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Mentha piperita (Peppermint)
Abstract
PEPPERMINT (Mentha piperita) is a popular herb that can be used in numerous forms (ie, oil, leaf, leaf extract, and leaf water). Peppermint oil has the most uses, and use data on the oil are considered relevant to the leaf extract formulations as well. This herbal preparation is used in cosmeceuticals, personal hygiene products, foods, and pharmaceutical products for both its flavoring and fragrance properties. Peppermint oil possesses a fresh sharp menthol odor and a pungent taste followed by a cooling sensation. It also has a variety of therapeutic properties and is used in aromatherapy, bath preparations, mouthwashes, toothpastes, and topical preparations. Topical preparations of peppermint oil have been used to calm pruritus and relieve irritation and inflammation. Their frequent application to impaired skin could contribute to the sensitization rates seen. Numerous allergic contact dermatitis reactions to peppermint oil have been described, many of which are linked to both perioral and intraoral disorders. Although peppermint oil is known for its many properties, its role as a sensitizer should be recognized so as to aid in the diagnosis of both dermatitis and oral conditions and to allow the initiation of proper avoidance measures.
... The stimulant effects of green tea can attenuate the perioperatively sedative-hypnotic effects of sedative-hypnotics and benzodiazepines [43,89]. Peppermint aromatherapy is alleged to increase alertness, enhance mood, and even improve cognitive performance [90]. Use of St. John's wort in combination with serotonin re-uptake inhibitors can induce central serotonin syndrome (CSS) [73]. ...
... Arnica [26], black cohosh [118,119], bromelain [55,120], dong quai [22], garlic [73], ginger [121], ginseng [39], milk thistle [122], peppermint [90,123], polygonum multiflorum [50,51], saw palmetto [124], and St. John's wort [17] have been reported to cause gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, loose stools, and diarrhea. These adverse effects may lead to volume depletion during the perioperative period [64]. ...
... Lion's mane has also been shown to cause acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to increased lymphocyte stimulation [141]. Finally, acute lung injury has been reported after intravenous injection of peppermint oil [90,123]. ...
... Recently, there has been increased interest in essential oil plants with antimicrobial activity. Such plants include peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) [11,17]. This plant does not grow wild on the territory of our country, but the great need for it is satisfied through widely used cultivation. ...
... PEO is widely used in alternative medicine [11,17]. The extracts from the peppermint herb have various properties, including antiseptic [6]. ...
The authors of this article conducted research and studied the antibacterial properties of commercial peppermint essential oil (PEO) against several gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria provided by Polish manufacturers of essential oils (Naturalne Aromaty sp. z o.o., Klaj, Poland). Therefore, to conduct research with the aim of to study the antibacterial properties of commercial peppermint essential oil (PEO), an antimicrobial susceptibility test (Kirby-Bauer diffusion test) was used to measure diameters of bacterial growth inhibition zones). In the current study, Gram-negative strains such as Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 25922™ ), Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 35218™ ), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula (ATCC® 27853™ ) and Gram-positive strains such as Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (ATCC® 29213™ ), methicillin-resistant (MRSA), mecA positive Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC® 12493), Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC® 51299™ ) (resistant to vancomycin; sensitive to teicoplanin) and Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC® 29212™ ) were used. Results of the current study revealed that resistant to the PEO were Gram-negative bacterial strains, such as E. coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 35218™ ) and P. aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula (ATCC® 27853™ ) strains. The authors found that the diameters of the inhibition zones after application of PEO were similar to the control samples (96% ethanol). It was also found that after the application of REO, the increase in the diameters of the inhibition zones was 60.3% (p < 0.05) for the Escherichia coli strain (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 25922™ ) compared to control samples (96% ethanol ). Accordingly, Gram-positive strains such as S. aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (ATCC® 29213™ ) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (NCTC® 12493) were equally resistant to PEO, similarly. On the other hand, Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC® 29212™ ) and Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC® 51299™ ) were sensitive to PEO. After the application of PEO, the largest diameters of inhibition zones were observed for the E. faecalis strain. The results suggest that commercial peppermint essential oil provided by Polish essential oil manufacturers (Naturalne Aromaty sp. z o.o., Kłaj, Poland) possesses some noteworthy antimicrobial properties. In vivo studies are necessary to calculate the effective dose of EOs and determine their possible side effects and toxicity.
... The active constituents in peppermint oil, which is prepared through distillation of the ground parts of the peppermint plant, include menthol(35-60%), menthone(15% to 30%), cineol, and several other volatile oils 1 .It also contains pulegone, a known neurotoxic agent 8 . ...
... Peppermint oil had been previously reported to be hepatotoxic 8,11 and nephrotoxic 10 . Hepatotoxicity is attributed to the presence of pulegone, which is a recognized hepatotoxin 8 but in this patient there was no toxic effect to liver or kidney,probably due to difference in amount of oil ingested in this patient and others. ...
A case is reported where a patient, after ingestion of Peppermint Oil,developedrespiratory distress, altered sensorium and was in shock on arrival in hospital. Clinically and radiologically, patient appeared to be having acute Pulmonary Oedema.Timely and appropriate measurements like intubation, mechanical ventilation, inotropes, gastric lavage,antibiotics,and antacids helped patient to recover.We present a rare case of pulmonaryoedema following peppermint oil ingestion.
... Peppermint EO, the so-called Mentha piperita, possesses a fresh sharp menthol odor and a pungent taste followed by a cooling sensation (Herro and Jacob 2010). This EO main components are menthol, menthone, menthyl acetate, neomenthol, 1,8-cineole, isomenthone and menthofuran (Güntert et al. 2001). ...
... This EO main components are menthol, menthone, menthyl acetate, neomenthol, 1,8-cineole, isomenthone and menthofuran (Güntert et al. 2001). Topical preparations of peppermint EO have been used to calm pruritus, relieve skin irritation and inflammation (Herro and Jacob 2010) and promote the wound healing process in vivo (Modarresi et al. 2019 Damask rose, or Rose oil, is mainly composed of rose oxide, linalool, geraniol, citronellol, and nerol. Citronellol and geraniol provide the rose-like odor characteristic of this plant. ...
The skin is constantly exposed to exogenous and endogenous factors that accelerate its deterioration and the loss of its physiological properties. Maintaining the skin healthy and good-looking became a requirement for our society. So, the development of bioactive cosmetic formulations to minimize aging signs as well as improve skin beauty and health has been widely explored. The actual demand of consumers for skincare products with demonstrated efficacy has pushed the cosmetic industry and researchers to work on the metabolites characterization and prove clinical evidence regarding the beneficial properties of their products. Among different ingredients, the natural secondary metabolites from plants (medicinal and aromatic plants) and macro- and microalgae have been demonstrated to provide several benefits for the skin, such as hydration, antiaging, and whitening effects. The most significant secondary metabolites are polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, lipids, amino acids, and polysaccharides. Herein we describe the potential of relevant plant and macro- and microalgae secondary metabolites for skincare, mainly focusing on their antiaging properties. In addition, growing trends are depicted in the field related to the use of natural skincare products based on nanotechnology and nutricosmetics that seem to boost antiaging product development.
... Mentha × piperita L., commonly known as peppermint, is an aromatic herb belonging to the Lamiaceae family and widely used for food, cosmetics and medicine purposes [31,90]. Aerial parts of peppermint are an important source of polyphenolic derivatives that are endowed with several pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antitumor, antidiabetic and antibacterial [19,86]. ...
... Aerial parts of peppermint are an important source of polyphenolic derivatives that are endowed with several pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antitumor, antidiabetic and antibacterial [19,86]. Peppermint has a relatively high content of essential oil, a mixture of volatile compounds, being characterized by two major constituents such as menthol (35-60 %) and menthone (15-30 %), and minor percentages of pulegone, menthyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, limonene and menthofuran [31]. ...
The reuse of waste water (WW) in agriculture is challenging as a potential strategy for sustainable agriculture development. However, its high content of heavy metals may cause damage to ecosystems. The property of biochar (BC) to minimize heavy metals accumulation into the soil was studied taking as a case study peppermint (Mentha x piperita L., Lamiaceae) irrigated with WW. Application of BC and WW, separately, promoted height, shoot number, crown diameter, internode length, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, fresh (FW) and dry aerial parts weights (DW), root FW and root DW of peppermint. Also an increment in canopy diameter was observed. BC application considerably increased N, Mg, Mn, Fe and Zn, while WW increased N, P, K and Fe levels. Irrigation of peppermint with WW led to an increase of chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, Chl a+b, carotenoids, anthocyanins, photosynthetic rate, transpiration, stomatal conductance, relative water content (RWC), and crop yield. On the other hand, BC application led to a decrease of Cd and Pb accumulation in plants. BC and WW application, separately, increased the essential oil content, the total phenol content, and the antioxidant capacity. Regardless of BC levels, irrigation of plants with WW decreased the percentage of menthone, menthofuran, isomenthone and pulegone in the essential oil, and increased the percentage of menthol and carvone. Similarly, BC application raised the percentage of menthol, and decreased that of pulegone. Overall, the application of BC in the culture medium is able to decrease the heavy metal concentration and improves the essential oil quality and quantity of peppermint under WW irrigation.
... Mint leaves are well known worldwide for their use and can be used regularly as a mouthwash as well as a potential source of other renewable therapeutic preparations. Mint leaves have more than 30 secondary metabolite components, with substantial content including: menthol (35-60%) and menthone (15-30%), as well as other ingredients such as: menthyl acetate, eucalyptol, limonene, and pulegone (Herro, 2010). ...
... Mint leaves also prevent the formation of inflammation (anti-inflammatory) and treat skin irritation in various parts of the body including the oral cavity. Mint leaves have also become common and enhance the quality of certain products when combined with tea leaves (Herro, 2010). ...
The level of knowledge and awareness of the Indonesian people towards preventive efforts of various diseases related to the oral cavity and teeth has not been optimal. The importance of the role of self-effort in optimizing oral cavity hygiene and inhibiting the growth of various types of harmful bacteria that can lead to plaque formation, dental caries, causes of gingivitis, and periodontitis, such as: bacterial species Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The combination of green tea, cloves, cinnamon bark, and mint leaves containing secondary metabolites from the sterols, tannins, phenols, saponins, and flavonoids groups has traditionally been used as antibacterial, anti-plaque and anti-aviation. The purpose of this community service activity is to improve understanding of health and prevention of infections in the oral cavity and teeth, as well as assistance in training skills in making herbal combination mouthwash with simple formulations for Posbindu partners. This activity was attended by lecturers and students of the D-3 Pharmacy Study Program, Department of Pharmacy, Poltekkes Kemenkes Bandung. Changes in health knowledge and skills of Posbindu partners were evaluated by giving pre-test and post-test questions. In the results of the evaluation of health understanding and skills, there was an increase in the total score of Posbindu partners in the 1 st session of 20.41% from 67.35% to 87.76% (14 people were achieved, initially only 7 people exceeded the minimum score limit of 60.00%; N=14). Meanwhile, in the second session of Posbindu partners, the score increased by 28.57% from 63.64% (pre-test) to 92.21% (post-test) with the number of people who exceeded the minimum score limit of 11 people (post-test) from the pre-test results. the previous test was only 5 people (N=11). Thus, the better the health knowledge, attitudes, and skills of Posbindu partners in processing various herbal ingredients into herbal mouthwash products, it will create an increase in the degree of oral and dental health for the community. Abstrak Tingkat pengetahuan dan kesadaran masyarakat Indonesia terhadap upaya preventif beragam penyakit yang berhubungan dengan rongga mulut dan gigi belum optimal. Pentingnya peran upaya diri sendiri dalam mengoptimalkan kebersihan rongga mulut dan menghambat pertumbuhan berbagai jenis bakteri merugikan yang dapat menyebabkan pembentukan plak, karies gigi, penyebab gingivitis, dan periodontitis, seperti: spesies bakteri Streptococcus mutans dan Porphyromonas gingivalis. Kombinasi teh hijau, cengkeh, kulit kayu manis dan daun mint yang mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder dari golongan sterol, tanin, fenol, saponin, dan flavonoid secara tradisional sebagai antibakteri, antiplak dan antikavietas. Tujuan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini untuk meningkatkan pemahaman kesehatan dan pencegahan infeksi di rongga mulut dan gigi, serta pendampingan pelatihan keterampilan pembuatan obat kumur kombinasi herbal dengan formulasi yang sederhana kepada mitra Posbindu. Kegiatan ini dilakukan kepada kader mitra Posbindu dan masyarakat lainnya di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Pasirkaliki Kota Cimahi, Jawa Barat. Perubahan pengetahuan kesehatan dan keterampilan mitra Posbindu dilakukan evaluasi dengan pemberian soal pre-test dan post-test. Pada hasil evaluasi pemahaman kesehatan dan keterampilan terdapat peningkatan skor total pada mitra Posbindu sesi ke-1 sebesar 20.41 % dari 67.35 % menjadi 87.76 % (14 orang tercapai yang awalnya hanya 7 orang melampaui batas skor minimal 60.00 %; N=14). Sedangkan pada mitra Posbindu sesi ke-2 terjadi peningkatan skor sebesar 28.57 % dari 63.64 % (pre-test) menjadi 92.21 % (post-test) dengan jumlah orang yang melampaui batas skor minimal sebanyak 11 orang (post-test) dari hasil pre-test sebelumnya hanya 5 orang (N=11). Sehingga, semakin baiknya pengetahuan kesehatan, sikap dan keterampilan mitra Posbindu dalam mengolah berbagai bahan herbal menjadi produk obat kumur herbal, maka akan tercipta peningkatan derajat kesehatan rongga mulut dan gigi bagi masyarakat. Kata kunci: Cengkeh, Daun teh hijau, daun mint, kulit kayu manis, obat kumur herbal.
... The plant is natively grown in Russia, across Europe, North America, and Australia, and has a characteristic pepper-like and strong odor. [82] Peppermint oil originates from the leaves and flowering aerial parts of the plant and is a clear liquid with colors ranging from colorless to a pale greenish-yellow. It has a cooling, minty, fresh, and sweetish odor with different compositions depending on its origin. ...
... In addition, it includes other constituents such as limonene, isomenthone, cineole, menthyl acetate, neomenthol, menthofuran, and αand β-pinene [84]. Currently, peppermint oil is used in the formulation of cosmetic preparations, nutritional industries, personal hygiene products, flavoring agents, and fragrances [82]. It has various purported therapeutic activities such as relieving gastric upset, toothache, headache, nausea, and muscle spasm. ...
Oils, including essential oils and their constituents, are widely reported to have penetration enhancement activity and have been incorporated into a wide range of pharmaceutical formulations. This study sought to determine if there is an evidence base for the selection of appropriate oils for particular applications and compare their effectiveness across different formulation types. A systematic review of the data sources, consisting of Google Scholar, EMBASE, PubMed, Medline, and Scopus, was carried out and, following screening and quality assessment, 112 articles were included within the analysis. The research was classified according to the active pharmaceutical ingredient, dosage form, in vitro/in vivo study, carrier material(s), penetration enhancers as essential oils, and other chemical enhancers. The review identified four groups of oils used in the formulation of skin preparations; in order of popularity, these are terpene-type essential oils (63%), fatty acid-containing essential oils (29%) and, finally, 8% of essential oils comprising Vitamin E derivatives and miscellaneous essential oils. It was concluded that terpene essential oils may have benefits over the fatty acid-containing oils, and their incorporation into advanced pharmaceutical formulations such as nanoemulsions, microemulsions, vesicular systems, and transdermal patches makes them an attractive proposition to enhance drug permeation through the skin.
... These functions collectively contribute to enhanced plant stress tolerance, resulting in improved seed germination, increased seedling vigor, more efficient leaves, a robust root system, and reduced oxidative damage [8,9]. This study specifically explores the molecular and biochemical pathways triggered by SA and the synthetic strigolactone analog GR24 in Mentha piperita L., commonly known as peppermint [10][11][12]. Peppermint, a member of the Lamiaceae family, is renowned for its medicinal and aromatic properties, making it a valuable crop in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and essential oil sectors [13,14]. conducting extensive molecular and biochemical analyses, we aim to identify potential upregulation of genes critical to the menthol biosynthetic pathway and assess the impact on antioxidant enzyme activity. ...
This study uncovers the potential of salicylic acid (SA) and synthetic Strigolactone (GR24) in enhancing menthol biosynthesis and antioxidant defense mechanisms in Mentha piperita L. Our comprehensive analysis, which included a series of controlled experiments and data analysis of the effects of these phytohormones on enzymatic antioxidants catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and non-enzymatic antioxidants, including carotenoids and proline, revealed promising results. The study also examined their impact on lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide levels, and the expression of genes critical to menthol and menthofuran synthesis. The results indicated that SA and GR24 significantly increased menthol production and reduced the levels of menthofuran and pulegone, suggesting upregulation in the plant’s innate defense systems. Furthermore, the activities of CAT and APX were elevated, reflecting a strengthened antioxidant response. Interestingly, the menthofuran synthase (MFS) was higher in the control group. At the same time, pulegone reductase (PR) genes and menthol dehydrogenase (MDH) gene expression were upregulated, highlighting the protective effects of SA and GR24. These findings underscore the potential of SA and GR24 to serve as effective bio-stimulants, improving the quality and resilience of peppermint plants and thereby contributing to eco-friendly agricultural practices in pollution-stressed environments.
... In addition to its cooling effect when used topically, peppermint oil offers other medicinal benefits including analgesic, anesthetic, antibacterial, antispasmodic, and cognitive-stimulating effects. It is used in mouthwashes, toothpastes, topical remedies, aromatherapy, and bath products [10]. ...
Background: In pediatric dentistry, fear and anxiety are common among children. Local anesthetics (LA) are widely used to control pain and reduce discomfort in children during dental treatment. Topical anesthetics play a vital role in reducing pain and the unpleasant sensation of a needle puncture in children. Peppermint oil has been extensively used for various diseases. However, its anesthetic properties remain unknown. Peppermint oil, used in mouthwashes, toothpastes, and other topical preparations has analgesic, anesthetic, and antiseptic properties. This study aimed to compare and evaluate pain perception following the topical application of peppermint oil versus lignocaine spray before an intraoral injection in children, aged 8-13 years. Method: Fifty-two children, aged between 8-13 years, who required local anesthesia for dental treatment were divided into two groups of 26 each by simple random sampling (Group 1: 0.2% peppermint oil and Group 2: lignocaine spray). In both groups, physiological measurements (e.g., heart rate) were recorded using pulse oximetry before, during, and after the procedure. Objective pain measurement (Sound Eye Motor (SEM) scale) during administration and subjective measuremeant (Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBFPRS)) after LA administration were recorded. This was followed by the required treatment of the child. Physiological parameters were compared between the two groups using an independent t-test for intergroup assessment and a paired t-test and repeated-measures ANOVA for intragroup comparisons. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the pain scores. Results: Intragroup mean heart rates, before, during, and after treatment were statistically significantly different (P < 0.05). However, the intergroup mean pulse rates did not differ significantly between the two groups. The mean WBFPS score in the lignocaine spray group was 4.133 ± 2.06 was statistically different from that of the peppermint oil group (0.933 ± 1.03; P < 0.001*). The mean SEM score was significantly lower in the peppermint oil group than that in the lignocaine spray group (P = 0.006). No negative effects were observed in this study. Conclusion: 0.2% peppermint oil was effective in reducing pain perception.
... Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is a valuable medicinal plant utilized in various forms, including essential oil (EO), leaf, leaf extract, and water (Herro and Jacob 2010). This perennial plant is originally native to Mediterranean Europe but is currently widely cultivated worldwide, including Iran. ...
The current comprehension of the connection between foliar application (FA) of microelements and its impact on reducing soil copper toxicity in medicinal plants is limited. Therefore, this investigation assessed whether micronutrient FA (Fe, Zn, and Mn) could mitigate soil Cu toxicity in Mentha piperita L. Four FA treatments (deionized water spray as control or 0, a spray of 1% Fe, 1% Zn, or 1% Mn) were applied to peppermint grown under soil Cu toxicity conditions (0 as control, 5, and 25 mg kg−1 soil). The dry weight of shoots and roots were negatively affected under 25 mg kg−1 Cu toxicity and 0 FA (1.22 and 0.35 g, respectively), in contrast to 0 Cu toxicity and 0 FA (2.11 and 1.77 g, respectively). However, the application of FA containing Fe, Zn, and Mn enhanced these parameters at all levels of Cu toxicity. Under 25 mg kg−1 Cu toxicity, FA with Fe, Zn, and Mn reduced the leaf proline content by 35.1%, 24.9%, and 25.2%, respectively, compared to 0 FA. Under 25 mg kg−1 Cu toxicity, FA of Mn and Zn increased the activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) by 28.4% (for leaves) and 23.7% (for roots), respectively, in comparison to 0 FA. The predominant essential oil (EO) components identified under all levels of Cu toxicity included menthofuran, menthol, menthone, menthyl acetate, pulegone, and limonene. FA of Fe, Zn, and Mn can provide a cost-effective and practical approach to amending Cu-contaminated soils. To enhance peppermint EO production, an application of 5 mg kg−1 Cu toxicity can be recommended.
... Mentha piperita, of the Labiatae or Lamiaceae family is a well-known plant that is used in numerous forms [ie, oil, L, L extract, and L water] [59]. ...
Objective: Different types of pediatric diseases negatively affect the lives of many people, physically. Here, we aimed to document some medicinal plants used as traditional folk medicine in pediatrics treatment. Result and Discussion: 117 taxa and 53 families have been identified as traditional herbal medicines used in defined pediatric diseases. The most frequently used medicinal plant species according to the number of citations Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Juglans regia L., Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott, Rosa canina L., Mentha x piperita L., Matricaria chamomilla L. All findings are expected to form the basis for new pharmaceutical products and become a handbook for healthcare professionals.
... The percentage of repellent activity are 100%, 92.3% and 84.5% [37] . The active components of peppermint oil are methone and the major chemical constituents of peppermint oil are p-Menthane-3, 8-diol are registered for the activity of mosquito repellent from the year 2000 [38]. Peppermint oil are used for the various pharmacological activity in various pharmaceutical formulations. ...
... Moreover, the use of such recipes does not eliminate the risk of adverse e ects. All the essential oils identi ed during this study can cause contact allergies and allergic contact dermatitis [21][22][23][24][25] or even photosensitization phenomena, which is a characteristic of citrus essential oils. [26][27][28] Some recipe websites specify that essential oils without furocoumarins must be used. ...
Two recent trends that have developed simultaneously are a mistrust of health products by some of the population and the growing popularity of essential oils. The objective of this study was to analyze recipes with essential oils found on the internet and to assess their level of photoprotective efficacy. Therefore, we conducted a study of 140 recipes for personal care and hygiene products that incorporate one or more essential oils. This analysis revealed that numerous essential oils are called for in these recipes, derived from plants belonging to a wide diversity of botanical families. There was a significant difference (p=0.0026) in the number of essential oils listed in the recipes for facial care and body care recipes. There was also a statistically significant difference (p=2.54E-5) in the amount of essential oil to be added, expressed in drops, according to the type of product being made. A common characteristic of most of the recipes was the absence of any antimicrobial agents or antioxidants, which poses serious issues of preservation for the finished products. Recipes with essential oils pose many issues. The first issue lies in the quantities of the different raw materials to be incorporated; it influences the final essential oil concentration. The second issue concerns the adverse effects (photosensitization, for example) and contraindications (pregnant women, nursing women) of certain essential oils. Finally, it is not possible to carry out physicochemical testing raw materials and finish preparation.
... It is one of the fastest-growing herbs and can cultivate in the presence of sunlight also. As this herb has a speedy growth rate it is one of the common herbs found in households (Herro and Jacob, 2010). It is most frequently considered mentha or peppermint. ...
Ke ywor ds Immu nomodula tors Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Moringa oliefera Lam. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprenge Euphorbia hirta (L.) Mentha piperita (L.) Abstract In the current scenario, an extensive study on diverse plant species is presently being done to assess traditional medicine for its possible therapeutic effects throughout the world. Indian medicinal plants have extraordinary healing properties that can treat a wide variety of human illnesses and ailments. Herbs are making a comeback, and today's herbal goods are safer and more secure than synthetic drugs, which encourages research into herbal medications. Protein, vitamin D, iron, vitamin B12, and folate are common nutritional deficits found in Indians which make them more susceptible to infection. The immune system is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress, which plays a significant role in the high death rates linked to immune system dysregulation and other disorders. Herbs rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants helps to prevent cell damage from free radicals or promote the development of cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Numerous Indian medicinal plants have been found to have immunostimulant properties, making them prospective medication sources for the treatment of different chronic illnesses as well as AIDS and other immunocompromised diseases. The immunomodulatory characteristics of numerous substances, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, polysaccharides, lactones, and glycoside derivatives, are well reported. Since ancient times, several therapeutic plants and phytochemicals have been used to influence the immune system. This review provides a broad overview of medicinal herbs, including Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Moringa oliefera Lam., Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprenge, Euphorbia hirta (L.), and Mentha piperita (L.). This review is presented to spread awareness of Indian herbal medicines as immunomodulators around the world, keeping in mind the enormous potential of medicinal plants and the pharmaceuticals made from them.
... The Mentha balsamea plant is a multipurpose herb plant from the Lamiaceae family. This plant is used in Iran as an antiviral, invigorating, stimulant and antifungal agent [56]. The extracted oil from Mentha balsamea is also used as a medicine to treat cancer, colds, sore throats, nausea, toothaches and muscle soreness [57]. ...
Medicinal plants have always been studied and considered due to their high importance for preserving human health. However, identifying medicinal plants is very time-consuming, tedious and requires an experienced specialist. Hence, a vision-based system can support researchers and ordinary people in recognising herb plants quickly and accurately. Thus, this study proposes an intelligent vision-based system to identify herb plants by developing an automatic Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The proposed Deep Learning (DL) model consists of a CNN block for feature extraction and a classifier block for classifying the extracted features. The classifier block includes a Global Average Pooling (GAP) layer, a dense layer, a dropout layer, and a softmax layer. The solution has been tested on 3 levels of definitions (64 × 64, 128 × 128 and 256 × 256 pixel) of images for leaf recognition of five different medicinal plants. As a result, the vision-based system achieved more than 99.3% accuracy for all the image definitions. Hence, the proposed method effectively identifies medicinal plants in real-time and is capable of replacing traditional methods.
... [5] Besides its culinary use, peppermint is enriched in essential oils, including methanol, menthane, cineol, and polyphenols. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] The use of Mentha species can be traced back to the herbal pharmacopoeia of ancient Greece. [6] Numerous studies have emphasized the beneficial biological functions associated with peppermint volatiles, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral. ...
Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is one of the most cultivated and consumed herbs. The pharmaceutical properties and nutrition values of peppermint oil make it an important commercial product. This study aimed to explore the volatile compounds in the essential oil extracted from different peppermint genotypes commercially grown in China. Oil extraction using a steam distillation followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry resulted in the quantification of 53 volatile compounds from five major classes, including esters, alcohols, ketones, terpenes, and volatile compounds. The highest essential oil yields were observed in Golden mint, Silver mint, Scottish mint, and Banana mint. Moreover, three genotypes, viz., Milk fruit mint, Winter Mint, and Pineapple, were screened with the highest diversity of volatile compounds. Major volatiles identified were linalyl acetate, 1-octene-3-acetate, geranyl acetate, neryl acetate, menthol, linalool, menthone, and carvone. The phenotypic characterization coupled with the volatile profiling in this study provides the basis for selecting and improving the investigated peppermint genotypes for specific commercial uses.
... It is also used to treat irritation and inflammation. It is also used in aromatherapy, mouthwashes, bath preparations, toothpaste, chewing gum, and topical preparations [19,20]. Rosmarinic acid and various flavonoids, including eriocitrin, hesperidin, and luteolin, are phenolic elements of the leaves. ...
Mentha piperita and Lavandula multifida are widely used in Moroccan traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes and infectious diseases. The aims of this work were the determination of the chemical composition of Mentha piperita (MPEO) and Lavandula multifida (LMEO) essential oils and the evaluation of their antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities. The chemical composition was determined by GC-MS analysis. The antibacterial effects were evaluated against several bacterial strains using disc diffusion, MIC, and MBC methods. The antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro using DPPH, H2O2, and xanthine oxidase, and the antidiabetic activity was estimated by the inhibitory effects of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase activities. GC-MS results showed that the main compounds of MPEO were menthone (29.24%), levomenthol (38.73%), and eucalyptol (6.75%). However, eucalyptol (28.11%), 2-bornanone (11.57%), endo-borneol (7.82%), and linalyl acetate (5.22%) are the major compounds of LMEO. The results exhibited important inhibitory effects against some bacterial strains with MIC = MBC = 0.39 mg/mL for MPEO against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC. However, LMEO exhibited remarkable antioxidant and antidiabetic activities compared to MPEO. Indeed, LMEO inhibited DPPH, H2O2, and xanthine oxidase with concentrations of 15.23, 21.52, and 8.89 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, LMEO exhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase at IC50 = 85.34 and IC50 = 59.36 µg/mL, respectively. The findings showed that both MPEO and LMEO exhibit promising biological properties. However, the application of these species or their main bioactive compounds requires further investigation.
... Peppermint can be used in various forms like oil, leaf, leaf extract and leaf water. Its preparations are used in pharmaceutical products as it exerts varieties of therapeutic properties (Herro and Jacob, 2010) [4] . The present study aimed towards providing scientific background for the use of Mentha piperita (Linn.) ...
... Topical preparations of Mentha piperita oil have been used to calm pruritus and relieve irritation and inflammation. [10] Mentha piperita extract, oil and leaves are used in many cosmetic formulations and found to be very safe. [11] Mentha piperita is commonly used in the treatment of abdominal pain, nausea, irritable bowel syndrome and symptomatic relief of cough and cold in children. ...
Introduction: Mentha piperita L, a lesser-known and partly proved drug in homoeopathy, is used extensively as a herbal medicine. Objective: The
objective of this study is to elicit the pathogenetic response of Mentha piperita in comparison to placebo. Materials and Methods: A multi�centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomised clinical trial was carried out at three centres with 46 relatively healthy provers. After
randomisation, 32 provers were given verum in 6C, 12C, 30C and 200C potencies and in the placebo group,14 provers were administered
identical, un-medicated globules. All the changes were recorded by the provers and elaborated by proving masters. The data were finally
processed at proving-cum-data processing cell. Results: Out of the 32 provers of the Verum group, 22 reported 61 symptoms, whereas 24
symptoms were reported by seven provers in the placebo group. The majority of the symptoms were produced in the sphere of the locomotor
system, followed by the gastro-intestinal system beside other systems. Altogether, ten new Grade I symptoms were identified, while 11 symptoms
were similar to those found in the previous literature. Conclusion: Mentha piperita revealed a significant pathogenetic response in this trial
which verifies its previously observed symptoms. Among the newly developed symptoms, two symptoms showed opposite character when
compared to the previous literature. Also, statistically significant difference was found in differential eosinophil count in the verum group
pre-post intervention. These are the findings that need to be clinically verified to enhance the scope of their clinical use.
... Mentha piperita, a member of the family Lamiaceae and known as medicinal peppermint, is one of the oldest known multipurpose plant species used since the ancient times (McKay and Blumberg, 2006;Herro and Jacob, 2010;Dhifi et al., 2013). Peppermint provides one of the most popular and widely used essential oils, mostly due to its major compounds menthol and menthone, which are commonly used in oral caring products, medicines, cosmetics, and food industry (Scavroni et al., 2005;Tejesh et al., 2007;Kızıl et al., 2010;Kamatou et al., 2013). ...
In this study, the effect of storage on the antibacterial and antifungal activities of Mentha piperita L. essential oil was investigated. Essential oils of oven-dried plant samples were obtained by hydro-distillation, analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and stored in a refrigerator at 4 ⁰C and in a freezer at -20 ⁰C for one, three and six months. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of the essential oils against some gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus), gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Yersinia enterocolitica) bacterial strains and fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger) were evaluated by agar well diffusion method. The antibacterial and antifungal effects of essential oils increased during storage. In general, essential oils stored at -20 ⁰C produced more antimicrobial activity than those stored at +4 ⁰C. The most affected microorganisms by essential oils were Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris and Aspergillus niger. The results of the present study revealed that antibacterial and antifungal properties of Mentha piperita L. essential oil could be preserved and even improved when stored in proper temperature and period.
... This is commonly associated with the high content of menthol, menthone, carvone, pulegone, and limonene, which the latter being currently considered an emerging allergen [237]. Furthermore, peppermint oil can induce allergic contact dermatitis upon topical application with an incidence close to 0.5% of the population [238,239]. ...
The current consumer demands together with the international regulations have pushed the
cosmetic industry to seek new active ingredients from natural renewable sources for manufacturing more eco-sustainability and safe products, with botanical extract being an almost unlimited source of these new actives. Essential oils (EOs) emerge as very common natural ingredients in cosmetics and toiletries as a result of both their odorous character for the design and manufacturing of fragrances and perfumes, and the many beneficial properties of their individual components (EOCs), e.g., anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, and, nowadays, the cosmetic industry includes EOs or different mixtures of their individual components (EOCs), either as active ingredients or as preservatives, in various product ranges (e.g., moisturizers, lotions and cleanser in skin care
cosmetics; conditioners, masks or antidandruff products in hair care products; lipsticks, or fragrances in perfumery). However, the unique chemical profile of each individual essential oil is associated with different benefits, and hence it is difficult to generalize their potential applications in cosmetics and toiletries, which often require the effort of formulators in seeking suitable mixtures of EOs or EOCs for obtaining specific benefits in the final products. This work presents an updated review of the available literature related to the most recent advances in the application of EOs and EOCs in the manufacturing of cosmetic products. Furthermore, some specific aspects related to the safety of EOs and EOCs in cosmetics will be discussed. It is expected that the information contained in this comprehensive review can be exploited by formulators in the design and optimization of cosmetic formulations containing botanical extracts.
... Peppermint Mentha× piperita L., a representative of the genus Mentha (Lamiaceae), is one of the most widely used aromatic plants in the world, and it has long been used safely in medicines [1][2][3]. Almost the entire peppermint plant has pharmacologically beneficial properties such as antioxidant, antiallergic, antiviral and antibacterial actions, thus preventing the development of microorganisms and even suppressing the development of cancer cells [4][5][6]. In the food industry, dried peppermint leaves are used as mint teas or infusions [7,8]. ...
In this work, we studied in vitro propagation of three cultivars of Mentha × piperita L. Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 0.5 mg·L−1 BAP was the most optimal medium for micropropagation of the cultivars studied. The ability of peppermint plants field-acclimated after in vitro micropropagation to produce essential oils (EOs) was investigated. EO was obtained by hydrodistillation from dried leaves and flowering shoots from control (field grown) plants and plants acclimated in field conditions after in vitro propagation. The samples were collected at the first and second year of vegetation, and their chemical composition was investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Differences were observed in the yield, as well as in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the EOs extracted from the control plants and field-acclimated plants after in vitro propagation. Menthol was the main component of the EO in control plants, while pulegone and menthone were dominant in the EO pattern in field-acclimated in vitro regenerants in the first year of the growing season. However, in the second year of vegetation, the content of the main EO components in field-acclimated peppermint plants was approximately the same as in control plants. The antioxidant activity of EOs extracted from field-acclimated after in vitro micropropagation plants was found to be the same as in control field-grown M. × piperita plants.
... The leaves and inflorescences are used as a remedy for colds, for various inflammatory processes and for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Decoctions and infusions from the aboveground part of the plant are used as an antimicrobial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory agent [10,11]. Among the secondary compounds in mint, a number of flavonoids are distinguished, which are highly effective antioxidants. ...
Peppermint ( Mentha × piperita L.) has been and remains one of the most widely used herbs for medicinal purposes since its discovery. It is used in cosmetics, personal care products, food and pharmaceutical products both because of its taste and aromatic properties. In addition, mint is used for non-medical purposes, which makes its cultivation economically feasible. Information about the introduction of peppermint in Russia since the beginning of the XVIII century is scattered and / or incomplete. The purpose of this work is to provide an extensive descriptive overview of the introduction to the cultures of this species in imperial Russia (from the beginning of the XVIII century to the October Revolution). Archival and historical documents on the cultivation of medicinal herbs and the development of peppermint culture in Imperial Russia, virtual herbariums of the V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University were studied.
... piperita) were mostly used by pregnant women for the reasons that were mentioned earlier in the results and according to different studies, which found that peppermint (M. piperita) tea can be used to treat cramps (Rodriguez-Fragoso et al., 2008;Herro and Jacob, 2010;Taheri et al., 2011). Anise (P. ...
The use of herbal products by pregnant and lactating mothers without awareness of their harmful effects may expose both mother and fetus or infant to great dangers, such as abortion, premature delivery, uterine bleeding, and physical and mental retardation of the fetus. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which herbal product treatment is used and the reason for which such products are used and to ensure that these reasons are correct. An ethnopharmacological survey (cross-sectional observational design study) using a pre-piloted questionnaire was undertaken on herbal products used by pregnant and lactating women in the West Bank area of Palestine. A questionnaire was distributed to 350 pregnant and lactating women. The informed consent forms, ethics, and aims of the present study were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at An-Najah National University. To identify the most important species used, the use value (UV) index was employed, while the SPSS program was used to analyze the data. Collected data revealed that 13 medicinal plants are utilized, while 12 plants are not used during pregnancy. Moreover, 15 plants are utilized and 9 plants are not used during lactation for treating and dealing with various problems. The most commonly used plants belonged to 14 families, including Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Leguminosae, and Rubiaceae. The plants most used during pregnancy were sage (Salvia fruticosa), anise (Pimpinella anisum), and peppermint (Mentha × piperita). Castor (Ricinus communis) oil, ginger (Zingiber officinale), saffron (Crocus sativus), and senna (Senna alexandrina) mostly were not used by pregnant women. Moreover, cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), anise (P. anisum), peppermint (M. piperita), and sage (S. fruticosa) were mostly used during lactation. Castor (R. communis) oil, ginger (Z. officinale), garlic (Allium sativum), and aloe (Aloe vera) mostly were not used during lactation. This study is of great importance in order to decrease the possibility of endangering the lives of fetuses and infants. A combined effort among researchers, scientists, lactating women, and pregnant women may help in changing wrong uses and thoughts about medicinal plants and help to improve the overall health of both mother and fetus.
... The antispasmodic effect might be the result of smooth muscle relaxation from the calcium channel antagonist activity of the peppermint oil (38). Other uses of peppermint oil include the topical application for treating headache ( 37) , pruritus, dermatitis ( 39) , and promoting hair growth ( 40) . In the stomachic mixture, peppermint oil is used as an antispasmodic and a flavoring agent. ...
Stomachic mixture is used widely for the treatment of gastrointestinal conditions. However, the evidence for its efficacy and safety is scarce. The review of pharmacology and toxicity of stomachic mixture constituents provides information for patients and healthcare providers in deciding the use of this drug. Stomachic mixture products registered in Thailand as shown in the Thai Food and Drug Administration database in 2018 contained sodium bicarbonate as their main active ingredient of the stomachic mixture. The herbal components in the stomachic recipe registered to Thai FDA were volatile oils, anthraquinone glycosides, bitter substances, and spicy substances. The amount of each ingredient in the stomachic mixture, when the mixture was used as recommended, was lower than toxic doses of the component. However, the sodium amount in the stomachic mixture could be high for patients requiring sodium restriction. Data regarding the use of stomachic mixture in pregnant and lactating women were insufficient. Therefore, the stomachic mixture should be avoided in patients requiring sodium restriction, pregnant women, and breastfeeding women. Side effects of stomachic mixture on the liver, kidney, heart, gastrointestinal tract, and central nervous system and hypoglycemia are possible.
... The results of this study indicate that the severity of pruritus after the use of blending oil reduced significantly compared to placebo (p<0.001). In addition, the VAS score of pregnant women taking blending oil significantly decreased from 62. 7 Table 3. Efficacy of blending oil in pregnant women with pruritus after 14 days application *Some patients had more than one area or characteristic of pruritus who were given topical peppermint oil with sesame oil as a carrier oil twice daily for 14 days decreased from 57.6 mm to 10.6 mm (p<0.05). Peppermint, which is a terpenoid organic compound that has a cooling effect on the skin, reduces itching caused by histamine through the activation of A nerve fibers and κ-opioid receptors. ...
BACKGROUND Pruritus is the most common dermatological complaint that occurs during pregnancy, which is around 14–20%. No research related to herbal products to reduce some of the characteristics of pruritus at once has been conducted. This study aimed to assess the effect of blending oil to reduce pruritus based on visual analog scale (VAS).
METHODS This was a single-blind, randomized clinical trial that included 57 pregnant women who were at 25–38 weeks of gestation, had a pruritus during pregnancy, a single pregnancy, a level I and II pruritus and a moderate to severe pruritus based on VAS. Pruritus scores were measured using VAS in both the treatment and control groups. The treatment and control groups applied blending oil and placebo, respectively, twice a day after bathing for 2 weeks. Mann–Whitney U, paired t, and chi-square tests were used for the analysis.
RESULTS Pruritus reduction in pregnant women who received blending oil was higher than those using placebo (61.08% versus 12.41%, p25 mm. Pregnant women who used placebo had a six times greater risk of experiencing pruritus than those who used blending oil (RR = 5.8, 95% CI = 2.613–12.874).
CONCLUSIONS Blending oil can be used topically to treat a pruritus in pregnant women.
This study reports the comparative evaluation of yield, physico-chemical composition and biological attributes (antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, biofilm inhibition and hemolytic activity) of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) essential oil (EO) obtained by hydro-distillation (HD) and supercritical fluid (CO2) extraction (SCFE) methods. The yield (%) of EO obtained by HD (0.20 %) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of SCFE (0.13 %) while the variation in the physical parameters like solubility, color, density (at 25 °C) and refractive index (at 25 °C) was not significant between the tested oils. The data of chemical compositional analysis revealed that menthol was the key component in the EO obtained by HD (52.85 %) and SCFE (45.51 %), followed by menthone [HD (25.93 %) and SCFE (27.3 %)] and eucalyptol [HD (8.59 %); SCFE (8.92 %)]. The EO extracted with supercritical fluid (SCFE-EO) exhibited superior (p < 0.05) DPPH free radical inhibition potential (52 %) with an IC50 value of 15.65 μg/mL and reducing power compared to that of HD-EO. The highest antimicrobial activity was exhibited by SCFE-EO against Pasturella multocida with an inhibition zone of 18.00 mm (MIC value of 86 μg/mL). The results of biofilm inhibition and hemolytic activity revealed that the SCFE method was superior to recover high quality EO in comparison to the HD method. The peppermint EO obtained by SCFE, owing to potent bioactive components, can be a potential candidate to develop nutra-pharmaceuticals.
Indonesia is known for its rich biodiversity and the production of several endemic essential oils that are popular in the cosmetics industry. Essential oils are highly concentrated aromatic liquids derived from various plant materials, such as flowers, leaves, bark, stems, or roots. The pleasing fragrance, therapeutic effects, and potential benefits for skin care make essential oils a common ingredient in cosmetics. Various essential oils in Indonesia are native to the region and frequently applied in cosmetics. These include patchouli, clove, citronella, cananga, vetiver, lemongrass, oud, sandalwood and benzoin oils. Other common oils include lavender, tea tree, chamomile, rose, peppermint, and frankincense. Various methods for extracting essential oils include steam distillation, cold pressing and solvent extraction. The chemical composition can vary significantly depending on species, growing conditions, extraction method, and harvest time. Essential oils comprise a complex mixture of volatile organic compounds, including terpenes, aldehydes, phenols, ketones, alcohols, esters, and oxides. These compounds possess numerous beneficial properties, such as antimicrobial, analgesic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Essential oils can also have antifungal and sedative effects, contributing to their pleasant aroma. They are often employed in skin care products like creams, lotions, and serums to help with skin irritation and relaxation. Some essential oils are highly valued for their pleasing aroma and are applied in perfumes, hair care items, and moisturizers. The biomass of certain plants can also be involved in cosmetics, including leaves, flowers, stems, and other parts. However, it is crucial to properly formulate and understand the potential effects on the skin, as essential oils are highly concentrated and should be diluted appropriately before application. It is advisable to perform patch tests and consult a qualified expert to ensure safety and efficacy.
Natural remedies are more acceptable in the belief that they are safer with fewer side effect than the synthetic ones. Herbal formulation has shown growing demand in the world market. The present work deals with the formulation and evaluation of polyherbal shower gel containing Mango butter (Mangifera indica L.), Cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.). Although various topical herbal formulations are available in the market, the aim of the present work was to make pure herbal formulation with very limited synthetic products. Prepared formulations were evaluated for various parameters like colour, appearance, consistency, foamability, viscosity, foam retention, stability, percentage moisture content, pH and spreadability. The best formulations were selected based on its consistency and the pH with acceptable post-formulation properties. All the formulations were evaluated and F4 formulation of polyherbal shower gel was selected as the best formulation because of its physiochemical characteristics. The formulated polyherbal shower gel was found to be a better alternative for synthetic products which has lesser adverse effect.
Background
Aging is thought to be associated with vascular endothelial cell dysfunction or senescence upon oxidative stress. Hence, the need of therapeutic agent to protect cells from oxidative stress intracellularly without functional loss also with high bioavailability is the biggest challenge.
Methods
In the present study, we used AgNO3 serving as reducing and capping agents to synthesis silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using commonly used aromatic plant (Mentha piperita, Mentha longifolia and Origanum majorana) extracts. The identification of phytochemical was carried out by Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The analytical techniques including UV–vis absorption spectroscopy confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles. FT-IR, identified the capping and reduction processes of functional groups in the Ag-NPs. SEM (Scanning electron microscopy), confirmed the uniform shape and size of the synthesized Ag-NPs.
Results
We found Origanum majorana (OM) effectively reduced with Ag-NPs and exhibited better nanoparticle-formation than the rest of the samples. Further, 2 mg/mL concentration of OM-Ag-NPs, the PDI results yielded evidence of good stability and dispersion. In addition, both the extracts and their corresponding Ag-NPs utilized to assesss their protective and beneficial effects on oxidative stress-induced HUVECs, which include nuclear damage, morphological changes associated with apoptosis, and alterations in gene expression levels. OM and its nanoparticles treated to HUVECs for 48 h increased vascular cells proliferation confirmed in MTT assay, observed with normal morphology, and mRNA expression levels confirmed the decrease of lipid peroxides (LPO), increasing antioxidants (SOD, GSK-3β, and GPx), increasing oxidative phosphorylating (CYP1a), and decreasing Tumor suppression (p53).
Conclusion
OM and its nanoparticles are considered to be beneficial for the prevention of H2O2 induced oxidative stress, it may be a promising preventive agent for endothelial cell senescence and aging.
The aim of the work was to study the composition of the alcohol extract, antioxidant activity and pharmacological properties of peppermint leaves of three forms - menthol, linalool and carvone. Materials and methods: Chromatography-mass-spectrometric analysis was performed on an Agilent Technologies device. For the model evaluation of antioxidant activity, the aerometric method for measuring the total antioxidant activity was used, implemented in the TsvetYauza-01-AA device. Tonic activity was studied in terms of the duration of swimming of laboratory animal (male mice) with a load of 7% of the animal's body weight until complete fatigue - "The mouse forced swim test". The discussion of the results. When studying the chemical composition of medicinal plant raw materials of peppermint leaves of menthol, linalool, carvone types, more than 50 compounds were identified. A comparative analysis showed that the content of menthol in peppermint leaves of the menthol type can exceed the content of menthol in other chemotypes by ten or more times. At the same time, the tonic effect of an aqueous extract from peppermint leaves is mostly associated with the menthol. It should be taken into account when using this type of raw material in the manufacturing. Findings. The raw material of peppermint leaves may have a different degree of pharmacological activity depending on the chemotype, which should be taken into consideration when using this type of raw material.
In this manuscript, we conducted a comprehensive review of the diverse effects of peppermint on human health and explored the potential underlying mechanisms. Peppermint contains three main groups of phytochemical constituents, including essential oils (mainly menthol), flavonoids (such as hesperidin, eriodictyol, naringenin, quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol), and nonflavonoid phenolcarboxylic acids. Peppermint exhibits antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-cancer, anti-aging, and analgesic properties and may be effective in treating various disorders, including gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome, dyspepsia, constipation, functional gastrointestinal disorders, nausea/vomiting, and gallbladder stones). In addition, peppermint has therapeutic benefits for psychological and cognitive health, dental health, urinary retention, skin and wound healing, as well as anti-depressant and anti-anxiety effects, and it may improve memory. However, peppermint has paradoxical effects on sleep quality and alertness, as it has been shown to improve sleep quality in patients with fatigue and anxiety, while also increasing alertness under conditions of monotonous work and relaxation. We also discuss its protective effects against toxic agents at recommended doses, as well as its safety and potential toxicity. Overall, this review provides the latest findings and insights into the properties and clinical effects of peppermint/menthol and highlights its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for various health conditions.
Multistep Approach Points to Compounds Responsible for the Biological Activity and Safety of Hydrolates from Nine Lamiaceae Medicinal Plants on Human Skin Fibroblasts. Abstract: As byproducts of essential oil distillation, hydrolates are used in natural cosmetics/biomedicine due to their beneficial skin effects. However, data on their safety with relevant biological targets, such as human skin cells, are scarce. Therefore, we have tested nine hydrolates from the Lamiaceae family with skin fibroblasts that are responsible for extracellular collagenous matrix builds. Thyme, oregano, and winter savoury hydrolates showed several times higher total phenolics, which correlated strongly with their radical scavenging and antioxidative capacity; there was no correlation between their viability profiles and the reducing sugar levels. No proteins/peptides were detected. All hydrolates appeared safe for prolonged skin exposure except for 10-fold diluted lavender, which showed cyto-toxicity (~20%), as well as rosemary and lavandin (~10%) using viability, DNA synthesis, and cell count testing. Clary sage, oregano, lemon balm, and thyme hydrolates (10-fold diluted) increased fibroblast viability and/or proliferation by 10-30% compared with the control, while their viability remained unaffected by Mentha and winter savoury. In line with the STITCH database, increased viability could be attributed to thymol presence in oregano and thyme hydrolates in lemon balm, which is most likely attributable to neral and geranial. The proliferative effect of clary sage could be supported by alpha-terpineol, not linalool. The major volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with cytotoxic effects on fibroblasts were borneol, 1,8-cineole, and terpinene-4-ol. Further research with pure compounds is warranted to confirm the roles of VOCs in the observed effects that are relevant to cosmetic and wound healing aspects.
Background
Individuals at higher altitudes may experience a decrease in blood oxygen levels, which can result in a variety of clinical illnesses, such as high-altitude pulmonary edema, high-altitude cerebral edema, and milder but more common acute mountain sickness (AMS).
Objective
This study aims to review the current state of knowledge related to motion sickness, the risk of AMS, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for AMS.
Methods
Several databases, including PubMed, Bentham Science, Elsevier, Springer, and Research Gate, were used to compile the data for the article following a thorough analysis of the various research findings connected to acute mountain sickness and motion sickness, along with treatments and prevention.
Results
This article covers the research on mountain sickness as well as every imaginable form of conventional and alternative medicine. It contains ten medicinal plants that are useful in treating mountain sickness and various other remedies. Additionally, case studies are provided.
Conclusion
Therefore, the information in the paper will help travel medicine specialists better personalize their appropriate care for patients who travel to high-altitude locations. Additionally, all available antiemetic medications, serotonin agonists, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and herbal treatments for motion sickness were discussed. The prevention and consequences of acute mountain sickness are also covered in this study.
Hydrogen peroxide is an important intra- and inter-cellular messenger. It has been reported that beverages such as tea and coffee generate H2O2. The aim of this study was to examine whether H2O2 is formed in infusions of medicinal herbs and to explain the mechanism of its formation. Infusions of sixteen herbs were studied and the presence of H2O2 was found in all cases. The highest concentrations of H2O2, exceeding 50 µM, were found in the infusions of leaves of Betula and Polygonum, as well as of the inflorescence of Tilia. Considerable amounts of diverse phenolic compounds were detected in the infusions. Two successive one-electron oxidations of phenolics are the main source of H2O2 in these infusions; as expected, the generation of semiquinone and superoxide radicals was confirmed. The infusions of medicinal herbs were also able to scavenge H2O2. The herbal infusions were cytotoxic to human ovary cancer SKOV-3 and PEO1 cells; this cytotoxicity was compromised by catalase added to the growth medium, demonstrating the contribution of H2O2 to the cytotoxic action of herbal extracts.
Peppermint has gained a promising status due to the presence of a high proportion of bioactive compounds, especially menthol. Due to its pharmacological efficacy, the demand for its plant-based bioactive compounds necessitates its cultivation worldwide. Brassinosteroids are polyhydroxylated sterol derivatives that regulate diverse processes and control many agronomic traits during plant growth and development. A factorial randomised pot experiment was performed in the net house to investigate the effect of 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) on the growth, physiology, essential oil content, stomatal behaviour and trichome development of the three cultivars of peppermint. Four levels of foliage-applied EBL, viz. 0, 10–5, 10–6 and 10–7 M were applied to the three cultivars of peppermint (Kukrail, Pranjal and Tushar). Among the different treatments of EBL, the application of 10–6 M increased shoot length by 38.84, 37.59 and 36.91%, root length by 36.73, 29.44 and 33.47%, chlorophyll content by 24.20, 22.48 and 23.32%, PN by 32.88, 32.61 and 33.61%, EO content by 32.72, 30.00 and 28.84%, EO yield per plant by 66.66, 77.77 and 73.33% and menthol yield per plant by 127.27, 110 and 118.18% in Kukrail, Tushar and Pranjal respectively, compared with their respective control plants. Further, the 10–6 M EBL exhibited improved trichome size and density, cellular viability and menthol content of the oil analysed from scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and GC–MS respectively as compared to the control. In conclusion, out of different levels of EBL, two sprays of 10–6 M EBL proved effective in enhancing the morphophysiological features and productivity of mint plants, particularly for cultivar Kukrail.
Peppermint has gained a promising status due to the presence of a high proportion of bioactive compounds especially menthol. Due to its pharmacological efficacy, the demand for its plant-based bioactive compounds necessitates its cultivation worldwide. Brassinosteroids are polyhydroxylated sterol derivatives that regulate diverse processes and control many agronomic traits during plant growth and development. A factorial randomised pot experiment was performed in the net house to investigate the effect of 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) on the growth, physiology, essential oil content, stomatal behaviour and trichome development of the three cultivars of peppermint. Four levels of foliage-applied EBL, viz. 0, 10 − 5 , 10 − 6 and 10 − 7 M were applied on the three cultivars of peppermint (Kukrail, Pranjal and Tushar). Among the different treatments of EBL on Kukrail, Tushar and Pranjal, the application of 10 − 6 M increased shoot length by 38.84, 37.59 and 36.91%, root length by 36.73, 29.44 and 33.47%, respectively. Whereas chlorophyll content by 24.20, 22.48 and 23.32%, P N by 32.88, 32.61 and 33.61%, respectively. Further, EO content was enhanced by 32.72, 30.00 and 28.84%, EO yield per plant by 66.66, 77.77 and 73.33%, menthol yield per plant by 127.27, 110 and 118.18% compared with their respective control plants. The scanning electron microscopical analysis revealed increased trichome size and density whereas, the confocal laser scanning microscopical analysis revealed enhanced cellular viability in the treated plants as compared with the control. Moreover, the GC-MS analysis revealed the enhanced essential oil content particularly menthol in the treated plants over the control.
Background
The diversity found in the chemical compounds of a single species in different regions results in different biologic characteristics which can be considered as a strong source for identifying new chemotypes. Hymenocrater incanus Bunge and Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. are exclusive species of the Lamiaceae family which grow in the western and central habitats of Iran. This study was designed and carried out to determine the yield, identify the chemical compounds, and evaluate the antimicrobial characteristics of the essential oil (EO) of these two species in Iran for the first time.
Methods
The flowering twigs of the species D. kotschyi and H. incanus were collected from the villages of Totmach and Kamu in Isfahan province respectively, in May 2019. The EO of these plants was extracted and separated using the water distillation method, utilizing the Clevenger device. The EO compounds were analyzed using a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The evaluation of antimicrobial characteristics was carried out by determining the growth inhibition zone implementing the Agar method, the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), and the minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MFC/MBC) utilizing liquid dilution culture.
Results
The results indicated that the highest yield belonged to the EO of D. kotschyi at %2.6 (w/w). In this EO there were citral (%25.44), neral (%20.87), α-pinene (%14.48), trans-geranic acid methyl ester (%9.74), and D-limonene (%6.87). Moreover, H. incanus had the dominant compounds (-)-Spathulenol (%12.61), caryophyllene (%10.00), linolenic acid (%8.54), 1,8-cineole (%5.95), palmitic acid (%5.35), and α-cadinol (%5.17). The largest diameter of growth inhibition zone belonged to the H. incanus EO against the Gram-positive bacteria S. pyogenes (~17.67mm). The strongest inhibition activities in the form of growth inhibition diameter exhibited by the D. kotschyi EO were against the Gram-negative bacteria S. paratyphi-A serotype (~ 12 mm), K. pneumoniae, and Sh. dysenteriae (~ 11 mm) which was significant compared to the Gram-positive rifampin (~ 8 mm).
Conclusions
It can be seen that these species are new chemotypes with special and novel chemical compounds which can potentially be used to manufacture natural antibiotics against some bacterial strains.
Primary dysmenorrhea is a common condition that affects menstruating women, especially young women. Painful cramping in the lower abdominal area, nausea, vomiting, headache, and fatigue are associated with primary dysmenorrhea, which restrict women from normal living life. The productivity and work performance of women are heavily affected by the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and low dose oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are commonly prescribed for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. However, variability in individual response to the drugs and its side effects hinder its long-term use among women. Complementary medicine such as herbs is a promising alternative for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea, but it lacks scientific evidence. The pharmacological and clinical studies of 9 herbs were included in this review. Although excellent analgesic effects of herbs were reported by clinical studies, the detailed mechanism of action of most herbs remains unelucidated. Several studies discovered that herbs exert analgesic effects through direct uterine muscle relaxation effect, inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inhibition of intracellular calcium level, and reduction of prostaglandin synthesis. Further investigation of the herbs pharmacological action and the recommended dosages of the herbs for the optimal analgesic effect are needed.
Bu çalışma, Mentha piperita türüne ait çeliklerde, farklı köklendirme ortamları (perlit, torf, perlit-torf) ve naftalin asetik asit (NAA) ile indol-3-bütirik asit’in (IBA) 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 ppm dozlarının köklenmeye etkilerini saptamak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Sera ortamında gelişimini tamamlayan çeliklerde köklenme oranı (%), kök sayısı (adet), en fazla kök uzunluğu (mm), sürgün sayısı (adet), sürgün uzunluğu (mm) ve yaprak sayısı (adet) incelenmiştir. Tüm deneme faktörleri, çeliklerde %100 köklenme sağlamıştır. En fazla kök sayısı IBA hormonunun perlit ortamında 2000 ppm dozu ile ortaya çıkmış, en fazla kök uzunluğu NAA’in perlit ortamında gelişen çeliklerinde tespit edilmiştir. Sürgün sayısında ise IBA’nın torf ortamında 1000 ppm dozu, sürgün uzunluğunda ve yaprak sayısında NAA’in torf ortamında 1000 ppm ile muameleye tabii tutulmuş çelikleri ön plana çıkmıştır. Mentha piperita bitkisinde kaliteli fide eldesi için torf köklendirme ortamı, NAA hormonu ve NAA’in 1000 ppm dozunun olumlu etkide bulunduğu saptanmıştır.
This study aimed at investigating the effect of ontogenetic and diurnal variability on yield and quality criteria of Mentha piperita. The research was conducted in the Ordu province of Turkey for two years. The trial was established in a randomised complete block design with 3 replications according to factorial regulations. Four different harvesting periods (budding, first flowering, 50% flowering, 100% flowering) and three harvesting hours (9:00 a.m., 1:00 p.m., 5:00 p.m.) were evaluated. A significant difference was determined between the trial years in all characters examined: plant height 55.9–69.0 cm, fresh herb yield 3 236–16 438 kg/ha, drug-herb yield 1 748–2 862 kg/ha, fresh leaf yield 3 477–4 506 kg/ha, drug leaf yield 968–1 253 kg/ha, essential oil ratio 2.0–2.5% and essential oil yield that varied between 19–28 L/ha. The highest yields were obtained at the beginning of flowering in drug leaf yield and 100% flowering period for all other characteristics. Diurnal variability was statistically significant only in the rate of essential oil, and the highest rate occurred in the 9:00 a.m. harvest.
Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is one of the most widely consumed single ingredient herbal teas, or tisanes. Peppermint tea, brewed from the plant leaves, and the essential oil of peppermint are used in traditional medicines. Evidence-based research regarding the bioactivity of this herb is reviewed. The phenolic constituents of the leaves include rosmarinic acid and several flavonoids, primarily eriocitrin, luteolin and hesperidin. The main volatile components of the essential oil are menthol and menthone. In vitro, peppermint has significant antimicrobial and antiviral activities, strong antioxidant and antitumor actions, and some antiallergenic potential. Animal model studies demonstrate a relaxation effect on gastrointestinal (GI) tissue, analgesic and anesthetic effects in the central and peripheral nervous system, immunomodulating actions and chemopreventive potential. Human studies on the GI, respiratory tract and analgesic effects of peppermint oil and its constituents have been reported. Several clinical trials examining the effects of peppermint oil on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms have been conducted. However, human studies of peppermint leaf are limited and clinical trials of peppermint tea are absent. Adverse reactions to peppermint tea have not been reported, although caution has been urged for peppermint oil therapy in patients with GI reflux, hiatal hernia or kidney stones.
We report 12 cases of contact sensitivity to the flavouring agents menthol and peppermint oil in patients presenting with intra-oral symptoms in association with burning mouth syndrome, recurrent oral ulceration or a lichenoid reaction. The patients were referred from the Glasgow Dental Hospital over a 4-year period for assessment of the possible contribution of contact sensitivity to their complaints. 5 patients with burning mouth syndrome demonstrated contact sensitivity to menthol and/or peppermint, with 1 patient sensitive to both agents, 3 positive to menthol only and 1 to peppermint only. 4 cases with recurrent intra-oral ulceration were sensitive to both menthol and peppermint. 3 patients with an oral lichenoid reaction were positive to menthol on patch testing, with 2 also sensitive to peppermint. 9 of the 12 cases demonstrated additional positive patch test results. After a mean follow-up of 32.7 months (range 9-48 months), of the 9 patients that could be contacted, 6 patients described clearance or improvement of their symptoms as a consequence of avoidance of menthol/peppermint.
Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf Extract, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf Water are obtained from the Mentha piperita plant. The oil is currently used in cosmetic formulations as a fragrance component, but previously had been also described as a denaturant. The extract and leaves are described as biological additives, but only the extract is reported to be used. Peppermint Water is described as a flavoring agent or fragrance component, but is not currently in use. Peppermint Oil is used at a concentration of < or = 3% in rinse-off formulations and < or = 0.2% in leave-on formulations. Peppermint Oil is composed primarily of menthol and menthone. Other possible constituents include pulegone, menthofuran, and limone. Most of the safety test data concern Peppermint Oil. The oil is considered to present the "worst case scenario" because of its many constituents, so data on the oil were considered relevant to the entire group of ingredients. Peppermint Oil was minimally toxic in acute oral studies. Short-term and sub-chronic oral studies reported cystlike lesions in the cerebellum in rats that were given doses of Peppermint Oil containing pulegone, pulegone alone, or large amounts (>200 mg/kg/day) of menthone. Pulegone is also a recognized hepatotoxin. Repeated intradermal dosing with Peppermint Oil produced moderate and severe reactions in rabbits, although Peppermint Oil did not appear to be phototoxic. Peppermint Oil was negative in the Ames test and a mouse lymphoma mutagenesis assay but gave equivocal results in a Chinese hamster fibroblast cell chromosome aberration assay. In a carcinogenicity study of toothpaste and its components, no apparent differences were noted between mice treated with Peppermint Oil and those treated with the toothpaste base. Isolated clinical cases of irritation and/or sensitization to Peppermint Oil and/or its constituents have been reported, but Peppermint Oil (8%) was not a sensitizer when tested using a maximization protocol. It was expected that dermal absorption of Peppermint Oil would be rapid, following that of menthol, a major component, but in no case would be greater than absorption through the gastrointestinal tract. Because of the toxicity of pulegone, the safe concentration of this constituent was limited to < or = 1%. This concentration was achievable both by controlling the time of harvest and processing technique. There is evidence that menthol can enhance penetration of other agents. Formulators were cautioned that this enhanced penetration can affect the use of other ingredients whose safety assessment was based on their lack of absorption. With the limitation that the concentration of pulegone in these ingredients should not exceed 1%, it was concluded that Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Extract, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaves, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Water are safe as used in cosmetic formulations.
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