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Tail and Fin Rot Disease of Indian Major Carp and Climbing Perch in Bangladesh
Abstract
Tail and fin rot disease occurred in Indian major carp, catla ( Catla catla ) and climbing perch, koi ( Anabas testudineus ) in fish farms located at two districts of Bangladesh. The affected fish showed lesion and erosion on the tail and fins. Approximately, 40% mortality was recorded in those farms. The present study was conducted to isolate and identify the bacterial pathogen causing the disease, to conduct artificial infection challenge for confirmation of the pathogen and to know the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates. Bacteria were isolated from the lesions of diseased fish on Cytophaga agar medium where they developed characteristic yellowish pigmented colonies. They were identified as Flavobacterium columnare based on biochemical characterization tests. All of the isolates were found to be highly virulent for carp fish ( Puntius gonionotus ) in artificial infection challenge experiment but, virulence for koi fish ( A. testudineus ) were found to be varied. These isolates exhibited sensitivity to antibiotics chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin, but some of them were resistant to sulphamethoxazole and all were resistant to gentamicin and cefradine.
... and pseudomonas spp. liable for ulcer, fin rot and tail rot in Koi (Rahman et al., 2010) [15] . Bacterial species isolated from Koi could have serious health issues for humans who consume or ingest them. ...
... and pseudomonas spp. liable for ulcer, fin rot and tail rot in Koi (Rahman et al., 2010) [15] . Bacterial species isolated from Koi could have serious health issues for humans who consume or ingest them. ...
The study examined the presence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria species in cultured Koi (Anabas testudineus). A total of twelve (12) samples were collected for the examination of bacteria. Pelleted feed with 2 g/kg Oxytetracycline (OTC) was applied in the pond. Tissues from the gill, intestine and skin were excised under aseptic conditions before and after (OTC) treatment for quantitative analysis. Bacterial population was decreased significantly after OTC treatment but it was significantly increased in control system in skin, gills and intestine of Koi. Respective samples were inoculated in Brain Heart Infusion broth (BHI) and incubated then subsequently streaked on MacConkey Agar and Blood Agar for qualitative analysis. Bacteria colony was taken through a series of test for identification. Bacterial species belonging to the genus Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Escherichia, Salmonella and Vibrio were isolated. Bacterial infection in fish farm is crucial to the fish and consumer. The presence of these types of pathogens means the outbreak of serious fish disease in Bangladesh.
... Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Streptococcus agalactiae produced common symptoms of bacterial diseases. Similar to the clinical sings observed in this study, previous researchers have also reported the most common clinical and postmortem signs of V. parahaemolyticus infection as external haemorrhages, white nodular skin lesions, necrotic eyes, sudden death with haemorrhages in the skeletal muscles, deep ulcers, liver haemorrhage, pale kidneys and splenomegaly in studies on Dicentrarchus labrax (Rahman et al., 2010), Iberian toothcarp (Aphanius iberus) (Alcaide et al., 1999), and Amphiprion sebae (Marudhupandi et al., 2017). Similarly, Streptococcus infection in Oreochromis niloticus was manifested by behavioural disorders, pop eye, and haemorrhagic dots on the body surface and bases of the fins in naturally infected tilapias (Figueiredo et al., 2006). ...
Bacteria are the primary cause of fatal disease outbreaks in aquaculture. Nine fish cages located at three different sites (3 cages/site) in the north Rosetta branch of the Nile River have exhibited high mortality rates. A total of 220 moribund Oreochromis niloticus and fish feed and water samples were examined for pathogenic bacteria in this study. Fish infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus were located at only site 1 (62.5% infection rate), and Streptococcus agalactiae was isolated from fish at sites 1 and 3 (25% and 37.5% infection rates, respectively). Fish infected with V. parahaemolyticus or S. agalactiae were coinfected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Further investigation revealed that V. parahaemolyticus infection at site 1 may occur via a fish feed that was contaminated with V. parahaemolyticus (the fish feed was containing improperly manufactured marine fish meal). The median lethal dose (LD50) 96h of A. hydrophila, V. parahaemolyticus, and S. agalactiae was 2.4 × 10 5 , 1.9 × 10 5 , and 5.2 ×10 3 colony-forming unit / ml, respectively for O. niloticus (50 ± 2.5 g b.w.) at a water temperature of 25.1 °C ± 1.5 °C. In an indoor experiment, O. niloticus were injected with the LD50 of the isolated bacteria. Florfenicol was found to be superior to ciprofloxacin in treating A. hydrophila and V. parahaemolyticus infection (mortality 13.3 % and 16.7 %, respectively), and ciprofloxacin was found to be more efficient in treating S. agalactiae infection (mortality 13.3%). In conclusion, inappropriately manufactured marine fishmeal was the source of V. parahaemolyticus infection in caged fish. V. parahaemolyticus or S. agalactiae infection co-occurred with A. hydrophila in fish cages containing low-quality water (high unionized ammonia content).
... Most species of fish are susceptible to tail rot and fin rot diseases and those may cause large mortality that was stated by Frerichs and Roberts (1989). Tail rot and fin rot diseases also reported in C. catla and A. testudineus in some fish farms of Bangladesh and the affected fishes showed lesion and erosion on the tail and fins and approximately 40% mortality was recorded in those farms (Foysal 2010). ...
The study was carried out to assess the impact of diseases on fish production in baors of Jessore district, Bangladesh from March 2012 to January 2013. Studied baors were selected randomly from each sub-district which covered 39.22% of total baors and 71.87% baor areas in Jessore district. All the surveyed baors were affected more or less by various diseases and in 80% baors noticeable production loss occurred almost every year. The main diseases were epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS), dropsy, gill rot and fin rot; out breaking time ranged from November to February each year. EUS was recorded in 85% baors whereas other diseases were found in various baors at various percentages: dropsy (75%), gill rot (45%) and fin rot (55%). Conferring to the number of affected fishes, 31.25% were affected by EUS, 37.5% by dropsy, 12.5% by gill rot and 18.75% by fin rot. In the year 2012, 0.513% loss of production has occurred that designated 0.7599 million BDT. Through successful work on disease control and management, production loss may be minimized.
... Other genera reported to be associated with TFRD are Gram-positive bacteria such as Flavobacterium spp., Acinetobacter spp., and Alcaligens spp. (Rahman et al. 2010). In general, the symptoms of TFRD are slit, torn, or ragged tail fins, often with a white edge or signs of bleeding (Austin and Austin 1987). ...
Tail and fin rot disease (TFRD) is a big issue in the production of spotted snakehead, Channa punctata Bloch. The aims of the present study were to isolate and identify the bacterial pathogen causing TFRD, to detect histopathological changes in tissues (fin, tail, liver, and kidney), and to ascertain the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolate. Out of six bacterial isolates, only the isolate DJ1990 was found to be the causal candidate of TFRD in C. punctata. Identical histopathological changes were detected in tail, fin, liver, and kidney under light and scanning electron microscope in both collected diseased fish and artificially infected fish. The isolate was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain DJ1990 (National Center for Biotechnology Information Ace. No. KX709967) based on the biochemical characterization tests and 16S rDNA sequence-based phylogeny analysis. Artificial challenge test demonstrated that the strain DJ1990 was highly virulent (100% mortality at 48 h of postinjection period at the concentration of 1.5 × 10 7 CFU/g of body weight) for C. punctata. The isolate exhibited sensitivity to the broad-spectrum antibiotics but was resistant against aztreonum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of P. aeruginosa as a TFRD-causing candidate in C. punctata. KEYWORDS Channa punctata, histopathology, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, scanning electron microscope, tail and fin rot disease
Aquaculture industries play an important role in maintaining economic growth in several countries.
... Plant protein sources, LPN and SOY produced distinctly different microbiota in the gut than animal and insect sources. These variations are mainly due to the influence of plant protein on pathogenic and toxin-producing bacteria like Clostridium (Cai et al., 2008), Pseudomonas (Ardura et al., 2013), Flavobacterium (Rahman et al., 2010), Rheinheimera (Chiellini et al., 2019) and peptidoglycan-chitin degrading Vogesella (Jørgensen et al., 2010). Though Clostridium butyricum has positive impacts on crayfish gut health and immunity (Foysal Fig. 4. Differentially expressed pathway in the gut of marron predicted from 16S rRNA gene sequencing data using Picrust2. ...
To reduce the reliance on fishmeal (FM), other protein sources have been evaluated on cultured animals. In a 60-days feeding trial, marrons (Cherax cainii) were fed a FM diet and five test diets containing 100% of plant-based protein sources such as soybean, lupin and val-orised animal-based proteins such as poultry-by-product , black soldier fly and tuna hydrolysate. At the end of the trial, DNA samples from marron gut and rearing water were investigated through DNA-based 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Plant-based diets increased abundance for Aeromonas, Flavobacterium and Vogesella, whereas animal and insect proteins influenced diverse bacterial groups in the gut linked to various metabolic activities. Insect meal in the water favoured the growth of Firmicutes and lactic acid bacteria, beneficial for the marron health. Aeromonas richness in the gut and reared water signified the ubiquitous nature of the genus in the environment. The higher bacterial diversity in the gut and water with PBP and BSF was further supported by qPCR quantification of the bacterial single-copy gene, rpoB. The overall results suggested that PBP and BSF can exhibit positive and influential effects on the gut and water microbial communities, hence can be used as sustainable ingredients for the crayfish aquaculture.
... To control the spread of tail and fin rot disease various antibiotics are used (Hernández Serrano, 2005; Miranda, Godoy and Lee, 2018; Rahman, Ferdowsy, Kashem and Foysal, 2010) [16,24,29] . Moreover, the resistance pattern of bacterial pathogens reflects the extensive use of antibiotics (Smith, Hiney and Samuelsen, 1994;Bruun, Schmidt, Madsen, and Dalsgaard, 2000) [36,5] . ...
Tail and fin rot is one of the most economically important diseases throughout the world. Occurrence of tail and fin rot and emergence of antibiotic resistance in trout farming has mandated extensive survey, characterization of dominant causative agents followed by a screening of effective antibiotics. In the present study, predominant fin and tail rot causing bacterial pathogens were isolated from samples collected from fifteen rainbow trout farms of major trout pocket areas i.e. Rasuwa, Nuwakot, Dhadhing, Sindhupalchowk, Lalitpur, and Kaski districts of Nepal. All the isolates were further tested for pathogenicity, which showed virulence in fancy carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus). Pseudomonas spp and Vibrio spp showed more virulence. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that all the commonly used antibiotics (Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, Neomycin, Oxytetracycline, and Streptomycin) were completely resistant. Among presently used antibiotics, Cephalexin was resistance in all the farms while Doxycycline was found completely resistant in two farms and Moxifloxacin was effective in general. Positive correlation between disease occurrence and water parameters were observed among various trout farms. Lack of knowledge regarding the use of antibiotics, development of multidrug resistance bacteria, and downstream effect of antibiotics used in trout farms was observed among farm’s owner and farmers, implicating a need to develop an effective protocol in freshwater aquaculture in Nepal.
Keywords: Rainbow trout, tail and fin rot, pathogenicity, antibiotic, resistance
... Freshwater climbing perch, Anabas testudineus is a popular freshwater teleost indigenous to South and Southeast Asian countries. It is an economically important fish species for consumption or ornaments in many countries, especially Malaysia, Thailand, India, the Philippines, and Bangladesh (Chotipuntu and Avakul 2010;Loh et al. 2014;Rahman et al. 2010;Singh et al. 2011a). Like many other species, A. testudineus is susceptible to edwardsiellosis. ...
In this study, climbing perch larvae were administrated with different diet treatments: Artemia nauplii enriched with 10⁸ CFU mL⁻¹ L. lactis (LA); nauplii enriched with 0.5 g L⁻¹ sodium alginate (SA); nauplii enriched with 0.5 g L⁻¹ sodium alginate containing 10⁸ CFU mL⁻¹ L. lactis (LSA); and non-enriched nauplii as the control (A). Throughout the 14-day observation period, fish larvae survival rate significantly increased to 50% (P < .05) in the group fed with LSA, followed by LA (41.7%) and SA (31.7%) while only 20% survival rate was observed in the control. The highest lysozyme activity was recorded in LSA (13.89 units mg⁻¹ protein), followed by LA, SA, and A. Fish larvae treated with LA also showed a significant increase in lipase (P = .024) and amylase activities (P= .003) compared to those treated with LSA and SA. Our study indicated that L. lactis and alginate or the combination of both treatments (LSA) could improve the survival rate by upregulating their innate immune response.
Fish plays a significant role in food and nutritional security in our country as well as the whole world. Owing to this reason, it becomes essential to increase the production of fish. But it is diminishing due to numerous diseases which can deteriorate the national economy. It is a fact that there is no single effective research work that has been done in regards to fish disease due to a lack of data and a high level of expertise. Consequently, our aim is to recognize the fish disease effectively that can help the remote farmers who need proper support for fish farming. Recognition of disease-attacked fish at an early stage can help us take necessary steps to prevent from spreading of the disease. In this work, we have performed an in-depth analysis of expert systems that can continue with an image captured with the help of smartphones and identifies the disease. Two set of features is selected then a segmentation algorithm is employed to detect the disease attacked portion from the disease-free portion. Furthermore, eight prominent classification algorithms are implemented accordingly to measure the performance using performance evaluation matrices. The achieved accuracy of Random forest 88.87% which is promising enough.
Aquaculture products (fish) can harbor pathogenic bacteria which are part of the natural micro-flora of the environment. The current study was carried out for the extraction and identification of fish pathogenic microbes from Baime fish (Mystus armatus). Diseased freshwater fishes were collected from different water bodies and fish landing centers of two study areas, namely the City area, Jhenaidah region. Bacteria are one of the important causative agents of fish diseases in both wild and cultured fish and are responsible for serious economic losses. Pathogenic bacteria strain was isolated from the infected area of Baime (M. armatus) fish skin. After isolation, isolates were finally identified by their desire morphological, characteristics and biochemical test. They were gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that showed positive reaction for catalase, able to ferment glucose and one is citrate negative and another is citrate positive. After being persuaded above-mentioned test isolates were identified as genus Aeromonas and Pseudomonas. The ulcer type disease of M. armatus, the isolate was tested against several antibiotics' treatment. Pseudomonas strains isolated from M. armatus is susceptible to penicillin G (10 μg), amoxycillin (10 μg), erythromycin (15 μg), Tetracycline (30 μg), Kana-mycine (30 μg), moderately susceptible to Co-trimoxazole (25 μg), and Resistance to ceftazidime (10 μg). Aeromonas strains isolated from M. armatus is susceptible to amoxycillin (10 μg), erythromycin (15 μg), Tetracycline (30 μg), moderately susceptible to ceftazidime (10 μg) and Resistance to Co-trimoxazole (25 μg), penicillin G (10 μg), Kanamycine (30 μg). The results of the present study constitute an advance in the available diagnostic and bacterial pathogens in fish farms.
In order to examine the current status of fish disease and health management practices in rural freshwater aquaculture, a questionnaire survey and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools were used in five districts of Bangladesh namely Mymensingh, Comilla, Jessore, Natore and Dinajpur. A total of 500 farmers were interviewed and 25 PRA sessions were conducted. Most of the farmers (87.8%) interviewed had disease problem in their fishponds. Prevalence of fish disease varied with districts and the size of farms. Average prevalence of fish disease was highest in Jessore district (18.2%) followed by Comilla (13.4%), Mymensingh (11.4%) and Dinajpur district (10.4%). Minimum prevalence (5.5%) was recorded from Natore district. Small farms (0.4 ha) suffered from high disease prevalence (13.8%) followed by medium (0.2-0.4 ha) and large (>0.4 ha) farms with 12.4 and 9.3% of diseases, respectively. The most prevalent disease was tail and fin rot (20.5%), followed by epizootic ulcerative syndrome or EUS (18.9%), nutritional diseases (15.3%), red spot (13.0%) and gill rot (12.3%). Other conditions like argulosis, dropsy and white spot were also reported by the farmers but with lower incidence. The diseases occurred mainly in the winter season. Overall, the knowledge of the farmers on basic fish health management was found very poor. Most of the farmers (83.8%) used treatment measures in response to particular disease problem. For disease treatment, 46% farmers used combination of lime and potassium permanganate, 22.4% farmer used only lime and about 10% farmer used lime and salt together. This study identified some fish health management related problems in rural aquaculture, such as lack of assistance, poor technical knowledge and lack of suitable therapeutics and their proper uses.
Eleven isolates of Flexibacter columnaris from channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, blue catfish I. furcatus, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, and fathead minnow Pimephales promelas exhibiting clinical signs of columnaris disease were studied. All isolates were confirmed as F. columnaris based on their colonial and cellular morphology and on biochemical and physiological characteristics. Although the isolates were from different fish species and different tissues, most of their biochemical characteristics were uniform and were similar to the reference strain of F. columnaris (American Type Culture Collection 49512). Slight variations occurred in growth at 15°C, with 0.5% NaCl, and at pH 6 and pH 10. Three phenotypic variations in colony morphology were observed among the isolates, but these were not related to fish species or to tissues of origin.
The susceptibility of freshwater and marine fish to infection by Flexibacter columnaris and Flexibacter maritimus was assessed in laboratory based experiments. Flexibactor columnaris produced a more severe disease in barramundi compared to goldfish. Both species suffered greater mortality at 25 °C than at 20 °C. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) had similar levels of susceptibility to F. maritimus infection in seawater with approximate LC50 values of 2.3 × 105 and 1.6 × 106 CFU mL−1 respectively. However, at salinity of 15 %. greenback flounder (Rhombosolea tapirina) were more resistant to F. maritimus than Atlantic salmon.
This study describes columnaris disease from cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry in Turkey in July, 2004. The infection appeared in rainbow trout fry between 5 and 10 g weight in reared raceways where mortality level reached approximately 30% in a day. The appearance of sick fish, besides characteristic skin discolouration and yellow necrotic areas was seen at the tip of the gills. Gram negative long, thin rods were isolated from the anterior kidney, liver and gills of sick fish. Flavobacterium columnare was identified by morphology, physiology and biochemical testing using conventional methods and the API 20 E test system.
Four bacteria commonly associated with diseases of fish (Aeromonas hydrophila complex, Aeromonas salmonicida, Flexibacter columnaris-like organisms and Pseudomonas fluorescens) were evaluated in a serial dilution system for susceptibility to four antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of bacterial fish diseases (chloramphenicol, erythromycin, furpyrinol and oxytetracycline). Findings were expressed as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Furpyrinol was found to have the lowest MIC and MBC against A. hydrophila complex, A. salmonicida and F. columnaris-like organisms. MIC and MBC's for oxytetracycline were complicated by the presenceof R-plasmids, but were less than 4.0 mcg/ml for those without plasmids. Pseudomonas fluorescens was susceptible only to oxytetracycline. MIC for all groups of organisms using chloramphenicol was generally less than 16.0 mcg/ml. Susceptibility to erythromycin by these groups of organisms was greater than 16 mcg/ml.
Four Flavobacterium columnare strains (AJS 1-4) were isolated from black mollies (Poecilia sphenops) and platies (Xiphophorus maculatus), showing white spots on the back, head and skin ulcers. The isolates developed characteristic rhizoid yellow pigmented colonies on Shieh agar and typical growth in Shieh broth. They were Gram-negative, filamentous bacteria exhibiting flexing movements. When compared to F. columnare strains isolated from temperate fish, it was noted that the four strains originating from tropical aquarium fish are more capable of growing at higher temperatures, the opposite being true for the strains isolated from temperate fish. Biochemical characterization and agglutination tests proved that the isolated strains could be classified as F. columnare. Low minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were found for chloramphenicol, erythromycin, furazolidone, kanamycin, lincomycin, nalidixic acid, oxytetracycline and streptomycin. MIC values were high for colistin, sulfamethoxazole and neomycin. Pathogenicity studies were performed on black mollies. When these animals were submersed in an infective solution of the F. columnare strains, a marked difference in virulence was noted among the four isolated strains, strain AJS 1 being the most virulent one and strain AJS 4 being of low virulence.