No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Estimated costs and admissible claims linked to the Prestige oil spill
Abstract
The current case study presents an evaluation of the societal costs caused by the Prestige oil spill. We conclude that the economic magnitude of the catastrophe caused by the Prestige oil spill is rather significant. Short-term losses in all affected economic sectors, cleaning and recovery costs, and all environmental losses accountable at this point, add to a lower bound estimate of €770.58 million (prices in 2001 currency), excluding all other financial and future possible losses. Such important losses justify future studies that assess potential costs and benefits derived from the application of preventive measures and other contingency plans.
... There have been many significant oil spills around the world that impacted coastlines, with well documented economic effects. These include Exxon Valdez in 1992 (Carson and Hanemann, 1992), Erika in 1999 (Bonnieux and Rainelli, 2003), Prestige in 2002 (García-Negro et al., 2009;Garza-Gil et al., 2006;Loureiro et al., 2006), Hebei Spirit in 2007 (Cheong, 2012;Kim et al., 2014), and the Deepwater Horizon Well in 2010 (Alvarez et al., 2014;English et al., 2018;McCrea-Strub and Pauly, 2011;Sarder et al., 2011). These spills clean-up costs range from approximately USD 108 million (Prestige) to over USD 65 billion (Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill). ...
... The majority of these studies observed immediate short-term losses. For fisheries in some instances, negative 'long-term' costs were also reported when substantial fisheries die-offs and long lasting fishing bans were experienced (Loureiro et al., 2006). For tourism, large cancelation of tourist trips were also reported for areas where the spills occurred (English et al., 2018). ...
... The data collected for FMA1 is further broken down into smaller statistical areas within the whole FMA1, with the specific statistical area where the spill occurred, SA009, also being investigated. Following Loureiro et al. (2006), landings, and the corresponding vessel port prices will be used together to estimate the impact to the local commercial fishery, based on pre and post MV Rena catch data and value estimates. ...
The MV Rena ran aground on the 5 October 2011 off the coast of New Zealand, releasing over 350 t of heavy fuel oil. The environmental effects of this spill are well documented, however, little research has been undertaken regarding the short term economic losses observed because of the spill. By looking at pre- and post-spill trends for commercial fisheries and tourism in the area, as well as the clean-up and restoration costs, the direct costs associated with the MV Rena oil spill can be estimated. Overall, net losses of NZD 45,479,017 were observed. This research adds to the limited economic reports regarding small/medium oil spills, and demonstrates that even these smaller spills are capable of having a sizeable impact on local economies.
... Harbour porpoises comprised 7% of strandings in Galicia (López et al. 2002) and 13% of strandings in central-north Portugal (Ferreira 2007). In Galicia, the proportion of dead porpoises that showed evidence of fisheries interactions was 22. 3% between 1990 and1999 (N=103;López et al. 2002López et al. ), 24% between 2000López et al. and 2006López et al. 2012López et al. ), and 15.4% between 1990López et al. and 2013Vázquez et al. 2014). The harbour porpoise was the second most frequently by-caught species on the Asturian coast (12 out of 43 records; Nores et al. 1992). ...
... The proximity of Galicia to one of the world's busiest shipping routes, along with the presence of a refinery located in the port of A Coruña, make the NWIP coastline particularly vulnerable to oil pollution. Galicia has experienced five out of the eleven major oil spills in Europe in the last three decades (Loureiro et al. 2006). The 'Prestige' oil spill in November 2002 released 60,000 metric tons of oil into the Atlantic off Galicia, and polluted 1300 km of coastline (Loureiro et al. 2006). ...
... Galicia has experienced five out of the eleven major oil spills in Europe in the last three decades (Loureiro et al. 2006). The 'Prestige' oil spill in November 2002 released 60,000 metric tons of oil into the Atlantic off Galicia, and polluted 1300 km of coastline (Loureiro et al. 2006). In the six months following the spill, 124 cetaceans were stranded along the Galician coast, of which 35% were oiled and 3% were considered to have died as a direct result of oil. ...
... Harbour porpoises comprised 7% of strandings in Galicia (López et al. 2002) and 13% of strandings in central-north Portugal (Ferreira 2007). In Galicia, the proportion of dead porpoises that showed evidence of fisheries interactions was 22. 3% between 1990 and1999 (N=103;López et al. 2002López et al. ), 24% between 2000López et al. and 2006López et al. 2012López et al. ), and 15.4% between 1990López et al. and 2013Vázquez et al. 2014). The harbour porpoise was the second most frequently by-caught species on the Asturian coast (12 out of 43 records; Nores et al. 1992). ...
... The proximity of Galicia to one of the world's busiest shipping routes, along with the presence of a refinery located in the port of A Coruña, make the NWIP coastline particularly vulnerable to oil pollution. Galicia has experienced five out of the eleven major oil spills in Europe in the last three decades (Loureiro et al. 2006). The 'Prestige' oil spill in November 2002 released 60,000 metric tons of oil into the Atlantic off Galicia, and polluted 1300 km of coastline (Loureiro et al. 2006). ...
... Galicia has experienced five out of the eleven major oil spills in Europe in the last three decades (Loureiro et al. 2006). The 'Prestige' oil spill in November 2002 released 60,000 metric tons of oil into the Atlantic off Galicia, and polluted 1300 km of coastline (Loureiro et al. 2006). In the six months following the spill, 124 cetaceans were stranded along the Galician coast, of which 35% were oiled and 3% were considered to have died as a direct result of oil. ...
... A processor was compensated by the International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds (IOPCF) after it was determined that it had lost an order for processing mackerel due to the Braer incident (IOPCF, 1995). Market prices for Galician mussels are also reported to have fallen after the Prestige spill, despite not having been directly affected by the oil themselves ( Loureiro et al., 2006). Similarly, the demand for oysters in the states contiguous to the Gulf of Mexico decreased substantially immediately following the Deep Horizon oil spill in 2010, and remained below pre-spill levels eight months later (Morgan et al., 2016). ...
... In contrast, the strong integration of the US shrimp industry into the world market prevented prices from increasing as supply declined, and precipitated an increase in imports to fill the gap ( Asche et al., 2012). The costs of regaining public confidence can be significant and may require dedicated marketing measures (Goodlad, 1996;Loureiro et al., 2006; Cheong, 2012), all of which are additional costs of the oil spill. Once market share is lost it can be costly and time consuming to regain. ...
... Losses for 2003, the year following the spill, were estimated at €56 million ( Garza-Gil et al., 2006a, 2006b). A separate assessment of the same incident similarly utilized recorded reductions in the values of landings for capture fisheries to estimate the overall 2002-2003 revenue losses for vessels in Galicia (€79.4 million), the Basque Country (€39.10 million), and Cantabria (€25.78 million) ( Loureiro et al., 2006). Net losses (economic costs) were estimated for Galicia (€63.08 million) and the whole Spanish capture sector (€112.66 million) by accounting also for the cost savings (variable costs, labor) associated with reductions in effort ( Loureiro et al., 2006). ...
Offshore oil and gas extraction has become a major component of the blue economy over the last few decades, and is expected to continue to grow over coming decades. The development of an oil and gas industry in an area potentially has both positive and negative economic impacts on existing fisheries and marine-based aquaculture. Of considerable concern is the potential negative economic impact of an oil spill, a concern highlighted by the large spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. Assessing the economic damage arising from such a spill is complicated, and a range of different approaches have been historically applied. In this paper, the full range of potential economic impacts arising from the development of an offshore oil and gas industry are reviewed based on international experiences, as well as the economic impacts of oil spills. Approaches used to assess these economic impacts are also reviewed, as is the role of management in reducing these impacts.
... Oil spill clean-up at sea and on the coastline after a spill is very costly, even without amounted to $560 million (Loureiro, 2006). Of course clean-up costs depends on several factors, such as type of oil, characteristics of the spill location, weather and sea conditions, amount spilled, time of the year and effectiveness of clean-up (Etkin, 1999, 2000, White & Molloy, 2003. ...
... Oiled beaches results in economic losses for stakeholders in the tourism sector, as the number of tourist's decreases. In the case for the Prestige accident socioeconomic costs was estimated to $135 million (Loureiro, 2006). Finally, environmental costs of an oil spill results in temporal degradation of natural resources and services. ...
Large amounts of oil exists in old shipwrecks worldwide, both as cargo and bunker. This oil will eventually enter the marine environment as the ship hulls deteriorate or as other types of activities affect the wrecks. Oil being a complex mixture of hazardous substances will when released into the marine environment be a source of both lethal and sub-lethal effects to organisms. Costs of an oil spill in the marine environment, including clean-up actions, socioeconomic and environmental costs is often substantial. Sweden has a ten year nationally funded program where oil removal operations on shipwrecks are performed. From a list of 300 potentially polluting shipwrecks, 31 wrecks have initially been selected for oil removal operations. In a first stage extensive gathering of information was performed regarding each wreck, both archive data and in-situ data at the wreck site. Secondly, a risk analysis was carried out. Based on the probability of oil leakage, amount of oil in the wreck and sensitivity of recipients, a prioritization for oil removal operations was made of the 31 wrecks. Based on the prioritization, time of the year and cost of an operation wrecks are finally selected for oil removal operation. So far, since 2017, five operations have been performed.
During 2019 and 2020, two successful oil removal operations were carried out. The ship Lindesnäs wrecked 1957 in a snow storm close to the lighthouse Norra Kränkan on the Swedish east coast with a cargo of kerosene and diesel as bunker fuel. The operation from mobilization to demobilization lasted for 22 days, and 299 m3 of oil and a large ghost net was removed from the wreck. Secondly, Finnbirch, which wrecked in 2006 east of the island of Öland and started to leak oil during the end of 2018, was salvaged in a two-part operation. In 2019, 60 m3 of diesel fuel and lubricant oil were salvaged, during a fourteen-day operation. In 2020, 114 m3 of heavy fuel oil (HFO) was salvaged from the wreck during a fifteen-day operation. The costs per ton of removed oil were far less than cost for oil clean-up operations in Swedish waters. In conclusion, using a risk-based approach for prioritization of potentially polluting shipwrecks and the subsequent proactive removal of oil from shipwrecks is a cost-effective approach to alleviate the problem.
... In the case of the Prestige accident (Galicia, Spain 2002), more than 10 million gallons of heavy/residual fuel oil were spilled [27] and thousands of kilometers of coastline in Spain, France and Portugal were polluted [5]. This spill is considered as the largest environmental disaster in the history of both Spain and Portugal, and the cost of the disaster was evaluated to be more than 770 million euros [20]. Because of its large geographical spread, the spill reached all types of marine habitat, from offshore depths to shallow creeks. ...
... Around 10 million gallons of crude oil were spilled, polluting thousands of kilometres of coastline in Spain, France and Portugal [5]. This spill is considered as the largest environmental disaster in the history of both Spain and Portugal, and the cost of this hazard was evaluated to be more than 770 million euros [20]. We use our mathematical model, without the pumping process, to simulate the oil concentration evolution from the beginning of the Prestige event on 13 November 2002 up to 17 November 2002 (the only available clear satellite image of the situation was taken this day, before the Prestige ship broke up). ...
In this work, we use an Eulerian mathematical model to forecast the movement of oil spills in the open sea and we design objective functions to obtain optimal trajectories for skimmer ships to clean and recover the oil. Here, we first validate the ability of this mathematical model to forecast the fate of the oil by comparing our results with satellite images. Then, we create a synthetic study case based on real data, and we show that following optimal trajectories greatly improves the amount of oil recovered at the whole area of study.
... In the case of the Prestige accident (Galicia, Spain 2002), more than 10 million gallons of heavy/residual fuel oil were spilled [27] and thousands of kilometers of coastline in Spain, France and Portugal were polluted [5]. This spill is considered the largest environmental disaster in the history of both Spain and Portugal and the cost of the disaster was evaluated to more than 770 million euros [20]. Because of its large geographical 2 Materials and Methods ...
... Around 10 million gallons of crude oil were spilled, polluting thousands of kilometers of coastline in Spain, France and Portugal [5]. This spill is considered the largest environmental disaster in the history of both Spain and Portugal and the cost of this hazard was evaluated to more than 770 million euros [20]. We use our mathematical model, without the pumping process, to simulate the oil concentration evolution from • The velocity fields of wind and seacurrents are estimated by considering historical discrete data provided by the research center Mercator Ocean (Website: http://www.mercator-ocean.fr) ...
In this work, we use an Eulerian mathematical model to forecast the movement of oil
spills in the open sea and we design objective functions to obtain optimal trajectories
for skimmer ships to clean and recover the oil. Here, we first validate the ability of this
mathematical model to forecast the fate of the oil, by comparing our results with
satellite images. Then, we create a synthetic study case based on real data, and we
show that following optimal trajectories greatly improves the amount of oil recovered at
the whole area of study.
... Irisan dari dua area tersebut seringkali tidak dimasukkan dalam studi dampak pencemaran lingkungan laut, padahal pencemaran laut dapat menghasilkan dampak dan kerugian ekonomi yang besar apabila tidak ditangani dan dikelola dengan baik. Sebuah studi menunjukkan bahwa 10 tahun setelah terjadi tumpahan minyak Exxon Valdez, daerah perikanan di dekat pantai dalam area tumpahan minyak masih terekspose residu hidrokarbon sehingga, dari hasil analisis yang dilakukan, maka kerugian ekonomi yang ditimbulkan sangat besar [4,5]. This paper argues that it is a need to approach oil spills problems by incorporating economic losses associated with the spills. ...
... Total kerugian ekonomi didapatkan melalui pendekatan dengan model yang mengestimasi biaya yang diakibatkan kerusakan lingkungan, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung, dan respon terhadap tumpahan minyak, sebagai fungsi dari volume tumpahan minyak. Sejumlah studi mengenai valuasi ekonomi tumpahan minyak telah dilakukan [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12], namun secara spesifik, untuk kasus tumpahan minyak di perairan Indonesia belum pernah dilakukan. ...
This paper argues that it is a need to approach oil spills problems by incorporating economic losses associated with the spills. Indonesia's position is very strategic for commercial sea traffics and for a number of oil and gas industries, making it important to consider marine pollution from oil spills. This pollution can reduce water quality and result in environmental impacts and economic losses. This paper presents figure that a total cost due to oil spills can be estimated with a function of spill size alone based on data considering environmental degradation, socio-economic losses and clean-up costs. The calculation was undertaken by using the approach estimates the total cost of losses as a function of the volume of oil spills because the volume are the main factor governing the level of contamination and its impact, the type of clean-up and the total spill cost. A scale of the cost of economic losses caused by oil spills in Indonesian waters is estimated. The estimates show that the cost of economic losses due to oil spills in the Indonesian area is in the range of 183 billion to 9.757 billion rupiahs. The calculation in this paper is still a low-level estimation and not site-specific yet, because the assessment instruments used are based on conditions in the North German area. It is expected by this preliminary effort, impact assessment and economic losses due to oil spills in Indonesian waters will be equipped with further studies on an analysis of economic losses supported with more comprehensive and specific data.
... Moreover, oil spills associated with ship accidents has also attracted the interest of many scholars (Garza-Gil et al., 2006;Loureiro et al., 2006;Miola et al., 2009). Liu and Wirtz (2006) have categorized the costs of oil spills into five main categories: socioeconomic losses, clean-up costs, environmental damage, research costs and other costs connected mainly to third party claims. ...
... In order to understand the consequences of an oil spill it should be noted that the accident of Prestige resulted at the releasing of 38,000 tonnes of oil affecting a coastline of about 3000 km and over 200 thousand birds and finally, many mammals and sea turtles were killed (Liu and Wirtz, 2006). The economic damage of the accident mostly affected the fisheries sector as the landings of inshore fishing and shellfish captures after the accident have reduced by 50.58% in quantity and by 69.77% in value terms (Loureiro et al., 2006). ...
Maritime transport is amongst the most important drivers of change in the state of coastal and marine environment of the Mediterranean Sea. Recent studies on Maritime Spatial Planning and Blue Growth and economy reveal the significance of maritime transport both in socioeconomic and environmental terms. The objective of the present paper is to estimate the importance of maritime transport for the economy, society and environment of the region and assess the legal and policy framework under which maritime transport is developed and regulated. The analysis focuses on the Adriatic-Ionian Region (AIR). The paper builds upon existing policy and value estimation methodologies in order to develop an integrated assessment tool which can lead to a comparative evaluation of maritime transport against other drivers of the region. The effectiveness of the policy and legal framework in addressing the needs of maritime transport is then analyzed and assessed through the use of specific indicators. The integrated socio-economic and environmental analysis revealed that maritime transport is the second most important factor of change in the AIR following coastal and maritime tourism. Additionally, the analysis of the legal and policy framework led to the conclusion that a more effective integration of planning and strategic documents should be achieved. Maritime transport has often been addressed by important policy initiatives such as the European Union Strategy for the Adriatic and Ionian Region (EUSAIR) and the Barcelona Convention for the protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal region of the Mediterranean. The results of the present paper constitute a useful input for the broader European initiative to reveal maritime potential and establish a development framework of the so called “Blue Economy”.
... The economic losses in Galicia, due to the POS, have been estimated at !566.97 million (lower bound estimate) for the period 2002-2004, including short-term losses in all economic sectors affected, accountable environmental losses, and cleaning and recovery costs (Loureiro et al., 2006). The total costs associated with the POS are therefore rather significant for a small economy such as that of Galicia, since they represent about 1.57% of the total Galician Gross Domestic Product (!36,097 million in 2002). ...
... The total costs associated with the POS are therefore rather significant for a small economy such as that of Galicia, since they represent about 1.57% of the total Galician Gross Domestic Product (!36,097 million in 2002). Total losses in the affected area (Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria and the Basque Country) in 2002-2004 amounted to !770.58 million, according to estimates from Loureiro et al. (2006). Crude oil consists of a complex mixture of compounds predominated by hydrocarbons. ...
... The economic losses in Galicia, due to the POS, have been estimated at !566.97 million (lower bound estimate) for the period 2002-2004, including short-term losses in all economic sectors affected, accountable environmental losses, and cleaning and recovery costs (Loureiro et al., 2006). The total costs associated with the POS are therefore rather significant for a small economy such as that of Galicia, since they represent about 1.57% of the total Galician Gross Domestic Product (!36,097 million in 2002). ...
... The total costs associated with the POS are therefore rather significant for a small economy such as that of Galicia, since they represent about 1.57% of the total Galician Gross Domestic Product (!36,097 million in 2002). Total losses in the affected area (Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria and the Basque Country) in 2002-2004 amounted to !770.58 million, according to estimates from Loureiro et al. (2006). Crude oil consists of a complex mixture of compounds predominated by hydrocarbons. ...
... Os impactos do derramamento de HD (Quadro 2) acarretam elevados prejuízos econômicos e sociais. A título de exemplo, destacase o acidente com o navio Prestige, que poluiu 1.300 km da costa noroeste de Espanha e causou um prejuízo de 557 milhões de euros (LOUREIRO et al., 2006). Informação exaustiva sobre os impactos ambientais (in)diretos do derramamento de HD pode ser consultada em Dhaka e Chattopadhyay (2021). ...
... Although uncertainty exists in estimating replacement cost due to the various methods used (Brown, 1992), this approach allows us to value these species in a relatively precise and objective manner. Given that many of the birds under consideration are classified as endangered species and, as such, their commercialization is forbidden, this approach also overcomes the limitations of the market price (Loureiro et al., 2006). ...
Coastal environment is one of the most important ecological and socioeconomic areas. However, increasing energy demand and economic development lead to a continuous gas and oil exploration, production, and traffics, which notably raise the risk of oil spill accidents in coastal areas. Sensitivity assessment aiming to determine the coastal features that would be severely impaired by spill incidents is a crucial part of the response planning. In this study, an innovative framework for coastal sensitivity mapping that incorporated ecosystem service (ES) valuation and multidimensional assessment was proposed. Sensitivity was computed by valuing physical, biological, and social-economical indicators from ES perspective and separating each indicator into specific coastal domains. For different ES typologies, provisioning services contributed most to the overall ES value followed by culture services, supporting services, and regulating services. For ES value in different coastal domains, the highest value was recorded in the water column followed by water surface, shoreline, and seabed. However, the shoreline ranked highest regarding the ES value per ha. Sensitivity assessment revealed that sensitive areas differed in different domains, both in distribution and extent. Compared with the scoring method, the ES valuation method showed more coincidence with Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas (EBSA), representing a more precise and practical approach for sensitivity assessment. A three-dimensional (3D) oil spill model was also applied to generate maps of oil contamination probability in shoreline, water surface, and water column. The obtained results highlighted the significance of incorporating different coastal domains into oil spill responses, and the urgent demand to broaden and deepen our understanding of ecological processes across the vertical coastal zones.
... In addition, the Galician SSF sector has been experiencing important changes due to the presence of a wide range of ecological, economic, social and institutional drivers, including overfishing (Freire and García-Allut, 2000), environmental changes of the Galician bays , oilspills (Loureiro et al., 2006) and other pollution events, increasing seafood demand , development of new co-management systems (Macho et al., 2013), implementation of marine protected areas (MPAs), and conflicts with recreational fisheries , whose individual or combined effects are challenging the statu quo toward new transitions with the potential to generate desirable transformative changes. ...
The Galician small-scale fisheries sector has been experiencing important changes. The presence of a wide range of ecological, economic, social and institutional drivers have forced the statu quo towards new transitions with the potential to generate desirable transformative changes. Sustainability transformations mean that changes fundamentally alter the entire system’s ecological and/or social properties and functions. However, there is a limited understanding of how a transformative change may look in small-scale fisheries, when and by whom it can be triggered, supported and implemented. To cover this research gap, the objectives of this paper are twofold: to document the current state of the art of Galician small-scale fisheries, and to evaluate the innovations and changes that occurred between 1990 and 2020, to explore whether such changes have scaled-up as seeds of desirable transformative changes and, if not, what obstacles and/or barriers have been identified in the scientific literature. We selected two cases, the Galician shellfisheries and the Marine Protected Area of Fishing Interest Os Miñarzos, to understand when and how profound changes in small-scale fisheries took place. We hypothesize that obstacles for building resilience to consolidate transformative changes once triggered are the still moderate effectiveness of the fisheries management systems, the low progress of incorporation of scientific and traditional knowledge into decision-making processes and policy arenas, the lack of studies about socio-economic contribution to coastal communities and commercialization models, and the presence of persistent ecological and economic drivers hindering desirable transformative changes.
... It appears that global industries have been observing changes in the behavior of organizations as a way of responding to pressure from international authorities to adopt environmental management systems in their strategies [19]. The environmental impact of the shipping business derived from routine operations or caused by major accidents has motivated efforts to improve the environmental management systems [20][21][22]. As a result, the shipping industry began to integrate new technologies and innovations to respond to environmental challenges, not always with the best results [23][24][25][26]. ...
This paper focuses on green shipping and its’ influence on the sustainable economy and environmental performance. Based on the green shipping approach, this empirical study examines a survey sample of 193 responses from Portuguese and Spanish executive managers and uses exploratory factor analysis and structural equation model. The Green shipping approach supports the green theory. The results show the importance of green efficiency, green management, and pollution impact. The confirmation of the sizeable influence of green shipping on the sustainable economy and environmental performance constructs constitutes a major contribution to the literature. Green management and green efficiency contribute to controlling the impact of pollution with practical effects on economic sustainability. Another contribution arises from the fact that tax and financial incentives and environmental sustainability regulations indicate the relevance of the pollution impact and sustainable econom
... Many studies have been conducted to measure the cost of these effects. (Loureiroa et al., 2006). These results show another aspect of the Prestige oil spill accident. ...
Analyzing maritime accidents plays a key role in improving maritime safety and raising environmental awareness. “The Functional Resonance Analysis Model (FRAM)” describes a structure to provide a system for achieving the aims of accident analysis. This paper considers the application of FRAM for qualitative risk analysis of shipping operations. The Prestige Oil Spill, an environmental catastrophe that caused a great amount of oil spill, is analyzed by using the aforementioned method. Through the results of the analysis, the variabilities of events underlying the accident are tried to be determined, and suggestions to examine them are provided. The essence of having a consistent opinion on the operation of the system and the fact that FRAM is an integral part for enhancing the risk analysis of the ship accidents were found out based on the results of the study.
... There are a few examples of detailed cost analysis in similar cases of river and other aquatic bodies pollution (e.g., Loureiro et al., 2006), but a comparable analysis of benefits is usually missing (Becker et al., 2019). On the other hand, many studies have recognized that it may be impossible to totally restore the injured area (e.g., Becker & Katz, 2006;Moreno-Mateos et al., 2012), and that compensating the community by restoring a different but somehow equivalent ecosystem may be a better option (e.g., Strange et al., 2002;Lavee, 2010;Levrel et al., 2012). ...
This paper presents a methodology for examining the net benefit of site rehabilitation after an ecological disaster. While restoration of the site seems reasonable on the face of it, the cost of proactive restoration can be very high. In this article, we present a tool for decision makers to decide on the optimal route to rehabilitation – proactive or natural rehabilitation (or some combination thereof). We present a case study of an ecological catastrophe that occurred in June 2017 at an ephemeral desert stream in the south of Israel. We estimated the restoration costs and the benefits of restoration over the relevant time frame using a contingent valuation method. Comparing the present costs and benefits revealed a net present value of ILS 355.5 million in favor of proactive restoration of the stream. We also demonstrate that not all sections of the stream pass the benefit cost test, so a higher net benefit could be achieved through partial restoration. Our study demonstrates the importance of cost–benefit analysis when policy makers are contemplating proactive versus natural restoration.
... The lower bound cost for the year years 2002-2004 was estimated at Euros 770.58 million (prices in 2001 currency). This shows that oil spill cost in very setting can be of high magnitude (Loureiro et al., 2006). Oil spill contributes to loss of market and health confidence which causes great economic loss not only to the fishing industry but also to the nation (ITPOF, 2014). ...
The study examines the economic impacts of oil spill on the life of the people of Ohaji/Egbema and Oguta Communities in Imo State Nigeria. The oil spill has polluted the rivers making it difficult to fish; the spills on farms have destroyed the crops leading to low yield and income, and this caused socioeconomic problems in these communities. The oil spill in these communities are peculiar as it occurs both on water and land unlike
other spill in other countries occurring only on water. Literature shows that oil spill worldwide caused severe economic impact including loss of income, drop in share prices, loss of funds through clean-up and remediation, and payments for injurious harm to businesses and environment. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory and stakeholders’ theory are useful in this study. The international laws on oil spill compensation have not been adequate, hence compelling countries to invoke their national laws. Using mixed methods, the findings of the study show that the income of these communities was negatively affected and little or no compensation paid to the affected communities. Inadequate enforcement of oil spill laws in Nigeria coupled with lack of political will to strictly enforce these laws has been identified. The spill caused psychological trauma and stress, occupational displacement, decrease in income, poverty and diseases in these communities. There is a need to amend the international laws on oil spill covering both spill from ship and on land, and the urgent need for all
related agencies in Nigeria to be active in their duties. The oil companies need to be proactive in addressing the problems created by oil spill, while urgent clean-up and adequate compensations need to be paid.
Keywords: oil spill, economic impact, clean-up, compensation, occupational displacement
... Moore 2003;Edwards and White 1999;Hill and Bryan 1997; Clean-up bill tops £11 million mark 1996); the Prestige tanker spill(Loureiro, Loomis, and Vázquez 2009;Loureiro et al. 2006; Garza-Gil, Surís-Regueiro, and Varela-Lafuente 2006; Garza-Gil, Prada-Blanco, and Vázquez-Rodríguez 2006; García Pérez 2003; García Negro et al. 2009); Montara well blowout (AMSA 2010; Montara Commission of Inquiry 2010; AMSA 2015; PTTEP 2013; James and Brann 2014; Short 2011; Storrie 2011); and Deepwater Horizon (Fisk 2014; Upton 2011; Cleveland 2010; Pallardy 2014; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2010; ESA 2010). Following this evaluation, the following types of direct damages were selected for detailed assessment: Fisheries; Tourism; Clean-up costs. ...
Estimating damages is both a spatial and temporal problem; spatial distribution and intensity of pollution depends on when a spill occurs, which way the wind is blowing, currents, and water temperature among other factors [4]. This results in a range of outcomes ranging from minor consequences, when winds blow persistently offshore, through to a worst case where oil is brought ashore in larger quantities and in many locations. Often modellers resort to identifying a “worst case” which might be the run when oil reaches shore soonest, or when the most oil washes ashore [5], [6]. However, it is well known that damages and costs of cleanup vary spatially by shoreline type and activity [7], [8]. So how can decision makers be confident that the so-called “worst case” selected by these methods is in fact a worst case. And in any case, is the “worst case” an appropriate basis for setting financial assurance amounts. The researchers explicitly addressed these uncertainties in a novel way for oil spill damages assessments, by providing a cumulative probability distribution of outcomes, with each outcome representing the total damages from a particular spill event. An automated method
using oil pollution damage models was developed and applied to enable this approach.
... Respondents were especially concerned about the possibility of oil spills associated with oil infrastructure development proposed for the central Washington coast. There are documented instances of clam mortality and fishery closures caused by oil spills in other parts of the world (Augenfeld et al. 1980, Loureiro et al. 2006. As is the case during a HAB, harvest of razor clams exposed to oil spills is prohibited to protect human health. ...
On the outer coast of Washington state, traditional lifestyles are closely entwined with the marine resources affected by
ocean change, e.g., ocean warming, ocean acidification, fishing, coastal development, etc. Our research explores how ongoing ocean
change may challenge the social-ecological system surrounding the Quinault Indian Nation’s razor clam (Siliqua patula) harvest. We
conducted semistructured interviews with Quinault tribal members, scientists, and resource managers to build a conceptual model of
the social-ecological system, which we use to (1) understand the emergent effects of changes in availability of razor clams and (2)
explore how the tribal community might prepare for or adapt to these changes. Razor clams are a staple food and key source of income
for the Quinault people because of their lasting abundance, low cost to harvest, and long season of availability relative to other natural
resources. Lower income families experience disproportionate economic impacts during razor clam harvest closures, but less tangible
social and cultural impacts are felt broadly throughout the community. Although razor clams have been, in general, available and safe
for harvest in recent years, the Quinault people perceive many threats to the resource, including climate change, harmful algal blooms,
pollution, and habitat loss. We used the perceived risks identified from the interview results, along with peer-reviewed scientific literature,
to develop several ocean change scenarios. Using a stage-based population model of the Pacific razor clam, we explored the relative
impacts of these scenarios on annual razor clam harvest over a 20-year period. The simulation of scenarios was developed into a user friendly web-based application as a planning tool for the Quinault Indian Nation, to help them explore connections between ocean
change and razor clam availability, and to support their efforts to plan for and adapt to the impacts of change.
... Looking at our case study, an oil spill can act not only at individual level but hierarchically, through the effect on hundreds of mussel-beds associated species (Suchanek, 1979), alter the ecosystem functioning in terms of provided good and services (Sarà et al., 2014a,b;. Although modelling is an extremely specific tool, it is possible to generalize the effect of an oil spill as largely dependent on species' mobility and the possibility of escaping toxicity ( Loureiro et al., 2006), resulting in a higher vulner- ability of sessile and aquaculture species. By tailoring this model to other model species in the future it may be possible to detect the cu- mulative effect of oil spill on specific sectors (e.g. ...
... The accident caused huge economic and ecological losses to the surrounding areas [3][4][5]. The estimation of short-term losses in all affected economic sectors amounts to almost €770 million [6], and the Spanish society placed a value of the environmental losses around €574 million [5]. Hence, a pre-designated PoR is needed to mitigate damage in future emergencies [7]. ...
This study considered three major emergency scenarios for oil tankers: explosion and fire on board, oil leaking from the ship into the sea, and sinking of the ship. A total of 25 main harbors and 51 main anchorages along the Bohai Sea were considered as potential places of refuge (PoR) to which oil tankers could be towed in an emergency. Three categories of indicators including 18 criteria were constructed given a total of 76 potential PoR. For visualization and further evaluation, a GIS-based score mapping system was built using normalization and rectilinear grids covering the whole domain for each of the criteria. All criteria were weighted equally and were then overlapped to present an overview of the ranking of all PoR in the Bohai Sea under each scenario. The least ranked five PoR for each scenario included in the final findings should be avoided by decision makers when they face a decision on where to tow an oil tanker for sheltering in emergency conditions. This paper provides a quantitative assessment method for determining PoR to which oil tankers should be towed in emergency conditions and suggests appropriate PoR with high rankings for oil tankers in the Chinese Bohai Sea.
... Typically, the estimation of recreation losses is based on data from past oil spills by assessing the difference in visitor arrivals and expenditures (Grigalunas et al., 1986 ;Loureiro et al., 2006). In any case, a series of reasonable assumptions are required to gauge the costs incurred by local communities, as relevant data are scarce (Grigalunas et al., 1986). ...
Energy security is important for islands not connected to mainland electricity grids. The Aegean archipelago comprises scattered islands, whose electricity supply relies on oil-based thermal power plants. These islands attract large numbers of tourists, while the archipelago is an environmentally sensitive area. Efficient maritime transportation of crude oil is critical for maintaining adequate power supply in the Aegean islands, especially during tourist seasons. Tanker closed-sea shipping operations in the Aegean Sea raise considerations on carbon footprint impacts. Also, despite potential impacts to local economies and the environment, the case of a maritime accident leading to an oil spill is largely overlooked. We investigate the possible integration of environmental and accident related objectives, in the decision-making process of planning an efficient oil maritime transportation service for the Aegean archipelago. We showcase a risk mitigation strategy for oil transport route planning considering spill-related impacts to local, tourism dependent economies under a more socially and environmentally conscious policy framework. We model the problem as a multi-objective capacitated vehicle routing problem and solve it using an alternating objective genetic algorithm. Results show that certain routes are considered optimal for both objectives, while risk reduction may be achieved at small operational cost increase.
... In 2002, the Prestige, 3 a single-hull tanker registered in the Bahamas, suffered a break in its hull in the middle of a storm and ended up breaking in two and sinking about 260 km from the coast of Vigo (Spain). It released approximately 63,000 tons of fuel oil, affecting more than 200 km of coast mainly in Spain, but also in Portugal and France (Loureiro et al., 2006). ...
The oil industry is nowadays of vital importance for industrialized and developing countries. However, oil transportation continues to be a highly risky activity, both for the actors involved in its production and exchange and for the rest of society, producing enormous negative externalities. This article delves into the international system of liability and compensation for oil pollution damage (1992 CLC/CF) from the perspective of New Institutional Economics, evaluates its operation in practice across countries and its evolution over time. It reveals substantial heterogeneity in terms of performance across nations and the main drivers and obstacles to its transformation.
... In 2002, the Prestige, a single-hull tanker flying the Bahamas flag, suffered hull damage during a storm when it was about 50 km off the coast of Finisterre (Spain), and it ended up splitting in two and sinking some 260 km from the coast of Vigo. It was carrying 77,972 t of fuel oil, of which approximately 63,000 t were spilled, affecting more than 200 km of coastline-mainly in Spain but also in Portugal and France [18]. There were several estimations of the economic effects of the oil spill [12,15,16,17]. ...
... El medio marino también es susceptible de verse contaminado por hidrocarburos procedentes del tráfico marítimo, o de menores vertidos ocasionales. En la historia de las rías han sucedidos diversos episodios de contaminación por hidrocarburos afectando tanto al medio como a la economía local (LOUREIRO et al., 2006). Por último, la pesca furtiva y la sobreexplotación de recursos pesqueros y marisqueros también son amenazas para estos ecosistemas submarinos. ...
RESUMEN Las zonas de influencia junto con los visitante a las áreas protegidas son los principales afectados por las restricciones establecidas en las mismas. Por ello, la necesidad de conocer sus preferencias sobre las diferentes alternativas de gestión es una cuestión importante. En este estudio nos centramos en el parque nacional de las Islas Atlánticas, analizando las preferencias de dos muestras poblacionales, residentes y turistas, con el objetivo de conocer sus percepciones sobre el mismo. Además, nos cen-tramos en el análisis de una serie de alternativas de gestión del parque nacional a través de la meto-dología de los experimentos de elección. Cuatro son las líneas principales que aquí contemplamos como posibles líneas a llevar a cabo: ampliación de la superficie, creación de áreas para fumadores, control del número de visitantes y actividades de control de especies no autóctonas. Los resultados indican que ambas poblaciones muestran similitudes en cuanto a la posible ampliación del área del parque, a la reducción de plantas alóctonas, y a la creación de áreas específicas para fumadores den-tro del parque. Con relación a la medida que limita el número de visitantes diarios al parque, los tu-ristas lo valoran como una acción significativa y positiva, mientras que para los residentes es negativa, aunque no estadísticamente significativa. Los resultados obtenidos pueden servir de guía para futuras gestiones de espacios naturales. Palabras clave: experimentos de elección, gestión, parque nacional, preferencias, residentes, turistas. SUMMARY Surrounding areas and visitors are especially affected by the existing restrictions in any park or protected area. Therefore, the need to know their preferences for different management alternatives is an important issue. In this study we focus on the Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park, analyzing the preferences of two samples, residents and tourists, in order to gauge their perceptions about the park. In addition, we estimate individuals´preferencesindividuals´preferences with respect to different management alternatives in this national park through the choice experiments methodology. The management alternatives presented for evaluation were: the increment of the national park's size, reduction of the number of visitors , establishment of smoking areas, and periodical actions to avoid or reduce alien species. The results Proyectos de investigación en parques nacionales:
... Sampling points of marine sediments and soils for this work were distributed close to anthropic activities (docks, waste water plants, see Fig. 1) and where oil from the last oil spill event (from the Prestige accident, in the 2002) was found (Loureiro et al., 2006). ...
The aim of this work is to verify the impact of anthropogenic activities and the effects of accidental events, e.g. oil spills, on the marine environment. For this reason, marine sediments and soil samples were collected in the inner part of Vigo and Pontevedra bays, in the Galicia region, northwest Spain, an area interested by many events of oil spills and also characterized by coastal areas with intense anthropic activities; also Cíes Islands, a natural protected area facing the Vigo bay, was investigated, as background site. PAHs, heavy hydrocarbons and metals were analyzed according to standard methods, in order to satisfy quality assurance and quality check constraints. Total PAHs concentration (Σ16 compounds) were in the range of 25–4000 ng/g, and 30–800 ng/g for marine sediments and soil samples, respectively. Even some samples from the Cíes Islands, show a contamination with values achieving > 200 ng/g of PAHs. Although contamination levels have been shown to be strong at several locations in the study area, their ranges are those typical of other estuarine sites, with PAHs and hydrocarbons primarily of pyrolytic origin. This observation was further confirmed by enrichment factors of some metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) that match to those of harbor and shipyard zones of the main industrial and commercial maritime areas.
... In the case of the Prestige, which was split into two parts and is resting at a depth of 3500 and 3800 m deep, respectively, the cost of extraction was €100 million. The total cost of the catastrophe was €770 million (Loureiro et al. 2006). ...
Worldwide tank spills represent 10% of the average annual input of oil in the sea. When such spills arise from wrecks at depth, neutralisation of environmental impacts is difficult to achieve. Extracting oil from sunken tankers is expensive, and, unfortunately, all of the oil cannot be extracted, as the Prestige case demonstrates. We propose an environmentally appropriate, cost-effective and proactive method to stop the long-term problem of leaks from sunken tankers similar to the Prestige. This method confines the wreck with a “sediment” capping of sepiolite mineral that emulates a natural sediment. A set of experiments and simulations shows that sepiolite has the characteristics necessary to accomplish the confinement of any current or future sunken tanker with minimal environmental perturbation.
... The associated studies also estimated the cost of environmental losses by using reposition costs of birds and mammals and clean-up costs. Methods used included contingent valuation (e.g., Noring et al. n.d.;van Biervliet et al. 2006;Ahtiainen 2007) and choice experiments (e.g., Loureiro et al. 2006;Liu et al. 2009). The response to the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill off the Alaskan coast boosted efforts to develop methodologies to capture the value of biodiversity and ecosystems. ...
The TEEB Arctic scoping study was developed by the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna working group (CAFF), with Sweden as the lead country, jointly with the following partners: the UNEP TEEB Office, the UNEP Regional Office for Europe, WWF Global Arctic Programme and GRID-Arendal.
This scoping study is an early-implementation pilot project that follows up on specific recommendations of the Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA). A key objective of the scoping study and the options presented in ‘The way forward’ (Chapter 7) is implementation of ABA recommendations, in particular recommendation #4 on incorporating biodiversity objectives and provisions into tools specific to development in the Arctic, and recommendation #12 on evaluating services provided by Arctic biodiversity to support decision making.
... The associated studies also estimated the cost of environmental losses by using reposition costs of birds and mammals and clean-up costs. Methods used included contingent valuation (e.g., Noring et al. n.d.;van Biervliet et al. 2006;Ahtiainen 2007) and choice experiments (e.g., Loureiro et al. 2006;Liu et al. 2009). The response to the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill off the Alaskan coast boosted efforts to develop methodologies to capture the value of biodiversity and ecosystems. ...
... In the case of the Prestige accident (Galicia, Spain 2002), more than 10 million gallons of crude oil were spilled 25 and polluted thousands of kilometers of coastline in Spain, France and Portugal 4 . This spill is considered the largest environmental disaster in the history of both Spain and Portugal and the cost of the disaster was evaluated to more than 770 million euros 18 . Because of its large geographical spread, the spill reached virtually all types of marine habitat, from offshore depths to shallow creeks. ...
Oil spill contamination in the open sea has been at the origin of some of the worst environmental disasters. One of the major cleaning techniques is the use of skimmer ships that contain various pumps distributed along its waterline to suck the oil from the surface of the water directly into storage units. We want to improve this process. We developed a model to simulate the effect of the skimmer ship on the evolution of the oil spill. This model, based on a finite volume approximation of an advection-diffusion-reaction equation, considers: the motion of oil spots resulting from the movement of the source of contamination; the diffusion and transport by wind and sea currents; and the phenomena associated with the action of the skimmer ship, assuming that it follows a pre-assigned trajectory. We introduce a nonlinear diffusion term to obtain finite speed diffusion. Also, we use an absorbing boundary condition, to account for the oil exiting the computational domain. To reduce numerical artificial diffusion, we use second order numerical schemes to discretize the advection terms. We also apply splitting schemes to decrease the computational complexity. To improve the whole process, we optimize the trajectory of a skimmer ship to maximize the amount of recovered oil during a fixed period of time, using an optimization method. The novel approach we advocate here is validated by comparing our numerical results with real life measurements from the Prestige spill, which took place in Spain in 2002. We were able to reproduce the satellite image of the spot after 4 days of pollution. We also prove that the optimal trajectory we get cleans the area near the coast up to 55 percent before the Prestige ship broke up. This percentage was improved to 88 percent by using a second ship on the entire area.
... This holds true for oils spills resulting from tanker accidents. These incidents can result in substantial costs and losses (Allo and Loureiro, 2013;Garza-Gil et al., 2006;Grigalunas et al., 1986;Loureiro et al., 2006). Direct costs result from offshore oil combating operations, shoreline clean-up activities, and logistic and treatment costs of recovered oil. ...
Topicality. In recent years, there has been increasing pressure on the marine and riverine environment due to increasing volumes and globalization processes in international trade. This situation has the effect of increasing the negative impact on the dynamics of the natural aquatic environment quality by increasing oil spills, emissions of chemicals and other harmful substances, air pollution and the indirect impact of these processes on water resources, waste disposal, noise and radioactive load. The forecast assessment of the dynamics of the world economy shows a gradual increase in the volume of shipping due to the increase in the world's population and consumption. Enhanced use of water basins requires new innovative management initiatives with the development of tools to ensure the ecological sustainability of marine and river ecosystems, taking into account the threats and risks of their introduction to the environment. The peculiarity of protecting the marine and riverine environment from navigation is that ships do not always operate within the flag state, and the further the ship moves away from it, the less the state has the opportunity to rely on traditional sovereignty within its jurisdiction. Involvement of many stakeholders in the process of water transport, lack of full autonomy of the flag state to regulate the activities of the ship outside its jurisdiction requires the development of methodological approaches and practical measures to develop ways and methods of institutional and organizational impact on ships based on international requirements. and standards. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to analyse the existing and potential institutional resources for the prevention of technogenic threats from shipping and the development of water transport on the basis of eco-focused. Research results. It has been confirmed that at the present stage of economic development transport plays a leading role, as it is an important part of industry, consumption, agriculture. Water transport is responsible for the majority of international traffic, which results in negative consequences of its work. It is known that any type of transport, including maritime, is one of the biggest polluters of the environment, but the vital needs of mankind should not be met by future generations. Solving environmental issues is a relatively new direction in the science of management, however, in recent decades many countries have joined this practice, focusing on scientific support of programs and plans against global change, which affect not only marine and river biocenoses, but also have consequences in the form of a shift in the ecosystem framework of the entire planet. The activity of water transport is slowly growing in its scale and consequences, which requires more attention from government agencies, which should join international initiatives to obtain a positive result from environmental activities and increase the authority of the state. In addition, the aquatic environment is usually the area of interest of different countries and different stakeholders, being a transboundary area, which should take into account not only the interests and needs of different countries, but also form a single legal basis for economic, environmental and recreational activities within marine and river borders. Conclusion. The paper examines and analyses the existing organizational and legislative precautionary tools to reduce technogenic pollution of the marine and river environment, investigates measures for the treatment of ballast water and developed an algorithm for their management; an analysis of possible precautionary measures against the impact of air pollution, garbage, oil and petroleum products on the quality of the aquatic environment and proposed a number of precautionary measures; conceptual provisions for the formation of a national action plan for ballast water management have been developed. Conceptual provisions for the formation of state organizational and institutional support for the treatment of ballast water by methods of preventive protection on the basis of updated management tools, economic feasibility and environmental orientation; developed scientific and applied substantiation of regulatory and coordination approaches based on economic feasibility, focused on the balanced development of aquatic ecosystems and environmental safety of navigation.
Studies have documented a reputational loss for firms found guilty of rule violations. To determine if stockholders also punished US listed firms following 274 major crises, we create three groups of events based on attribution of responsibility. The average wealth loss and the proportion of negative reactions following crises largely depend on the attribution level. The negative reaction is reversed for non-attributed crises but persists for attributed crises. These results are consistent with the attribution theory proposition that only attributed crises cause reputational damage. Further, this reputational loss has been stable for six decades.
Oil spills are caused by the release of oil from tankers, drilling rigs and offshore platforms, and can also be due to the spillage of refined petroleum products or byproducts, or heavier fuels from large ships. Oil spills can occur on land as well as in the marine ecosystem. Marine oil spills have been of tremendous concern due to severe consequence on economic, environmental, and ecological systems. The thick gummy crude oil discharges can cause immense damage to fish and other aquatic animals, degrade oceans and coastal habitats, and damage human organs and organ systems. Even with short-term contact, oil spills penetrate into the structure of the plumage of birds and fur of mammals damaging the insulating functions of feathery or hairy coats and thus rendering them vulnerable to temperature fluctuation leading to quick death. Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and dependent on factors like type of oil spilled, temperatures of water, and the types of shorelines and beaches involved.
Red Sea is one of the world's major strategic shipping routes for crude oil transportation. Accidental spills of crude oil into the environmentally sensitive marine environments are known to impact the marine life. However, studies on direct assessment of oil spill on marine ecosystem, in particular on the primary productivity and bio-optical parameters in the Red Sea waters were poorly constrained owing to lack of sustained observations. Thus, in this study, an attempt has been made to use high spatial and temporal resolution of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations to monitor the oil spill explosion occurred on October 11, 2019, and its impact on the chlorophyll -a (Chl-a) concentrations. We noticed a significant increase in concentrations of Chl-a on the following day of oil spill. These changes are accounted for and are influenced by hydrocarbons along the track of oil spill. Our findings suggest that both wind speed and high Ekman pumping velocity support the upwelling of nutrient-rich water from subsurface, which facilitated the growth of phytoplankton and thus the high Chl-a in the oil spill areas.
Oil spill phenomena in the ocean possess a very serious threat to ocean health. On the ocean surface, oil slicks immediately start to spread and mostly end up in the ecosystem. Furthermore, it could threaten the organisms living in the ocean or impact nearby coastal area. The aim of this research was to investigate the trajectories of oil spill based on a real accident in the Java Sea. Tracking oil spills using satellite images is an efficient method that provides valuable information about trajectories, locations and the spread intensity. The objective of this study was to periodically track the trajectory of the oil spill from the Karawang incident using Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. Pre-processing of the images consisted of radiometric and geometric corrections. After the corrections, SAR images were mapped and plotted accordingly. To understand the oil spill trajectories in relation to the oceanic processes, the ocean current pattern map and surface wind roses were also analysed. The processed images from July to October 2019 show a trajectory dominated by the oil spill layers movement towards the west to northwest from the original location along with a decrease in the detected oil spill area over time. The identified trajectories of the oil spill followed the ocean current pattern and surface winds. Thus, these two parameters were considered to be the main factors responsible for the oil spill drift.
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill was the largest in U.S. history, releasing an estimated 4.9 million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. The scale of the disaster motivated diverse stakeholders to examine the human dimensions of the spill and how communities' resilience to similar threats could be improved. This examination is needed because, as long as humans depend on extracting oil and gas for energy, coastal regions are at risk for spills. In this report, the authors explore how communities, government officials, nongovernmental organizations, businesses, and scientists can build community resilience to large oil spills. Researchers found mixed evidence of distress associated with the DWH disaster and a variety of factors that affected the nature and severity of people's experiences.
Owing to its geographical location, oil and HNS sourced maritime pollution incidents, together with prevention, intervention and response to accidents causing the pollution will always be at the top priority for Turkey. Having dense tanker traffic in Turkish Straits and a vast coastline, not only encourages, but also dictates this approach. Besides its political willingness, Turkey become one of the contracting countries to both OPRC 1990 and OPRC-HNS 2000 in a timely manner in order to participate in efforts to protect human life and environment. When domestic legislation is concerned, Turkey by introducing Act 5312 and its sub-legislations have been trying to do its best to establish its own response system, set, and conform to the required standards. However, this cannot yet be classified as job-well-done yet. There obviously is more to be done to reach the standard Turkey is aiming for. In HNS response area, there seems to be a gap to be filled. Although this mainly sources from type-specific nature of response measures and this is the case with many other countries, still especially heavily populated areas like Istanbul Strait, promptly requires this issue to be taken care of.
Review based experiences of oil-spill induced impacts on fisheries were used to develop a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) to evaluate the potential economic consequences of a (hypothetical) oil spill in the Great Australian Bight, an area currently being explored by several major international oil companies. The model differs from most previous BBN analyses in that it also considers the relatively short term economic impacts of such a spill, encompassing market and fisher behaviour, as well as impacts on the stocks affected directly by the spill. The results suggest that impacts vary depending on the characteristics of the fishery (i.e. main species, location etc.) and the timing and extent of the oil spill, but market, management and fisher behavioural responses (and their ability to respond) were found to have the greatest impact on the final economic outcomes.
The purpose of this study is to analyse conflicts regarding natural resources and ecosystem services involving different stakeholder groups using cost–benefit analysis (CBA). The paper is formed around a specific case study in Lofoten–Vesterålen in northern Norway, investigating costs and benefits of decreasing the probability of a major oil spill from shipping in the area. Benefits of decreasing the probability of a spill are far greater than costs, which means that measures to improve maritime safety would be economically profitable for society. Figures showing the effects of the impacts on fisheries and tourism sectors indicate that, compared to the total value for society, the market values of decreasing the probability of a spill are very small. On the other hand, non-market values associated with the protection of ecosystem services are of a much greater magnitude. These results suggest that the neglecting of non-market ecosystem service values in economic assessments for the Arctic may cause a biased picture of costs and benefits associated with measures to prevent environmental degradation. When feeding into decisions, such assessments may lead to too little preventive action from an economic perspective.
In this chapter, various environmental issues from the shipping industry which ends up in the oceans are described. Oil pollution, wastewater, antifouling paint, ballast water and litter are all described in detail. Various sources of oil pollution exist, ranging from large accidents to small continuous leakages from, e.g., propeller shaft bearings. The behaviour of oil when it enters the sea can differ, ultimately affecting the environment. Wastewater from ships is divided into sewage and grey water, and different regulations can affect their characteristics. Fouling on ship hulls affects the drag on the ship, which increases fuel consumption when maintaining a constant speed. The various antifouling paints used today to combat fouling are described herein, and a review of the environmental implications of using these paints is provided. Ballast water contains organisms that can become invasive if released into a new geographical area. Invasive species can entail costs on the order of millions of euros. Finally, litter is discussed in this chapter. Litter is deposited in the ocean via several sources and can affect organisms over long periods of time. Plastic causes the largest litter-related problem because it does not biodegrade; such material only becomes smaller, ultimately reaching a microplastic state. Hence, litter can affect organisms in different ways.
The maritime environmental disasters are generally caused by collision, grounding, stranding heavy weather, explosion or fire. These disasters can cause spillage of oil, bunker, dirty water or chemical harmful substances. It is well known that the most known environmental disaster in maritime having serious impacts on marine life is oil spill. Although several intelligence techniques like heuristic search algorithms, machine learning, and fuzzy approach have been employed in maritime sector with various purposes, in the literature, applications of intelligent techniques
for the solution of the maritime environmental disaster problems are quite limited. In this study, an intelligent system which consists of model-base, database, environmental disaster management actions, ship operation management actions, user interface, environmental disaster modelling, and decision support unit has been proposed. The proposed system, called as Maritime Intelligent Environmental Disaster Management (MIEDM), is aimed at strengthening operating mechanism along with the mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery phases to eliminate the potential impacts of maritime environmental disasters.
EU policy has been supporting fishing tourism projects since 2000 with the general goal of fostering diversification initiatives and providing a higher social value to fishing activities. In this study the main features of this market are analysed through two fishing tourism projects which are still operational in Galicia, Margalaica and Pescanatur, undertaken by two Galician Fisheries Local Action Groups (FLAGs). The major results of this study reveal social changes brought about by these projects. Therefore, it can be concluded that the EU main objectives are relevant to the Galician case. Furthermore, the results show that the development and success of these projects depend on the roles played by the different stakeholders involved.
The Penglai 19-3 oil spill was one of the worst pollution incidents to occur along the Chinese coastline in terms of both the size of the spill and the area polluted with 840 square kilometers of previously clean coastal waters significantly degraded. The current study estimated economic damages from the spill in two economic sectors, the Yantai fishery and the Yantai mariculture business. Estimates revealed that the ecological damage to fisheries and mariculture affected local crustacean species, shellfish, algae, sea cucumbers and sea urchins much more seriously than the adult fish, partly because fish are very mobile and partly because of the submarine nature of the PL19-3 spill. Toxic oil floating on the sea surface created less of a threat to fish, when comparing them with benthos and algae. Therefore, the economic losses were mainly caused by a reduction in the productivity of crustaceans, shellfish, algae, sea cucumbers and sea urchins, totaling as much as 11USD 1.0=CNY 6.2 in June 2015.CNY1239.5 million for 63,044. t in weight. Together with the loss in the fishing sector (i.e., CNY16.85 million), the total economic losses were about CNY12.56 billion.
To date, methods for determining compensation for spill-related natural resource damages have focused on the monetary value of resources damaged by a spill or scientific analyses of resource restoration. This paper suggests an alternative approach that integrates legal concepts of public trust, economic definitions of compensation, and scientific approaches to restoration. The approach is based on a definition of restoration as resource-based compensation--a remedy for damages wherein alternative restoration actions are identified that provide [open quotes]equally valued[close quotes] resources as those lost due to the spill. This provides an explicit balancing between the benefits obtained from restoration and losses due to the spill to assure that the public is made whole. The least costly alternative that makes the public whole is selected as the cost effective alternative.
Observation of the process of assessing and compensating damages caused by oil spills at sea shows that in most cases, it is difficult to establish a single global estimate of their social cost. Three categories of numbers regarding the costs of pollution are usually encountered following spills: (i) estimates by experts; (ii) compensation claims; and (iii) compensation eventually paid to claimants.
The aim of this paper is to discuss the main factors explaining the observed divergence between these three categories of numbers, and their implications in terms of the allocation of the costs of pollution. Explanatory factors relate to empirical difficulties in applying damage assessment methodologies; to the determinants of the decision by individual agents to claim for compensation ; and to the institutional framework under which compensation operates.
The discussion is based on an analysis of several major oil spills that took place within the IOPC Funds system in Europe, namely the Amoco Cadiz, the Tanio, the Aegean Sea, the Braer, the Sea Empress, and the Erika accidents.
Ex-post analysis can enhance assessment of the social costs of technological disasters. This paper employs a market model to evaluate the economic losses of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill on southcentral Alaska's fisheries. The upper bound of the accident's first-year social costs on these resources is $108 million, approximately 27 percent of ex-vessel value. Second-year effects may have been as high as $47 million. More probable estimates of the oil spill's actual social costs are likely less than these amounts. Precise determination of the accident's impacts is constrained by the dynamic interaction of numerous biological and economic variables.
This paper addresses some of the conceptual and empirical issues involved with estimating the economic costs of oil spills, using a comprehensive economic analysis of the 1978 supertanker Amoco Cadiz incident as a case study. Estimates are made of the market and nonmarket-valued costs of the spill and their distribution among the residents of the affected region, the nation, and the rest of the world. The implications of the case study for the analysis of future oil spill incidents are examined.
The civil liability regime for ship-source oil pollution enables national victims of oil spill damage to make financial claims against domestic and non-domestic tanker owners and, in certain circumstances, the global oil cargo industry. This paper examines the evolving—and contested—parameters of environmental liability set by the international oil pollution liability conventions, focusing on the admissibility of reinstatement costs and the geographical scope of compensation norms. It concludes that although the liability regime can be applauded for its equitable consideration of environmental claims, this is restricted by a narrow definition of damage and national boundaries of entitlement. Oil pollution harm to collective ecological interests represents a key challenge to the liability framework.
The aim of this article is to analyse the possible consequences of the oil slick caused by the Prestige based on the lessons which can be learnt from past experiences in Galicia (Spain), and to stress the need to implement administrative and legal changes, within the European Union (EU) legal framework to allow for the inclusion of total environmental damages under IOPC Funds 1992. This paper concludes that the recent catastrophe of the Prestige, affecting an area already hit by previous oil spills, should encourage governments to set up initiatives designed to prevent similar incidents from reoccurring in the future.
Liability is an important incentive‐based instrument for preventing oil spills and provides a sustainable approach for restoring coastal resources injured by spills. However, the use of liability for environmental damages raises many challenges, including quantification of money measures of damages. In this article, case studies are used to illustrate the issues, methods, and challenges associated with assessing a range of damages, from those that can be measured relatively easily using market information to more “esoteric,”; and much more difficult, cases involving non‐market‐valued losses. Also discussed are issues raised by the new national and international regulatory focus on restoration and by the simplified, compensatory formula used by some states.
The consistency of an individual's willingness to pay (WTP) responses for increases in the quantity of an environmental public good (whale populations) is tested along three lines. First, we test whether WTP for 50% and 100% increases in whale populations are statistically different from zero. Second, we ask whether the incremental WTP from a 50% increase to a 100% increase is statistically significant. Finally, we test whether there is diminishing marginal valuation of the second 50% increment in gray whale populations. The paired t-tests on open-ended WTP responses supported all three sets of hypotheses. Both visitors and households provided WTP responses that were statistically different from zero and increased (but in a diminishing fashion) for the second increment in WTP. In this survey both visitors and households provided estimates of total economic value (including non-use or existence values) for large changes in wildlife/fishery resources that were consistent with consumer theory.
Federal and state government agencies and Indian tribes, acting on behalf of the public as trustees, can recover damages to natural resources from companies responsible for oil spills or hazardous-substance releases. Habitat equivalency analysis (HEA) is a method for estimating the appropriate amount of compensation for interim losses resulting from such spills or releases. HEA has several restrictive assumptions that are not met in many situations and its input parameters often are not known with certainty, which can lead to substantial differences between HEA results and the “true” amount of compensation for losses resulting from oil spills or hazardous-substance releases. Critical assumptions of HEA include a preference for compensation with the same services as were injured, a fixed proportion of habitat services to habitat value, and a constant real value of services over time. HEA also requires that complex ecological services are expressed as a single metric and that the incremental effect of spills/releases are estimated reliably over time. Notwithstanding these important assumptions and limitations, HEA is frequently used to settle natural resource damage (NRD) claims and two HEA applications to NRD claims have been upheld by the courts. When properly structured and applied, HEA can produce relatively reliable results for most oil spills and simple cases involving hazardous-substance releases. Even when unmet assumptions and/or differences in professional judgment with respect to input parameters produce differences in HEA results, the method can be useful in achieving an NRD settlement in a variety of situations. However, HEA should only be viewed as a framework to provide a general approximation of any required restoration, and not as a substitute for a formal NRD assessment in cases involving complex hazardous-substance releases.
Les dommages du naufrage de l'Erika ont été relativement limités dans le temps mais ont touché un littoral très peuplé et proche d'une agglomération importante, celle de Nantes. Les pertes d'agrément de la population locale ont donc représenté une proportion beaucoup plus importante de l'ensemble des dommages subis que dans le cas des autres marées noires. Les efforts d'évaluation ont, en conséquence, porté prioritairement sur les atteintes subies par les habitants dans leurs loisirs, principalement la pêche à pied qui est une activité très pratiquée sur ce littoral. Deux enquêtes auprès de la population du littoral touché par la pollution et de celle de Nantes ont permis d'évaluer les effets de la marée noire sur la pratique de la pêche à pied au cours du semestre qui a suivi le naufrage. La majorité des pêcheurs à pied a abandonné cette activité. Dans trois cas sur quatre, d'autres activités de plein air, la promenade en particulier, ont alors remplacé la pêche à pied. Les pertes des pêcheurs qui ont abandonné la pêche à pied sans activité de remplacement sont évaluées sur la base du surplus économique dégagé par cette activité en période normale. Pour ceux qui ont abandonné la pêche mais se sont tournés vers une autre activité de plein air, les dommages sont obtenus en comparant les surplus de ces deux activités. La synthèse des données spécifiques recueillies après la marée noire auprès de la population touchée et de données d'autres enquêtes aboutit à une évaluation des dommages proche de 100 millions d'euros, valeur du même ordre de grandeur que les dépenses de nettoyage et de restauration. Ce résultat montre l'importance des pertes d'agrément, une catégorie que l'on peut qualifier d'orpheline, dans la mesure où ces dommages n'ouvrent pas de droit à réparation. Cette évaluation participe donc à la prise de conscience de l'importance des pertes d'agrément dans l'ensemble des coûts sociaux des marées noires.
Coastal ecosystems and artisanal fisheries show a great complexity due to the high number of human factors that influence their functioning and to the number of components involved in the fishing activity. Moreover, a great number of stocks exploited by coastal artisanal fisheries are invertebrates with a strong and persistent spatial structure and a population dynamics that do not fit the finfish models. The present state of the artisanal coastal fisheries in Galicia (NW Spain) is analyzed, presenting different symptoms of a general state of overexploitation derived from the mismatch between management (derived from models designed for industrial finfisheries) and the biological and socioeconomic context. We propose to modify the strategies of research to use inexpensive and rapid methodologies and introduce the fishers' ecological knowledge. A new management policy is outlined based in the establishment of territorial users' rights, the involvement of fishers in the assessment and management process, and the use of protected areas and minimum sizes as key regulation tools.
Methods were developed to estimate the potential impacts and natural resource damages resulting from oil spills using probabilistic modeling techniques. The oil fates model uses wind data, current data, and transport and weathering algorithms to calculate mass balance of fuel components in various environmental compartments (water surface, shoreline, water column, atmosphere, sediments, etc.), oil pathway over time (trajectory), surface distribution, shoreline oiling, and concentrations of the fuel components in water and sediments. Exposure of aquatic habitats and organisms to whole oil and toxic components is estimated in the biological model, followed by estimation of resulting acute mortality and ecological losses. Natural resource damages are based on estimated costs to restore equivalent resources and/or ecological services, using Habitat Equivalency Analysis (HEA) and Resource Equivalency Analysis (REA) methods. Oil spill modeling was performed for two spill sites in central San Francisco Bay, three spill sizes (20th, 50th, and 95th percentile volumes from tankers and larger freight vessels, based on an analysis of likely spill volumes given a spill has occurred) and four oil types (gasoline, diesel, heavy fuel oil, and crude oil). The scenarios were run in stochastic mode to determine the frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation of fates, impacts, and damages. This work is significant as it demonstrates a statistically quantifiable method for estimating potential impacts and financial consequences that may be used in ecological risk assessment and cost-benefit analyses. The statistically-defined spill volumes and consequences provide an objective measure of the magnitude, range and variability of impacts to wildlife, aquatic organisms and shorelines for potential spills of four oil/fuel types, each having distinct environmental fates and effects.
Primeira Avaliación dos Danos Provocados Pola Marea Negra do Aegean Sea
- García Negro
- M C García
- X R Moure
- E Sálamo Otero
- P R Arcay
- Blanco Dopico
García Negro, M.C., Doldán García, X.R., Nogueira Moure, E., Sálamo Otero, P.R., Babio Arcay, R., Blanco Dopico, I., 1994. Primeira Avaliación dos Danos Provocados Pola Marea Negra do Aegean Sea. Consellería de Pesca, Marisqueo e Acuicultura. Xunta de Galicia. Gestal Otero, J.J., Smyth Chamosa, E., Figueiras Guzmán, A., Montes Martínez, A., 2004. Availación da Exposición e Danos á Saúde en Voluntarios e Traballadores. Proyecto de Investiga-ción Financiado por la Fundación Arao. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela.
Macromagnitudes Pesqueiras
- Instituto Galego De Estatística
Instituto Galego de Estatística (IGE). "Macromagnitudes Pesqueiras." http://www.ige.xunta.es/ga/home.htm.
Movimientos Turísticos de los Españoles (FAMILITUR)
- Instituto
Instituto de Estudios Turísticos (IET(a)). " Movimientos Turísticos de los Españoles (FAMILITUR). " Ministerio de Industria, Tur-ismo y Comercio. Years 2001–2004.
An Assessment of the Impact of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill on the Alaska Tourism Industry. McDowell Group La Catástrofe del Petrolero Prestige y su Impacto sobre las Aves Marinas
- Preston
- Thorgrimson
- Shildler
- Gates
- Ellis
Preston, Thorgrimson, Shildler, Gates, Ellis, 1990. An Assessment of the Impact of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill on the Alaska Tourism Industry. McDowell Group. Available at: http://www. evostc.state.ak.us/pdf/econ3.pdf. SEO Birdlife, 2003. La Catástrofe del Petrolero Prestige y su Impacto sobre las Aves Marinas. http://www.seo.org/2002/prestige/ informe_2003-01-21.pdf.
Long-term consequences of the Exxon Valdez oil spill for coastal communities and southcentral Alaska.” Report submitted to the Mineral Management Service
- J A Fall
- R Miraglia
- W Simone
- C J Utermohle
- Robert J Wolfe
Fall, J.A., Miraglia, R., Simone, W., Utermohle, C.J., Wolfe, Robert J.,
2001. "Long-term consequences of the Exxon Valdez oil spill for
coastal communities and southcentral Alaska." Report submitted to the Mineral Management Service, U.S. Department of
Interior, Alaska, OCS Region, Social and Economic Studies Unit.
Replacement costs of birds and mammals Available at: http://www.evostc.state.ak.us/pdf/econ4. pdf1992. Chas-Amil Lessons to be learnt from past oil spills in Galicia (Spain)
- Brown Jr
Brown Jr., G., 1992. Replacement costs of birds and mammals. Available at: http://www.evostc.state.ak.us/pdf/econ4. pdf1992. Chas-Amil, M.L., Nogueira-Moure, E., García Negro, M.C., Doldán-García, X.R., 2004. Lessons to be learnt from past oil spills in Galicia (Spain). Interdisciplinary Environmental Review 6 (1), 92–106.
IET(b)) Movimientos Turísticos en Fronteras (FRONTUR)
- Instituto
Instituto de Estudios Turísticos (IET(b)). " Movimientos Turísticos en Fronteras (FRONTUR). " Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio. Years 2002–2004.
Available at: http://sr4.ardan.es/cgi-bin/ ardanesp/script/ ardan
- F Bonnieux
- P Rainelli
ciero y de la Competitividad de las Empresas de Galicia. Available at: http://sr4.ardan.es/cgi-bin/ ardanesp/script/ ardan.pl/home. Bonnieux, F., Rainelli, P., 2002. Évaluation des Dommages des Marées Noires : Une Illustration à partir du cas de l´Erika e des Pertes d´agrément des Résidents. Économie et Statistique 357-358, 173–185.
Sea empress cost-benefit project
- L Y Moore
- A J Footitt
- L M Reynolds
- M G Postle
- P J Floyd
- T E Feen
- S Virani
Moore, L.Y., Footitt, A.J., Reynolds, L.M., Postle, M.G., Floyd, P.J.,
Feen, T.E., Virani, S., 1998. "Sea empress cost-benefit project."
Technical Report P 119. Environmental Agency R and D.
Research Contractor: Risk and Policy Analysts Ltd.
Informe sobre el Estado del Plancton en Galicia y Cantábrico en el período Database Pescagalicia. Access at: www. pescalicia.com. Xunta de Galicia Prestige: a Forza dos Feitos
- L Valdés
- M Varela
- A Miranda
- Lago
- A Lanzós
- C García-Soto
- C Franco
- M Cabanas
- M Alvarez-Ossorio
- R Anadón
- J Cabal
- M Llope
Valdés, L., Varela, M., Miranda, A., Lago de Lanzós, A., García-Soto, C., Franco, C., Cabanas, M., Alvarez-Ossorio, M., Anadón, R., Cabal, J., Llope, M., 2003. " Informe sobre el Estado del Plancton en Galicia y Cantábrico en el período Enero-Mayo de 2003. " Instituto Español de Oceanografía. Xunta de Galicia, 2004a. Database Pescagalicia. Access at: www. pescalicia.com. Xunta de Galicia, 2004b. Prestige: a Forza dos Feitos. Relato e Primeira Análise de Como se Encaurou o Accidente. Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos. Xunta de Galicia, 2004c. Coordinación del voluntariado en el litoral gallego, caso Prestige. Conselleria de Familia, Xuventude, Deporte e Voluntariado.
La Catástrofe del Petrolero Prestige y su Impacto sobre las Aves Marinas
- Seo Birdlife
SEO Birdlife, 2003. La Catástrofe del Petrolero Prestige y su Impacto
sobre las Aves Marinas. http://www.seo.org/2002/prestige/
informe_2003-01-21.pdf.
Coordinación del voluntariado en el litoral gallego, caso Prestige
- Xunta de Galicia
Xunta de Galicia, 2004c. Coordinación del voluntariado en el litoral
gallego, caso Prestige. Conselleria de Familia, Xuventude,
Deporte e Voluntariado.
Directorio e Informe Económico-Financiero y de la Competitividad de las Empresas de Galicia Available at
- Ardan Database
ARDAN Database, 2004. Directorio e Informe Económico-Financiero y de la Competitividad de las Empresas de Galicia.
Available at: http://sr4.ardan.es/cgi-bin/ ardanesp/script/
ardan.pl/home.
Availación da Exposición e Danos á Saúde en Voluntarios e Traballadores
- Gestal Otero
- J J Smyth Chamosa
- E Figueiras Guzmán
- A Montes Martínez
Gestal Otero, J.J., Smyth Chamosa, E., Figueiras Guzmán, A.,
Montes Martínez, A., 2004. Availación da Exposición e Danos á
Saúde en Voluntarios e Traballadores. Proyecto de Investigación Financiado por la Fundación Arao. Universidade de
Santiago de Compostela.
Informe Preliminar del Impacto del Prestige en Tortugas y Mamíferos Marinos de las Aguas Gallegas
- Alonso Farré
Alonso Farré, J.M., López Fernández, A., 2002. Informe Preliminar
del Impacto del Prestige en Tortugas y Mamíferos Marinos de
las Aguas Gallegas. Sociedad Española de Cetáceos y Coordinadora para el Estudio de Mamíferos Marinos, CEMMA. Vigo.
http://www.cetaceos.com/prestige.pdf.
El impacto del Prestige sobre la organización de productores mejilloneros de Galicia
- Deloitte Touche
Deloitte Touche, 2004. "El impacto del Prestige sobre la organización de productores mejilloneros de Galicia." Unpublished
Report.
An Assessment of the Impact of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill on the Alaska Tourism Industry. McDowell Group
- Thorgrimson Preston
- Shildler
- Ellis Gates
Preston, Thorgrimson, Shildler, Gates, Ellis, 1990. An Assessment
of the Impact of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill on the Alaska
Tourism Industry. McDowell Group. Available at: http://www.
evostc.state.ak.us/pdf/econ3.pdf.
Database Pescagalicia. Access at: www. pescalicia.com
- Galicia Xunta De
Xunta de Galicia, 2004a. Database Pescagalicia. Access at: www.
pescalicia.com.
Prestige: a Forza dos Feitos
- Galicia Xunta De
Xunta de Galicia, 2004b. Prestige: a Forza dos Feitos. Relato e
Primeira Análise de Como se Encaurou o Accidente. Consellería
de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos.
IET(a))Movimientos Turísticos de los Españoles (FAMILITUR)
- Estudios Instituto De
- Turísticos
Instituto de Estudios Turísticos (IET(a)). "Movimientos Turísticos
de los Españoles (FAMILITUR)." Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio. Years 2001-2004.
IET(b))Movimientos Turísticos en Fronteras (FRONTUR)
- Estudios Instituto De
- Turísticos
Instituto de Estudios Turísticos (IET(b)). "Movimientos Turísticos
en Fronteras (FRONTUR)." Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y
Comercio. Years 2002-2004.
Availación da Exposición e Danos á Saúde en Voluntarios e Traballadores
- Gestal Otero
Informe sobre el Estado del Plancton en Galicia y Cantábrico en el período Enero-Mayo de
- L Valdés
- M Varela
- A Miranda
- A Lago De Lanzós
- C García-Soto
- C Franco
- M Cabanas
- M Alvarez-Ossorio
- R Anadón
- J Cabal
- M Llope
Prestige: a Forza dos Feitos. Relato e Primeira Análise de Como se Encaurou o Accidente
- Xunta de Galicia
Primeira Avaliación dos Danos Provocados Pola Marea Negra do Aegean Sea
- García Negro