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Development of Water Quality Model for Sungai Tebrau using QUAL2K
Abstract
Tebrau River starts in Senai and ends in the Straits of Johor and has been categorized as most polluted river in Malaysia. It has been classified as class III river water quality based on the Interim National Water Quality Standard (INWQS) with the average value of Water Quality Index (WQI) of 59. This study was focussed on simulating the effect of the pollution from industrial area to Tebrau River Basin by using QUAL2K which is the modenization version of QUAL2E. This water quality model involved in simulates two primary parameters which are Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN). It has been found out that QUAL2K model can be used as an outstanding tool in managing the river basin.
... For instance, the spatiotemporal trends in water quality conditions in 92 major rivers in Japan were evaluated by [14] using the Mann Kendall test based on the available water quality data recorded from 1992 to 2005. The QUAL2K model has been employed to simulate the effect of BOD and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN) from industrial areas to Tebrau River [15]. The first order interaction multiple regression models were used in forecasting the WQI in Manjung River and its tributaries [16]. ...
... It stretches over 35 km and covers 225 km 2 of catchment area. Tebrau river basin consists of five major tributaries including the Bala River, Pandan River, Sembulung River, Tampoi River and Plentong River [15]. Segget River has a catchment area of 3.6 km 2 and the main river length is approximately 3.6 km. ...
... The importance of having the river's good conditions become a necessity attempt to maintain the sustainability of the ecosystem and aquatic life. Therefore, effective water quality management was essential to monitor and control the water quality to prevent it from IOP Publishing doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1022/1/012074 2 continuously being impaired because of the discharging the high pollutant loading into the river [1] and [2]. ...
... Based on these results, it is clear that low tide flow has resulted in higher pollution loading than high tide flow. A study by Maketab [9] and Zainudin et al [10] have mentioned the same finding. The water quality during high flow shows a better water quality status than water quality status during low flow. ...
An increased number of rivers categorized as polluted is alarming that their repercussions are so severe that the rivers can no longer be rehabilitated. This pollution might result from rapid urbanization and population growth, uncontrolled development, which produces a high volume of water pollution that is discharged into the river. Rapid development has led to a large discharge of point source (PS) and nonpoint source (NPS) pollution into the water supply. As a result, the deterioration in water quality, a decline of safe water supply, and the difficulties in accessing clean water have emerged as massive concerns for water authorities attempting to fulfill the increasing supply of clean water resources. To resolve these issues, several approaches were implemented to determine the best approach that could effectively control water quality pollution in Malaysia. One of the best methods that could be used to manage the water quality is Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL). TMDL seeks to establish or restrict the amounts of a pollutant allowed to enter the river and is assisted by identifying physical, chemical, and organic qualities in the river water body. In this study, six parameters were measured such as dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH ³⁻ N), total suspended solids (TSS), and pH. QUAL2K software was utilized to model the water quality and test several scenarios to reduce the pollutant concentration. The analysis shows that the commercial sector poses the most contributor to the pollution loading (kg/day) in Batu Pahat River, mainly from workshop, wet market and restaurant. In addition, low tide flow produced a higher pollution load (kg/day) than high tide flow due to larger discharge during high flow. In conclusion, the development TMDL plan could improve water quality at the Batu Pahat River by analysing pollution loading reduction and future management of watersheds area.
... It originated from QUAL2E which has some limitations including the lack of provision for conversion of algal death to carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD) [5]. According to [6], while QUAL2E faced compatibility challenges with contemporary operating systems during the 1980s, QUAL2K successfully overcame these issues. The study also revealed that the model has been internationally adopted for various purposes such as impact assessment, non-point source characterization, and river habitation studies. ...
Sustainable water management refers to the utilization of water resources in a manner that fulfills present ecological, social, and economic requirements without undermining the potential to satisfy those requirements in the future. In this approach, water quality models are essential tools to provide important information for protecting and improving water resources over the long term. Several models, including QUAL2K, BATHTUB, EFDC, MIKE, and WASP, are commonly used in the development of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). While these models employ different approaches, QUAL2K is recognized for its user-friendly design and reliable results. However, as water quality management becomes more complex, there is an increasing need to enhance QUAL2K’s functionality through integration with other programs. This review also explores the comparative analysis of BATHTUB, EFDC, MIKE, and WASP and outlines the QUAL2K model’s future directions. This paper provides valuable insights into the QUAL2K model, helping researchers to understand the model and choose the most suitable model for specific water quality challenges. It can also equip them with the knowledge to make informed decisions for effective water management.
... As reported by Zainudin et al. (2010), the ammoniacal nitrogen (NH 3 -N) concentration in leachate in landfills in Malaysia is known to be high due to the high organic content of municipal solid wastes. In term of the location of study, the point source of NH 3 -N comes from the discharging of blackwater and greywater from sewerage system where the nitrogen content in this type of wastewater is in the form of organic nitrogen (±40%) and ammonium nitrogen (±60%) (DOE, 2019). ...
The Sarawak River also known as Sungai Sarawak serves as a vital water source for the residents in Kuching City and surrounding popular areas. Like many urban rivers elsewhere, Sungai Sarawak and its main tributaries are exposed to the potential pollution caused by leachate discharge and other pollutants. In order to preserve the cleaner water production, mundane sustainable water source as well as provide green environmental spots for tourist attraction, the water quality of the river needs to be continuously monitored to avoid or minimize potential unwanted water source contamination. The present work aims primarily to conduct a parametric study to predict the impact of leachate and other pollutants towards the water quality of Sungai Sarawak and its main tributaries. Relevant water quality parameters were selected as the indicators to assess the impacts of leachate discharges and other relevant pollutants by employing QUAL2K modelling system. The environmental parameters include DO, BOD, NH3-N, and total suspended solids (TSS) were evaluated. The simulation results illustrated the leachate discharge and other pollutants would not significantly deteriorate the water quality of Sungai Sarawak during normal operations (baseline situation). In the event of unwanted leakages, untreated and sudden release of leachate at Sungai Sarawak Kiri in normal riverine flow (Scenario #1) and low riverine flow (Scenario #2) would result in serious contamination of these rivers. High deterioration of Sungai Sarawak water quality also can be seen in Scenario #3 where the unwanted leakages or untreated and sudden release of leachate at the river mainstem with a low riverine flow which the concentrations of water quality parameters would degrade to Class III-V. The model also shows that three parameters that highly contributed to the deterioration of the baseline water quality based on Scenario #1, #2 and #3 which are BOD, NH3-N, and TSS. The BOD concentration increases by 270% in Scenario #1, 370% in Scenario #2 and 510% in Scenario #3. The NH3-N concentration increases by 390% in Scenario #1, 456% in Scenario #2 and 583% in Scenario #3. The TSS concentration also increases by 275% in Scenario #1, 367% increase in Scenario #2 and 385% in Scenario #3. This study recommends continuous monitoring, proper planning and, control of human activities to ensure that developments within the watershed do not contribute to the degradation of Sungai Sarawak water quality. The study also makes comparisons with other rivers elsewhere and comes up with recommendations in the effort to have more practical and implementable measures as a safety framework for Sungai Sarawak and its tributaries. Lastly, suitable advanced treatment systems such as industrial-scale hybrid membrane-microbial fuel cell systems are recommended for slow-to medium flow rate leachate-riverine treatment applications.
... Algunas de sus aplicaciones en el contexto de la evaluación de impactos y toma de decisiones frente a una gestión integral del recurso hídrico han sido desarrolladas. Zainudin et al., (2010) realizó la evaluación de la calidad del agua del río Tebrau para analizar la influencia de los vertimientos industriales y la implementación de diferentes estrategias de saneamiento como parte del plan de gestión de su cuenca. Pai et al., (2010) realizó la evaluación del impacto del tratamiento de agua residual tratada con sistemas ecológicos de la ciudad de Taichung, Taiwan, utilizando la modelación del cuerpo hídrico antes y después de la implementación de los sistemas. ...
En esta investigación se evaluó el impacto de las aguas residuales domésticas y agroindustriales en la cuenca del río La Vieja, Colombia, considerando como factores para la evaluación el crecimiento poblacional, el desarrollo agroindustrial y los efectos de la variabilidad y el cambio climático. La evaluación de la calidad del agua se logró mediante la integración de las herramientas de modelación WEAP (Water Evaluation And Planning System) y QUAL2K, que permitió realizar el análisis dendrítico (sistema ramificado de 11 fuentes hídricas que tributan al cauce principal) del comportamiento de la cantidad y la calidad del agua del río La Vieja. La cuenca del río La Vieja se localiza al centro sur de Colombia, con una extensión aproximadamente de 2.880 km2. Las principales ventajas de la integración de los modelos corresponden a la posibilidad de modificar la cinética de degradación de los contaminantes por tramo de río en el modelo QUAL2K y la dinamización de los resultados de este modelo en pasos de tiempo mensual, beneficio que aporta el modelo de planificación WEAP. La integración de modelos tuvo como resultado principal la identificación del comportamiento espacio temporal de los parámetros de calidad del agua Oxígeno Disuelto (OD), Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno (DBO5) y Temperatura (T) en una escala de agregación mensual en el año de línea base considerado como 2011 y la evaluación de la implementación de dos estrategias de control de la contaminación hídrica: sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales municipales y sistemas de tratamiento anaerobio para la remoción de carga orgánica en el beneficio del café. Los valores de concentración de DBO no superan los 5 mg/l en el escenario de línea base. La concentración de OD se encontró entre 4 y 9.5 mg/l. Los resultados obtenidos, representan el comportamiento del río La Vieja, que cumple con la normatividad local para los usos actuales del agua
... These rivers passed through the highly populated city Johor Bahru, with graywater and light industrial wastes being discharged into the strait (Koh et al. 1991;Bayen et al. 2004). The Skudai and Tebrau rivers have been categorized as some of the most polluted rivers in Malaysia and have been classified with class III river quality based on the Water Quality Index (WQI) of 59 (Zainudin et al. 2010;Department of Environment Malaysia 2015). Massive expansion of coastal development along both sides of the strait has led to significant physical and chemical alterations in the coastal environments. ...
The Johor Strait has experienced rapid development of various human activities and served as the main marine aquaculture area for the two countries that bordered the strait. Several fish kill incidents in 2014 and 2015 have been confirmed, attributed to the algal blooms of ichthyotoxic dinoflagellates; however, the cause of fish kill events after 2016 was not clarified and the causative organisms remained unknown. To clarify the potential cause of fish kills along the Johor Strait, a 1-year field investigation was conducted with monthly sampling between May 2018 and April 2019. Monthly vertical profiles of physical water parameters (temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen levels) were measured in situ at different depths (subsurface, 1 m, 5 m, and 8 m) depending on the ambient depth of the water column at the sampling stations. The spatial-temporal variability of macronutrients and chlorophyll a content was analyzed. Our results showed that high chlorophyll a concentration (up to 48.8 μg/L) and high biomass blooms of Skeletonema, Chaetoceros, Rhizosolenia, and Thalassiosira were observed seasonally at the inner part of the strait. A hypoxic to anoxic dead zone, with the dissolved oxygen levels ranging from 0.19 to 1.7 mg/L, was identified in the inner Johor Strait, covering an estimated area of 10.3 km2. The occurrence of high biomass diatom blooms and formation of the hypoxic-anoxic zone along the inner part Johor Strait were likely the culprits of some fish kill incidents after 2016.
... Algunas de sus aplicaciones en el contexto de la evaluación de impactos y toma de decisiones frente a una gestión integral del recurso hídrico han sido desarrolladas. Zainudin et al., (50) realizaron la evaluación de la calidad del agua del río Tebrau para analizar la influencia de los vertimientos industriales y la implementación de diferentes estrategias de saneamiento como parte del plan de gestión de su cuenca. Pai et al., (51) realizó la evaluación del impacto del tratamiento de agua residual tratada con sistemas ecológicos de la ciudad de Taichung, Taiwan, utilizando la modelación del cuerpo hídrico antes y después de la implementación de los sistemas. ...
En este estudio se evaluó la implementación del reúso de agua residual municipal en agricultura, como una estrategia de prevención y control de la contaminación hídrica. Esta evaluación se desarrolló como un proceso metodológico de planificación del recurso hídrico superficial en las cuencas de los ríos Bolo y Frayle, principales fuentes hídricas de los municipios de Candelaria, Florida y Pradera ubicados en la cuenca Alta del río Cauca en el suroccidente colombiano. Dentro de los principales resultados del estudio se construyeron escenarios de planificación del recurso hídrico de manera participativa con los actores en las cuencas de estudio, que fueron evaluados con la herramienta de modelación QUAL2K. A través de la formulación de los escenarios y en un horizonte de 20 años, fue posible observar el mejoramiento de la calidad del agua de los ríos Bolo y Frayle bajo la implementación de escenarios de reutilización de las aguas residuales municipales. Evaluando esta estrategia, se observó que el Oxígeno Disuelto (OD) puede incrementarse en 5 mg/l y 2.5 mg/l en los ríos Bolo y Frayle respectivamente. Adicionalmente, con la implementación del reúso agrícola es posible obtener una reducción de la carga contaminante vertida del 94% y 62% para los ríos Bolo y Frayle respectivamente, en relación con la carga producida al final del horizonte de planificación (año 2036).
It is currently unclear how river restoration based on hydro-geometrical modifications, dredging, and creating a barrier instead of its removal on a river would affect the water quality in urban rivers. This work attempts to fill this gap in our understanding by simulating the water quality of a highly critical 22-km-long Delhi stretch of river Yamuna in terms of DO, BOD, and total coliform after the implementation of these river restoration measures. Four scenarios were conceptualized based on these restoration measures and water quality simulated. These are: scenario I: simulate the impact of varying the width uniformly for all reaches of the study stretch on the water quality, scenario II: simulate the impact of increased depth by controlled dredging. Scenario III (a) closing the ITO barrage gate and then simulating river water quality from Wazirabad barrage to ITO barrage and (b) closing the ITO barrage and simulation of water quality from ITO barrage to Okhla barrage. Results reveal that the water quality improved significantly in scenario I and scenario II. Scenario III did not yield desirable results in terms of water quality improvement. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first attempt involving river morphometry changes using the QUAL2k model for the Delhi stretch of river Yamuna.
Debido a la falta de una adecuada planificación y un pensamiento ambiental acerca de un buen tratamiento de las aguas residuales que son vertidas a los ríos, existe un alto nivel de contaminación en la mayoría de las fuentes hídricas en Colombia, un ejemplo de ello es el río Chipalo que cruza la zona urbana de Ibagué y recoge vertimientos a lo largo de su cauce. La evaluación de estos vertimientos sobre las fuentes hídricas requiere de recursos como personal calificado y económico, que permitan determinar el impacto ambiental y proporcionar alertas sobre la contaminación recibida. Sin embargo, una metodología utilizada para la disminución de costos en la evaluación de los vertimientos es el uso de modelos matemáticos que predicen la calidad de las aguas. En este trabajo se realizó el análisis de calidad de agua del vertimiento Santa Ana 1 y 2 sobre el río Chipalo utilizando el modelo matemático de simulación QUAL2K desarrollado por la EPA, en donde se obtuvo el modelo calibrado con las simulaciones de los siguientes parámetros (tiempo de viaje, caudal, temperatura, oxígeno disuelto, demanda biológica de oxígeno, nitrógeno amoniacal, nitrato y pH) del escenario presentado en el vertimiento Santa Ana 1 y 2; zona en donde las aguas residuales domésticas son vertidas al río. Además, se realizaron distintas simulaciones del modelo con proyecciones de cargas contaminantes diferentes, logrando así un análisis del río y del vertimiento en diferentes condiciones.
The Duliujian River is the largest river in the downstream area of the Haihe River. In order to further clarify the main pollutant load and load contribution of the basin, and analyze the watershed pollution control unit, key pollution sources and their spatial distribution characteristics, this study divides the control unit of the basin, which is based on the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and applies expansion template of Arc Map-Arc Hydro tools software. On the basis of water environment capacity and total maximum daily load (TMDL) theory, water quality standards are set in accordance with the requirements of the water body function. Considering seasonal influence and the pollution load contribution rate, a total pollution load control plan and a load optimization allocation plan are proposed, in order to realize the distribution of pollution load among point source, non-point source and safety margin. According to calculations, TMDL of COD and NH3-N in the flood season (June-September) in the Duliujian River is the largest, about 27,005 kg/d and 2,296 kg/d, respectively. During the dry season (December-March), the reduction of COD and NH3-N is the largest, reaching 50.74% and 90.14%, respectively. And Duliujian River is dominated by non-point source pollution.
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