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Adnominal Person in the Morphological System of Erzya : Adnominaalinen persoona ersän kielen morfologisessa järjestelmässä
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This dissertation is a synchronic description of adnominal person in the highly synthetic morphological system of Erzya as attested in extensive Erzya-language written-text corpora consisting of nearly 140 publications with over 4.5 million words and over 285,000 unique lexical items. Insight for this description have been obtained from several source grammars in German, Russian, Erzya, Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian, as well as bounteous discussions in the understanding of the language with native speakers and grammarians 1993 2010. Introductory information includes the discussion of the status of Erzya as a lan- guage, the enumeration of phonemes generally used in the transliteration of texts and an in-depth description of adnominal morphology. The reader is then made aware of typological and Erzya-specifc work in the study of adnominal-type person. Methods of description draw upon the prerequisite information required in the development of a two-level morphological analyzer, as can be obtained in the typological description of allomorphic variation in the target language. Indication of original author or dialect background is considered important in the attestation of linguistic phenomena, such that variation might be plotted for a synchronic description of the language. The phonological description includes the establishment of a 6-vowel, 29-consonant phoneme system for use in the transliteration of annotated texts, i.e. two phonemes more than are generally recognized, and numerous rules governing allophonic variation in the language. Erzya adnominal morphology is demonstrated to have a three-way split in stem types and a three-layer system of non-derivative affixation. The adnominal-affixation layers are broken into (a) declension (the categories of case, number and deictic marking); (b) nominal conjugation (non-verb grammatical and oblique-case items can be conjugated), and (c) clitic marking. Each layer is given statistical detail with regard to concatenability. Finally, individual subsections are dedicated to the matters of: possessive declension compatibility in the distinction of sublexica; genitive and dative-case paradigmatic defectivity in the possessive declension, where it is demonstrated to be parametrically diverse, and secondary declension, a proposed typology modifiers without nouns , as compatible with adnominal person. Väitöskirjatyöni on synkroninen kuvaus ersän kielen monipuolisesta omistusliitteiden käytöstä. Tutkimusaineistona on käytetty ersänkielisiä tekstikorpuksia, jotka koostuvat lähes 140 julkaisusta, yli 4,5 miljoonasta sanasta ja yli 285000 erillisestä sanamuodosta. Kuvauksen pohjana ovat erikieliset ersän kieliopit. Keskusteluilla niin ersää äidinkielenään puhuvien kuin muiden kielioppien kirjoittajien kanssa vuosina 1993 2010 on ollut tärkeä merkitys sille, miten työ kokonaisuudessaan on muotoutunut. Väitöskirjan alkuosassa pohditaan ersän kielen asemaa ja sen tulevaisuutta. Myös ersän äännejärjestelmän kuvaus sekä perusteellinen ja monipuolinen ersän nominaalilausekkeiden rakenteiden kuvaus sisältyy väitöskirjan alkuosaan. Luvussa 1.3. käsitellään persoonatutkimuksen taustaa ja tutkimuksia, jotka koskevat typologiaa ja eri kieliopeissa käsiteltyjä ersän persoonarakenteita. Kuvauksen menetelmissä (luku 2.) on hyödynnetty kielen morfologisen tason kuvausta varten kehitettyä kaksitasomallia, jota voidaan käyttää sanamuotojen morfologisessa analyysissa. Tätä analyysia voidaan taas hyödyntää ersän allomorfisen variaation typologisesta kuvauksesta. Hypoteesina on, että tekstin alkuperäisen kirjoittajan taustaa ja myös murretaustaa koskeva tieto on tärkeä kielellisten ilmiöiden kuvauksissa; näiden tietojen käyttäminen mahdollistaa kielen variaation synkronisen kuvauksen. Fonologiseen kuvaukseen (luku 3.) kuuluu 6-vokaalinen ja 29-konsonanttinen foneemijärjestelmä (2 uutta), jota on käytetty automaattisesti jäsennettyjen tekstien tarkekirjoituksessa. Lisäksi tarjotaan lukuisia sääntöjä, joiden avulla kuvataan allofonista vaihtelua. Ersän nominaalilausekkeiden taivutus esitetään kolmena kerrostumana. Nämä kerrostumat jaetaan (luku 4.2.1.-3.) substiivityyppiseen, johon sisältyy sijan, luvun ja deiksiksen merkintä, (luku 4.2.4.) nominaalikonjugaatioon: tämä koskee ersän nominatiivi- ja oblikvisijaisia nomineja, postpositioita, adverbeja ja infinitiivejä, ja (luku 4.2.5.) partikkelien merkintään. Jokaisen kerrostuman kuvauksessa esitetään tilastollista tietoa siitä, miten eri elementit voidaan liittää toisiinsa. Erikseen käsitellään luvussa 4.3. possessiivitaivutuksessa esiintyviä sijamuotoja suhteessa semanttisiin alileksikoihin, luvussa 4.4. possessiivitaivutuksen genetiivin ja datiivin vajaaparadigmaisuutta ja parametrista eroavaisuutta, ja luvussa 4.5 laajennettua modifioija ilman pääsanoja typologiaa, ja sen yhteen sopivuus adnominaalisen persoonan kanssa.
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... If the modifiers are genitive in form, however, they generally require an additional /śe/ element, i.e. a demonstrative type element. Finally, it should be noted that this kind of construction usually takes either definite or possessive access marking, see Rueter (2010). Less frequent, perhaps due to contextual presuppositions, comes the vowel-final modifier with the additional determinative. ...
... Nominative kal kal-t kal-os kal-t-ne Elative kal-sto kal-sto-ń kal-t-ne-ste Table 1: Partial paradigm of Mordvin kal 'fish' (Rueter 2010) The motivation for a classical approach as well as it value was also apparent to some outside the WP community. Chomsky (1965: 173) provides a notably concise summary, particularly relevant for modern theoretical morphemic approaches: ...
Oxford Handbook of Morphological Theory J. Audring and F. Masini eds.
Introduction. The modern differentiation of the Erzya dialects in the Volga region and the Southern Urals is the result of a long historical development. The migration of the Mordovians from their former places of residence contributed to their formation. The fact that in these regions the Erzya lived isolated from the rest of the Mordovians and contacted directly with peoples having different patterns of language contributed to preserving archaic phenomena of the base language and appearing innovative components in the structure of the dialects under study. The purpose of the work is to identify and describe archaic phenomena and innovations in the case paradigms of the study area.
Materials and Methods. The article is based on the field materials collected by the authors during linguistic expeditions in the places of concentration of the Erzya in the territory of the Volga region and the Southern Urals. The dialectal material was collected based on the questionnaire, reflecting the lexical, phonetic and morphological variations of linguistic phenomena. The descriptive and comparative historical methods were used to analyze language material.
Results and Discussion. The study of the linguistic material of the Volga region and the Southern Urals showed the differences in the case paradigms of the noun from the corresponding paradigms of the Erzya codified languages and other Mordovian dialects. In analysis showed that in the paradigms of the definite declension singular, there are different sets of cases and there is no single structure of word forms. Some paradigms are archaic, consistent, and logical. In the composition of others, new formations have developed, homonymous case suffixes and postpositional constructions have appeared.
Conclusion. The main dialect types of the Erzya languages were developed before the migration processes to the eastern territories of the modern residence of the Erzya. The isolated development of the dialects of the Volga region and the Southern Urals made it possible both to preserve archaic phenomena in the paradigms of the definite declension and to develop new formations uncharacteristic for them.
This paper presents the current lexical, morphological, syntactic and rule-based machine translation work for Erzya and Moksha that can and should be used in the development of a roadmap for Mordvin linguistic research. We seek to illustrate and outline initial problem types to be encountered in the construction of an Apertium-based shallow-transfer machine translation system for the Mordvin language forms. We indicate reference points within Mordvin Studies and other parts of Uralic studies, as a point of departure for outlining a linguistic studies with a means for measuring its own progress and developing a roadmap for further studies.
This article deals with Erzya, their affiliations, where they live and where their language is spoken. A geographical presentation is outlined for where Erzya has been traditionally spoken over the past one hundred years, as documented in the collections of Heikki Paasonen. Use of the language as a medium of communication is assessed in the rural and urban settings of various institutions: the family, education, the market, the Church and theatre. Due to limited official documentation of the Erzya as a nation or ethnic group, some of the facts are based upon personal experience and information accumulated by the author during his many trips to the Volga Region between 1992 and 2007. The Erzya language is encountered in many of the countries of the former Soviet Union. It is used the most in the rural setting in non-official matters. The new media of today: telephones, Wikimedia, etc. provide Erzya with a new niche in urban communication.
In this new work, Bernd Heine claims that the structure of grammatical categories is predictable to a large extent once we know the range of possible cognitive structures from which they are derived. The author uses as his example the structure of predicative possession, and shows how most of the possessive constructions to be found in the world's languages can be traced back to a small set of basic conceptual patterns. Heine identifies these patterns, and using grammaticalization theory he describes how each affects the word order and morphosyntax of the resulting possessive construction. He argues that grammaticalization theory explains much of the observable typological diversity which characterizes 'have'-constructions in the world's languages. Illustrated by a wealth of examples, this is an original and important statement from a leading linguist.
There is a widespread assumption within the Government–Binding theory as it has developed from the Barriers model (Chomsky 1986) that functional categories, that is, categories which play a role in establishing dependencies between parts of a sentence, as opposed to lexical categories, should be represented as heads projecting X-bar phrases. I shall refer to this as the Full Functional Projection Hypothesis (FFPH), stated informally in (1).
(i) Full Functional Projection Hypothesis
Any morphophonosyntactic formative which corresponds to a functional category in a given language is syntactically the head of a maximal projection.(Received October 27 1992)
/2 = ,. 1936/2: Short story
- V Anoshkin
Anoshkin, V. 1936/2 =,. 1936/2:
Short story:.
In Syatko, 1936/2.
Format: majorityCorpus
Word count: 7,458; Character count: 106,947
/11-12 = ,. 1938/11-12: Short story
- V Anoshkin
Anoshkin, V. 1938/11-12 =,. 1938/11-12:
Short story:.
In Syatko, 1938/11-12.
Format: majorityCorpus
Word count: 7,132; Character count: 103,012
- Doronin
Doronin, Aleksandr 1994 =, 1994:
.
.
Fiction:. Manuscript Format: majorityCorpus Word count: 30,600
- Vasili Dyomin
Dyomin, Vasili 2008 =, 2008:
Fiction:.
Manuscript
Format: majorityCorpus
Word count: 30,600; Character count: 422,782
Format: majorityCorpus Word count: 60,737
- Vasili Kolomasov
Kolomasov, Vasili 1996 =, 1996:
Novel:.
In Mon' vechkeviks knigam, 1996.
Format: majorityCorpus
Word count: 60,737; Character count: 768,660
- Petaikin
Petaikin, Aleksandr 1995 =, 1995:
Poetry:.
In Vechkemado,.
Format: majorityCorpus
Word count: 138; Character count: 1,869
- Petaikin
Petaikin, Aleksandr 1996 =, 1996:
Drama:.
In Mon' vechkeviks knigam, 1996.
Format: majorityCorpus
Word count: 5,414; Character count: 71,431