yeast contaminants.

Inhibition of Acid Production in Dental Plaque Bacteria by Green Tea Catechins

Article

Feb 2006

The inhibition of acid production from dental plaque and mutans streptococci by epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), one of the green tea catechins, was examined. The effect of EGCg solution on dental plaque pH was investigated. Subjects rinsed their mouths with 2 mg/ml EGCg solution and then, after 30-min interval, rinsed their mouths with 10% sucrose. Plaque samples were collected at appropriate times and the pH was measured. The pH values of plaque samples from 15 volunteers were significantly higher after treatment with catechin than after treatment with water. EGCg inhibited pH fall when cariogenic bacteria grown in medium with or without sucrose were incubated with sugar. In medium without sucrose, cultured cells were killed time-dependently by EGCg treatment. However, EGCg did not kill cells cultured in medium containing sucrose. Also, EGCg did not kill oral streptococci adhering to a saliva-coated hydroxyapatite disk. EGCg and epicatechin gallate inhibited lactate dehydrogenase activity much more efficiently than epigallocatechin, epicatechin, catechin or gallocatechin. These results suggest that EGCg is effective in reducing acid production in dental plaque and mutans streptococci.

Plaque microbiology of root caries

Jan 1999
295-312

D Beighton
S R Bralisford

Beighton D, Bralisford SR. Plaque microbiology of root caries In: Newman H, Wilson M, eds. Dental Plaque Revisited. Cardiff, Bioline, 1999: 295-312.

Anticariogenic properties of tea

Jan 2001
299

Hamilon-Miller

Hamilon-Miller JM. Anticariogenic properties of tea. J Med Microbiol 2001; 50: 299-301.

Delivery of tea polyphenols to the oral cavity

Jan 2004
132-137

H Lee
J Lambert
S Prabln

Lee H, Lambert J, Prabln S et al. Delivery of tea polyphenols to the oral cavity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 132-137.

A new method for estimation of SM count in saliva

Jan 1989
468

Jensen

Jensen B, Bartthall D. A new method for estimation of SM count in saliva. J Dent Res 1989; 68: 468–471.

Green tea use on oral health 116

Jan 2011
110-116

Awadalla

Awadalla et al. Green tea use on oral health 116 Int J Dent Hygiene 9, 2011; 110–116

Dental Plaque Revisited

Jan 1999
295-312

H Newman
Wilson

Newman H, Wilson M, eds. Dental Plaque Revisited. Cardiff, Bioline, 1999: 295–312.

Anticariogenic activity of a bacetracin produced by lactooccus bacteria

Jan 2003
9-12

S Oh
J Lee
G Kim
G Shim
J Back

Oh S, Lee J, Kim G, Shim G, Back J. Anticariogenic activity of a bacetracin produced by lactooccus bacteria. Food Sci Biotechnol 2003; 12: 9-12.

Study of feasibility of Chinese green tea polyphenols in preventing dental caries

Jan 1993
192-199

H Zhong
Q Kao
G Qian

Zhong H, Kao Q, Qian G. Study of feasibility of Chinese green tea polyphenols in preventing dental caries. Yi Xue Za Zhi 1993; 28: 192-199. (English).

Are dental caries example of ecological catastropHes?

Jan 2003
279

March PD

Delivery of tea polyphenols to the oral cavity

Jan 2004
132

Study of feasibility of Chinese green tea polyphenols in preventing dental caries

Jan 1993
192

Zhong H

Anticariogenic activity of a bacetracin produced by lactooccus bacteria

Jan 2003
9

Oh S

Increased activity of green tea in combination to butylated hydroxyanisole

Jan 2004
122

Simonti

Plaque microbiology of root cariesIn:NewmanH WilsonM eds.Dental Plaque Revisited

Beightond Bralisfordsr

A pilot study of the role of green tea use on oral health

Abstract

No full-text available

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