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Preservatives and fragrances in selected consumer-available cosmetics and detergents
Abstract
Preservatives and fragrances are important and frequent skin sensitizers, found in a wide range of products intended for personal and occupational use.
To examine the use of preservatives and fragrances in certain cosmetics and detergents on the market. The product types studied were shampoos, hair conditioners, liquid soaps, wet tissues, washing-up liquids, and multi-purpose cleaners.
Ingredient labels of 204 cosmetic products and ingredient data sheets of 97 detergents, available on company websites, were examined.
The preservatives most frequently identified were phenoxyethanol, methylparaben, sodium benzoate, propylparaben, and methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone. Parabens were found in 44% of cosmetics and 9% of detergents; formaldehyde-releasers in 25% of cosmetics and 8% of detergents; and isothiazolinones in 23% of cosmetics and 28% of detergents. The fragrances most frequently identified were linalool, limonene, hexyl cinnamal, butylphenyl methylpropional, and citronellol. Eighty-eight per cent of the products contained fragrances, and any of the 26 fragrances requiring labelling were found in half of the cosmetics and one-third of the detergents.
Several preservatives and fragrances with well-known skin-sensitizing potential were common in the examined product types. Such products may be used several times a day by consumers and workers.
... 4,5 Many fragrance materials used today belong to the chemical group of terpenes 6 and among them, limonene (citrus scent) and linalool (lavender scent) are frequently found in multiple household items (personal hygiene and cosmetic products) as well as products that come into contact with the skin daily such as essential oils, natural products, and aromatherapy products. [7][8][9][10][11][12] Limonene and linalool are known to be pre-haptens. They oxidize upon contact with air forming hydroperoxides as primary oxidation products, and these have been recognized as important contact allergens. ...
... 39,40 These concomitant reactions are in accordance with the frequency of exposure to both fragrances in everyday products, and with the documented common tandem exposure of limonene and linalool in products. 7,8,10,11,41 Considering the total number of tested patients, the majority do not react to either test material, again opposing the suggestion that the reactions for hydroperoxides are unspecific. Also, for the main oxidized limonene allergens, Lim-1-OOH and Lim-2-OOH (Figure 1), it has been shown that there is specificity for reactions between these two structurally similar hydroperoxides. ...
... 4 Limonene and linalool were also found to be the most common tandem exposure and are frequently used together in fragranced/scented products. 11,41,49 Both are also common components of essential oils, and they are found in aromatherapy and natural products. Limonene is a component of citrus peel oil (genus Citrus, family Rutaceae) as well as eucalyptus essential oils (leaf of Eucalyptus, family Myrtaceae), whereas linalool is a major component of lavender oil (distillate of LavandulaAngustifoli), which consists of $50% linalool. ...
Limonene and linalool are among the most common fragrance terpenes used in products of everyday life. They are pre‐haptens forming hydroperoxides (Lim‐OOHs, Lin‐OOHs) upon oxidation inducing frequent positive patch test reactions in patients with dermatitis. Still, they are not yet routinely tested in Europe. This review evaluates the patch testing experience with Lim‐OOHs and Lin‐OOHs by answering key questions such as whether hydroperoxide patch testing is warranted, understand difficulties or challenges related to the reading and interpretation of hydroperoxide patch test results with currently available material, assessing their relevance. Studies are increasingly pointing out to high percentages of positive reactions in patients consecutively patch tested with these oxidized products. An association between a positive clinical history and a strong patch test reaction has been described, but problems with doubtful/irritant reactions have also been reported. Considering the high frequencies of relevant positive reactions, the incorporation of Lim‐OOHs 0.3% and Lin‐OOHs 1% in the baseline series could be discussed and is maybe justified. Since exposure, sensitization and elicitation limits of Lim‐OOHs and Lin‐OOHs in the products still need to be better determined, an assessment of previous exposure, possible sensitizations and reactions may help to improve the clinical assessment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... In detergents, the nature of the preservatives used (and the presence of 26 fragrance ingredients) needs to be labelled, as is the case for cosmetics. Consumers are most often exposed to preservatives through the use of cosmetics and detergents, whereas in the work environment, preservativecontaining sources are more heterogeneous and may include, for example, metalworking fluids, adhesives/glues, water-based paints, and lacquers [2]. Nevertheless, also cosmetics (e.g., liquid hand soaps) and detergents (e.g., multipurpose cleaning agents, wet wipes) are important sources of occupational exposure to preservatives [2]. ...
... Consumers are most often exposed to preservatives through the use of cosmetics and detergents, whereas in the work environment, preservativecontaining sources are more heterogeneous and may include, for example, metalworking fluids, adhesives/glues, water-based paints, and lacquers [2]. Nevertheless, also cosmetics (e.g., liquid hand soaps) and detergents (e.g., multipurpose cleaning agents, wet wipes) are important sources of occupational exposure to preservatives [2]. As many compounds are used simultaneously in both consumer and industrial products, each requiring variable labelling requirements, allergy prevention can become challenging. ...
... As many compounds are used simultaneously in both consumer and industrial products, each requiring variable labelling requirements, allergy prevention can become challenging. A Swedish study from 2010 reporting on the presence of preservatives in consumer-available cosmetics and detergents showed that parabens, formaldehyde-releasers, and isothiazolinones were present in 44%, 9%, 25% and in 8%, 23% and 28% of cosmetic products and detergents, respectively [2]. The most often identified subtypes of preservatives per group were: (i) methyl-and propylparaben (in both cosmetics and detergents), (ii) DMDM hydantoin and bromonitro propanediol (in both cosmetics and detergents), and (iii) methylisothiazolinone (MI) (in cosmetics; before the imposed restrictions, see below) and benzisothiazolinone (BIT), together with MI, in detergents, similar to what occurs in paints [2][3][4]. ...
Every water-containing product needs preservatives to prevent microbial contamination in order to ensure product stability and consumer safety. These preservative agents can be natural or, more often, synthetic in nature. Beside displaying direct antimicrobial effects, some of them also function as antioxidants and/or have additional properties (“polyfunctional ingredients”). As their mode of action often implies interaction with microbial proteins, human skin proteins may become a target as well, leading to skin sensitization (contact allergy) and subsequent allergic contact dermatitis; other clinical manifestations such as contact urticaria, mucosal symptoms, and respiratory complaints may also occur, or coexist. Sensitization rates, and their evolution over time, may vary depending on the inherent sensitization potential of each chemical, their extent of use, legislative restrictions, and the type of population(s) involved (e.g., consumers vs. occupations). In this chapter, we give an overview of commonly used (cosmetic) preservatives, notably those present in the European baseline series and recommended additions 2019, including formaldehyde and releasers, isothiazolinones, parabens, methyldibromo glutaronitrile, and sulfites. Additionally, some less well-known preservatives are discussed, some of which might be potentially emerging sensitizers, such as benzoic and sorbic acid, and their salts (sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate, respectively), ethylhexylglycerin, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, chlorhexidine digluconate and diacetate, polyhexamethylene and polyaminopropyl biguanide, benzalkonium chloride and didecyldimethylammonium chloride, triclosan, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, phenoxyethanol, and (dichloro)benzyl alcohol.
... In detergents, the nature of the preservatives used (and the presence of 26 fragrance ingredients) needs to be labelled, as is the case for cosmetics. Consumers are most often exposed to preservatives through the use of cosmetics and detergents, whereas in the work environment, preservative-containing sources are more heterogeneous and may include, for example, metalworking fluids, adhesives/glues, waterbased paints, and lacquers [2]. Nevertheless, also cosmetics (e.g., liquid hand soaps) and detergents (e.g., multipurpose cleaning agents, wet wipes) are important sources of occupational exposure to preservatives [2]. ...
... Consumers are most often exposed to preservatives through the use of cosmetics and detergents, whereas in the work environment, preservative-containing sources are more heterogeneous and may include, for example, metalworking fluids, adhesives/glues, waterbased paints, and lacquers [2]. Nevertheless, also cosmetics (e.g., liquid hand soaps) and detergents (e.g., multipurpose cleaning agents, wet wipes) are important sources of occupational exposure to preservatives [2]. As many compounds are used simultaneously in both consumer and industrial products, each requiring variable labelling requirements, allergy prevention can become challenging. ...
... As many compounds are used simultaneously in both consumer and industrial products, each requiring variable labelling requirements, allergy prevention can become challenging. A Swedish study from 2010 reporting on the presence of preservatives in consumer-available cosmetics and detergents showed that parabens, formaldehyde-releasers, and isothiazolinones were present in 44%, 9%, 25% and in 8%, 23% and 28% of cosmetic products and detergents, respectively [2]. The most often identified subtypes of preservatives per group were: (i) methyl-and propylparaben (in both cosmetics and detergents), (ii) DMDM hydantoin and bromonitro propanediol (in both cosmetics and detergents), and (iii) methylisothiazolinone (MI) (in cosmetics; before the imposed restrictions, see below) and benzisothiazolinone (BIT), together with MI, in detergents, similar to what occurs in paints [2][3][4]. ...
... Linalool is one of the most commonly used fragrance terpenes in consumer products because of its flowery-fresh odor. 1 It is also found in many essential oils such as lavender, ylang-ylang, and rosemary oils. 2 Linalool is one of the 26 compounds (EU Cosmetic Regulation 1223/2009) that is mandatory to label in the packaging of cosmetic products when the concentration exceeds 10 ppm in leave-on products and 100 ppm in rinse-off products. 3 Pure linalool is considered as non-allergenic because of its very low skin sensitization potential. ...
... 2-Bromo-1-( 13 C)-ethyl acetate ( 13 C)-1 (3.67 g) was obtained as an orange oil and was used without further purification. 1 2-(Diethoxyphosphoryl)-1-( 13 C)-ethyl Acetate (( 13 C)-2). In a flame-dried round-bottom flask under argon triethyl phosphite (4.7 mL, 26.21 mmol, 1.2 equiv) was added to ( 13 C)-1 (3.67 g, 21.84 mmol, 1equiv). ...
... 2-(Diethoxyphosphoryl)-1-( 13 C)-ethyl acetate ( 13 C)-2 was obtained as a yellow oil (4.95 g, 90%). 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 1.26 (t, 3H, 3 J HH = 7.0 Hz, OCH 2 CH 3 ), 1.32 (t, 6H, 3 J HH = 7.5 Hz, 2 × OCH 2 CH 3 ), 2.94 (dd, 2H, 2 J HP = 22.0 Hz, 2 J HC = 7.5 Hz, CH 2 ), 4.06−4.20 (m, 6H, 3 × OCH 2 CH 3 ). 13 16.4 (d, 3 J CP = 6.5 Hz, 2 × OCH 2 CH 3 ), 34.5 (dd, 1 J CC = 59.0 Hz, 1 J CP = 134.0 ...
Linalool is one of the most commonly used fragrance terpenes in consumer products. While pure linalool is considered as non-allergenic because it has a very low skin sensitization potential, its autoxidation on air leads to allylic hydroperoxides that have been shown to be major skin sensitizers. These hydroperoxides have the potential to form antigens via radical mechanisms. In order to obtain in-depth insights of such reactivity, we first investigated the formation of free radicals derived from linalool hydroperoxides in situ in a model of human reconstructed epidermis by electron paramagnetic resonance combined with spin trapping. The formation of carbon and oxygen centered radical species derived from the hydroperoxides was especially evidenced in an epidermis model, mimicking human skin and thus closer to what may happen in vivo. To further investigate these results, we synthesized linalool hydroperoxides containing a 13C-substitution at positions precursor of carbon radicals to elucidate if one of these positions could react with cysteine, its thiol chemical function being one of the most labile groups prone to react through radical mechanisms. Reactions were followed by mono- and bi-dimensional 13C-NMR. We validated that carbon radicals derived from allylic hydrogen abstraction by the initially formed alkoxyl radical and/or from its β-scission, can alter directly the lateral chain of cysteine forming adducts via radical processes. Such results provide an original vision on the mechanisms likely involved in the reaction with thiol groups that might be present in the skin environment. Consequently, the present findings are a step ahead towards the understanding of protein binding processes to allergenic allylic hydroperoxides of linalool through the involvement of free radical species and thus of their sensitizing potential.
... In detergents, the nature of the preservatives used (and the presence of 26 fragrance ingredients) needs to be labelled, as is the case for cosmetics. Consumers are most often exposed to preservatives through the use of cosmetics and detergents, whereas in the work environment, preservative-containing sources are more heterogeneous and may include, for example, metalworking fluids, adhesives/glues, waterbased paints, and lacquers [2]. Nevertheless, also cosmetics (e.g., liquid hand soaps) and detergents (e.g., multipurpose cleaning agents, wet wipes) are important sources of occupational exposure to preservatives [2]. ...
... Consumers are most often exposed to preservatives through the use of cosmetics and detergents, whereas in the work environment, preservative-containing sources are more heterogeneous and may include, for example, metalworking fluids, adhesives/glues, waterbased paints, and lacquers [2]. Nevertheless, also cosmetics (e.g., liquid hand soaps) and detergents (e.g., multipurpose cleaning agents, wet wipes) are important sources of occupational exposure to preservatives [2]. As many compounds are used simultaneously in both consumer and industrial products, each requiring variable labelling requirements, allergy prevention can become challenging. ...
... As many compounds are used simultaneously in both consumer and industrial products, each requiring variable labelling requirements, allergy prevention can become challenging. A Swedish study from 2010 reporting on the presence of preservatives in consumer-available cosmetics and detergents showed that parabens, formaldehyde-releasers, and isothiazolinones were present in 44%, 9%, 25% and in 8%, 23% and 28% of cosmetic products and detergents, respectively [2]. The most often identified subtypes of preservatives per group were: (i) methyl-and propylparaben (in both cosmetics and detergents), (ii) DMDM hydantoin and bromonitro propanediol (in both cosmetics and detergents), and (iii) methylisothiazolinone (MI) (in cosmetics; before the imposed restrictions, see below) and benzisothiazolinone (BIT), together with MI, in detergents, similar to what occurs in paints [2][3][4]. ...
... It is well known that breast milk can be a pathway for the maternal excretion of environmental chemicals, including persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), endosulfan, and lindane, among others (Hu et al., 2021;Naqvi et al., 2020). However, limited research data are available on the presence in breast milk of less persistent environmental phenolic compounds such as bisphenols, parabens (PBs), or benzophenones (BPs), despite their wide utilization in food packaging supplies, personal care products (PCPs), and cosmetics (Daniel, 1986;Panico et al., 2019;Rastogi, 2002;Yazar et al., 2011). Bisphenols comprise: bisphenol A (BPA), the most common congener, and its analogs bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF); bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA); bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE); and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE); among others (Pelch et al., 2017). ...
... Thus, PBs in breast milk have been associated with hygiene and cosmetic products, including lotions (Kim et al., 2020), facial cleansers (Fisher et al., 2017), sun creams (Dualde et al., 2020), and makeup/skin care products (Park et al., 2019). Various studies have demonstrated the presence of these compounds in cosmetic products and PCPs (Gao and Kannan, 2020;Guo et al., 2014;Yazar et al., 2011). ...
Background:
Breast milk is the main source of nutrition for infants but may be responsible for their exposure to environmental chemicals, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
Aim:
To review available evidence on the presence and concentrations of bisphenols, parabens (PBs), and benzophenones (BPs) in human milk and to explore factors related to exposure levels.
Methods:
A systematic review was carried out using Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, conducting a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed original articles published during the period 2000-2020, including epidemiological and methodological studies. Inclusion criteria were met by 50 studies, which were compiled by calculating weighted detection frequencies and arithmetic mean concentrations of the chemicals. Their risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I checklist.
Results:
Among the 50 reviewed studies, concentrations of bisphenols were assessed by 37 (74.0%), PBs by 21 (42.0%), and BPs by 10 (20.0%). Weighted detection frequencies were 63.6% for bisphenol-A (BPA), 27.9-63.4% for PBs, and 39.5% for benzophenone-3 (BP-3). Weighted mean concentrations were 1.4 ng/mL for BPA, 0.2-14.2 ng/mL for PBs, and 24.4 ng/mL for BP-3. Mean concentrations ranged among studies from 0.1 to 3.9 ng/mL for BPA, 0.1 to 1063.6 ng/mL for PBs, and 0.5 to 72.4 ng/mL for BP-3. The highest concentrations of BPA and PBs were reported in samples from Asia (versus America and Europe). Higher BPA and lower methyl-paraben concentrations were observed in samples collected after 2010. Elevated concentrations of these chemicals were associated with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors in eight studies (16.0%). Two epidemiological studies showed moderate/serious risk of bias.
Conclusions:
This systematic review contributes the first overview of the widespread presence and concentrations of bisphenols, PBs, and BPs in human breast milk, revealing geographical and temporal variations. The methodological heterogeneity of published studies underscores the need for well-conducted studies to assess the magnitude of exposure to these chemicals from human milk.
... In addition to a variety of pesticides such as glyphosate or permethrins, this group includes bisphenol-A (BPA) and its analogues, parabens (PBs) [methyl-(MeP), ethyl-(EtP), propyl-(PrP), and butyl-paraben (BuP)], phthalates, and benzophenones (BPs). Currently, there is diverse evidence showing the presence of numerous EDC families (mainly phthalates, bisphenols, parabens, and benzophenones) in cosmetic products and PCPs [17][18][19][20]. However, contrary to most persistent EDCs, international regulation of their production, handling, and disposal is limited to a reduction in the concentrations of some specific compounds for those cosmetics in the EU market (EU 1004/2014). ...
... Average daily application rates per women for face creams, hand or body lotions, facial cleansers, shampoos, and bath gel were 2.1, 8.7, 4.1, 12.8, and 14.5 g, respectively [22]. Yazar and Johnsson [20] carried out a study where they verified the composition of a series of 204 cosmetic products, which included shampoos, hair conditioners, liquid soap, wipes from different brands, and stores. The results showed that at least 44% of the analyzed cosmetics contained at least one PB congener. ...
In the last years, the variety and consumption of cosmetics and personal care products (PCPs) have greatly increased, although the long-term adverse effects to low doses of chemicals used in their production and with proven hormone-mimicking properties have been still poorly addressed. Among these endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), parabens, benzophenones, bisphenols, and phthalates are the most widely found in these products. Given the estrogenic-dependent nature of the endometrium, it has been hypothesized the potential contribution of these EDCs contained in cosmetics and PCPs in the risk of endometriosis. In this book chapter, we have summarized the current evidence supporting this hypothesis, highlighting epidemiological, in vivo, and in vitro studies that have addressed the potential influence of parabens, benzophenones, bisphenols, and phthalates in the origin and progression of this chronic feminine disease.
... Detergents generally contain a mixture of a wide variety of chemical substances including, water softeners, processing acids, cleaning agents, optical brighteners, perfumes, and colouring agents [1][2][3]. These chemicals may act individually or collectively as a build-up of a more complex compound, that becomes too difficult to degrade, or cause eutrophication, in the event of trying to bring about their breakdown [4][5][6]. ...
The acute toxicity of the detergent Nittol® 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, and 0.0 mg NTL/L of clean water on Heterobrunchus bidorsalis, 5.5 ± 0.3 g, 6.4 ± 0.5 cm were investigated, using semi-static bioassay, for 96 h in 50 L capacity plastic test bowls. The fingerlings of the same brood stock and age were collected from Onose Farms Limited, Ughelli, Delta State to the University Research Laboratory, Enugu Lat. 7.4 N; 8°7′5 and long 6°8′ E. 7°6′ W. The test fish were acclimatized for 14 days, and fed at 3% body weight once daily, on a 40% CP commercial diet. Feeding was suspended 24 h before and during the range finding and acute tests. The whole set-up was replicated three times, and no death was recorded during the acclimatization period and in the control. A total of 180 fingerlings were used, and 10 fingerlings were assigned to each replicate. The test set-up was monitored daily for water quality parameters, opercular ventilation, tail fin beat frequency, and mortality. Dose and time-dependent behavioural patterns exhibited by the test fish, during the exposure periods include rapid swimming, air gulping, loss of balance, and a period of convulsion before death. Significant elevation in pH and temperature, reduction of DO compared to the control (p < 0.05) in the water quality, and dose-dependent early elevation of the tail and fin movements declined towards the end of the experiment. The 96 h LC50 was determined to be 1.41 mg/L, indicating that the detergent NTL is toxic to the test fish. The haematological parameters were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the treated ranges of RBC 5.20 ± 0.07–8.00 ± 0.02 × 106 mm3, HB 7.53 ± 0.50–10.72 ± 0.14 g/dl, PCV 13.20 ± 0.8.50–18.00 ± 0.43 % below their elevated respective controls of 10.50 ± 0.01 × 10 6 mm3, 11.00 ± 0.01 g/dl, and 23.48 ± 0.2.6 %. The white blood cells (WBC) recorded a significant (p < 0.05) increase in ranges of 23.72 ± 0.14–51.80 ± 1.9 × 103 mm3 above the control value of 11.00 ± 0.01 × 103 mm3 Therefore, values greater than the safe amount of 0.014 mg/L should not be allowed in the receiving culture waters for Heterobrunchus bidorsalis fingerlings.
... The main products containing paraben can be listed as hand soaps, body lotions, hair creams, face lotions, shampoos, facial cleansers, lipsticks, mascara, hair sprays, shower gels, toothpastes, and sunscreens. In addition, many scientific studies have shown the presence of parabens even in wastewater, river, soil, and house dust (Johnsson et al. 2011;Kirchhof and Gannes 2013). Parabens exhibit toxicity by denaturing membrane transporter proteins, inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis, or inhibiting the activity of some important enzymes such as ATPase and phosphotransferases (Ma and Marquis 1996;Tade et al. 2018). ...
In this study, the phytochemical content of Nasturtium officinale R. Br. (watercress) leaf extract (Noex) and its protective effects against paraben toxicity were investigated. GC–MS and HPLC analyses were performed to determine the phytochemical content. Paraben toxicity and protective properties of Noex were investigated with the Allium test, and 6 different groups were formed for this purpose. Toxicity in each group was investigated by using physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical parameters. DNA-paraben interaction was investigated with spectroscopic analysis for the genotoxicity mechanism. As a result of the study, paraben (500 mM) caused a regression in the physiological parameters related to germination in Allium cepa L. bulbs. Paraben caused a 43.3% reduction in mitotic index (MI) rates compared to control, which is likely the reason for the decrease in germination-related parameters. With the application of paraben in root tip cells, the frequency of micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) increased and a high genotoxic effect was observed. Paraben promoted CAs such as fragment, sticky chromosome, bridge, unequal distribution of chromatin, and irregular mitosis. It also caused anatomical damage in the form of epidermis cell damage, flattened cell nucleus, cortex cell damage, cortex cell walls thickening, and unclear vascular tissue in root tip meristem cells. Paraben-DNA interaction was caused by bathochromic and hypochromic shifts in the UV spectrum of DNA, indicating the intercalation mode of interaction. Paraben also caused an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, a decrease in glutathione (GSH) levels, and abnormalities in antioxidant enzyme levels (superoxide dismutase = SOD and catalase = CAT), thereby disrupting the antioxidant/oxidant dynamics in the cell. The basis of physiological, cytological, and genetic abnormalities was attributed to the oxidative stress in the cell. Administration of Noex produced a dose-dependent incremental improvement in paraben-induced abnormalities. The increase in GSH levels and the decrease in MDA levels observed as a result of the Noex application contributed to the restoration of antioxidant/oxidant balance, and this improvement was also reflected in other parameters. Application of 200 mg/L Noex provided a 24.2% improvement in the MI rate reduced by paraben, and accordingly, an increase in germination parameters was observed. Similarly, the frequencies of MN and CAs, which are signs of genotoxicity, decreased with the Noex application. As a result of the phytochemical analysis of Noex with HPLC and GC–MS, the presence of strong antioxidant and antimutagenic substances such as rutin, coumaric acid, ferrulic acid, L-serine, L-proline, and phytol were determined in Noex structure. The curative effects of Noex against paraben toxicity can be attributed to these active ingredients.
... Identification may be relatively simple for cosmetic products and detergents with ingredient labelling, but extremely difficult for other products due to the lack of mandatory ingredient labelling. Knowledge on presence of preservatives is largely based on ingredient label information on cosmetic products and detergents 31,32 while knowledge about actual use concentrations is scarce outside industry. Results from chemical analyses of a few substances in cosmetic products, detergents and paints have been published. ...
The widespread use of skin sensitizing preservatives is well‐known. Contact allergy to preservatives is often caused by their presence in cosmetic products. Preservative use in non‐cosmetic products is less well known. We have reviewed EU legislations on classification and labelling, biocides, and cosmetics, concerning conditions for use of the most used sensitizing preservatives (including formaldehyde releasing substances, isothiazolinones and parabens). We have analysed temporal trends in their use in non‐cosmetic products (tonnes, number of products, concentrations), based on annual reports to the Swedish Products Register 1995–2018; and we discuss implications for stakeholders. Major changes over time are that the use of most of the preservatives has increased by tonnes and/or by number of products, and that several use concentrations have declined following harmonized classification as a skin sensitizer with low concentration limits for this classification. We conclude that the massive increase in use of preservatives is alarming, and that urgent action is needed for protection of health. Their use in non‐cosmetic products is broad, increasing and often undisclosed. In the EU, legislations concerning chemicals can provide relevant restrictions to reduce their use and associated health risks, monitored by efficient surveillance. Prevention would be benefited by better coordination between legislations.
... Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) is a biocide used to control bacteria, fungi, and algae in areas such as personal care products (Park et al. 2018), detergents (Yazar et al. 2011), food packages (Lin et al. 2010), wall paint (Goodier et al. 2018), and water purification systems . The use of biocides has increased tremendously in the last 20 years, and environmental risk factors have occurred due to biocide-based pollution (Kressman et al. 2018). ...
Biocides, which are found in nature as persistent pollutants, pose a great danger to the ecosystem. Methylisothiazolinone (MIT), a widely used biocide, reaches plants by mixing with water and soil. Vermicompost tea (VCT), which strengthens the plant defence mechanism and increases its growth and development, is a liquid fertiliser consisting of the cooperation of worms with microbes. In the present study, after applying 0.4 g/L (EC50/2), 0.8 g/L (EC50), and 1.6 g/L (EC50 × 2) MIT concentrations without and with VCT on forage pea (Pisum sativum), root lengths, mitotic index data, chromosome and nuclei abnormalities, and DNA damage level were determined. When VCT applied and non-applied groups were compared, it was found that, especially in the VCT applied group, they cope with the stress conditions created by MIT. In addition, positive effects were observed in root lengths, mitotic index data, and amount of cell nuclei abnormalities. In line with other study results, VCT reduces cellular damage by regulating the normal life cycle disrupted in the cell due to mutagens using the curative-regulatory feature.
... [10] Allergic contact dermatitis accounts for the most adverse effects related to fragrance ingredients in perfumes affecting 1-3% of the European population while 16% of eczema patients are sensitized to fragrance ingredients. [24,25] Colophony, Myroxylon pereirae, lanolin, formaldehyde, vanillin, musk mix, rose oil, cetostearyl alcohol, fragrances, and antiseptics such as cetrimide and triclosan in cosmetics have caused vide array of dermatological problems including primary irritant reactions, allergic contact dermatitis, photosensitivity and photodermatitis, contact urticaria, skin dyspigmentation, and brittle nails and hair. Ylang-ylang oil, jasmine absolute, Cananga oil, benzyl salicylate, hydroxyl citronellal, sandalwood, geraniol are common fragrances to cause pigmentary changes. ...
A perfume (Latin, perfumare for smoke through) is essentially a cosmetic product to be used on the human body for its pleasing scent to mask body odor and have a feeling of freshness. A perfume is composed of fragrances which are aromatic compounds and essential oils, and solvents and fixatives. These fragrances are chemicals or are derived mostly from botanical sources. A perfume that usually consists of a few to hundreds of fragrance materials remains a major source of contact allergy from them. Everyone comes in contact with fragrance materials in daily life either directly from the application of a product to the skin, mostly cosmetics, or occasionally after contact with fragrance-containing household or other personal care products. Cosmetics and personal care products such as personal perfume(s), deodorant, aftershave lotion/gel, eau de cologne, and eau de toilette with the highest ever concentrations of fragrances remain the major source of contact sensitivity from fragrances. The adverse effects associated with the use of perfumes are both allergic and irritant contact dermatitis, pigmented contact dermatitis, phototoxicity and photoallergy, and contact urticaria. Systemic toxicity may also occur following inhalation and ingestion of fragrance(s) causing respiratory illness, headache, and attacks of migraine. However, allergic contact dermatitis and pigmented contact dermatitis remain by far the commonest cutaneous adverse effects. Colophony, Myroxylon pereirae , lanolin, formaldehyde, vanillin, musk mix, rose oil, cetostearyl alcohol, and more than 160 fragrances, both single and complex mixtures of chemicals (methyl ionones), or essential oils ( Evernia furfuracea (treemoss) extract, E. prunastri (oakmoss) extract, Ferula galbaniflua gum, Narcissus poeticus flower extract, and Viola odorata leaf extract) have caused cosmetic contact sensitivity in most instances. Ylang-ylang oil, jasmine absolute, Cananga oil, benzyl salicylate, hydroxyl citronellal, sandalwood, and geraniol are common fragrances to cause pigmentary changes. This review highlights the composition of perfumes and constituent fragrances identified commonly as allergens. A brief insight is also provided for the diagnosis of allergic contact sensitivity from fragrances and present safety regulatory status.
... On the other hand, propyl parabens maximum allowance is 0.22 mg in sustained-release tablets and 10% in oral solutions. 44 ...
Cosmetics, cosmeceuticals, and variable healthcare products used parabens, among other excipients, for their preservative and antimicrobial activities. Paraben derivatives exhibit distinguished physiochemical properties that enable them to be compatible with the formulation of cosmetic agents in different dosage forms. In addition to their potency and efficacy, parabens are economically efficient as they have low-manufacturing costs. Despite the desirable characteristics, the safety of parabens use is controversial after detecting these chemicals in various biological tissues after repetitive and long-term use of formulations containing them. The use of parabens drew public health attention after scientific reports linked skin exposure to parabens with health issues, in particular, breast cancer. In response, worldwide authorities set regulations for the allowance concentrations of paraben to be used in variable cosmetic products.
... Isothiazolinones, which have a wide range of uses, are antibacterial and antifungal preservatives that have been used since the 1970s (De Groot and Herxheimer 1989;Fewings et al. 1999). One of the best representatives of this group, 2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one (MI or MIT), is used in hand, face, foot creams and shower gels (Uter et al. 2014), shampoos (Hoa et al. 2019), detergents (Yazar et al. 2011), air fresheners (Park and Kwon 2016), wet wipes (Chang and Nakrani 2014), toilet paper (Gardner et al. 2010), industrial products (Aerts et al. 2017) in metalworking fluids (Geier and Lessmann 2020), as a wood preservative (Wang et al. 2020), in the paint (Thyssen et al. 2006), and water-based poster paints used by children (Filippi et al. 2020). Since the 2000s, there has been a great increase in contact dermatitis allergy, and MIT isothiazolinone sensitivity has been named as "new epidemic" or "second epidemic" (Gameiro et al. 2014;Urwin and Wilkinson 2013). ...
2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one (MIT), widely used in industrial and cosmetic products, is one of the significant representatives of the isothiazolinone group. Due to widespread application fields of MIT, it can be easily mixed with water and soil. Vermicompost (VCT), which has an enriching effect on the properties of the soil, provides nutrients to the plants and can transform the soil into a more livable form for plants. In this study, MIT was applied to the P. sativum, which has high nutrition content and is a significant food source for animals. Also, VCT was applied to decrease the stress stemming from the MIT chemical on the plant. In order to achieve this, the effective concentration (EC50) value of MIT was determined, and the EC50/2 and EC50x2 concentrations were used on the plant, and the biochemical effects (i.e., total protein, MDA and H2O2 amounts, SOD activity) at the end of the 48th and 72nd hours were examined. Then, the same chemical was applied with VCT, keeping all processes constant, and the same biochemical parameters were investigated. When the results were compared with the group treated with VCT, it was observed that there was a difference, especially in Total protein, MDA amounts, and SOD activity. When statistical data was compared with the control group, it was significantly different at the p < .05 level. This result implies that VCT can be a good solution for recyclings increased the amount of organic waste, and reducing the use of artificial fertilizers.
... On the other hand, propyl parabens maximum allowance is 0.22 mg in sustained-release tablets and 10% in oral solutions. 44 ...
Cosmetics, cosmeceuticals, and variable healthcare products used parabens, among other excipients, for their preservative and antimicrobial activities. Paraben derivatives exhibit distinguished physiochemical properties that enable them to be compatible with the formulation of cosmetic agents in different dosage forms. In addition to their potency and efficacy, parabens are economically efficient as they have low manufacturing costs. Despite the desirable characteristics, the safety of parabens use is controversial after detecting these chemicals in various biological tissues after repetitive and long-term use of formulations containing them. The use of parabens drew public health attention after scientific reports linked skin exposure to parabens with health issues, in particular, breast cancer. In response, worldwide authorities set regulations for the allowance concentrations of paraben to be used in variable cosmetic products.
... Kathon CG is a cosmetic preservative that contains a CMIT (5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one/MIT (2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one) (3: 1) blend and consists of magnesium salts such as 23% chloride and nitrate (Park et al. 2020) Kathon CG, which has a wide range of uses, is used as a preservative with antifungal and antibacterial properties in many areas such as hand, face, foot creams and shower gels, shampoos, detergents, air fresheners, wet wipes, toilet paper, metalworking fluids, wall paints, industrial products (Aerts et al. 2017;Chang and Nakrani 2014;Gardner et al. 2010;Geier and Lessmann 2020;Hoa et al. 2019;Johnsson et al. 2011;Park and Kwon 2016;Uter et al. 2014;Wang et al. 2020). Even if Kathon CG has such a wide range of uses in daily life, it also has toxic effects. ...
Kathon CG, which has a wide area of usage, is one of the representatives of the isothiazolinone group. Considering the application areas in industrial and cosmetic products, it can be a contaminant to water and soil, and it can be toxic to organisms. Vermicompost, known as the organic matter of worms, has important features in terms of increasing the production of plant biomass as well as increasing the soil content. In this study, Kathon CG was applied on the forage pea (Pisum sativum spp. arvence), which is an important food source for humans and animals, and it was treated with liquid vermicompost to reduce the stress caused by the Kathon CG chemical on the plant. As a first step, the EC50/2, EC50, and EC50 × 2 values of Kathon CG were determined. These concentrations were applied to the plant, and the biochemical effects (total protein, H2O2 and MDA amounts, SOD activity) were examined at the end of 48 and 72 h. In the second stage of the experiment, the same chemical was applied with the same amount of liquid vermicompost by keeping the conditions constant, and the same biochemical parameters were examined. The healing properties of vermicompost were compared with and without liquid vermicompost. When statistical data are compared with the control group, the results revealed a significant difference between these two conditions (p < 0.05).
... Johnson (2002) Lilial Fragrance components in cosmetic products (shampoos, hair conditioners, liquid soaps, and wet tissues) and in detergents (multi-purpose cleaners and washing-up liquids). Yazar et al. (2011) Oxidised Irgafos 168 Antioxidants in the production of plastics. ...
Beauty salons are considered occupational environments where the staff personnel and clients are exposed to high level of airborne pollutants. In this study one work shift air quality monitoring was carried out in Léon, Spain. Temperature, relative humidity, CO2 and CO were continuously monitored inside and outside areas of the salon, with simultaneous PM10 sampling. Volatile organic compounds and carbonyls were sampled inside the salon. Indoor PM10 concentrations exceeded the recommended 24-h guideline of 50 μg m⁻³. A detailed PM10 chemical characterisation included organic and elemental carbon, trace elements, water-soluble ions and organic speciation. Indoor vs outdoor ratios of PM10, as well as the majority of PM10-bound organic compounds, were >1. During work periods, organic carbon accounted for 29.5 ± 1.8 and 16.2 ± 4.5 %wt. of PM10 indoors and outdoors, respectively. More than 200 individual organic compounds were detected in the PM10, including aliphatic alcohols, fatty acids, phthalates, glycerol derivatives, fatty acid alkyl esters, phenolic compounds, alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, among others. Many of them are part of formulations widely used in hair cosmetics, personal care and cleaning products. Inadequate ventilation, working activities and the use of specific products can greatly contribute to high indoor levels of organic air pollutants. Formaldehyde revealed a higher cancer risk of 4.6 × 10⁻⁶, higher than the guideline level, suggesting a “possible risk” for workers. The total excess lifetime cancer risk from exposure to multiple compounds was 9.3 × 10⁻⁶, which is lower than the acceptable risk, but not negligible.
... Benzoic acid and its salts are commonly used as preservatives in foods and beverages. Furthermore, various cosmetics and detergents contain these compounds because of their low toxicity (Mikami et al., 2002;Panico et al., 2019;Yazar et al., 2011). The present results show that 12 out of 105 wet wipe samples contained benzoic acid at a concentration of up to 0.128%, although Kawakami et al. (2015) analyzed 32 wet wipes and reported that benzoic acid was not detected in any of the samples. ...
Preservatives are essential additives in dishwashing detergents and wet wipes. Ensuring the safe use of preservatives in products is important for public health, as some preservatives are associated with health issues. In this study, the content of 12 preservatives in 105 dishwashing detergents and 105 wet wipes was determined, where these compounds are commonly found, among consumer products. A realistic exposure estimation was considered by using Korean consumer-specific exposure parameters for adults and babies. A probabilistic risk assessment was conducted by applying the Monte Carlo simulation method. Benzoic acid (41%) and cetylpyridinium chloride (30%) were the most commonly used preservatives in dishwashing detergents and wet wipes, respectively, although their content in different products (benzoic acid: 0.28–19.4 mg/g in dishwashing detergents; cetylpyridinium chloride: 0.003–0.64 mg/g in wet wipes) varied widely. The calculated median and upper-limit margin of safety (MOS) values related to systemic health effects and skin sensitization from exposure to preservatives largely exceeded the target MOS, which confirmed the safety of the products. Exposure to preservatives from wet wipes was several times higher in babies than in adults. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the amount of the product used, frequency of use, and weight fraction of the preservative were the major contributors to the exposure to preservatives from dishwashing detergents and wet wipes.
... The chemical 2-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)propionaldehyde is a prominent fragrance substance, usually termed as lysmeral or lilial, and labelled on consumer products as Butylphenyl methylpropional according to the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI). It is a popular odorant in numerous cosmetic and non-cosmetic products due to its smell of lilies in the valley with reported occurrence in 20e50% of cosmetics and detergents (Rastogi et al., 1998;Buckley, 2007;Schnuch et al., 2007;Yazar et al., 2011). Lysmeral is one of 26 fragrance chemicals listed as contact allergens due to their skin sensitizing properties (Uter et al., 2013) by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). ...
2-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)propionaldehyde (trade names, e.g. lysmeral or lilial) is a fragrance chemical frequently used in cosmetic products where it is labelled as Butylphenyl methylpropional. A recently developed LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of four lysmeral metabolites (tert-butylbenzoic acid (TBBA), lysmerol, lysmerylic acid, and hydroxy-lysmerylic acid) was applied to 329 urine samples from the Environmental Specimen Bank collected between 2000 and 2018. The two major metabolites TBBA and lysmerol were found in quantifiable concentrations in almost all samples in this study and correlated significantly. Hence, both analytes proved to be specific biomarkers indicating the broad exposure to lysmeral. A significant decline was found for TBBA and lysmerol for the monitored years with the most pronounced decrease from 2012 to 2015. The daily intake (DI) was used to evaluate potential health risks with respect to the derived no-effect level (DNEL) as a threshold for exposure of the general population. The median DI (1.63 μg/kg bw/d) and the 95th percentile (4.69 μg/kg bw/d) corresponded to 2.6% and 7.5% of the lowest DNEL (62.5 μg/kg bw/d for oral administration), respectively. Even though a decreasing trend in exposure was observed the data still calls for efforts to reduce the exposure towards lysmeral since metabolites of lysmeral were detected in nearly all samples and adverse effects cannot be excluded. Clearly, these results need to be substantiated by HBM campaigns in population representative samples like the German Environmental Survey in adults (GerES VI) to provide more robust data for the adult population.
... AgNPs exert antibacterial activity in both oil and water phase of a preserved product (Carrouel et al., 2020b;Hosny et al., 2017;Kokura et al., 2010;Salvioni et al., 2017). As nanoparticles are (Rastogi, 2000;De Groot and Veenstra, 2010;Yazar et al., 2011;Uter et al., 2014;Horev et al., 2015;Bunyavaree et al., 2016;Garcia-Hidalgo el al. 2017, Pastor-Nieto et al., 2017. Panico et al., 2019. ...
Parabens usage as preservatives in cosmetics and personal care products have been debated among scientists and consumers. Parabens are easy to production, effective and cheap, but its safety status remains controversial. Other popular cosmetics preservatives are formaldehyde, triclosan, methylisothiazolinone, methylchloroisothiazolinone, phenoxyethanol, benzyl alcohol and sodium benzoate. Although their high antimicrobial effectiveness, they also exhibit some adverse health effects. Lately, scientists have shown that natural substances such as essential oils and plant extracts present antimicrobial potential. However, their use in cosmetic is a challenge. The present review article is a comprehensive summary of the available methods to prevent microbial contamination of cosmetics and personal care products, which can allow reducing the use of parabens in these products.
... There are various forms of parabens like propylparaben, ethylparaben and butylparaben etc. Butylparaben (BP) is extensively consumed as antimicrobial preservatives for foods, medicines, as well as in skin care products due to their inertness, low cost, and the broadspectrum activity. The BP also extends the shelf life of products (Yazar et al. 2011). Their pertinence in cosmetic products is more frequent than their utility elsewhere. ...
Mammalian reproduction is a highly regulated process that can be distorted following exposure to synthetic antimicrobial preservatives like butylparaben (BP). Besides, studies have not investigated the potential antioxidant effects of turmeric on BP-provoked reprotoxicity. The present research was planned on prepubertal mice, orally treated with BP (150 μg/g body weight/day) with and without Curcuma longa (turmeric) (400 μg/mice/day) from postnatal day 35 to 65 routinely. Results showed an insignificant reduction in body weight of both sexes but contrary to these, gonadal weight increased significantly in PB-exposed mice. Additionally, elevated levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone while decreased estrogen levels were observed in BP-treated females against control. Sperm count and motility were disturbed, coupled with abnormal sperm morphology in BP-intoxicated group. These findings were synchronized with a decreased testosterone levels in the same group as compared with control. The follicular count revealed reduction in the number of antral follicles while an increase in empty follicles. The BP also significantly increased lipid peroxidation and decreased glutathione content, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities, while the morphometric, biochemical, and histological deviations were less pronounced in the group, which was co-administered with BP and turmeric. Results indicated that turmeric has antioxidant potential to protect BP-induced oxidative stress and reprotoxicity in mice.
... The occurrence of parabens in non-feminine hygiene related PCPs, including cosmetics, fragrances, scents, and skin and hair care products has been reported previously Guo et al., 2014;Yazar et al., 2011). The measured concentrations of MeP in bactericidal creams and solutions (mean: 67100 ng/g) were higher than those reported for face cream (400 ng/g), skin toner (180 ng/g), eyeliner cream (640 ng/g), hand cream (450 ng/g), and hair care products (120 ng/g) from the United States. ...
Feminine hygiene products, a category of daily necessities, can be a source of exposure to plasticizers and antimicrobial agents in women. Nevertheless, studies on the occurrence of chemicals in feminine hygiene products have received little attention. In this study, 24 endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), comprising nine phthalates, six parabens, eight bisphenols, and triclocarban (TCC) were measured in seven categories of feminine hygiene products (i.e., pads, panty liners, tampons, wipes, bactericidal creams and solutions, and deodorant sprays and powders; N = 77) collected in the Albany area of New York State in the United States. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DIBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), methyl paraben (MeP), and ethyl paraben (EtP) were found in all pad, panty liner, and tampon samples. Panty liners contained the highest concentrations of DMP (median: 249 ng/g), DEP (386 ng/g), DBP (393 ng/g), and DIBP (299 ng/g) and tampons contained the highest concentrations of DEHP (267 ng/g). MeP, EtP, and propyl paraben (PrP) were the major parabens found in feminine hygiene products. Bactericidal creams and solutions contained median concentrations of MeP, EtP and PrP at 2840, 734, and 278 ng/g, respectively. The estimated exposure doses of phthalates, parabens, and bisphenols through the dermal absorption pathway from the use of pads, panty liners, and tampons were significant. In comparison with the exposure doses reported previously from other sources and pathways, the significance of feminine hygiene products as sources of EDC exposure was delineated. The dermal absorption doses from the use of feminine hygiene products, under different exposure scenarios, were 0.19-27.9% and 0.01-6.2% of the total exposure doses of phthalates and bisphenols, respectively. This is the first study to report the occurrence of phthalates, parabens, bisphenols, and TCC in feminine hygiene products from the United States.
... Similarly, in the USA, parabens have been found in more leave-on-the-skin cosmetics (60%) than in the washable products (40%) . The Swedish study showed the presence of parabens in 44% of rinse-off products such as: shampoo, conditioner, body wash, and face cleanser (Yazar, Johnsson, Lind, Boman, & Lidén, 2011). ...
Cosmetics are a source of lifetime exposure to various substances including parabens, being the most popular synthetic preservatives. Because the use of cosmetics shows an increasing trend and some adverse health outcomes of parabens present in these products have been reported, the present review focused on the safety of dermal application of these compounds. Special attention has been paid to the absorption of parabens and their retention in the human body in the intact form, as well as to their toxicological characteristics. Particular emphasis has been placed on the estrogenic potential of parabens. Based on the available published data of the concentrations of parabens in various kinds of cosmetics, the average ranges of systemic exposure dose (SED) for methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben have been calculated. Safety evaluations [margin of safety (MoS)] for these compounds, based on their aggregate exposure, have also been performed. Moreover, evidence for the negative impact of methylparaben on skin cells has been provided, and the main factors that may intensify dermal absorption of parabens and their impact on the skin have been described. Summarizing, the use of single cosmetics containing parabens should not pose a hazard for human health; however, using excessive quantities of cosmetic preparations containing these compounds may lead to the development of unfavorable health outcomes. Due to the real risk of estrogenic effects, as a result of exposure to parabens in cosmetics, simultaneous use of many cosmetic products containing these preservatives should be avoided.
... Surfactants are molecules presenting a lipophilic end that binds to small tallow droplets and a hydrophilic end, which allows the formation of micelles and have the ability to lower surface tension, destroy clusters and emulsify fats, in order to facilitate their skin proteins explains the potential cutaneous toxicity. Additionally, the presence of contaminants or impurities resulting from the preservative manufacturing process, even in small amounts, may contribute to this toxicity [18,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. ...
Methylisothiazolinone (MI) is one of the most used preservatives in shampoos and also one of the most effective. A preservative mixture known as Kathon™ CG is commercially available. It contains 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMI) and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MI) (3:1) and stabilizers. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of formulation factors in the quantification and stability of isothiazolinones in shampoos. Two shampoo bases containing Kathon™ CG as a preservative were prepared. Some ingredients that are at risk of interfering with the preservative stability were added to these formulations. The preservative was quantified by HPLC-DAD (High-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector) after preparation of the formulation and after storage at room temperature and at 40 °C. The addition of magnesium silicate proved to be essential for the breakdown of the interaction between the matrix and the analytes in the extraction procedure. The content of CMI/MI decreased right after preparation indicating that immediate interactions between CMI/MI and the ingredients may have occurred after preparation resulting in a decrease in the preservative concentration. Detrimental interactions between the ingredients, regarding the stability of the isothiazolinones were detected immediately after preparation and over time resulting in the reduction of CMI/MI concentration in these cosmetic shampoos.
... Isothiazolinones are a group of heterocyclic sulfur-containing compounds, which mainly include 2-Methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (MI), 5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-chloroisothiazolinone-3-one (CMI), 1,2-Benzothiazol-3(2H)-one (BIT), and 2-Octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolinone (OIT), Dichlorooctylisothiazolinone (DCOIT), and 2-methyl-1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (MBIT), etc. (see Figure 1) [1,2]. Owing to their strong bactericide and fungicide properties, isothiazolinones are widely used as effective preservatives to control the growth of microbes in various applications, such as cosmetics [3], paint [4][5][6], detergents [7,8], adhesive [9,10], paper and cardboard [11,12], and consumer products [13][14][15]. ...
In this study, a target analytical approach using high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) was developed to simultaneously determine six isothiazolinones containing 2-Methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (MI), 5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMI), 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT), 2-Octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolinone (OIT), Dichlorooctylisothiazolinone (DCOIT), and 2-methyl-1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (MBIT) in water-based adhesive used for food contact materials. The main factors affecting extraction efficiency such as extraction method, extraction time, extraction solvent, and solid–liquid ratio have been evaluated by using real adhesive samples. Multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) was used for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of targeted isothiazolinones. This method was demonstrated as an effective and reliable technique for detecting multiple isothiazolinones with satisfactory recoveries (81.5~107.3%), and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were obtained at a low level. This method was validated and applied to the determination of six isothiazolinones in commercial water-based adhesives. The present results revealed that these adhesives contained a combination of isothiazolinones (BIT, MI, CMI, and MBIT) with the concentration ranging from 2.27 to 123.5 mg/kg. To our knowledge, it is the first time it has been reported that MBIT was detected in water-based adhesives used for food contact materials, which requires a further investigation for its migration to food and the risk to human health.
... Limonene (Lm) (Figure 7.25) is one of the most common terpenes in nature, being a component of several plants' essential oils . It is a colourless liquid with citreous aroma that has shown to have several purposes as a flavour or fragrance additive, solvent, or fungal inhibitor (IARC, 1999a;Dambolena et al., 2008;Chee et al., 2009;Yazar et al., 2011). Regarding the other antifungals presented in Appendix IV, limonene has the advantage of having very low toxicity, antioxidant properties, a strong inhibitory effect on cellulase activity (with potential to neutralize one of the most deleterious effects of fungus on paper -enzymatic decomposition), a broad fungitoxic spectrum and the ability to strongly inhibit aflatoxin production (one of the most hazardous toxins produced by fungi, with carcinogenic, mutagenic and immunosuppressive properties) (Dambolena et al., 2008;Singh et al., 2010;Marei et al., 2012). ...
Great part of the History of mankind is registered in the form of documents or works of art on paper support. Paper can be deteriorated due to physical, chemical and biological agents. Within microorganisms, fungi are the major paper biodeteriogens. Throughout history, several toxic methods have been used to prevent and stop fungal deterioration on paper based materials. More recently, a growing concern about environmental and health issues has led to the research on new antifungal alternatives, with lower toxicity. However, the existent antifungal methods and compounds still have drawbacks in terms of efficacy, health hazards, damaging effects on paper, or lack of thorough testing. In this context, the present thesis focused on testing and developing accessible antifungal treatments with low toxicity, which could prevent the long term paper deterioration.
The selection of antifungal compounds was made taking into account the results from a literature review on antifungals used on paper conservation, a survey to paper conservators, and a review of antifungals used in cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, having as a basic premise their low toxicity. Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium corylophilum were selected as test fungal species. Fungal growth on paper was evaluated by measuring colonization areas and biomass dry weight determination.
A formulation containing parabens and calcium propionate (PBs+CP) presented the best antifungal activity on paper samples, followed by a formulation containing clotrimazole and calcium hydroxide nanoparticles (CLT+NPs), and ultimately 70% ethanol (70%EtOH).
Before application on cultural heritage materials, conservation treatments have to be thoroughly tested to assess if they can cause any damage on the treated materials in the short and long term. The effects of the tested formulations on paper were evaluated in terms of pH, colourimetry, folding endurance and molecular alterations, using moist heat artificial ageing. Besides plain paper, paper previously biodeteriorated by A. niger was tested in order to evaluate the potential of each compound to prevent further deterioration caused by fungal metabolites. The obtained results on biodeteriorated samples illustrate how tremendously damaging the products excreted by fungi can be in the long term. PBs+CP formulation was the only one capable of preventing long term acidification, loss of folding endurance, and discoloration caused by fungal metabolites, but on the other hand, on plain samples, this formulation caused paper discoloration. CLT+NPs formulation significantly prevented the acidification and loss of folding endurance, although causing a minor discoloration on paper at a long term. 70%EtOH had a mild positive impact in the chemical stabilization of paper and did not cause any paper discoloration.
The information provided in this thesis contributes to a deeper understanding on safer options for preventing and treating paper deterioration by fungi and opens the way for further research in this challenging field of heritage conservation.
Health agencies recommend using hand sanitisers as protection against the coronavirus. Thus far, the emphasis on hand sanitiser studies is limited to an analysis of disinfectant content only. This study aims to provide an extended analysis of 60 off-the-shelf alcohol-based hand sanitisers by using gas chromatography to report on alcohol content and the presence of impurities, a recombinant yeast estrogen screen to assess estrogenic activity, and an investigation into labelling compliance with the South African National Standard. Fifty hand sanitisers had an alcohol content of ≥60% v/v alcohol; however, most contained skin irritants and substances that could harm human and environmental health. Estrogenic activity was detected in 29 hand sanitisers and none of the products complied with all the labelling requirements. Since off-the-shelf hand sanitisers in South Africa are not regulated and monitored, evidence-based public awareness programmes on hand sanitiser quality and safety should become a priority.
Antimicrobial agents are added to a wide variety of products such as cosmetics to reduce the risk of microbial contamination and ensure the suitability and safety of the product. However, recent studies have shown that these compounds can have negative effects on human health and the environment. Therefore, it is crucial to develop analytical methods to control the amount of these compounds in personal care products to guarantee human health and product quality. This paper presents an HPLC method with electrochemical detection using a gold electrode for the determination of the most used antimicrobial agents in cosmetic products: methylparaben (MP), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA), phenoxyethanol (PE) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT). For this purpose, the electrochemical response of these compounds was evaluated on the gold electrode. The optimal electrochemical detection of MP, 4-HBA; PE and MIT was performed at pH 2 and +1.50 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Under the optimal separation and detection conditions, limits of detection (LODs) between 10 and 110 μg L⁻¹ were obtained. These LODs are lower than those previously reported for other HPLC methods with mass spectrometry and diode-array detectors. Cosmetic products with different compositions were successfully analysed with the proposed HPLC method obtaining recoveries between 76% and 119%.
People are exposed to various chemicals contained in consumer products for which the risks are poorly characterized. There is growing evidence that exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) through product use potentially affects development, behavior, and reproduction. However, limited information is available about common combinations of chemicals based on their appearance and potential health effects. The present study listed the ingredients contained in 11064 household chemical products from a publicly available database, and identified EDCs related to estrogenicity, androgenicity, thyroid hormone disruption, and changes in steroidogenesis. Association rule mining was applied to the dataset to identify frequent combinations of chemicals or commonly occurring EDCs contained in a single product. Among the target products, ingredient names were matched with 1241 chemical identifiers. A total of 293 chemicals were related to endocrine disruption, and nearly two-thirds of the products contained more than one of these chemicals. Cleaning products, synthetic detergents, fabric softeners, air fresheners, and deodorants have several hotspots for fragrances, isothiazolinones, glycol ethers, and parabens. The three most prevalent EDCs in household chemical products were added to act as fragrances and preservatives. The present study demonstrated that commonly occurring chemical combinations can be derived using an association rule mining algorithm. The results of this study will be useful in prioritizing chemical combinations and developing management plans for EDC mixture in consumer products.
Topical cosmetic medications, cosmeceuticals, and minimally invasive cosmetic procedures play an important role in dermatologic practice. Advances have led to a tremendous expansion in the repertoire of nonsurgical cosmetic treatments. Adverse skin reactions to cosmetics include irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, phototoxic dermatitis, contact urticaria, and foreign body reactions. The clinician should be aware of these potential skin reactions and seek to identify the causative agents and other contributing factors. In the clinical setting, substances that have irritant properties are used to treat acne, hyperpigmentation, and sun‐damaged skin. Preservative allergy is a common cause of skin care product allergy. Preservatives are commonly implicated in allergy to ophthalmic preparations. A thorough history of occupational and environmental exposures is necessary to ascertain potential sources of allergic and irritant contact dermatoses. Treatment is based on identifying the offending agent and subsequent avoidance.
Parabens (PBs) are a group of substances commonly used in industry. They also pollute the environment, penetrate into living organisms and adversely affect various internal organs. During this study, the degree of exposure of people living in Olsztyn, a city in north eastern Poland, to selected parabens most often used in industry was studied. The chemicals under investigation included: methyl paraben—MePB, ethyl paraben—EtPB, propyl paraben—PrPB, benzyl paraben BePB and butyl paraben -BuPB. To this aim, hair samples collected from the scalps of 30 volunteers were analyzed using a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry technique. All PBs studied were present in a high percentage of analyzed samples (from 76.7% in the case of BePB to 100% in the case of MePB and PrPB). The mean concentration levels were 4425.3 pg/mg for MeBP, 704.0 pg/mg for EtPB, 825.7 pg/mg for PrPB, 135.2 pg/mg for BePB and 154.5 pg/mg for BuPB. Significant differences in PB concentration levels between particular persons were visible. On the other hand, gender, age and artificial hair coloring did not cause statistically significant differences in PB levels. Obtained results have clearly indicated that people living in north eastern Poland are exposed to various PBs, and therefore these substances may affect their health status. However, the evaluation of PBs influence on human health requires further research.
Parabens are a group of chemical additive extensively utilized in various health care products and ubiquitously observed in the different environmental matrixes. Nevertheless, the exposure of women working in beauty salons to these pollutants is not well-documented. For this purpose, 50.00 women working in beauty salons were chosen as the exposed group (EG) and 35.00 housewives were chosen as the control group (GC). The concentration of methyl paraben (MeP), ethyl paraben (EtP), butyl paraben (BuP), propyl paraben (PrP), benzyl paraben (BzP), heptyl paraben (HepP), and para-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB) metabolite were quantified in the collected urine samples. It was seen that paraben sexist with a high detection frequency (DF) in the urine of women working in beauty salons. The results also revealed that the significant difference between the urinary parabens level in the EG and CG (P value < 0.05). The median concentration of Σparaben and HB-4 metabolite in the before exposure (BE) samples was 124.00 and 219.00 μg/L, while in the after exposure (AE) samples, it was 156.00 and 249.00 μg/L, respectively. Moreover, the parabens levels in the AE samples were considerably higher than in BE samples in women working in beauty salons (P value < 0.05). This research also documented that “personal care products (PCPs) usage” can be known as a leading factor for the urinary paraben level in the studied individuals. The median total estimated daily intakes (TEsDI) for MeP, EtP, and PrP for the studied women were obtained as 8.02, 4.57, and 7.88 μg/L respectively. Also, a significant and positive association was observed between EtP, PrP as well as BuP and 8-OhdG (as a DNA oxidative stress biomarker) (P value < 0.01). Further, a significant and positive association was found between EtP as well as BuP and some biomarkers of kidney damage (like uTIMP-1 and uKim-1). Accordingly, it can be stated that women working in beauty salons are at a high risk in terms of DNA oxidative stress and kidney damage.
Propylidene phthalide (PP) is a cosmetic ingredient used in the fragrance industry and regulated for the limited content of 0.01% in cosmetic products in Korea. The aim of this study was to determine PP dermal absorption rate according to the Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) guidelines using in vitro Franz diffusion system. An analytical method in assessing PP was developed through method validation using LC–MS/MS. Linearity, precision, and accuracy were acceptable based upon MFDS guidelines. The stability of PP in receptor fluid (50% ethanol) at 32°C was sufficient up to 24 hr. Cream formulation (o/w) was topically applied to excised rat skin at a dose of 113 mg/cm² containing 0.7% PP. The time points for receptor fluid collection were set at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hr. After 24 hr, the remaining formulation on the skin and stratum corneum (SC) were collected through swabbing with an alcohol cotton and tape stripping, respectively. The collected samples (swabbed-remained formulation, SC, and skin) were extracted using acetonitrile for 24 hr. Total dermal absorption rate of PP was approximately 24% in cream formulation. These findings may be used for further exposure evaluation of PP in human consumers.
Achtergrond: Detergenten worden vaak gebruikt in huishoudens voor het reinigen van materiaal of textiel. Sinds de opkomst van de mono-dosiswasmiddelen onder de vorm van pods (caps) of wastabletten zijn er gevallen vastgesteld waarbij kinderen ziek zijn geworden na het opeten of kapot knijpen ervan. Uit onderzoek lijken deze pods toxischer te zijn in vergelijking met vloeibare of poedervormige detergenten. In deze masterproef wordt gekeken naar de milieu- en gezondheidsimpact van diverse mono dosiswasmiddelen in de vorm van pods en wastabletten en hoe de consument hiervan op de hoogte wordt gebracht.
Methode: Er werden data verzameld van mono-dosiswasmiddelen in de drie grootste Vlaamse supermarktketens (Colruyt, Delhaize en Carrefour). Op basis van de samenstelling zoals vermeld op de verpakking van de wasmiddelen en in de veiligheidsinformatiebladen, is gekeken naar de gevarensymbolen van de individuele bestanddelen. Daarnaast is gekeken naar de manieren waarop producenten communiceren over deze gevareneigenschappen met consumenten.
Resultaten: Alle onderzochte wasmiddelen bevatten bestanddelen die gevaarlijk kunnen zijn voor de gezondheid en/of het milieu. Ecologische wasmiddelen lijken beter te scoren op milieutoxiciteit dan reguliere producten, maar bevatten meer bestanddelen met een mogelijk ernstig gezondheidsgevaar. Op vlak van sommige gevarensymbolen scoren producten van huismerken beter en op andere slechter dan de reguliere producten. Het verschil in samenstelling tussen reguliere producten en producten met een Sustainable Cleaning label lijkt echter klein te zijn. Over de gevaren wordt vooral gecommuniceerd
via CLP-gevarensymbolen, aangevuld met symbolen van de International Association for Soaps, Detergents and Maintenance Products, en geschreven instructies/waarschuwingen op de verpakking.
Conclusie: Ecologische producten lijken beter te scoren op milieu-impact dan de overige
productcategorieën. Ze scoren echter slechter voor wat betreft bestanddelen met een ernstig gezondheidsgevaar in vergelijking met reguliere wasmiddelen. Er lijkt geen verschil te zijn tussen reguliere wasmiddelen en wasmiddelen met een Sustainable cleaning label. Om met meer zekerheid uitspraken te kunnen doen over de milieu- en gezondheidsimpact van de wasmiddelen zijn echter specifieke toxiciteitstesten of informatie over de concentraties van de bestanddelen, nodig.
Preservatives increase the shelf life of cosmetic products by preventing growth of contaminating microbes, including bacteria and fungi. In recent years, the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) has recommended the ban or restricted use of a number of preservatives due to safety concerns. Here, we characterize the antifungal activity of Ethylzingerone (Hydroxyethoxyphenyl butanone, HEPB), an SCCS-approved new preservative for use in rinse-off, oral care and leave-on cosmetic products. We show that HEPB significantly inhibits growth of Candida albicans , Candida glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae , acting fungicidally against C. albicans . Using transcript profiling experiments, we found that the C. albicans transcriptome responded to HEPB exposure by increasing the expression of genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis, while activating pathways involved in chemical detoxification/oxidative stress response. Comparative analyses revealed that C. albicans phenotypic and transcriptomic responses to HEPB treatment were distinguishable from those of two widely used preservatives, triclosan and methylparaben. Chemogenomic analyses, using a barcoded S. cerevisiae non-essential mutant library, revealed that HEPB antifungal activity strongly interfered with the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. The trp1 Δ mutants in S. cerevisiae and C. albicans were particularly sensitive to HEPB treatment, a phenotype rescued by exogenous addition of tryptophan to the growth medium, providing a direct link between HEPB mode-of-action and tryptophan availability. Collectively, our study sheds light on the antifungal activity of HEPB, a new molecule with safe properties for use as a preservative in cosmetics industry, and exemplifies the powerful use of functional genomics to illuminate the mode-of-action of antimicrobial agents.
A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with two in-line detectors has been developed for detection and quantification of preservatives in personal care products. Five of the most common preservatives in cosmetics, methylisothiazolinone (MIT), chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA), phenoxyethanol (PE) and methylparaben (MP) were selected as target compounds. UV–visible and fluorescence spectra of these compounds at different pH values were registered to optimize detection conditions using both, diode array (DAD) and fluorescence (FLD) detectors. The optimal separation was achieved using an acetonitrile - acetate buffer (0.05 mol L⁻¹, pH 4) mobile phase with a gradient elution program. The limits of quantification are far below the established levels in the European Regulations for these compounds in cosmetic products. The method has been successfully applied to analyse different types of personal care products such as facial tonics, mouthwashes, shampoos, hair sprays, hair conditioners or body creams. A simple sample pre-treatment was performed before the chromatographic analysis. The dual diode-array and fluorescence detection allows the reliable identification and quantification of these preservatives using a unique sample extract even if they are at very different concentration levels.
Aim:
To explore the relationship of urinary concentrations of different congeners of benzophenones and parabens with the utilization of cosmetics and personal care products (PCPs) and their impact on the risk of endometriosis, and to evaluate the influence of oxidative stress on associations found.
Methods:
This case-control study comprised a subsample of 124 women (35 cases; 89 controls). Endometriosis was confirmed (cases) or ruled out (controls) by laparoscopy, with visual inspection of the pelvis and biopsy of suspected lesions (histological diagnosis). Urinary concentrations of benzophenone-1 (BP-1), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 4-hydroxibenzophenone (4-OH-BP), methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (PrP), and butyl-paraben (BuP), and biomarkers of oxidative stress [lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and total antioxidant power (TAP)] were quantified. Information was gathered on the frequency of use of cosmetics and PCPs. Associations between the frequency of cosmetics/PCP use, urinary concentrations of benzophenones and parabens, oxidative stress, and endometriosis risk were explored in logistic and linear multivariable regression analyses.
Results:
The frequency of utilization of certain cosmetics and PCPs was significantly associated with urinary concentrations of benzophenones and parabens. After adjustment for potential confounders, the risk of endometriosis was increased in women in the second versus first terciles of MeP (OR=5.63; p-value<0.001), BP-1 (OR=5.12; p-value=0.011), BP-3 (OR=4.98; p-value=0.008), and ƩBPs (OR=3.34; p-value=0.032). A close-to-significant relationship was observed between TBARS concentrations and increased endometriosis risk (OR=1.60, p-value 0.070) and an inverse association between TAP concentrations and this risk (OR=0.15; p-value=0.048). Oxidative stress results did not modify associations observed between benzophenone/paraben exposure and endometriosis risk.
Conclusions:
Our findings indicate that the frequency of cosmetics and PCP utilization is a strong predictor of exposure to certain benzophenone and paraben congeners. These compounds may increase the risk of endometriosis in an oxidative stress-independent manner. Further studies are warranted to corroborate these findings.
Patch testing is the most important diagnostic tool for allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). However, just as there are different exposures, there will be variation in the causes of ACD around the world, necessitating the testing of regional contact allergens as well as the more ubiquitous allergens. Our group proposed the first Australian Baseline Series (ABS), and in this chapter, we describe its notable inclusions and exclusions, compared to other baseline series around the world.
Recently, we discovered that the cosmetic preservatives, benzalkonium chloride and formaldehyde, are especially toxic to human meibomian gland epithelial cells (HMGECs). Exposure to these agents, at concentrations approved for human use, leads within hours to cellular atrophy and death. We hypothesize that these effects are not unique, and that other cosmetic preservatives also exert adverse effects on HMGECs. Such compounds include parabens, phenoxyethanol and chlorphenesin, which have been reported to be toxic to corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells, the liver and kidney, as well as to irritate the eye. To test our hypothesis, we examined the influence of parabens, phenoxyethanol and chlorphenesin on the morphology, signaling, survival, proliferation and lipid expression of immortalized (I) HMGECs. These cells were cultured under proliferating or differentiating conditions with varying concentrations of methylparaben, ethylparaben, phenoxyethanol and chlorphenesin for up to 5 days. We monitored the signaling ability, appearance, number and neutral lipid content of the IHMGECs, as well as their lysosome accumulation. Our findings show that a 30-min exposure of IHMGECs to these preservatives results in a significant reduction in the activity of the Akt pathway. This effect is dose-dependent and occurs at concentrations equal to (chlorphenesin) and less than (all others) those dosages approved for human use. Further, a 24-h treatment of the IHMGECs with concentrations of methylparaben, ethylparaben, phenoxyethanol and chlorphenesin close to, or at, the approved human dose induces cellular atrophy and death. At all concentrations tested, no preservative stimulated IHMGEC proliferation. Of particular interest, it was not possible to evaluate the influence of these preservatives, at close to human approved dosages, on IHMGEC differentiation, because the cells did not survive the treatment. In summary, our results support our hypothesis and show that methylparaben, ethylparaben, phenoxyethanol and chlorphenesin are toxic to IHMGECs.
Background:
There are increasing cosmetic adverse reactions in China, mostly cosmetic contact dermatitis, with the development of its cosmetics industry.
Aims:
To identify the allergens and cosmetics products responsible for cosmetic allergic contact dermatitis (CACD) in Shanghai.
Methods:
Five hundred and sixty patients, including 342 suspected CACD patients from dermatological clinic and 218 cosmetics consumers with an allergic history, were patch tested with a cosmetic series (C-1000 series). And 154 patients patched with possible culprit cosmetics.
Results:
Two hundred and forty-six subjects showed positive reaction to C-1000 series. Clinic patients had much higher positive rate than that of cosmetics consumers. Leading allergens were methylisothiazolinone (MI), methylisothiazolinone + methylchloro-isothiazolinone (MCI/MI), thimerosal, and the positive rates were significantly higher in patients than in cosmetic consumers (P < .001 for all). MCI/MI elicited positive patch test reactions in 73.5% of MI-positive patients. Of those patched with cosmetic products, 19 patients had 31 positive reactions, including 22 skin care products and 5 color decorating.
Conclusions:
Preservatives, especially MI, MCI/MI, and thimerosal, were the most common cosmetic allergens, and skin care products occupied the most allergic reaction of CACD. Patch testing is highly recommended for suspected CACD patients. Future comparative investigation with large sample size should benefit cosmetovigilance surveillance.
Background:
Phenols and parabens (P&Ps) are commonly found in skin care products. However, P&Ps' role in pruritus and eczema has not been studied.
Objective:
The aim of the study was to investigate the association between P&Ps, and pruritus and eczema.
Methods:
This is a cross-sectional population-based study of 2202 participants. We examined the association between urinary phenols (triclosan, bisphenol A, benzophenone-3) and parabens (methyl and propyl parabens) and itchy rash/eczema using the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database. Phenols and parabens were divided into quartiles (Qs) with the first Q as the reference. We calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, adjusting for multiple variables.
Results:
Urinary triclosan was inversely associated with itchy rash (P trend = 0.048). In a subpopulation analysis by race/ethnicity, urinary methyl paraben was positively associated with itchy rash in African Americans (fourth Q vs first Q: odds ratio, 12.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-154.06; P trend = 0.02). Triclosan was inversely associated with eczema in whites (P trend = 0.04).
Conclusions:
Methyl paraben exposure may increase the risk of itchy rash in African Americans, whereas triclosan may decrease the risk of itchy rash and eczema. The potential effect of triclosan and methyl paraben in pruritus and eczema warrants further study.
This article gives an overview of fragrance allergy. The following subjects are discussed: composition of perfumes, contact with fragrances, diagnosing fragrance allergy, frequency of allergy, clinical picture of allergic contact dermatitis, culprit products, occupational contact dermatitis, and other adverse effects of fragrances. For diagnosing fragrance sensitization, personal products and a fragrance series may need to be tested in addition to the baseline series. In the general adult population, up to 4.5% may be allergic to fragrance materials, and in consecutive patients patch tested for suspected contact dermatitis, the frequency may reach 20% to 25%. More than 150 fragrances have caused contact allergy. The most frequent sensitizers are linalool and limonene hydroperoxides, hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde, treemoss and oakmoss absolute, isoeugenol, cinnamyl alcohol, and cinnamal. Culprit products for induction of sensitization are often deodorants, fine fragrances, and aftershaves. Occupational contact dermatitis from fragrances is seen occasionally. Other adverse effects are all discussed but occur infrequently.
Parabens are a group of esters of parahydroxybenzoic acid and are utilized as antimicrobial preservatives in the majority of personal care products (PCPs). Epidemiological studies regarding the adverse effects of parabens on fetuses are still limited. The aim of this study was to determine the association between maternal paraben exposure and birth outcomes.
One hundred and ninety-nine pregnant women were enrolled, and maternal urine was collected in the third trimester. The urine concentrations of four parabens (methyl (MP), ethyl (EP), propyl (PP), and butyl (BP)) were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Generalized additive model-penalized regression splines and a multivariable regression model were employed to determine the association between paraben exposure levels and birth outcomes. A causal mediation analysis was conducted to determine the mediation effect of oxidative stress on birth outcomes.
The geometric means of urinary MP, EP, PP, and BP were 51.79, 1.26, 4.21, and 1.25 μg/g cre., respectively. In the penalized regression splines, sex-specific associations between maternal MP levels and birth outcomes were observed; a downward curvature was observed between the MP level and birth weight, length, head circumference, and thoracic circumference among female newborns. Pregnant women in the group with MP levels above the third quartile had neonates with significantly lower body weight (β = −215.98 g, p value = 0.02) compared to those in the group with MP levels lower than the third quartile. No significant mediation of oxidative stress was observed between maternal MP exposure and female birth weight. The estimated proportion mediated ranged from −6% to 15%. The negative association between maternal paraben exposure and female birth outcomes in relation to child development should be carefully considered.
Background:
Fragrances are the most common cause of contact allergy in cosmetics.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to identify fragrance allergens in hair removal products based on the list of ingredients.
Methods:
Hair removal products found in the French market were checked for the 26 allergens classified in accordance with Directive 2003/15/EC through information on the packages using the Web site of the manufacturer, vendor, or supermarket.
Conclusions:
A total of 662 hair removal products were checked. Fragrance allergens were present in 318 (48%) of the products, with an average of 4 allergens per product. Linalool and limonene were the most common fragrances present in 67% and 50.3%, respectively. Strip and spray formulations contained significantly more allergens than cream/lotion or wax products.To prevent allergic contact dermatitis, the formulation of hair removal products should be considered, because fragrance allergens are more often present in strip and spray formulations.
Formaldehyde allergy is common and usually derives from formaldehyde-releasing biocides in cosmetic and other products.
To analyse patterns of patch test reactions to formaldehyde and formaldehyde-releasing compounds and the sources of sensitization.
At the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, we screened the patch test files for allergic reactions to formaldehyde and 12 formaldehyde-releasing compounds. All patients with contact allergy to any of the substances were included, and their records were reviewed.
Between January 2001 and May 2007, we had patch tested 81 patients with formaldehyde allergy and 18 with independent allergy to some formaldehyde releaser. Of the formaldehyde allergies, 60 were new sensitizations, 25 of which were considered to be occupational. The most common source of occupational sensitization was metalworking fluids followed by creams and related products. Exposure to formaldehyde-releasing preservatives in liquid soaps and other rinse-off products was common in both occupational and non-occupational cases. Reactions to formaldehyde-releasing compounds were seen in 79% of the formaldehyde-allergic patients.
Occupational formaldehyde allergy was common and occurred in metalworkers, hairdressers, masseurs, and workers using protective creams, detergents, and liquid soaps. When compared with studies on general dermatological patients, contact allergy to formaldehyde releasers without formaldehyde allergy was rare.
The frequency of sensitivity to the cosmetic preservative methyldibromoglutaronitrile (MDBGN) has increased significantly in Europe. Most cases of allergic contact dermatitis from MDBGN are caused by leave-on cosmetic products. The risk of developing allergic contact dermatitis from rinse-off products has been less studied.
To investigate the allergic response elicited in presensitized individuals from exposure to a rinse-off product preserved with the maximum permitted level of MDBGN.
Nineteen contact allergic individuals and nine controls participated in a double-blind, randomized repeated open application test (ROAT) using two coded liquid soaps with and without MDBGN. Areas of 50 cm2 on the lower arms were washed with the soaps twice a day for up to 28 days; two of the subjects continued for 34 days. The subjects were also patch tested with a dilution series of MDBGN to determine their patch test threshold values.
Seven presensitized individuals (37%) developed allergic contact dermatitis from the soap containing MDBGN. The mean dose of MDBGN per application was 2.2 micro g cm-2 and the reactions appeared between days 6 and 34. All nine controls had negative ROATs. The difference in reactivity between test subjects and controls was significant (one-sided Fisher's exact test, P = 0.04). Patch test threshold values ranged from < 0.001% to 0.2% MDBGN in ethanol/water.
This study shows that the exposure to a rinse-off product containing the maximum permitted level of MDBGN can easily elicit an allergic response in presensitized individuals. Along with reported cases of induction and elicitation caused by MDBGN in rinse-off products the study indicates that the permitted level of MDBGN in rinse-off products is too high. We recommend that this level should be re-evaluated.
Some types of cosmetic products such as hand soaps and creams are commonly used several times a day, especially in occupational use situations. Little has experimentally been shown of how the daily frequency of the application of an allergen in a product influences the allergic response. This study investigates the allergic responses elicited in presensitized individuals when exposed to a specific amount of allergen applied either in 1 application per day or distributed over 4 applications per day. As model allergen, the cosmetic preservative methyldibromo glutaronitrile (MDBGN) is used. 19 contact allergic individuals and 12 controls participated in a double-blind, randomized use test. To areas on the forearms were applied 2 drops either once daily of a solution containing 0.04% MDBGN or 4 times a day of a solution containing 0.01% MDBGN. 14 of 19 patients developed dermatitis following the application of approximately equal amounts of MDBGN on both arms. Controls were negative. In this experiment, applications of 0.04% MDBGN once daily or 0.01% MDBGN 4 times daily had, in a use test, approximately equal capabilities of provoking allergic contact dermatitis. This adds new knowledge to the risk assessment and regulation of cosmetic allergens. However, these results may be highly allergen dependent, and further studies are needed before more general conclusions can be made.
Limonene, one of the most often used fragrance terpenes in any kind of scented products, is prone to air-oxidation. The oxidation products formed have a considerable sensitizing potential. In previous patch test studies on consecutively tested dermatitis patients, oxidized R-limonene has been proven to be a good and frequent indicator of fragrance-related contact allergy. The current study extends these investigations to 6 European clinics of dermatology, where the oxidation mixture of both enantiomers of limonene (R and S) have been tested in 2411 dermatitis patients. Altogether, 63 out of 2411 patients tested (2.6%) reacted to 1 or both the oxidized limonene preparations. Only 2.3% reacted to the oxidized R-limonene and 2.0% to the oxidized S-limonene. In 57% of the cases, simultaneous reactions were observed to both oxidation mixtures. Concomitant reactions to the fragrance mix, colophonium, Myroxylon pereirae, and fragrance-related contact allergy were common in patients reacting to 1 or both the oxidized limonene enantiomers. Our study provides clinical evidence for the importance of oxidation products of limonene in contact allergy. It seems advisable to screen consecutive dermatitis patients with oxidized limonene 3% petrolatum, although this patch test material is not yet commercially available.
The preservative methyldibromo glutaronitrile (MDBGN) has been banned, first from stay-on, and later from rinse-off cosmetics, in the EU countries because of increasing rates of contact allergy.
To evaluate the frequency of contact allergy to MDBGN among patients patch tested by the Danish Contact Dermatitis Group just before and following regulatory decisions.
The data set comprised 19 279 consecutive eczema patients patch tested from 2003-2007 with MDBGN 0.3% in petrolatum (pet.) or, in a minority of patients, with Euxyl K 400 1.5% in pet.
A significantly decreasing trend in the frequency of positive patch tests to MDBGN was found from 4.6% in 2003 to 2.6% in 2007 (P < 0.001). The decreasing trend was seen for both men and women. A significantly decreasing proportion of cases with a current relevance of contact allergy to MDBGN was also seen from 51.3% in 2003 to 29% in 2007 (P < 0.001).
Regulatory interventions have already had a major effect on allergic disease due to MDBGN in Denmark. The same trends are likely to be seen in other EU countries.
The preservative methyldibromo glutaronitrile (MDBGN) has caused an epidemic of contact allergy in Europe. However, most data concerning contact allergy comes from hospital departments of dermatology. As a part of the primary health care sector, Danish dermatologists in private practice provide the front line of care for patients with skin diseases. Data from this source may therefore better reflect trends in the general population than material from hospital departments of dermatology. In this study, the frequency of MDBGN allergy and the characteristics of patients seen by dermatologists in private practice were studied. In 1 year, 2146 patients were patch tested by the participating dermatologists from 4 clinics in various parts of Denmark. 5% (110) had positive patch tests to MDBGN, with no difference between the sexes. After adjustment was made for other background variables, multivariate analysis using logistic regression showed a significant association between hand eczema and MDBGN allergy (OR 2.5, P < 0.001). In 53 cases (52.4%), the patch test reaction to MDBGN was judged to be of current relevance. Creams and lotions accounted for 31% of the identified causative products and liquid soaps for 23%. It is concluded that contact allergy to MDBGN is frequent among patients seen by dermatologists in private practice. This is consistent with results from hospital departments of dermatology in Europe and indicates a general trend and ongoing epidemic in the general population. The significant relationship between hand eczema and MDBGN allergy is of concern, and the finding that wash-off products, especially liquid soaps, play a significant role in MDBGN allergy calls for a revision of the safety assessment of MDBGN in wash-off products.
Allergic contact dermatitis is a significant cause of cutaneous disease for which patch testing often provides diagnostic support.
Contact allergy to ingredients of cosmetics is one of the most frequent causes of contact allergy. While patients may report
reactions to fragrance items, preservative allergy may not be suspected. The reaction typically resembles eczema on the face
or hands, although any body site may be affected. Products left on the skin are much more likely to cause allergic reactions
than rinse-off products. Common allergens include fragrances (e.g., hydroxyisohexyl-3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde, isoeugenol,
etc.), preservatives (e.g., formaldehyde and formaldehyde-releasers, MCI/MI, paraben esters, etc.); hair dye chemicals (e.g.,
p-phenylenediamine), and less frequent allergens such as lanolin and propylene glycol. Patch testing is mandatory where allergy
is suspected or in localized/difficult-to-treat eczema. Sometimes a repeated open application test (ROAT) is required when
the patch tests are surprisingly negative. Mandatory ingredient labeling of cosmetic items in the EU facilitates allergen
avoidance and EU-set limits on the concentration of known allergens seem to be reducing the incidence of allergic contact
dermatitis to certain preservatives.
The EU Nickel Directive, aimed at primary and secondary prevention of nickel allergy by limitation of nickel release from certain items, came fully into force in July 2001.
To assess the prevalence on the market of items with nickel release and to compare the outcome with previous studies performed in Sweden in 1999 and 2002-2003.
Nickel release from 659 items covered by the EU Nickel Directive was assessed with the dimethylglyoxime (DMG) test. Special attention, as compared with the previous surveys, was given to cheap jewellery in street markets and sewing materials in haberdashery shops.
Nickel release was shown for 9% of the tested items, all of which were intended for direct and prolonged contact with the skin. A high proportion of items bought at haberdashery shops and street markets, 34% and 61%, respectively, showed nickel release.
The Swedish market for products intended for direct and prolonged contact with the skin has largely adapted to the Nickel Directive. It is suggested that authorities should monitor the market regularly and give attention to areas where compliance with the requirements is poor, for protection of public health.
Linalool is a widely used fragrance terpene. Pure linalool is not allergenic or a very weak allergen, but autoxidizes on air exposure and the oxidation products can cause contact allergy. Oxidized (ox.) linalool has previously been patch tested at a concentration of 2.0% in petrolatum (pet.) in 1511 patients, and 1.3% positive patch test reactions were observed. Objective: To investigate the optimal patch test concentration for detection of contact allergy to ox. linalool.
Four concentrations of ox. linalool (2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0%, 11.0% pet.) were tested in 3418 consecutive dermatitis patients.
Ox. linalool 2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0%, and 11.0% pet. detected positive patch test reactions in 0.83%, 3.2%, 5.3%, and 7.2% of the tested patients, respectively. The doubtful reactions increased with rising concentrations but relatively less, giving 5.1%, 6.4%, and 7.3% doubtful reactions, respectively, for ox. linalool 4.0%, 6.0%, and 11.0% pet. Few irritative reactions were seen.
Raising the patch test concentration for ox. linalool gave a better detection of contact allergy, as many as 5-7% positive patch test reactions were detected. We suggest a patch test concentration of ox. linalool 6.0% pet. for future patch testing, giving a dose per unit area of 2.4 mg/cm(2) when 20 mg test substance is tested in small Finn Chambers.
This is the second part of an article on formaldehyde-releasers in cosmetics. The patch test relationship between the releasers in cosmetics to formaldehyde contact allergy is reviewed and it is assessed whether products preserved with formaldehyde-releasers may contain enough free formaldehyde to pose a threat to individuals with contact allergy to formaldehyde. There is a clear relationship between positive patch test reactions to formaldehyde-releasers and formaldehyde contact allergy: 15% of all reactions to 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol and 40-60% of the reactions to the other releasers are caused by a reaction to the formaldehyde in the test material. There is only fragmented data on the amount of free formaldehyde in cosmetics preserved with formaldehyde donors. However, all releasers (with the exception of 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, for which adequate data are lacking) can, in the right circumstances of concentration and product composition, release >200 p.p.m. formaldehyde, which may result in allergic contact dermatitis. Whether this is actually the case in any particular product cannot be determined from the ingredient labelling. Therefore, we recommend advising patients allergic to formaldehyde to avoid leave-on cosmetics preserved with quaternium-15, diazolidinyl urea, DMDM hydantoin, or imidazolidinyl urea, acknowledging that many would tolerate some products.
In this part of a series of review articles on formaldehyde-releasers and their relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy, formaldehyde-releasers in cosmetics are discussed. In this first part of the article, key data are presented including frequency of sensitization and of their use in cosmetics. In Europe, low frequencies of sensitization have been observed to all releasers: 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol 0.4-1.2%, diazolidinyl urea 0.5-1.4%, imidazolidinyl urea 0.3-1.4%, quaternium-15 0.6-1.9% (for DMDM hydantoin no recent data are available). All releasers score (far) higher prevalences in the USA; the possible explanations for this are discussed. The relevance of positive patch test reactions has been insufficiently investigated. In the USA, approximately 20% of cosmetics and personal care products (stay-on products: 17%, rinse-off products 27%) contain a formaldehyde-releaser. The use of quaternium-15 is decreasing. For Europe, there are no comparable recent data available. In the second part of the article, the patch test relationship of the releasers in cosmetics to formaldehyde contact allergy will be reviewed and it will be assessed whether products preserved with formaldehyde-releasers may contain enough free formaldehyde to pose a threat to individuals who have contact allergy to formaldehyde.
In recent years, the alarming increase in contact allergy to hair dyes has drawn much attention. It has been shown that many of the currently allowed hair dye substances are potent skin sensitizers.
To study the prevalence of hair dye substances, categorized as potent skin sensitizer, in oxidative hair dye products on the Swedish market.
Ingredient labels of 122 oxidative hair dye products from 20 brands were examined. All ingredients were recorded, and the prevalence of hair dye substances categorized as potent skin sensitizers was assessed.
According to ingredient labelling, 120 out of 122 examined oxidative hair dye products contained hair dye substances categorized as potent skin sensitizers. More than 80% of the products contained at least four such substances; 37 hair dye substances categorized as potent skin sensitizers were identified, and 10 of these were more prevalent than p-phenylenediamine.
Hair dye substances categorized as potent skin sensitizers are very common in oxidative hair dye products. A substantial number of potent skin sensitizers are more frequently used than p-phenylenediamine, while only a few are commercially available as patch test substances.
Fragrance mix I (FM I) and fragrance mix II (FM II) in the European baseline series are used as screening tools for fragrance contact allergy. In 2005 the European Union (EU) required labelling of 26 fragrances when present in cosmetic products. INCI nomenclature is obligatory for such labelling.
To describe frequencies of contact allergy to these 26 fragrance substances, and to evaluate clinical relevance of these positive reactions.
Three hundred and twenty patients with eczema suspected of being contact allergy to fragrances or cosmetics were patch tested with the EU-declared fragrance chemicals, FM I and FM II.
There were 76 positive reactions in 33 patients. Most reactions were seen to [corrected] hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde in 3.1%, followed by Evernia furfuracea (2.5%) and cinnamyl alcohol (2.5%). Twelve reactions to FM I and II were not confirmed by separate ingredients. Clinical relevance of positive reactions to fragrances was certain in 20/33 (61%).
10.3% of the patients had positive patch tests in the EU-list. Hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde, a component of FM II, was the most frequent allergen, followed by Evernia furfuracea. Since Evernia furfuracea is not part of FM I or FM II, relevant reactions can be missed when only the European baseline series is used.
Continual surveillance based on patch test results has proved useful for the identification of contact allergy.
To provide a current view on the spectrum of contact allergy to important sensitizers across Europe.
Clinical and patch test data of 19 793 patients patch tested in 2005/2006 in the 31 participating departments from 10 European countries (the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies' (ESSCA) www.essca-dc.org) were descriptively analysed, aggregated to four European regions.
Nickel sulfate remains the most common allergen with standardized prevalences ranging from 19.7% (central Europe) to 24.4% (southern Europe). While a number of allergens shows limited variation across the four regions, such as Myroxylon pereirae (5.3-6.8%), cobalt chloride (6.2-8.8%) or thiuram mix (1.7-2.4%), the differences observed with other allergens may hint on underlying differences in exposures, for example: dichromate 2.4% in the UK (west) versus 4.5-5.9% in the remaining EU regions, methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone 4.1% in the South versus 2.1-2.7% in the remaining regions.
Notwithstanding residual methodological variation (affecting at least some 'difficult' allergens) tackled by ongoing efforts for standardization, a comparative analysis as presented provides (i) a broad overview on contact allergy frequencies and (ii) interesting starting points for further, in-depth investigation.
The North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) tests patients who have suspected allergic contact dermatitis with a broad series of screening allergens, and publishes periodic reports of its data.
To report the NACDG patch-test results from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2006, and to compare results to pooled test data from the previous 10 years.
Standardized patch testing with 65 allergens was used at 13 centers in North America. Chi-square statistics were utilized for comparisons with previous NACDG data.
NACDG patch-tested 4,454 patients; 12.3% (557) had an occupation-related skin condition, and 65.3% (2,907) had at least one allergic patch-test reaction. The 15 most frequently positive allergens were nickel sulfate (19.0%), Myroxilon pereirae (balsam of Peru, 11.9%), fragrance mix I (11.5%), quaternium-15 (10.3%), neomycin (10.0%), bacitracin (9.2%), formaldehyde (9.0%), cobalt chloride (8.4%), methyldibromoglutaronitrile/phenoxyethanol (5.8%), p-phenylenediamine (5.0%), potassium dichromate (4.8%), carba mix (3.9%), thiuram mix (3.9%), diazolidinylurea (3.7%), and 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (3.4%). As compared to the 1994-2004 data, there were significant increases in rates of positivity to nickel, quaternium-15, potassium dichromate, lidocaine, and tea tree oil. Of patch-tested patients, 22.9% (1,019) had a relevant positive reaction to a supplementary allergen; 4.9% (219) had an occupationally relevant positive reaction to a supplementary allergen.
Nickel has been the most frequently positive allergen detected by the NACDG; rates significantly increased in the current study period and most reactions were clinically relevant. Other common allergens were topical antibiotics, preservatives, fragrance mix I and paraphenylenediamine. Testing with an expanded allergen series and supplementary allergens enhances detection of relevant positive allergens.
A 10-year multicentre analysis of the frequency of sensitivity to common preservatives collected in 16 centres in 11 countries has shown stable but persisting high levels of sensitivity to formaldehyde and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one + 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MCI/MI). It has also revealed a significant increase in the level of reactivity to methyldibromoglutaronitrile (MDBGN) from 0.7% in 1991 to 3.5% in 2000. The current high level of sensitivity to MDBGN requires an urgent safety re-evaluation and risk assessment update along with consideration of immediate lowering of use concentrations, especially in leave-on products.
Preservatives are common causes of contact allergy and contact dermatitis. Exposure to cosmetics, personal care products, consumer products and occupationally used products often involve contact with the same range of preservatives. The aim of this study is to provide an overview on the occurrence of preservatives in registered chemical products. The studied preservatives included substances from standard patch test series and other preservatives relevant for registered chemical products. Data obtained from the Danish Product Register Database (PROBAS) in January 2005 were compared to similar data from January 2002. Paints/lacquers, cleaning agents and printing inks were the most frequently registered product categories, and the studied preservatives were registered in most of the product categories included in the study. For most product categories the total number of registered products was stable during the study period. Butylated hydroxytoluene, benzoic acid, isothiazolinones, Bronopol and formaldehyde showed an increase from 2002 to 2005. Most of these changes occurred in the product category paints/lacquers, for which a doubling mainly due to a change in registration practice was observed. The frequent registration of isothiazolinones (MCI/MI and benzisothiazolinone) in paints/lacquers may be a possible explanation for the relative high and stable frequency of positive patch test reactions to MCI/MI.
The seventh amendment of the European Union (EU) Cosmetics Directive (March 2005) and the Detergents Regulations of the EU (October 2005) are now legal requirements in Europe. Cosmetic products and detergents must be labelled for 26 individual named fragrances, when present at concentrations of > 10 parts per million (p.p.m.) in leave-on products and > 100 p.p.m. in rinse-off products.
To make an assessment of the exposure pattern to fragrance of the U.K. consumer and to determine the frequency with which the constituent fragrances of fragrance mix I (FM I) and fragrance mix II (FM II) are included in products currently sold in the U.K.
A study of perfumed cosmetic and household products available on the shelves of U.K. retailers was carried out in January 2006. Products were included if 'parfum' or 'aroma' was listed among the ingredients. Three hundred products were surveyed and any of the 26 listed fragrances named on the label were recorded.
The top six most frequently labelled fragrances were linalool (190; 63%), limonene (189; 63%), citronellol (145; 48%), geraniol (126; 42%), butyl phenyl methyl propional (Lilial(trade mark)) (126; 42%) and hexyl cinnamal (125; (42%). One of these, geraniol, is present in FM I and two others, citronellol and hexyl cinnamal, in FM II, thus tested as part of the British Standard patch test series. The frequencies of other constituents of FM I were as follows: eugenol, 80 (27%); hydroxycitronellal, 52 (17%); isoeugenol, 27 (9%); cinnamic alcohol, 25 (8%); amyl cinnamal, 22 (7%); cinnamal, 17 (6%); Evernia prunastri (oak moss absolute), 13 (4%). The other constituents of FM II occurred as follows: coumarin, 90 (30%); hydroxyisohexyl-3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (Lyral(trade mark)), 88 (29%); citral, 74 (25%); farnesol, 23 (8%). Linalool (n = 46; 66%) was the most frequently found fragrance in 70 personal care products (soap, shampoo, shower gel). Linalool (n = 47; 80%) and limonene (n = 45; 76%) were the most frequent in 59 products for men (e.g. aftershave). Limonene (n = 29; 51%) predominated in 57 household products (washing-up liquid, detergent). Limonene (n = 43; 98%) and linalool (n = 42; 95%) were the most frequent fragrances in 44 perfumes for women. Alpha-isomethyl ionone (n = 28; 72%) was the most frequent in 39 cosmetics (foundation, lipstick, etc). Citronellol predominated (n = 15; 88%) in 17 deodorants and limonene (n = 9; 64%) was the commonest in 14 dental products (toothpaste and mouthwash). Thirty-four products (11%) contained none of the listed fragrances but were labelled as containing 'parfum' or 'aroma'.
There is ongoing consumer exposure to the most frequent sensitizers in FM I: E. prunastri, isoeugenol and the cinnamon fragrances cinnamal and cinnamic alcohol. Hydroxyisohexyl-3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (Lyral(trade mark)) is present at significant concentrations in almost one-third of products. Linalool and limonene, fragrance terpenes which are significant allergens in their oxidized state, are the most frequent fragrances encountered by individuals living in the U.K. The current exposure pattern of the U.K. consumer suggests that we should add oxidized limonene and oxidized linalool to the test series for patients suspected to have fragrance allergy.
To study the frequency of sensitization to 26 fragrances to be labelled according to current European regulation. During 4 periods of 6 months, from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2004, 26 fragrances were patch tested additionally to the standard series in a total of 21 325 patients; the number of patients tested with each of the fragrances ranged from 1658 to 4238. Hydroxymethylpentylcyclohexene carboxaldehyde (HMPCC) was tested throughout all periods. The following frequencies of sensitization (rates in %, standardized for sex and age) were observed: tree moss (2.4%), HMPCC (2.3), oak moss (2.0), hydroxycitronellal (1.3), isoeugenol (1.1), cinnamic aldehyde (1.0), farnesol (0.9), cinnamic alcohol (0.6), citral (0.6), citronellol (0.5), geraniol (0.4), eugenol (0.4), coumarin (0.4), lilial (0.3), amyl-cinnamic alcohol (0.3), benzyl cinnamate (0.3), benzyl alcohol (0.3), linalool (0.2), methylheptin carbonate (0.2), amyl-cinnamic aldehyde (0.1), hexyl-cinnamic aldehyde (0.1), limonene (0.1), benzyl salicylate (0.1), gamma-methylionon (0.1), benzyl benzoate (0.0), anisyl alcohol (0.0). 1) Substances with higher sensitization frequencies were characterized by a considerable number of '++/+++' reactions. 2) Substances with low sensitization frequencies were characterized by a high number of doubtful/irritant and a low number of stronger (++/+++) reactions. 3) There are obviously fragrances among the 26 which are, with regard to contact allergy, of great, others of minor, and some of no importance at all.
We describe 4 adults with an allergic contact dermatitis for moist baby toilet tissues, being used either for their personal hygiene or for their babies (children). The allergen proved to be the preservative mixture of methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI). Allergic contact dermatitis from moist toilet paper has been infrequently reported but is probably not rare. The cases we describe here have been observed over a short period of 6 months. The question arises if the use of MCI/MI as a preservative, still often used in leave-on products, should not be abandoned from cosmetics.
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1272/2008 of the European Parliament
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