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The psychophysical effects of music in sport and exercise: A review

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... Exercising is important for both our physical and mental health (WHO, 2021;Penedo & Dahn, 2005;Fox, 1999). Music, which seems to be completely unrelated to physical work, actually connects deeply with exercising and athletic practices (Karageorghis & Terry, 1997. Everyone at the gym has their earbuds stuck in their ears, which have grown even more prevalent after the invention of the wireless headphone; some run on treadmills with them, some lift heavy weights with them, some dribble across the courts with them, and some swing their rackets with them. ...
... According to Karageorghis and Terry (1997), the three major connections between music and athletics are arousal, synchronization, and dissociation. Arousal is when one is aroused by the music, allowing further motivation and energy output. ...
... People can enjoy running, fast walking, and skiing as the music plays in their ears. Studies in this field have backed up the notion that music can enhance athletic performance (Boutcher & Trenske, 1990;Elliott et al., 2005;Karageorghis & Terry, 1997;Karageorghis et al., 2006;Mertesdorf, 1994). ...
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With the invention of technology devices such as wireless headphones and portable Bluetooth speakers, teenagers have gradually become heavily reliant on music during exercising/practicing. To find the underlying reason for this habit, an anonymous survey was sent out to 50 high school boarding students in America on 9th December 2022 regarding the purpose of listening to music during exercising/practicing, and their music preferences. Music supports both mental and physical aspects during athletic training. A slight correlation was found between music preferences specifically for the purpose of athletic training, and a slight correlation was found between preferences for genres of music and preference for each aspect of music.
... Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) specialists could expand upon the benefits of phase III CR programs by incorporating music into their patient's exercise routine. Current research suggests listening to music may enhance physical activity during sport and exercise (8,9,10). Current research focuses on the effects of music on exercise performance within high school to college-aged populations. ...
... Previous research has shed light on the significant role of certain songs and artists, often rooted in traditions of homage, in shaping the culture of team supporters and the socialization of its members (Crawford, 1985;Midgett, 2003). Karageorghis and Terry (1997) further highlighted the enduring influence of inimitable musical elements and ritualistic orchestrations, including singing, chanting, and clapping, in cultivating a sense of belonging among sports enthusiasts within the broader sports culture. ...
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In the realm of sports team branding, the efficacy of brand anthems remains an unexplored yet crucial dimension. This study investi- gates the impact of musical congruity in distinct contexts: esports (in Study 1) and traditional team sports (in Study 2). A mixed-model ANOVA revealed a significant increase in study participants’ brand identity, team identification, and brand equity following exposure to a brand anthem. Additional PLS-SEM analyses demonstrated that musical congruity significantly enhanced brand identity and brand equity, with brand identity serving as a mediating factor. Interestingly, the positive influence of musical congruity on team identification was evident only in Study 2, where team identifica- tion played a mediating role between musical congruity and brand equity. Additionally, the study found that musical likability did not exert significant moderating effects on the relationship between musical congruity and outcome variables. These findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of musical congruity and music branding, offering valuable insights for practitioners in leveraging music to enhance the brand value of sports teams.
... Music has been shown likely to enhance motivation and arousal for sports (Karageorghis and Terry, 1997), which are the underlying psychological factors to maximize physical effort and performance (Anshel, 2019). In the present systematic review, evidence has consistently supported the idea that listening to music improves motivation to exercise (Smirmaul et al., 2014;Karow et al., 2020;Ballmann et al., 2021). ...
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This systematic review summarized the studies that examined the pre-task music effects on performance aspects and quantitatively analyzed their outcomes. A systematic search for controlled studies investigating the acute effects of pre-task music on physical performance, cognitive aspects and associated psycho-physiological responses was performed through Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases up to 17 May 2023, with thirty studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Data was analyzed using the robust multilevel meta-analysis model of standardized mean difference “SMD” with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and prediction intervals (PI) were reported. Pre-task music induced improvements of completion time (SMD = −0.24; 95% CI = −0.46 to −0.01; PI = −0.82 to 0.35; p = 0.04), relative mean power (RMP) (SMD = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.16 to 0.60; PI = −0.36 to 1.12; p = 0.003) and fatigue (SMD = −0.20; 95% CI = −0.32 to −0.09; PI = −0.36 to −0.05; p = 0.01), moderate effects on relative peak power (RPP) (SMD = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.21 to 0.85; PI = −0.42 to 1.48; p = 0.005), and high effect on feeling scale (FS) (SMD = 2.42; 95% CI = 0.52 to 4.31; PI = −11.43 to 16.26; p = 0.03). Greater benefits were recorded in jumping performance in males than females (p = 0.01), and for active than trained subjects for completion time (p = 0.02), RPP (p = 0.02) and RMP (p = 0.03). Larger benefits were obtained for FS post-warming up than after testing (p = 0.04). Self-selected music induced greater effects than pseudo- and pre-selected for performance decrement index (p = 0.05) and FS (p = 0.02). It could be concluded that pre-task music improved psychological responses and fatigue-related symptoms associated with exercise performance enhancement.
... Cumulative evidence indicates that music listening can have motivational effects on PA (10)(11)(12)(13). A meta-analysis revealed that listening to music prior to or during acute exercise bouts increases positive affective valence (feeling good versus bad; g = 0. 48 (14). ...
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Introduction This study explored the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a music-based, multicomponent exercise intervention among community-dwelling older adults with mild-to-moderate cognitive impairment. Methods 16 older adults aged 85±9 years with mild-to-moderate cognitive impairment received music-based multicomponent exercise training for 20 weeks at an independent living facility. Participants received aerobic, resistance, and balance training paired with beat-accentuated music stimulation. Participants’ adherence to the training was tracked down and their cognitive and physical functioning and health-related quality of life were assessed at pre- and post-test. Results 3 participants withdrew due to unexpected issues unrelated to the intervention and thus 13 participants (7 females) attended an average of 4.6 days/week over 20 weeks and reported high satisfaction with the intervention (90.6%). Participants showed significant improvement in global cognition, cognitive processing speed, and walking endurance/aerobic fitness at post-test. Discussion These findings support the feasibility of music-based, multicomponent exercise training for older adults in an independent living facility and set the stage for future studies to test the efficacy of music on physical activity and ensuing health outcomes. We conclude that music-based, multicomponent exercise training can be beneficial for community-dwelling older adults with mild-to-moderate cognitive decline. As a form of rhythmic auditory stimulation, beat-accentuated music can be combined with exercise training to manipulate exercise tempo and may provide a source of motivation to help older adults adhere to exercise.
... Specifically, more open-minded empathetic listeners will try to "see something positive" (Wallmark et al., 2018, p. 14), especially when exposed to preferred music. Karageorghis and Terry (1997) suggest that mood improvements are a consequence of listening to motivating music. Therefore, music listeners undergo emotional regulation, which can influence both their social cognitive and affective processing (Wallmark et al., 2018). ...
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We build on the theoretical model proposed by Crossan et al. (2021) to examine leader character activation, through the use of music, as a foundational area for leader character development. Our findings reveal that music influences all of the physiology, affect, behavior, cognitive (PABC) systems to more and less degrees. As well, music activates all dimensions of character, with different dimensions of character varying in their reliance on the PABC systems. Our empirical examination underscores the importance of examining activation as an initial step in development, yielding insights into the holistic role of the PABC systems in character development. Although all four systems are implicated, this study points to the need to understand how various dimensions of leader character rely differentially on the PABCs, which provides important insight into how leader character development can be tailored. Finally, the study verifies the important role of music therapy in the activation and subsequent development of leader character and paves the way for other innovative approaches that move beyond the cognitive and behavioral focus in leadership development to embrace physiology and affect as well.
... As an essential part of the environment, the acoustic environment affects people's perception, health, and quality of life [1]. It could also be a specific strategy adopted to change human behavior such as consumption [2][3][4][5][6][7][8], performance [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17], and behavioral pace [18][19][20][21][22][23]. As a typical social animal, human beings carry out social behaviors almost every day. ...
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Soundscape research has achieved some progress in enhancing the quality of urban space to support mixed uses. However, there is little evidence of promoting individual development and social relationship. Accordingly, the present study investigated the effects of soundscape on children’s social interaction measured by self-reported behavioral expectations (Interaction, Nonparticipation, Avoiding) in the laboratory settings. Environmental exposure conditions were eight soundscape stimuli and one control condition (No sound), presented alongside visual recordings from a schoolyard or an urban park. Results showed that the soundscapes had significant effects on children’s behavioral expectations and these effects did not differ significantly between the schoolyard and the urban park. Compared to No sound, Children’s sounds and Nature sounds predisposed children to interactions, while Animal sounds and Classical music elevated children’s intention to stay alone in the environment. Comparisons to the control group aside, correspondence analyses suggested the relationships between various soundscapes and behavioral expectations categories: Human movement sounds, Children’s sounds, Adults’ sounds, and Nature sounds were associated with Interaction; Animal sounds and Classical music were associated with Nonparticipation; Motorized transport sounds and Electromechanical sounds were associated with Avoiding. These findings on children’s behavioral expectations indicate that the soundscape can influence children’s decisions about contact and interaction with others in the environment, thereby fostering or impeding children from establishing and maintaining social relationships.
Chapter
This chapter will review the findings of research investigating the use of music listening for enhancing performance in workplaces, learning environments, and elite performance arenas. The conditions include high versus low stress, teams and individual performance, motivation and distraction, and of course, achievement. While laboratory studies are the most common approach to measuring the effects of music listening on a range of cognitive tasks and performance outcomes, our primary interest is whether it is possible to translate findings in a laboratory to real life environments. Some of the literature suggests that it is feasible, and it is certainly an assumption of researchers.
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Novice runners have neither acquired the skill of running nor embedded an efficient biomechanical technique. Removing auditory cues for feedback by listening to music was theorised to impair the ability to register or respond to heavy or uncoordinated step impacts, potentially exposing the novice runner to increased forces transmitted through to the lower limb. The primary objective was to determine whether removing auditory feedback cues affected biomechanical running gait stability in novice runners as measured by step width and step width variability. Secondary objectives included analysis of the effect of listening to music on ground reaction force (GRF) and running symmetry. In a sample of novice runners (n = 23), repeated measure analysis found no significant differences across all outcome variables comparing music and non-music conditions. Novice runners who listen to music were not exposed to higher GRF or obvious balance impairment while running on treadmills in a non-fatigued state.
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