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Möglichkeiten und grenzen der übersetzungskritik
... Scholars have shown an increasing interest in TQA, leading to the proposal of a number of TQA models, including those by Reiss (1971), Nord (1991), Williams (2004), Delizée (2011), Hewson (2011), and House (1977. Each of these models have tackled the TQ differently. ...
... Each of these models have tackled the TQ differently. In some of these TQA models, quality is defined in terms of function whether as it manifests in the text types (Reiss 1971), in the interaction between the text's intra-textual and inter-textual factors (Nord 1991), or in the text's situational context (House 1977(House , 1997(House , 2015. On the other hand, in William's (2004) model, quality can be defined as transferring the ST argument into the TT based on specific criteria, whereas in Delizée's (2011) model, quality is determined by examining several translation skills (e.g. ...
... Many of these models (e.g. Reiss 1971;Nord 1991;Howsen 2011) are considered theoretically valid; nevertheless, they do not have a clear operationalization methodology (House 2015). In fact, except for House's (1997House's ( , 2015 models, the parameters set by the aforementioned models to assess the TQ are unsystematized and randomly discussed. ...
Readers' expectations of quality play a significant role in the success of a translation. However, studies assessing the translation quality of literary texts in view of Translation Quality Assessment (TQA) models have paid scant attention to these expectations. In response to this gap in knowledge, the present study empirically examined readers' preferences regarding translation quality in view of House's (2015) prescription of overt translation for works written by renowned authors and explored the reasons behind these preferences. The study initially applied House's (2015) TQA tools to determine whether two different translations of Naguib Mahfouz's Midaq Alley-one by Le Gassik (1975) and the other by Davis (2011)-showed any overt or covert translation tendencies, and then interviewed 20 American readers. The findings revealed that while some of the participants preferred overt translation, citing reasons including a desire to engage with the original culture and a need to access the authentic meaning and style of the original text, others preferred covert translation, as they expected naturalness and creativity. This study provides valuable insights for translators and translation scholars, enhancing our understanding of the relationship between translation typologies and readers' reception.
... As a result, several TQA models have been developed, including those by Reiss (1971), Nord (1991, Williams (2004), Delizée (2011), and House (1977, 1997, 2015. In each of the models, TQ is approached differently. ...
... In each of the models, TQ is approached differently. For instance, in textual-based models, quality is defined in terms of function as it manifests in the text types (Reiss, 1971), in the interaction between the text's intratextual and inter-textual factors (Nord, 1991), and in the text's situational context (1977,1997,2015). On the other hand, in William's (2004) argumentative-based model, quality is defined as transferring the argument between ST and TT based on certain criteria, while in Delizée's (2011) skill-based model, quality is dependent on examining several translation skills (e.g., linguistic and professional skills). ...
... Among the textual-based models, the TQA models by Reiss (1971), and Nord (1991) could be considered as being theoretically valid as they are grounded on functional theories of translation studies (Lauscher, 2000). Nevertheless, they do not have a clear operationalization methodology (House, 2015). ...
Translation Quality Assessment (TQA) is a central concern for both translation practice and academic research. However, the very limited studies assessing the translation quality (TQ) of literary texts, especially fiction, have not accounted for the distinction between the narrative and the character’s dialogue in the assessment. The present study is an attempt to investigate the applicability of House’s (2015) TQA model in assessing the TQ of fiction and to propose modifications. In doing so, we scrutinized the translation quality of Midaq Alley by Naguib Mahfouz, translated from Arabic into English, utilizing House’s (2015) TQA model to capture the applicability of the model. The findings reveal that House’s (2015) TQA model accommodates the TQA of fiction. The proposed modifications have implications for both translators and trainers.
... This new way of thinking may seem strange to Translation Studies, since the cultural paradigm shift changed the approach to translation from that of a sentence-level language replacement. Cultural specificity is now an important factor in translation, thanks in part to the Skopos theory (Reiss andVermeer 1984/ 2014). It was precisely at the time that Translation Studies scholars were identifying all cross-cultural relationships as translational, and were claiming that translators should master cultural differences, that localization emerged and returned translation to a simple linguistic exercise (Pym 2001). ...
... Translation cannot be regarded as a lexical transfer from a source language to a target language, as such an approach has been outdated since the 1980s and the emergence of the Skopos theory (Reiss andVermeer 1984/ 2014) and other perspectives. The Slovak translation school dealt with this paradigm shift as well, and localization or similar notions appear in several theoretical works. ...
... Here, referencing Reiss (1971), Popovič states that localization is "an adaptation of thematic elements of the original connected with the locale of the original […] aiming to meet the conventions of the recipient" (Popovič 1975, 278) (my translation here and throughout). In other words, Popovič considers localization to be an adaptation of a text where cultural references of the original are treated in such a way that the target reader can understand them without any problems. ...
The notion of localization has been examined by many scholars in Translation Studies (Benko and Rajčanová 1998; Esselink 2000; Pym 2001, 2004; Bernal-Merino 2006; O’Hagan and Mangiron 2013; Jiménez- Crespo 2018). Nonetheless, it seems that there is a divide in theoretical approaches to localization between the localization industry and Translation Studies scholars. The localization industry defines translation only on a lexical level; it does not consider the shifts made due to things like cultural differences to be a part of the translation process, but rather sees it as an independent process conducted during localization. On the other hand, Translation Studies scholars have considered the problem of intercultural transfer as a relevant part of translation since the cultural paradigm shift in the 1980s. This different perspective on translation and localization is mainly visible in translation and localization agencies and associations. The Localization Industry Standards Association (LISA) defined localization as “taking a product and making it linguistically and culturally appropriate to the target locale […] where it will be used and sold” (Esselink 2000, 3). A quite similar definition of localization (albeit of literary texts) was given by Popovič (referencing Reiss 1971) as “an adaptation of thematic elements of the original connected with the locale of the original […] aiming to meet the conventions of the recipient” (1975, 278). In the Slovak Translation Studies tradition, we could call this “adaptation of thematic elements of the original” naturalization. The aim of this chapter is to analyze different theoretical sources dealing with translation and localization, and present relevant theories and descriptions by scholars and localization associations of what localization is and what translation is within it. The focus then shifts to proposing a context- based definition of localization that would encompass both translation and culture. Such a definition could (at least to some extent) resolve the issues between the two clashing scholarly approaches to translation and localization.
... The academic study of TC has developed systematically only in recent decades (e.g. Berman, 1999;Dodds, 1985;House, 1977House, , 1997Newmark, 1988;Reiss, 1971;Xu, 1992;Yang, 2005). Furthermore, to date, TC has been given insufficient attention by the international TS community (Xu, 2016) in spite of its acknowledged significance in TS as an 'essential link between translation theory and its practice' (Newmark, 1988) and as a 'weapon in defence of the profession and quality in translation' (Dodds, 1992). ...
... Additionally, as can be observed in Figure 1, the research area generally follows a positive trend, starting timidly over the 1940-1949 period, gaining momentum in the decade 1970-1979, and reaching a peak during the 2000-2009 period . As regards the prominent increase from 1970-1979, one tentative partial explanation might be the fact that the decade can be considered the takeoff point for TC as a separate field in TS, with seminal works on TC by pioneering scholars such as Reiss (1971), Koller (1973aKoller ( , 1973bKoller ( , 1978, Wilss (1974) and House (1977). A special issue on 'Evaluation and Translation' by The Translator (6:2, 2000), devoted to the evaluation and quality of translation, might have been partially responsible for the peak during 2000-2009. ...
... Therefore, apart from the absolute impact, we have also Table 6. With respect to the absolute impact, the book A Model for Translation Quality Assessment by Juliane House took first place with 182 citations, followed by Reiss (1971) and House (1997) with 181 and 124 citations respectively. And by the impact factor (2010-2019), House (1997) came first with a relative citation frequency of 5.9. ...
This paper presents an overview of translation criticism (TC) based on a bibliometric analysis of data in the online Bibliography in Interpreting and Translation (BITRA). The analysis focuses on, among other issues, the evolution of research output, publication types, authors and themes. Results suggest that TC research experienced an overall trend of growth from the 1940s to the 2010s, mainly in the form of journal articles and book chapters. It has attracted greater attention from young scholars during the past two decades. Meanwhile, publications, spearheaded by researchers with continuing interests in this field and some very active and productive journals, have a wide distribution of publication outlets and authors. Additionally, this research identifies some popular topics, such as quality assessment models and methods, reviews, evaluations, text-based linguistic analysis, poetry and novels. Also, it reveals that in the database, case studies are widely applied, and scholars’ attention has gradually shifted from linguistic to extra-linguistic factors. Overall, the field is still relatively underresearched in the translation studies (TS) community with some potentially underexplored areas. Thus implications for future research, such as strengthening collaboration, intensifying research in online reviewing/criticism, enhancing corpus-based research, and research from cultural and sociological perspectives, are proposed.
... The former refers to those enforced on the subtitles by the visual context of AVMs, whereas the latter refers to time and space factors (a maximum of 2 lines and 35 characters). According to Reiss (1971), only 20 percent of a screen is allowed for subtitles, which equals a maximum of 70 signs and six seconds. Space and time were considered constraints restricting subtitles by Neves (2004). ...
... Based on the space constraints represented by 2 lines and 70 signs or characters, as suggested by Díaz-Cintas (2010), the subtitle عن يزيد هكذا 30 من دقيقة نقص جب والقلج جالمخ بج ججججججين االوكسج consists of 51 characters or signs, according to Reiss (1971). This illustrates that the translator/subtitler did not just stay within the space constraints limit, he/she succeeded in achieving high levels of readability. ...
The global emergence of audiovisual (AV) shows has increased the demand for translation. The problem regarding AV materials (AVMs) in the medical genre is that medical English consists of a large number of specialised medical terminologies, which can cause a challenge for Arabic translators/subtitlers, especially in terms of translation accuracy. Although there are several references to the issues of translating specialised terminologies in AV translation studies, no light has been shed on the accuracy of medical terminologies translated from English to Arabic. This study investigates the accuracy of translated medical terminologies in selected AVMs and the factors affecting the accuracy levels in the AV setting. This research adopts a mixed approach of qualitative and quantitative analysis methods to assess the accuracy of 100 medical terminologies translated into Arabic. An eclectic model of analysis based on (2012) accuracy and readability aspects and Díaz-Cintas’s (2010) space constraints was used to reach the aims of the study. The results revealed that the average accuracy for all 100 terminologies scored 2.6 out of 3, falling within the accuracy range of 2.4–3 based on Nababan et al.’s (2012) accuracy score calculation (NASC). The aspect of accuracy in the AV setting was highly affected by other aspects—readability and space constraints—and both aspects were related to each other. Thus, the accuracy of translated medical terminologies will gain another notion matching the grounds of the AV setting, which is a hosting one. Accuracy here is affected by space constraints and the readability level of the audience.
... L'approche fonctionnaliste en traductologie se focalise sur l'importance de la fonction textuelle et la fonction de la traduction. Cette approche est représentée principalement par Holz-Mänttäri (1984), Nord (1991Nord ( , 1997, Reiss (1971) et Vermeer (1978, entre autres. Ces réflexions supposent une nouvelle conception de l'activité traduisante et un éloignement de la tradition théorique et pratique qui se focalise sur le texte source. ...
... 240 Avec cette Théorie, " […] la traduction est envisagée comme une activité humaine particulière (le transfert symbolique), ayant une finalité précise (le skopos) et un produit final qui lui est spécifique (le translatum ou le translat) " (Guidère, 2010, p. 72). Reiss (1971) fut la première auteure à développer cette Théorie. Elle considère que la traduction va dépendre du type de discours et de l'objectif envisagé. ...
La seconde moitié du XXe siècle marque le début des théories traductologiques. La plupart des approches qui ont apparu à partir de cette époque sont conçues sous un point de vue général (la juritraductologie exceptée). Ainsi, l’objectif de ce travail est la réalisation d’un parcours historique des différentes approches traductologiques afin de les lier à la traduction juridique. Plus spécifiquement, nous nous focalisons sur les théories permettant de mettre en avant l’importance des paramètres culturels en traduction juridique. Nous partons, donc, du plus général, comme l’approche linguistique, pour arriver aux études plus spécifiques à notre domaine, comme la juritraductologie.
... Przyjrzyjmy się szczegółowo tej książce i sprawdźmy, czy wskazane elementy zostały zachowane w tłumaczeniu na język polski. W duchu postulowanej przez Reiss (1971) konstruktywnej krytyki przekładu, w ramach której nie tylko wytyka się błędy, lecz także szuka pozytywnych rozwiązań, przekonajmy się, czy wspomniane wcześniej zabiegi artystyczne są nieprzekładalne, czy jednak można było je zachować w polskim tłumaczeniu 15 . 13 O ósmej na arce relacjonuje wydarzenia na arce Noego, a Ostatnia owca głównym tematem czyni wydarzenia Bożego Narodzenia. ...
... 14 Hub z wielkim upodobaniem w odniesieniu do swoich zwierzęcych bohaterów stosuje takie związki frazeologiczne, które właśnie w powiązaniu z ich zwierzęcą naturą lub wyglądem nabierają cech komicznych, o czym więcej piszę w dalszej partii artykułu. 15 Reiss (1971) wskazała, że każdemu wytknięciu błędu powinna towarzyszyć alternatywna propozycja krytyka, bo tylko w ten sposób możemy się przekonać, czy negowane przez nas rozstrzygnięcie nie było wymuszone przez samą sytuację przekładu. Czytelnik oryginalnej prozy Huba zwróci uwagę przede wszystkim na zabieg stylistyczny oparty na powtórzeniu. ...
Przedmiotem artykułu jest pytanie o możliwość zachowania w tłumaczeniu literackiego wymiaru książek dla dzieci. Literatura dla dzieci w przekładzie jest często redukowana do funkcji dydaktycznej i rozrywkowej, w wyniku czego oryginalne dzieła tracą swój wymiar estetyczny. Analiza translatorska dwóch utworów współczesnych pisarzy niemieckich – An der Arche um Acht [O ósmej na arce] Ulricha Huba (2007) oraz Die fürchterlichen Fünf [Straszna piątka] Wolfa Erlbrucha (1990) – odnosi się do następujących zabiegów artystycznych: humoru, gier słownych, powtórzeń oraz zabawy stylami językowymi. Dzięki porównaniu oryginałów i wersji polskich wskazać można, że wiele z pozornie nieprzekładalnych elementów dzieła literackiego da się zachować w przekładzie, co pozwala czytelnikom docelowym przeżyć te same emocje co czytelnikom tekstów wyjściowych.
... Comienza con los enfoques funcionalistas alemanes, concretamente con Reiss (1971), primera investigadora que clasifica los tipos de texto con un fin traductológico atendiendo a la función y a la dimensión del discurso y al tipo de texto. ...
... Comenzaré con Reiss (1971), que establece una tipología como guía para orientar las decisiones del traductor. El parámetro principal que utiliza para la clasificación de los textos es la función comunicativa dominante y establece tres tipos: informativo, expresivo y operativo. ...
Esta tesis doctoral trata el proceso de desarrollo de un programa de subtitulación adaptado al contexto de la enseñanza superior desde el punto de vista de una subtituladora profesional. Comienza con una revisión de los fundamentos teóricos de la Traducción Audiovisual y de la subtitulación con el objetivo de definir las características lingüísticas y semióticas del texto audiovisual y de su traducción. Continúa con el estudio de las normas extratextuales explícitas y con la identificación de las funcionalidades que posibilitan su aplicación para que el subtitulador pueda adaptar el texto a las expectativas de la cultura meta. El presente trabajo también aborda el aspecto profesional de esta modalidad mediante el estudio del impacto que los avances tecnológicos tienen en esta práctica y en las herramientas de subtitulación de las que disponen los traductores. Asimismo, presenta el uso de material audiovisual subtitulado en la enseñanza superior a través de un caso concreto de entorno de enseñanza a distancia multilingüe y multicultural. Este análisis de la subtitulación desde diferentes perspectivas concluye con el diseño de Miro Translate, una plataforma híbrida en la nube especialmente diseñada para el subtitulado de vídeos pedagógicos. Por último, se estudia la calidad de esta herramienta a través de una prueba de usabilidad que mide la satisfacción percibida de los usuarios, su eficiencia y efectividad con la finalidad de identificar las acciones necesarias para su mejora.
... Instead, they were intended as supplementary aids for explaining the Qur'anic text and, as such, functioned primarily as pedagogical tools. In this context, he suggests that the 8. Reminiscent of Kemp's view (cited in Reiß, 1971, p. 100) on interlinear translation in general, which "führt ja nur ein Schattendasein und erscheint niemals ohne das Original, dem sie dient." translators of early Persian Qurʾān translations are more accurately described as "glossators" rather than "translators." ...
Early Persian translations of the Qurʾān are invaluable resources for understanding linguistic and translational developments in post-Islamic Iran. This study examines the Codex Hudāʾī Efendī, an Early New Persian translation of the Qurʾān, dated 621AH/1224 and housed in the Hedāʾī Efendī Library in Istanbul. As one of the earliest complete and pure Persian renditions of the Qurʾān, the manuscript is introduced and analyzed in detail for its translational features, with its linguistic characteristics briefly explored. The study identifies archaic and regional terms and touches on phonological features. The translational analysis reveals a predominantly word-for-word approach, maintaining the original Arabic syntax, with occasional modifications and additions likely influenced by Qurʾānic exegeses or the translator’s personal beliefs. Instances of untranslated words, incorrect translations, and interpretative modifications shed light on the translator’s strategies and the challenges of rendering the Qurʾān into Persian. As a case study, this research highlights the manuscript’s significance in understanding the historical, linguistic, and translational context of early Persian Qurʾān translations, showcasing the complexities and challenges of translation practices in early post-Islamic Iran.
... Although there have been several TQA models advocated by some scholars, educators, and practitioners, such as the mentalist view (Stolze, 2003), response-based approaches (Chesnokova et al., 2017), behaviourist views (Nida & Taber, 1969), functionalistic, 'skopos'-related views (Reis & Vermeer, 1984), descriptive-historical translation studies (Toury, 1995), post-modernist and deconstructionist approaches (Tymoczko, 2000;Venuti, 2004), and linguistically oriented approach (House, 2015;Reiß, 1971), the present study adopts House's TQA model (House, 1997(House, , 2015. In her model, House (2006) developed a TQA based on Hallidayan systemic-functional theory, discourse analysis, and functional-pragmatic perspectives (House, 1997(House, , 2015. ...
Translation studies have grown enormously in recent decades and have expanded to include the pedagogical lens as a breakthrough. However, little is known about how the students perceive the online communicative translation assessment model (OCTAM). The present study explores how the students perceive the implementation of the online communicative translation assessment model in classrooms. The investigative locus of this study was a class on Translating and Interpreting (TI) at a state university in Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia. Thirteen students from a TI class participated in this study. The data were obtained from semi-structured interviews and analysed using a thematic analysis. The findings revealed that OCTAM provided students with an effective translation assessment model, coped with their limited English vocabulary, guided them to focus on knowledge of form, function, and meaning of both source and target texts, offered them a more contextual translation test, raised their awareness of translating as a meaning-making practice, facilitated them to correct grammatical errors, created a less anxious test atmosphere, and generated their multimodal communicative competence. Pedagogically, this study bridges translation and foreign language education, mainly by examining how an online communicative translation assessment model functions as a cutting-edge translation model to assess students' translation competence.
Keywords: Multimodal communicative competence, online communicative translation assessment model (OCTAM), pedagogical translation studies, thematic analysis, translation competence.
... 3 As Sokoli argues, an act of translation is above all an act of communication whose vehicle is the text (2005, p. 177). See also Reiss (1971), who identifies different types of texts, among which are audiovisuals. ...
In this paper, a reception study is conducted to explore how humor is handled in an audio-described film. A fragment from the Spanish film Pagafantas is selected and shown to two groups of participants: one composed of blind people, and one formed by sighted people. A quantitative tool is used in order to carry out the study. Two questionnaires are designed to (1) define the profile of the participants and (2) assess the reception of the humor present in the selected clip. Our main results include evidence that the blind audience detects a slightly reduced number of humorous elements. Simultaneously, both groups provide a practically identical general assessment of the humorousness present in the chosen audiovisual product. This study tries to contribute to the mapping of the functioning of humor in audio description, a topic that is in clear need of descriptive and receptive research.
... 1-La tradicional incluye varias opiniones: a) Kloepfer (1967) y Reiss (1971): opinan que la metáfora no representa ningún problema especial de traducción y se puede hacer el trasvase del tipo palabra por palabra, y cuanto más original la metáfora, es más fácil de traducir; b) Nida (1964), Dagut (1976Dagut ( y 1987 y Newmark (1988): sostienen que la dificultad inherente a la metáfora se debe a sus peculiaridades culturales, y no apoyan la traducción literal y admiten que en muchas ocasiones no hay más remedio que utilizar el símil; y c) Dagut encuentra una relación proporcional entre la superposición de dos factores en ambos polisistemas (origen y meta): experiencia cultural y explotación de asociaciones semánticas. Van Den Broeck (1981) y Toury (1981): el punto común entre ellos es el minucioso análisis del estatus contextual de la metáfora, y por primera vez factores como el uso o la función son parámetros que se tiene en cuenta en la traducción de la metáfora. ...
La metáfora es una de las figuras retóricas tradicionales muy importantes que se utiliza, tanto en el lenguaje coloquial como en el lenguaje culto como adorno del texto y realiza funciones semánticas, persuasivas, emocionales, etc. La traducción de esta figura tiene tres opiniones principales: es imposible traducirla; no hay problema en su traducción; y es posible traducirla, pero hay que procesarla con cuidado. En este artículo abordaremos brevemenete la metáfora y su traducción, y después, analizaremos la traducción algunas metáforas en la última parte del Noble Corán en la versión de Abdel Ghani Melara Navío, la versión de Julio Cortés y la versión de Juan Vernet y la versión de Muhammad Asad. Entre las conclusiones destaca: a) el uso de la traducción semántica o literal para la transmitir la metáfora del árabe al español por parte de los traductores; y b) la dificultad de reflejar las metáforas en el texto meta español, sobre todo; si son metáforas particulares, mientras que se pueden transmitir las metáforas universales que existen en muchas culturas a través de la traducción semántica o literal.
... Parece oportuno hacer aquí una referencia a un interesante contraste de perspectivas sobre los límites de la traducción con respecto a este tipo de discurso, que corresponden a Nida (1964) y aReiss (1971). Mientras que para Nida, con cierta frecuencia a la hora de verter estas expresiones metafóricas nos topamos con la temida intraducibilidad,Reiss (1971: 44) rechaza la imposibilidad de traducir la metáfora y apuesta por el método de traducción "palabra por palabra". ...
El presente estudio se centra en la metáfora cognitiva circunscrita al lenguaje político del alemán y el español, sometiendo a examen un corpus léxico procedente de varios métodos de enseñanza del alemán como lengua extranjera. Para ello, las muestras seleccionadas se presentan de forma sistemática de acuerdo con la taxonomía habitual de la metáfora cognitiva junto a sus formas equivalentes en español. Los resultados revelan, en primer lugar, que en el lenguaje político se aprecia un número importante de metáforas conceptuales; y además ponen de manifiesto las convergencias y las divergencias entre estas dos lenguas que sirven de vehículo a dos culturas diferentes. Este trabajo también reafirma la utilidad del análisis contrastivo para la traducción y para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje del alemán y el español como lenguas extranjeras, y desde luego contribuye a comprender el grado en que se diferencian estas dos lenguas.
... Over the next few decades, the treatment of equivalence by translation scholars incorporated additional dimensions beyond semantics. In this revised approach, translations were regarded as equivalent if they managed to reproduce the 'same effect' that their respective source texts had on their readers (Nida 1964, Nida andTaber 1969), or to match the main 'textual function' or communicative purpose of the original text (Reiss 1971, House 1977/1981. ...
Popular perceptions of translation and interpreting assume that these forms of interlingual and intercultural mediation are based on an essential determinacy of meaning. This lay understanding of the written and oral modes of interlingual transposition that translation and interpreting entail is largely informed by a conception of original texts as "entit[ies] with a stable, definable meaning" that translated texts should aim to deliver in the target language (Mason 2006:359). This view prevailed also in early translation scholarship published between the late 1940s, when translation emerged as an academic discipline (Tymoczko 2013), and the late 1980s. During this period translation was regarded as a subfield of linguistics and theorization on translation initially revolved around a rigid understanding of textual equivalence as a form of identity rather than similarity (Tymoczko, ibid.). These early views were gradually superseded by other perspectives that placed less emphasis on referential or denotative equivalence, acknowledging instead the role that a range of linguistic units and ranks, text-normative constraints and textual effects played in the production of equivalent translated texts (Kenny 1998:96). The premise that translators and interpreters operate in a complex and often sensitive cross-linguistic and cross-cultural environment that calls for the exercise of professional judgement in context is now firmly entrenched in disciplinary discourses. However, the construct of context has not been the subject of systematic theorization on translation and interpreting until relatively recently. This chapter sets out to explore how scholarly thinking on context has informed research in translation and interpreting studies since the early 1990s. It begins with a historical overview of the contribution that linguistics has made to the emergence, development and consolidation of translation and interpreting studies as a self-standing discipline. It then proceeds to critique a range of perspectives on context in translation scholarship. These range from cognitive approaches exploring how participants in each communicative encounter come to share and make use of a given set of contextual assumptions, to conceptions of context as a field of power play where identities are dynamically negotiated. This exploration is illustrated with examples from different domains of translation and interpreting research to foreground the breadth of theoretical and methodological orientations that converge within the discipline.
... Initially focusing on short, often decontextualized stretches of text, much theorizing between the 1950s and the 1980s involved elaborating taxonomies of equivalence between source texts and their translations (Baker and Pérez-González 2011). During this period, translation equivalence was discussed in terms of semantic correspondence between original and translated texts (Rabin 1958); the extent to which the target version reproduced the effect that the source text had on its original readership (Nida 1964;Nida and Taber 1969;Larson 1984); the degree of alignment between the most prominent textual functions or communicative purposes in the original text and its translated version (Reiss 1971;House 1981); and finally in terms of translators' compliance with the commissioner's specifications (Vermeer [1989(Vermeer [ ] 2000Nord 1991). ...
Increased globalization, growing mobility of people and commodities, and the spread and intensity of armed conflicts since the turn of the twenty-first century have established translation and interpreting more firmly in the public consciousness. Following a brief introduction and historical survey of translation and interpreting studies as a scholarly discipline, this chapter explores a range of issues that have interested both translation scholars and applied linguists in recent years. These include the contribution that translation and interpreting make to the delivery of institutional agendas in various settings; the negotiation of power differentials in a range of social settings; the role of translation in social movements and activist initiatives seeking to redress inequality; and the involvement of translators and interpreters as important political players in armed conflicts. The chapter then focuses on the role that translation and interpreting play in promoting cultural and linguistic diversity against the backdrop of the dominance of English as a lingua franca, examining the challenges posed by new multimodal genres arising from technological developments in digital culture. Future directions for the discipline of translation and interpreting studies are considered in the concluding section
... It should be mentioned that there are also pragmatic models developed by Koller (1974) and Reiß (1968Reiß ( , 1971. Malcolm Williams categorized TQA models into two main categories; the first models concern with a quantitative dimension like SEPT (1979) and Sical (1986), and the second category deals with non-quantitative, textological models like Nord (1991) and House (1997). ...
This research was a review of the English-to-Persian translation of compound modifiers in press articles from 2014 to 2017 concerning quality assessment according to House's (1977) TQA model. To this end, 150 pieces of news containing the compound modifiers were selected from different newspapers and journals as the source texts, and their equivalent translations were published in local newspapers as the target texts. In the first step, the source text and the target text profiles were provided. Then, the overt and covert errors in translating compound modifiers in the press articles were identified. The findings showed that out of 150 selected compound modifiers, 97 were overt errors, and 53 items had no errors. The overtly erroneous translations had 36 instances of not translated, 23 cases of addition, 14 instances of a slight change in meaning, 13 cases of substitution, and 11 instances of ungrammaticality. In terms of covert errors, there was only one error; in the target text, the translator took the author's stance instead of the journalist's. The findings also showed that translations of English compound modifiers of press articles do not undergo cultural filtering. Concerning the House's TQA model, the translation of compound modifiers of the press articles belonged to the covert translation.
... In the above example of Newmark (1988) The determination of text types is important in terms of examining the texts. In this sense, texts can be classified in different forms (see Reiß, 1986, Günay, 2001, Newmark, 1998. As Oğuz has pointed out, the texts are classified by many scientists according to their basic functions in language (2014: 127). ...
... ;Reiss 1971;Wilss 1977;Reiss, Vermeer 1984]. В 1960 г. в мюнхенском издательстве Winkler («Винклер») был напечатан роман «Преступление и наказание» под заглавием «Schuld und Sühne» («Вина и искупление»)[Dostojewskij 1960] в переводе Рихарда Хоффманна (Richard Hoffmann, 1892-1961), уроженца Вены, юриста по образованию, редактора, переводчика с английского, итальянского, французского, латинского, испанского и русского (в частности произведений А.П. ...
... ;Reiss 1971; Wilss 1977;Reiss, Vermeer 1984]. В 1960 г. в мюнхенском издательстве Winkler («Винклер») был напечатан роман «Преступление и наказание» под заглавием «Schuld und Sühne» («Вина и искупление»)[Dostojewskij 1960] в переводе Рихарда Хоффманна (Richard Hoffmann, 1892-1961), уроженца Вены, юриста по образованию, редактора, переводчика с английского, итальянского, французского, латинского, испанского и русского (в частности произведений А.П. ...
... As a matter of fact, translators must usually face significant problems about some aspects, such as syntactic complexity or references, which are very common on non-specialised texts. Reiβ (1971) separates content-oriented texts (news, manuals, official documentation) from form-oriented (literary texts) and appellative ones (advertising, electoral pamphlets or satirical prose). Apart from that, two types of texts are usually considered with respect to their nature: pragmatic (or 'technical') and semantic (or 'general') texts. ...
El presente artículo presenta los datos de una investigación sobre las diferencias observadas en el comportamiento y los resultados de cuatro grupos al evaluar dos tipos de textos diferentes en cuanto a su materia. Los sujetos tuvieron que evaluar las traducciones según su conocimiento e intuición; se tuvieron en cuenta diversos parámetros surgidos del análisis de sus evaluaciones. Los textos técnicos contienen menos actuaciones, pero más cambios orientados a la retroalimentación y más glosas dirigidas al investigador. Los fenómenos opinables son más frecuentes en los textos divulgativos. El tipo de texto parece no afectar a la calificación asignada. Dos factores parecen incidir en la evaluación de los textos técnicos con respecto a la de los divulgativos: el conocimiento sobre la materia y la distinta complejidad de las prosas técnica y divulgativa.
... Los traductólogos abordan los modelos de evaluación desde diversas perspectivas. Lauscher (2000: 149) presenta modelos equivalencistas (Reiss 1971, Van der Brock 1985, House 1997 y funcionales (D'Hulst 1997). Gerzymisch-Arbogast (2001: 229-38), Riccardi (2002: 115), Miao (2000: 197), McAlester (2000: 233) y Adab (2002: 156) han tenido en cuenta también los conceptos de equivalencia y función para separar modelos. ...
El artículo analiza los resultados de un estudio sobre comportamiento y resultado de la evaluación de traducciones llevada a cabo por estudiantes de la Facultad de Traducción e Interpretación de la Universidad de Granada. Los datos sugieren que las evaluaciones ejecutadas libremente no se corresponden con los modelos más extendidos. Entre los fenómenos coincidentes se encuentran los de divergencia en la interpretación, registro, ortografía y concordancia. Los sujetos suelen señalar todos los tipos de fenómenos contemplados en este estudio. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto el carácter subjetivo de la evaluación y aportan una nueva tipología de fenómenos surgida de los hechos.
... Beide Funktionskomponenten sind in jeder sprachlichen Äußerung stets gleichzeitig präsent, "denn sie entsprechen den beiden wichtigsten Sprachfunktionen, wie sie in allen philosophisch-linguistischen Klassifikationen erkennbar sind" (House, 2001, S. 260). Die Herstellung von Texten wird durch die textuelle Metafunktion ermöglicht, die bewirkt, dass sprachliche Elemente miteinander verknüpft werden und sich auf den situativen Kontext beziehen können (House, 1997a, S. 35 Reiß, 1971) hervor, in denen verschiedene Arten von funktionalen Äquivalenzbeziehungen mittels einer ausgangstextorientierten Texttypologie analysiert wurden (House, 2004a, S. 47 Aufgrund seiner dualen Orientierung kann der Text nicht an die zielkulturellen Konventionen angepasst werden (House, 1997a, S. 67ff.). Da der Rezipient bei einer offenen Übersetzung Zugang zum Originaltext im Medium einer anderen Sprache erhält, "wird ein Wechsel der Diskurswelten nötig, so dass bestenfalls eine Art "versetzter funktionaler Äquivalenz" erreicht werden kann -eine second level equivalence" (House, 2005 House (1997a) Zusammenfassend kann festgestellt werden, dass auf den systematisch aufeinander aufbauenden Ebenen Sprache/Text, Register und Genre ein individuelles Textprofil erstellt werden kann, das die Textfunktion beschreibt. ...
Abstract
Bei der vorliegenden linguistischen Untersuchung geht es um die deutsch-arabische Übersetzung anhand von Werbetexten. Für diese Studie wurde ein Korpus von 15 deutschen Imagedarstellungen und ihren arabischen Übersetzungen herangezogen. Imagedarstellungen haben einen werblichen Charakter, sind durch Äußerungen des Eigenlobs geprägt und lassen sich durch die Leitfrage „Wie sehen wir uns und wie wollen wir gesehen werden?“ kennzeichnen (Ebert, 1997).
Die vergleichende sprachliche Analyse von deutschen Originaltexten und ihren arabischen Übersetzungen ermöglicht Aussagen über Tendenzen der Übersetzungsbeziehung zwischen diesen Sprachen im Bereich der Werbung. So bestätigt die Studie, dass bei der Anfertigung der Übersetzungen arabische Schreibkonventionen tendenziell berücksichtigt wurden. Im Speziellen hat die Studie ergeben, dass die arabischen Zieltexte sich durch ein höheres Maß an Granulariät auszeichnen als die deutschen Ausgangstexte und Sachverhalte in den Übersetzungen detaillierter beschrieben werden als in den Originalen. Auch konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Angabe zusätzlicher Informationen in den Zieltexten dazu dient, ein positiveres Bild von den Leistungen der jeweils werbenden Institution zu entwerfen. Schließlich hat die Untersuchung ergeben, dass die jeweils werbende Institution in den Zieltexten häufiger eine aktivere Rolle im Diskurs einnimmt und öfter als Handelnder präsentiert wird als dies in den Ausgangstexten der Fall ist.
Das Übersetzungsbewertungsmodell von House (1997a) dient als methodologischer Rahmen für die Studie. Anpassungen des Analysemodells an die Erfordernisse für die vorliegende Studie werden vorgenommen. Es wird auf die Relevanz von Stocks (2005) Studie zur Arabischen Stilistik für die vorliegende Untersuchung eingegangen. Die von Stock (2005) ermittelten stilistischen Eigenheiten arabischer Werbetexte wurden mit den Charakteristika der arabischen Zieltexte im Korpus verglichen. Die vorliegende Studie zeigt, dass das von Stock (2005) herausgearbeitete Stilmittel der Präzision ebenfalls in den arabischen Zieltexten nachzuweisen ist.
Ausführlich wird auf das Konzept Explikation in der Übersetzungswissenschaft unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Studien von Hansen-Schirra et al. (2007) und House (2004b) eingegangen. Explikation heißt in der vorliegenden Untersuchung, dass in einer Äußerung genau zum Ausdruck gebracht wird, was gemeint ist (House, 2004b). Explikation ermöglicht das Verstehen einer Äußerung ohne Zuhilfenahme des Kontextes (ebd.). House (2004b) folgend wird zwischen optionaler und obligatorischer Explikation unterschieden. Explizitheit, die aus syntaktischen und semantischen Strukturen der in den Übersetzungsprozess involvierten Sprachen resultiert, ist demnach obligatorisch und wird als Voraussetzung dafür betrachtet, dass eine bestimmte Äußerung im Zieltext grammatisch ist. Optionale Explizitheit resultiert aus verdecktem Übersetzen, das in der Regel eine Anpassung an den sprachlich-kulturellen Kontext der Zielkultur voraussetzt. Ein kultureller Filter wird verwendet, um den Zieltext an ein lokales Genre anzugleichen.
Das Thema Explikation in deutsch-arabischer Übersetzung wird anhand zahlreicher Übersetzungsbeispiele aus dem Korpus diskutiert. Beispiele von Explikation werden erklärt und verschiedene Kategorien von Explikation in den Zieltexten aufgestellt. Grundsätzlich konnte durch die vorliegende Untersuchung ein höheres Maß an Explikation in den Zieltexten bestätigt werden. Die Studie hat ergeben, dass obligatorische Explizitheit weitaus seltener auftaucht als optionale Explizitheit. Aufgrund der zahlreichen Fälle von optionaler Explikation kann vorausgesetzt werden, dass die Zieltexte im Korpus tendenziell an zielsprachliche Erwartungsnormen angeglichen wurden.
Auch Beispielen für geringere Explikation in den Zieltexten wird Rechnung getragen. Die Rolle des Verbalstils für die Herstellung von Explizitheit wird erörtert. So hat die Studie zutage gefördert, dass in annähernd 50% der Fälle, bei denen Explikation zur Erreichung von Präzision in der Übersetzung zu beobachten ist, auf einen Verbalstil zurückgegriffen wurde.
... (as cited in Nord, 1997: 29) Holz-Mänttäri (1984: 42) states: "Translation is seen as the particular variety of translational action which is based on a ST". On the other hand, Byrne claims: Skopos Theory is linked with the functionalist approach to translation but differs fundamentally in that where functionalist approaches such as Reiss's (1971) and House's (1981) maintain that the function of the target must be the same as the original, Skopos Theory recognizes that this is not always practical or desirable. (2006: 38) Moreover, according to Vermeer, "the methods and strategies used to produce a translation are determined by the intended purpose of the target text (TT)" (1978: 100). ...
Translation studies, as an interdisciplinary field, has been affected by the advances in differentfields of life and various disciplines. There has been an increasing interest in audio-visual translation in therecent years. This interest is largely due to the advances in technology and the increase in the variety ofoptions provided for the audience in line with these advances. On the other hand, time spent at home hasincreased due to the Covid-19 pandemic and people are gradually spending more time benefiting from audio-visual opportunities. Although the studies on translation of subtitles and dubbing of films are high in number,there is still lack of study on translation of trailers, which are significant for the audience while choosing thefilms or series to watch. Considering this rising interest in audio-visual translation and the lack of research ontranslation of trailers, this study aims to analyse the losses and gains in the translations of Netflix originalseries The Protector (Hakan Muhafız), The Gift (Atiye) and Love 101 (Aşk 101)’s trailers from Turkish intoEnglish and interpret these losses and gains within the framework of Skopos Theory put forward by HansVermeer. The numbers and percentages of losses and gains in the translations were counted and the data werethen interpreted. The result of the study revealed that the highest percentage of losses and gains was seen inthe trailer of Love 101 while the lowest percentage was seen in the trailer of the season 4 of The Protector.The data analysed in the study showed that the translators might led to losses and gains in translation based on their skopos.
... The fact that translation criticism and derivatives from translations can be criticized the same way that the translation itself can, demonstrates the magnitude of the problem of translation quality assessment, and leads to never-ending insoluble debates about it. Translation studies is trying to overcome this difficulty (Reiss 1971;House 1997;, but so far, there has been no agreement reached on methods of criticism (for more, see: Dróth 2001). ...
The past few decades have seen significant changes in all areas of life. Technological
developments have opened up a whole new world of opportunities which has, in
turn, led to new opportunities in human communication. These developments
have impacted our way of thinking and of course language services as well. This
means that language service provider training has to adapt to these changes and
to the new expectations students have of the training, and market players have of
language service providers. A good example of adapting to these new expectations,
but more specifically of exploiting new technological opportunities, is the
introduction of virtual classes in interpreter training.
Below I will examine briefly the most significant changes in language services
of recent years and the evolution of translator and interpreter training. Next, I will
discuss the topic of videoconference and remote interpreting in greater detail, and
examine how these developments can be incorporated into interpreter training in
the form of virtual classes as well as the challenges in implementing these concepts.
Finally, I will discuss why virtual classes cannot replace classroom-based lessons
but can complement them in a variety of ways.
... Some authors have even suggested that specific genres may be assigned specific translation strategies for specific language pairs (Arntz 1988: 468), although no conclusive results have been produced in this sense (see Mayoral Asensio 2002 for a critique of this point). Substantial research efforts have been devoted to finding the key elements that distinguish one genre from another as a basis for classification (Emery 1991, Goźdź-Roszkowski 2020, House 1977, Reiß 1982, Sandig 1972, Schmidt 1993, Wilss & Thome 1984. Descriptions of genres relevant to translation have mainly focused on specialized domains and provided substantial data to increase our knowledge of discourse across languages and cultures (among many others, Moreno-Pérez 2020; Orts 2015; Pontrandolfo 2014). ...
This paper works on the notion of transgenre (Monzó-Nebot 2001a, 2002a, b), its uses and possibilities in the study of translation as mediating intercultural cooperation. Transgenres are discursive patterns that develop in recurring intercultural situations and are recognized and used by a community. Based on the reiteration of communicative purposes and individuals’ roles in translated situations, interactions are conventionalized to streamline cooperation between cultural and social groups, thereby engendering a distinctive set of taken-for-granted assumptions and meaning-making mechanisms and signs which are particular to a translated event. The paper will first argue how this concept takes a step beyond the existing proposals from cultural, social, and linguistic approaches, especially the third space, the models of norms and laws of translation, and universals and the language of translation (translationese), by focusing on the situatedness of textual, interactional, and cultural patterns and providing a means to model and measure the development of translation as a discursive practice, as such influenced by historical, cultural, social, cognitive, ideologic, and linguistic issues. Then existing applications of the concept and new possibilities will be identified and discussed. The results of existing studies show translations build a third space of intercultural discursive practices showing tensions with both source and target systems. The legal translator is at home in this third space, resulting from their own cultural practices, which are linked to translators’ specific function in a broader multicultural system.
... Podczas gdy we wcześniejszych pracach dominowały takie kryteria, jak: inwariancja, ekwiwalencja, adekwatność (np. Koller 2001;Albrecht 2004) bądź też przynależność do konkretnych typów i rodzajów tekstów (Reiß 1971(Reiß , 1993, obecnie w spektrum zainteresowania krytyki przekładu znajduje się w szczególności funkcja i skopos. Albrecht (2004: 171) podkreśla przy tym, że solidna krytyka przekładu nie może się ograniczać jedynie do tego, czego tłumacz faktycznie dokonał, lecz powinna również uwzględniać jego intencje, o ile dostępne są informacje w tej kwestii. ...
Biorąc za punkt wyjścia perspektywę historyczną oraz ewolucję kultury translacji w Polsce od lat 20. XX wieku aż po czasy współczesne, autorka analizuje stopniową zmianę paradygmatu w odniesieniu do roli i znaczenia przekładu literackiego. W dalszej części zostaje podjęta refleksja na temat wybranych lingwistycznych i estetycznych kryteriów oceny jakości przekładu, w celu zbadania, na ile produktywne może okazać się podejście interdyscyplinarne w tym zakresie. Szczegółowej analizie zostają poddane kryteria oceny jakości tłumaczenia zaproponowane przez Sigrid Kupsch-Losereit pod względem możliwości ich zastosowania do przekładów tekstów literackich.
... In the above example of Newmark (1988) The determination of text types is important in terms of examining the texts. In this sense, texts can be classified in different forms (see Reiß, 1986, Günay, 2001, Newmark, 1998. As Oğuz has pointed out, the texts are classified by many scientists according to their basic functions in language (2014: 127). ...
Medicine is a closely followed field all over the world today. In a country a development or an invention in the area of medicine, an improved vaccine or a drug that can be used in the treatment of diseases concerns the whole world. This type of development in the field of medicine takes place on newspapers, press, congresses, and textbooks and so on for the purposes of information. And in the international circulation of knowledge plays the
translation an important role.
This study, which is a descriptive research, examines the theoretical knowledge about the translation of medical texts. Current examples of the application of this theoretical knowledge are given.
Artificial intelligence is about to reshape the world and redefine the relationship humans maintain with their professional activities. Recent machine translation systems, as well as the prior generation of statistical machine translation, rely on extensive aligned corpora and generate outputs whose quality can compete with human translations. This is particularly the case for technical and even medical texts. The role of the translator is to be questioned. Could algorithms potentially substitute this profession? Certain texts types, such as legal and literary ones, remain resistant to machine translation. The main obstacle for these systems is their lack of direct, tangible interaction with the outer reality from which these texts emerge, hence the systems’ inability to understand and interpret them. The ability of Transformer models is confined to analyzing intra-sentential context. In 2017, a new player entered the machine translation scene, DeepL, whose primary advantage lies in its integration of the Linguee database, an enormous parallel corpus of high-quality human translations. Generative natural language models include translation functionality. These models can be trained to identify or even replicate specific literary styles. Since literary works are replete with wordplay, extratextual references, and stylistic devices, we propose to investigate whether the task of decoding their message, particularly the author’s intent (understood as the addresser) via algorithms remains a chimera. Research efforts within the domain of natural language processing, such as the creation of parallel corpora, text “cleaning” and the morphological and syntactic annotation of texts (pre editing) have undeniably played a significant role in achieving a level of quality superior to that of rule-based or statistical systems. The results achieved in the field of automatic literary translation, however, do not meet the high demand upheld by human translation (biotranslation). How automatic translation systems are created and how do they function? What parallel corpora are? Are parallel corpora sufficient for generating high-quality automatic literary translations? What quality in translation is? Is there any evaluation metrics for human translations? And what about the metrics used to assess machine translations by humans? What is the current state of automatic translation for texts from classical Romanian literature? These are some of the questions we commit to answering in this paper.
For more than a decade, linguistics has moved increasingly away from evaluating language as an autonomous phenomenon, towards analysing it 'in use', and showing how its function within its social and interactional context plays an important role in shaping in its form. Bringing together state-of-the-art research from some of the most influential scholars in linguistics today, this Handbook presents an extensive picture of the study of language as it used 'in context' across a number of key linguistic subfields and frameworks. Organised into five thematic parts, the volume covers a range of theoretical perspectives, with each chapter surveying the latest work from areas as diverse as syntax, pragmatics, psycholinguistics, applied linguistics, conversational analysis, multimodality, and computer-mediated communication. Comprehensive, yet wide-ranging, the Handbook presents a full description of how the theory of context has revolutionised linguistics, and how its renewed study is crucial in an ever-changing world.
Medical language and terminology play a key role in the healthy and comprehensible exchange of information between people from different languages as well as between people using the same language. In this regard, two important issues stand out. One of them is the medical language and terminology used in the source text. The medical language used in the source text (whether it is a language dominated by medical terminology of Latin and Greek origin or an easy-to-understand language using commonly used medical terms) is influential in determining the terms to be used in translation. The other is the target audience. Will the translation be done for people who are familiar with medical terminology and who are in the medical field, or will it be done for people who are not from the field, with little or no knowledge of the terminology? Because it is essential to use a language that the target audience can understand. This study focuses on medical terms used in medical texts that serve to inform the public. The aim of the study is to investigate whether the linguistic features of terms are taken into account in translation, i.e. whether equivalence is achieved at the term level, and to reveal the importance of equivalence for the target audience.
The general attention to discourse analysis developed in the 1970s has found applications in translation theory in the 1980s and into the 1990s. However, a survey of the linguistic approaches concerned shows that many kinds of analysis are inappropriate to the study of translation quite simply because they cannot say if a source text and a target text can or should belong to the same discourse. That is, most theories cannot describe the limits of any particular discourse within or across different tongues. A more pertinent approach is to define discourse as a set of constraints on semiosis, and then use this definition to recognize translation as a possible index of intercultural discursive constraints.
The paper deals with conventionalised emotive formulas for the expression of outrage, annoyance, astonishment and surprise. The empirical basis consists of emotive formulas from the dialogue passages in the detective novel ‘Im Wald’ by Nele Neuhaus and in its translation into Polish by Anna Urban and Miłosz Urban. The following paper focuses on two research questions: 1) What formulas are used to signal emotions such as outrage, annoyance, astonishment and surprise in dialogues in the literary text in German? 2) How are these formulas translated into Polish? Thus, the aim of the paper is, first of all, to collect emotive formulas expressing the mentioned emotions and to present the problems in their translation. The qualitative analysis of the research material was performed using MAXQDA software.
El objetivo principal de este trabajo es demostrar que los textos médicos traducidos del inglés al español que emanan de algunas de las organizaciones públicas de los Estados Unidos destinadas a la divulgación médica no cumplen los estándares de calidad necesarios para cumplir la función con la que se redactaron los textos originales: informar y educar a la población. Para ello, se elaborará un corpus de 150 textos y se corregirá y analizará un texto de cada una de las organizaciones elegidas a través de una tipología de errores creada expresamente para recoger los errores presentes en textos de esta índole. La hipótesis que se plantea, pues, es que dichos textos no se revisan antes de publicarlos y, en caso de hacerlo, dicha revisión no se lleva a cabo por profesionales de la corrección.
The variants of translations of the poetic lyrics of Richard Strauss’s song Zueignung, Op. 10 No. 1 (to Hermann von Glim’s poem, 1885) into Lithuanian, done in the Soviet era and kept in the archives of the Lithuanian Radio and Television (LRT), testify to the negative influence of the translation process on the interrelationship between the poetic and musical texts in respect of the original piece. The methodology of comparing the original and translated lyrics used in the research revealed considerable interlinguistic and intralinguistic differences emerging after the lyrics had been translated into Lithuanian. In the analysis of translations of the texts of Strauss’s song Zueignung, Op. 10 No. 1, the authors relied on the model of translation criticism by Christiane Nord (1991, 2005). Based on it, several translation tactics applied intuitively by the Lithuanian translators in the process of the translation of the lyrics were observed. We refer to Vinay and Darbelnet’s indirect translation method (1958), Recker’s all kinds of translation transformation (1950), and Nord’s three-phase model (1991). It was impossible to identify the specific methods that the translators used in the translation of the verbal texts as the competence of a researcher into translation studies is required in order to establish such facts. The analysis of the translation variants of the poetic lyrics of Strauss’s song Zueignung led to the conclusion that in the translation process, the translators frequently changed the verbal syntax of the Lied, which contradicted the situations of rhetorisation of the musical syntax and the musical text. The results of the research prove that, from the point of view of the coexistence of the verbal and the musical texts, in quite a few cases automatic adaptation of the translated text to a stable musical text leads to the situation when musical works of the Lied genre can no longer function adequately. The reason for this is the discrepancy between verbal and musical syntaxes and their semantic meanings, which contradicts the idea of a meaningful interaction between the composer’s two texts. After translating a verbal text into another language, a Lied-type composition can convey the composer’s idea only in the presence of a harmonious structural and meaningful interaction between the two texts.
Phụ tố đã được nhiều người quan tâm, ngày càng thu hút nhiều dịch giả. Trong khi tiếng Anh là một ngôn ngữ biến hình, thì tiếng Việt là một ngôn ngữ cách thể. Sự khác biệt về hình thái này dẫn đến tăng thời gian của quá trình dịch và giảm chất lượng của văn bản đích. Bài viết xem xét sự đóng góp về mặt ngữ nghĩa của các hậu tố và tiền tố tiếng Anh trong quá trình dịch bằng cách phân loại và phân tích các phụ tố tiếng Anh khác nhau trong các văn bản nguồn và đề xuất tương đương tiếng Việt ở văn bản đích. Kết quả cho thấy việc thực hiện phân tích phụ tố trong quá trình dịch (i) nâng cao chất lượng bản dịch, (ii) đẩy nhanh quá trình dịch, và (iii) truyền tải các mẫu ý nghĩa liên quan đến trọng âm và ngữ điệu của phụ tố. Những phát hiện này mang lại sự đóng góp cho các hoạt động dịch thuật thực tế, do đó đảm bảo tính tương đương và nhất quán trong bản dịch Anh – Việt.
Many Vietnamese writers have recognised the utility of literary devices to beautify the artistic features in written texts. Like other rhetorical devices, simile plays an essential role in bringing meaningful values close to the readers. The research aims at identifying the usage of simile in the translation equivalents between Vietnamese and English in De men phieu luu ky and its translated version Diary of a cricket. From analysing 108 sentences by the descriptive qualitative research, the findings showed that (1) The high frequency of using the complete form of simile to express the figure of speech. (2) The imbalance in the translation rate between two languages and the most popular simile word of like usage in English translated text. (3) The variables of comparative words and themes used in the target text show the same meaning in the source text. Those conclusions shed light on the quality improvement on the target text, especially in both translator's training and further translation education.
El Derecho Mercantil es una rama del Derecho que pertenece tanto al ámbito jurídico de la traducción, como al económico. Basándonos en las teorías de los géneros textuales y en la legislación vigente, trataremos de delimitar este subgénero textual y proponer una clasificación propia de los textos que se crean dentro de este ámbito jurídico-comercial y, además, profundizar en los textos que se producen en la constitución de una sociedad mercantil en el par de lenguas alemán-español. Para ello, realizaremos nuestra propuesta y presentaremos algunos de los textos que más se traducen en este par de lenguas.
This book attempts to take stock of the current state and starting points of translation studies at Slovak universities. We would also like to indicate the trajectories of the future direction of translation and interpreting programmes.
Görsel-işitsel ürünler teknolojik gelişmeler ve internetin yaygınlaşmasıyla artık tüm dünyada erişilebilir hale gelmiştir. Ürünlerin anlaşılırlığını etkileyen dilsel farklılıklar görsel- işitsel çeviri türleri sayesinde aşılmaktadır. Bu ihtiyacı en hızlı karşılayan çeviri türünün altyazı çevirisi olduğu görülmektedir. Altyazı çevirisi göstergesel, dilsel-metinsel, teknik olmak üzere 3 temel özelliğe sahiptir. Bu özellikler birbirileriyle ilişkisel bir yapı sergileyerek bir bütün oluşturmaktadır. Altyazı çevirisi sürecinde çevirmen görsel-işitsel kanallardan gelen metne okunmak üzere üçüncü görsel bir kanal eklemektedir. Filme dahil olan bu kanalın filmin bütünlüğünü bozmaması ve altyazının görselle uyumlu olması beklenmektedir. Öte yandan zamansal-uzamsal kısıtlar, altyazıya özgü yazım biçimleri ve noktalama işaretlerinin kullanımı, spotlama, eşleme, şablon üretme-kullanma altyazı çevirisinin temel özellikleri çerçevesinde değerlendirilebilir. Dolayısıyla altyazı çevirisi yapabilmek türe özgü bu niteliklerin iyi bilinmesini gerektirmektedir. Şüphesiz, bu alanda yetkinleşmek türe özgü alınacak eğitimle mümkün olacaktır. Günümüzde altyazı çevirisi bir uzmanlık çevirisi olarak kabul edilmekte ve artan talep paralelinde altyazı çevirisi eğitimine yönelik yaklaşımlar geliştirilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı çeviribillim literatürü kapsamında altyazı çevirisinin temel özelliklerini incelemek, bu türe yönelik geliştirilen belli başlı eğitim-öğretim modellerini irdelemek ve elde edilen verilerden hareketle altyazı çevirisi derslerinin ne şekilde yapılandığını sorgulamaktır. Bu çalışma altyazı çevirisi eğitimi çerçevesindeki bazı bilimsel çalışmalara bir üst bakış sunarak bu alanda yapılacak araştırmalara zemin hazırlamayı hedeflemektedir. Nitel araştırma yöntemiyle altyazı çevirisi eğitiminin içerik ve uygulamaları altyazının temel göstergesel, dilsel-metinsel ve teknik özellikleri çerçevesinde sınıflandırılmış, bu özelliklerin eğitim yaklaşımları, ders içeriği ve öğretim yöntemleri, materyalleri, ölçme ve değerlendirme biçimlerini şekillendirdiği görülmüştür. Araştırmanın sonunda altyazı çevirisi eğitiminin birbirini takip eden ve tamamlayan becerilerin edinimi biçiminde gerçekleştiği görülmektedir.
This study examines an autobiography as a literary genre to: find frequently used modality types; know that how translation equivalence is maintained; investigate that how textual shades are drawn; and explore socio-political implications of modality in source (original English version) and target (translated Urdu version) texts. The study follows and redefines Simpson's model on modality with respect to existing models which explain how meanings are shaped through modality types. Being a corpus-based study, it utilizes Parts of Speech tagger and AntConc instruments for analysis purpose. It has been found that: deontic and epistemic modalities are in frequent use; translation equivalence is maintained at meaning level; shades are positive which express writers' objectivity towards political events, certainty through proposition, and political power in a society.
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