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Ambroxol for the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants: a Meta analysis.

Authors:
  • Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Xihu University School of Medicine

Abstract

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ambroxol in the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants. Electronic searches were performed in the Cochrane Library, PubMED, EMBASE, Chinese CBM, Chinese VIP Database, Chinese Wanfang Database and Chinese CNKI Database up to the year of 2009 for randomized controlled trials (RCT) on ambroxol for the prevention of RDS in preterm infants. The meeting articles related to the RCT were manually searched in Pediatrics and Pediatric Research. Meta analysis was performed for the results of homogeneous studies by the Cochrane Collaboration's software RevMan 5.0.17. Six RCTs involving 823 preterm infants were included, and the quality assessment for the trials demonstrated 1 article as A class, 1 article as B class and 4 articles as C class. The Meta analysis showed that ambroxol administration significantly reduced the incidence of RDS (OR=0.24, 95%CI: 0.15 - 0.64, P<0.01), bronchopulmonary dysplasis (BPD, OR=0.41, 95%CI: 0.23 - 0.75, P<0.01), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH, OR=0.39, 95%CI:0.24 - 0.64, P<0.01), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA, OR=0.33, 95%CI: 0.17 - 0.67, P<0.01) and pulmonary infection (OR=0.24, 95%CI:0.14 - 0.38, P<0.01). No adverse events related to the ambroxol treatment were reported. The current evidence shows that early use of ambroxol can reduce the risk of RDS, BPD, IVH, PDA and pulmonary infection in preterm infants.
卷第
                    中国当代儿科杂志
收稿日期]修回日期]
作者简介]张志群男,硕士医师。
论著·临床研究
沐舒坦预防早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征的
张志群 黄先玫 
杭州市第一人民医院儿科,浙江  3
    目的 系统评价沐舒坦预早产儿呼 窘迫合征的有效性
及安全性。方法 电子检索 图书 中国 数据 国期
库、万方和维普数据库等, 中刊载的会议论文。检索沐舒坦预防早产儿
的随机对照试验(文献。应用 作网推荐的方法评价文献质量,对同
质研究采用 软件进行 分析。结果 共纳入 其中 篇质量评价为 级,篇为 级,
篇为 级,包括 例早产 分析 示, 与对 较, 发病
支气管肺发育不良(发病
室内出血(发病率(动脉导管未闭发病率
)及肺部感染发病率(异均 统计意义。
所有研究均未报道不良反应的发生。 现有证据表明,早产儿早期使用沐舒坦预防性治疗能有效减少
及肺部感染的发病率。 中国当代儿科杂志,
   呼吸窘迫综合征;沐舒坦;分析;早产儿
中图分类号] R  文献标识码]   章编号] 1
noydnp
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dpyi
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koAami
nJpP
   R
  随着产前糖皮质激素、产后面活质及
机械通气 广 使
率及 低。但
相关治疗所引发的并发症,仍是新生
医生普遍关注的问题之一。虽然预防性使用表面活
性物质可减少胎龄 周早儿的死亡率、漏发
生率,但此策略可能致某儿接必要
管插管
。除
作可能会带来众多反应外,肺表性物
格昂贵,无谓的使用既浪费了医疗资源,又增加了
··
卷第
                    中国当代儿科杂志
2N
者的成本。
沐舒坦具有黏液促动特性、黏液纤毛活性、促进
肺表面活性物质产生、炎、抗氧化作用以及局部
麻醉作用
系统 广使
用外
在新生儿 及支气管肺发育不良
使
。沐舒坦的价格相
对低廉,且使方便如果较大
的早产儿的 预防性应用中发挥作用么势
减少过度预防性使用表面活性物质所带来的资源浪
费、本增加及反应。本究的是评
舒坦在早产儿 的预应用
性,希望能为临床工作提供依据。
 资料和方法
 纳入标准
 研究类  沐舒坦预防早产儿 的随
机对照试验,表和未发表的全文和摘要均被纳入。
不受语种限制。无论是否采用盲法。平行交叉试验
不纳入。随机对照是指计算机、随机
表、硬币、掷般子等简单随机法对患者进行分组
试验,而以入院先后序、日、期等
方法不被纳入。
 研究对  出生时胎龄小于或等于
的早产儿。
 干预措    安慰 疗。
同时接受的其他治疗(如营养支持治疗等相同。
 疗效判指标  主要标:发生率;
次要指标:发生率、出血 率、
动脉导管未闭(率、感染率及
良反应等。
 排除标准
研究对象有下列情况之一者被排除:
先天性
心肺异常;
膈疝;
染色体异常。
 资料检索
 算机检索  面检 书馆
年)国生物医学文献数据库(
年) 4~
维普数据库(年)
年)
 手工检  检索 中刊的美
儿科年会会议论文、刊登的欧
儿科会议论文。
 其他检  追查已获全文的参考文献;
系作者和生产厂家收集未发表的文献灰色文献)
 检索词  中文检索词:早产儿低体重儿
沐舒坦,盐酸氨溴索,溴环乙胺醇;吸窘迫综合证,
支气管肺育不良。文检词:
ed
 文献筛选、质量评价与数据提取
由两名研究者独立筛选文献并提取资料。首先
阅读文题和摘要,明显合纳准的
后,对可能符合纳入标准的试验进一步阅读全文,
确定是否真正符合纳入标准。而后进行文献质量评
价、据提取,并交对,同意第三
解决。
纳入研究的方法学质量评价采
随机验的 条质
评价标准进行评价
随机方法是否正确;是否
做到 确;是否 法;
有无失访 退 出, 访退
分析,果所有 条质量评价标准均完全满足,
则该研究存在偏倚的可能性最小,质量为 级;如果
其中任何一条或多条质量评价标准仅为部分满足,
该研究存在相应偏倚的可能性为中度, 级;如果
其中任何一条或多条质量评价标准完全不满足,则该
研究存在偏倚的可能性为高度,
 统计学分析方法
采用 分析件,进行
量综合。首先进行性检验,各试异质
用卡方检验(检验标准 α不存
异质性时以固定效型描述,存在性时
分析产生异质性的原因后,若无临床异质性则用
机效应模型进行合并分析。对度量衡单位相同的连
续变量采用加权均数差值及其 表示计数资
料选取比
表示,
差异有统计学义。当纳够多
究时,则进
若临床试验提供的数据不能进行 分析时则只
对其进行描述性的定性分析
 结果
 一般情
共检索到相关 篇。读文 要,
··
卷第
                    中国当代儿科杂志
2N
篇文献初筛被纳入,进一步阅读全文及与作
联系后,依据纳入和标准最终 文献
其中英文文献
中文文献
项研
究共纳入 儿,
最小
。所有纳入文献的研究对象均为胎
篇英
周)体重
0g对象
篇文献中沐舒日剂 0m
别为 5m 不等。
研究因 治疗性研究,故不主要标,
含早产儿其他相关并发症如 及肺部
感染的比较一并纳入
。所纳入文献的基本情
况见表
 文献质量评价
项研究均提 组, 项研究具体
描述了具体随机方法, 献采分配
藏方案和双盲法, 篇未具体描述; 项研究未
描述分配藏方 果未 定。
研究中仅 项对于失访退出了解说明
所有研究均报道了沐舒坦治疗组和对照组的基线资
料,两组基线资料差异均无统计学意义,具有可比性。
对报道 病率 项研究行漏斗图检验,提示
存在发表偏倚。文献最终质量评价见表
 纳入文献的基本特征
研究 组别 样本量 出生胎龄(周)
±干预措施 疗程(结局指标例数)
肺炎
± 沐舒坦 5m
± 安慰剂
庄婉珠
± 沐舒坦 5m
± 安慰剂
李珊
沐舒坦 5m
安慰剂
秦素芳
沐舒坦 5m
安慰剂
胡琴
沐舒坦 5m
安慰剂
蒋曙红
沐舒坦 5m
安慰剂
  注:表示治疗组;表示对照组
 纳入文献的质量评价
研究 随机化 分配
隐藏 盲法 退出 访
意向性分析
样本量
估计
基线
相似
质量
评价
清楚 充分 充分 无, 相似
庄婉珠清楚 不清楚 不清楚 不清楚 不清楚 相似
李珊不清楚 不清楚 清楚 不清楚 相似
秦素芳不清楚 清楚 不清楚 不清楚 相似
胡琴不清楚 不清 不清楚 不清楚 相似
蒋曙红不清楚 清楚 不清楚 不清楚 相似
 Me分析结果
 R发病率  5 舒坦
疗组和对照组 发病率质性检验显示各研
间具有同质性(用固定效应模型分析。
分析结果显示,沐舒坦组与对照组比较差异有
统计 =0
提示沐舒坦预防治疗能减少 病率
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··
卷第
                    中国当代儿科杂志
2N
 B发病   项研究报道了沐舒坦治
疗组和对照组 发病率,质性检验示各
间具有同质性(
采用固定应模
分析
有统
率(
 I发病率  5项研究报道了沐舒坦治疗
组和对照组 病率异质检验各研
具有同质性( 析。
分析
有统
)(
发病率。 项低质量研究后行敏感性
分析提示沐舒组与照组差异有统学意
=0 <0
示前结果稳定
 肺部    
坦治疗组率,
型分析。 示,
比较差异统计学意
提示沐舒坦预防治疗能减
少肺部感染发病率。在排除 项低质量研究后行敏
感性分析提示,坦组组差
意义
提示前面结果较稳定。
 敏感性分析
亚组(样本量) %C 异质性检验 合并效应值
肺炎
   4报道
疗组和照组 发病率,性检验,
各研 性,
分析
有统
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··
卷第
                    中国当代儿科杂志
2N
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 讨论
分析纳入文献中仅 项高量研究,
项研究均存在缺陷,问题是:报道配方
的隐藏,可能存择性 倚;使用 法,能存
在结果测量性偏倚;仅检索到中文和英文文献,有较
大的语种 倚;
小,多数文献未进行样本量的估算,导致检验
能不足, 定。此,
慎重。
在评价 发病率时,分析结果提示早产
儿预防性使 发生 。在
肺表面活性物质治疗前,国外
产儿 的临床研究较多,数研结果明沐
坦治疗 使
本研究各文献中所早产相对 大,
从所得原始资料来看,周者占总本量
不到 因此本 分析结果不能肯定沐舒坦对
出生胎龄周的早产儿有效但至少在胎龄
的早产儿预防方面是有效的。由于所纳入文献质
较差,存在各种偏倚,需要有针对性的高质量临床随
机对照试验证实; 时,
果提示预防性使用沐舒坦可著降 发生率。
关于沐舒坦预防产儿 较少
篇文献,质量较高其中 篇是 治疗性研究,
预防性研究,后者包含有正常早产儿,
发生率在 治疗性研究中要高,单个预防
性研究未得出阳性结果,考虑与样本量太小、
儿太少有关,后的与单
疗性研究结果一致。故 定,
样本的研究进一步证实。本研究结果提示预防性使
用沐舒坦 率。
明沐舒坦可以促面活生,
应性,减少了呼吸机的使用及能较好稳定呼吸
使用 压, 使 的风险降
。本 分析中仅纳 篇高质量文献,
文献质低,
减少 的发生, 加,
果却能显示沐舒坦能减 的发生,且敏感性分
析的结果与前也一致,结果相对较稳定。同样
评价肺部感染发病时,析结示早
预防性使用沐舒显著染发 率,
敏感性分析结果一 其结 定。
··
卷第
                    中国当代儿科杂志
2N
舒坦的黏液纤毛性、及抗
的保护有一定的作用
但肺部感染与众多因素
关,孕母产前膜炎预防 使等,
单独使用沐舒坦可足以染的 生。
另外,本研究结示预使用沐
发病率。 项低质量研究中沐舒坦治
疗组均未发生 仅有的 项高质量研究中,
舒坦与安慰剂比较差异无统计学意义。的发
主要与低氧、酸中毒及液体超负荷有关,显然沐舒
并没有直接善上 素,结论
慎。所有研究均未发现使用沐舒坦的不良反应。
尽管本 分析 广
索方法,以减少倚;少分 差,
分析的每一步均由 名作者独立完成。但结果
的有效性仍然受到下列因素的响:大多数研究
质量较差倚;纳入
较小,在评价具体指标时可纳入对象更少,可能存在
检验效能 能;入选
大,乏对特定早产儿胎龄的比较;
纳入研究应用氨溴索的疗程及剂量也不同。
现有证据表明,产儿 使坦预
治疗能有效减少 及肺部感染的
发病率。但由于系统 数量
较差,研究样本小,论须 待。
今后有必要进一展大本、多中
机对照试验以及临床究,为沐
儿(
周)及相的应
证据。
   
 
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志,
]李 珊,陈晶, 恒,盛红舒坦在预 早产 儿呼 窘迫 合征
中的疗效观察[中国当代儿科杂志,
]秦素芳,张红梅,方炜沐舒坦预防早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征的临
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中国妇幼保健,
]胡 琴,连金媚 俭庆沐舒坦不同给药方式预防早产儿呼吸窘
迫综合证疗效观察 当代 儿科 志,
]蒋曙红,顾春艳,蒋惠芬,祁斌 坦预 早产 儿肺 明膜
的疗效观察[同济大学学报(医学版)
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... In a 2010 Chinese-language meta-analysis, which included six RCTs and 823 preterm infants, the efficacy and safety of intravenous (IV) ambroxol compared to conventional treatment for RDS in preterm infants were assessed [79]. The conventional treatment included mechanical ventilation, electrolyte management, and acid-base therapy. ...
... A 2010 Chineselanguage meta-analysis, based on six RCTs and 823 preterm infants, reported that ambroxol significantly reduced the incidence of BPD with no observed adverse events (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.23-0.75, p < 0.01) [79]. Furthermore, a recent, small, Chinese, non-blind RCT demonstrated that ambroxol effectively reduces lipid peroxidation damage and improves the antioxidant capacity of preterm neonates [88]. ...
... Additionally, co-treatment with ambroxol has been linked to significant elevation in lung tissue and airway surface fluid levels of various antibiotics, such as beta-lactams, glycopeptides, macrolides, nitrofurans, and rifamycins [40]. The 2010 Chinese-language meta-analysis referenced above, involving six RCTS and 823 preterm infants, undertook a comparison of the efficacy and safety of IV ambroxol with conventional RDS treatment in preterm infants, including mechanical ventilation, electrolyte therapy, and acid-base management [79]. This meta-analysis revealed that ambroxol significantly reduced the incidence of pulmonary infection (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.14-0.38, ...
Article
Full-text available
Ambroxol, a commonly used mucolytic agent, has been extensively studied for its clinical effectiveness in managing respiratory conditions in pediatric and adult patients. The existing body of research on ambroxol demonstrates its safety and efficacy. However, its potential role in preventing and treating neonatal diseases still needs to be explored. This scoping review aims to shed light on the unexplored potential of ambroxol, particularly its applications in perinatal and neonatal care. We aim to offer valuable insights for healthcare professionals, researchers, and academics, thus presenting a positive perspective. Key scientific databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Europe PMC were meticulously searched for relevant literature on ambroxol in perinatal and neonatal medicine. Gray literature was also surveyed, and the search encompassed all study designs and languages up to June 2024. Furthermore, citations and reference lists of relevant articles were scrutinized to identify additional pertinent literature. Ambroxol has demonstrated promising effects in preventing and managing respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). It can enter the placental circulation and rapidly build up in human lung tissue to a much greater extent than in plasma. It promotes fetal lung maturation, surfactant production, and alveolar expansion. Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of antenatal and postnatal ambroxol in the prevention and treatment of RDS. Ambroxol has the potential to be administered intravenously or through nebulization, offering the hopeful possibility of reducing the high failure rate typically associated with non-invasive ventilation in extremely preterm infants, instilling a sense of hope and optimism about the potential of ambroxol. It also shows potential in treating bronchopulmonary dysplasia, meconium aspiration syndrome, and neonatal infections. Ambroxol has been observed to assist in the closure of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants by inhibiting vasodilator agents such as nitric oxide and exerting vasoconstrictive properties. However, these biological actions may raise concerns regarding the potential induction of pulmonary hypertension and an increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. The present scoping review also examines the clinical evidence and the potential of ambroxol in reducing the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants. Ambroxol may have potential analgesic properties in managing neonatal pain, and as it can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, it suggests potential neuroprotective properties. These properties may encompass the modulation of microglial activation and the antagonistic impact on glutamate receptors. Ambroxol’s attributes could contribute to a decreased susceptibility to neurological complications and have demonstrated anticonvulsant effects in preclinical studies. While low-to-moderate-quality evidence indicates potential applications of ambroxol in neonatal care, further research is needed to determine the drug’s optimal dosing, timing, and safety profiles in this patient population. We need to investigate ambroxol’s potential synergistic effects with antenatal steroids. Exploration is required to assess ambroxol’s potential in reducing the high failure rate associated with non-invasive respiratory support for RDS. Lastly, comprehensive studies on the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of neonates exposed to ambroxol are essential.
... Studies have revealed that ABH has an excellent clinical effectiveness at preventing and treating RDS. It can improve patients' symptoms such as dyspnea, and it can effectively prevent neonatal death in prenatal applications [26,27], a conclusion similar to the results of our research. is not treated effectively, the patient will progress to an acute exacerbation of COPD. ...
Article
Objective: To investigate the influence of adjuvant therapy with ambroxol hydrochloride (ABH) on the clinical symptoms and pulmonary function of elderly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Methods: From September 2018 to September 2019, 142 elderly COPD patients admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University were recruited as the research cohort. Based on different treatment method each patient underwent, they were assigned to the control group (CG, n=69) or the research group (RG, n=73). In the CG, the patients were treated with routine symptomatic treatment, and the patients in the RG were treated with ABH in addition to the treatment administered in the control group. Results: After the therapy, the clinical symptom scores in the RG were significantly lower than they were in the CG (P<0.05), and the total effective rate of the clinical treatment was significantly higher than it was in the CG (P<0.05). The 6MWT scores in the RG were higher than they were in the CG (P<0.001), and the CAT scores were significantly lower than they were in the CG (P<0.001). The inflammatory factor levels in the RG were markedly lower than they were in the CG (P<0.001), and the pulmonary function and immune function indexes were better than they were in the CG (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the adverse effects between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: ABH can effectively relieve the clinical symptoms and improve the pulmonary function of elderly COPD patients, with a significant clinical effectiveness and high drug safety, so it is worthy of promoting.
... Ambroxol hydrochloride, also known as ambrotherxol hydrochloride, is a kind of mucolytic and an active metabolite of bromhexine in the body, which can specifically bind to lung tissues, stimulate the phospholipid synthesis, reduce the generation of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion, promote the generation and secretion of pulmonary surfactant, reduce lung damage, alleviate the inflammatory response, attenuate alveolar epithelial cell damage, relieve pulmonary edema and decrease pulmonary interstitial exudation. Ambroxol hydrochloride is characterized by convenient application, low cost and high safety, so it has been used as a conventional drug in the clinical treatment of NRDS (16)(17)(18)(19). ...
Article
Full-text available
Clinical efficacy of pulmonary surfactant combined with high-dose ambroxol hydrochloride in the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) was investigated. One hundred child patients with NRDS in Linyi Central Hospital were collected according to the diagnostic criteria for RDS in the Pediatrics, and randomly divided into the treatment group (n=50) and the control group (n=50) based on different therapeutic methods. Patients in the control group were treated with basic treatment and high-dose ambroxol hydrochloride injection, while those in the treatment group were additionally administered with pulmonary surfactant Curosurf based on conventional therapy in the control group. The chest X-rays were collected before the treatment and at 12 h after the drug administration, the degree of respiratory distress in child patients was observed and evaluated via Silverman grading, and changes in blood gas indexes were recorded before treatment and at 2, 6 and 12 h after the drug administration. The chest X-ray grade, Silverman grade and blood gas analysis results had no differences between the two groups before the treatment (P>0.05). In the treatment group, partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and PH were increased and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) was decreased compared with those in the control group at 2, 6 and 12 h after the drug administration (P<0.05). At 12 h after the drug administration, chest X-ray grade and Silverman grade in both groups were improved, which were significantly superior in the treatment group to those in the control group (P<0.01). Moreover, the efficacy in the treatment group was remarkably better than that in the control group at 12 h after drug administration (P<0.01). Pulmonary surfactant combined with high-dose ambroxol hydrochloride has definite efficacy in the treatment of NRDS, which can significantly improve the pulmonary infection, respiratory distress and blood gas indexes of child patients.
Article
Background: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is caused by a deficiency of pulmonary surfactant (an active agent that keeps pulmonary alveoli open and facilitates the entry of air to the lungs, thus improving the oxygenation of the newborn).A number of interventions such as pulmonary surfactant and prenatal corticosteroids are used to prevent RDS. Ambroxol has been studied as a potential agent to prevent RDS, but effectiveness and safety has yet to be evaluated. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of giving ambroxol to pregnant women who are at risk of preterm birth, for preventing neonatal RDS. Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (29 November 2013), CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 11),Embase (1988 to November 2013), MEDLINE (PubMed 1970 to November 2013), LILACS (1982 to November 2013), the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (November 2013) and reference lists of retrieved studies. Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the administration of ambroxol given to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth versus placebo, antenatal corticosteroids (betamethasone or dexamethasone), or no treatment.We did not identify any trials comparing ambroxol with dexamethasone (corticosteroid) in this review. Nor did we identify any trials comparing ambroxol combined with corticosteroid versus corticosteroid alone, or placebo/no treatment. Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and trial quality. Two review authors independently extracted data. Data were checked for accuracy. Main results: We included 14 studies (in 18 trial reports), involving 1047 pregnant women at risk of preterm birth with 1077 newborns. However, three of the included studies did not report on this review's outcomes of interest. We carried out two main comparisons: ambroxol versus antenatal corticosteroids (betamethasone); and ambroxol versus placebo or no treatment. Seven RCTs provided data for our comparison of ambroxol versus corticosteroid (betamethasone) and two trials contributed data to our comparison of ambroxol compared to placebo or no treatment.The included studies were generally judged as having either 'low' risk of bias or 'unclear' risk of bias (because the trial reports provided insufficient details about methods of sequence generation, allocation concealment and blinding). Primary outcomesThere was no clear evidence of a difference in the incidence of RDS among newborns born to women who received ambroxol when compared to newborns of women who were given the corticosteroid, betamethasone (risk ratio (RR) 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59 to 1.07, seven RCTs, 728 women/758 newborns, moderate quality evidence) or placebo/no treatment (average RR 0.74; 95% CI 0.46 to 1.20, two studies, 204 women/204 newborns,T2= 0.07; I(2)= 53%, low-quality evidence). Results were imprecise and consistent with appreciable benefit as well as negligible effect.Similarly, there was no clear evidence of a difference in the rates of perinatal mortality between the group of women who received ambroxol and women in the corticosteroid (betamethasone) group (RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.23 to 1.12, six studies, 648 women/657 newborns, moderate quality evidence) or the placebo/no treatment group (RR 0.61; 95% CI 0.19 to 1.98, one study, 116 women/116 newborns, low-quality evidence).In terms of maternal adverse effects, there was no clear differences (in nausea or vomiting) between those women who received ambroxol compared to either those women who received corticosteroids (betamethasone) (average RR 3.45; 95% CI 0.34 to 35.51, three studies, 305 women, T(2)= 2.82; I(2)= 67%, very low-quality evidence), or women who received placebo or no treatment (RR 1.79; 95% CI 0.45 to 7.13, one study, 116 women, low-quality evidence). No other adverse effects (e.g. diarrhoea, gastric irritation and headache) were reported in the included studies. Secondary outcomesFor the review's secondary outcomes, none of the included studies reported on the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, periventricular haemorrhage, necrotising enterocolitis or rate of maternal mortality.One small trial (involving 88 women) comparing ambroxol with placebo or no treatment, reported no difference between groups in terms of the need for mechanical ventilation in the neonate (RR 0.94; 95% CI 0.73 to 1.21, 88 women/88 babies, low-quality evidence) or the administration of pulmonary surfactant (RR 1.19; 95% CI 0.61 to 2.30, one RCT, 88 women/88 babies, low-quality evidence). Authors' conclusions: This review is based on very low to moderate quality evidence from 14 small trials (many are published in the form of conference abstracts with minimal methodological details provided). There is insufficient evidence to support or refute the practice of giving ambroxol to women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal RDS, perinatal mortality and adverse effects. More research is needed in order to fully evaluate the benefits and risks of this intervention.
Article
To compare treatment strategies for respiratory failure in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants in Germany in 1997 to Germany, Austria and Switzerland in 2011. A detailed questionnaire about treatment strategies for ELBW infants was sent to all German centres treating ELBW infants in 1997. A follow-up survey was conducted in 2011 in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In 1997 and 2011, 63.6% and 66.2% of the hospitals responded. In 2011 the response rate was higher in Switzerland than in Germany, and in university hospitals versus non-university hospitals. Treatment strategies did not differ between university and non-university hospitals as well as NICUs of different sizes in 2011. Differences between Germany, Austria and Switzerland were minimal. Administration of caffeine increased significantly, whereas theophylline and doxapram declined (all p<0.001). While the use of dexamethasone decreased and the use of hydrocortisone increased, the overall use of corticosteroids declined (all p<0.001). Between 1997 and 2011 therapy with inhalations and mucolytics decreased (both p<0.001) whereas the use application of diuretics did not change significantly. In mechanically ventilated infants the application of muscle relaxants and sedation declined significantly (p=0.009 and p<0.001), whereas analgesia use did not change. Treatment strategies for respiratory failure in ELBW infants have changed significantly between 1997 and 2011. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Article
Full-text available
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of antenatal ambroxol as a preventive therapeutic of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants. Methods: Randomized controlled trials of antenatal ambroxol treatment for RDS in preterm infants published up to March 2012 were downloaded from the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Science Citation Index, and Google Scholar databases. Data were evaluated for homogeneity and analyzed by the Cochrane Collaboration's RevMan software. Result: Twelve trials involving a total of 1335 premature infants were selected for meta-analysis. Neonatal RDS was lower in the ambroxol-treated group than in the groups treated with placebo (risk ratio [RR] = 0.38, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.24 to 0.59) or corticosteroids (RR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.31 to 0.78). The ambroxol-treated group had lower risk of neonatal infection than the corticosteroid-treated group (RR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.73). Conclusions: In cases of inevitable preterm birth, antenatal ambroxol is recommended over corticosteroids to prevent neonatal RDS. However, further research is necessary to determine the optimal treatment dosages and regimens of antenatal ambroxol to achieve consistent superior results over corticosteroids.
Article
Full-text available
Introduction: Mucoactive drugs are currently used to cleanse the respiratory tract following disturbance of the normal mucociliary clearance due to mucous hyperproduction and/or modification of its physicochemical characteristics. However, in addition to possessing the ability to perform specific actions on airway secretion, these compounds have the capability to modulate the mechanisms involved in abnormal secretions. Indeed, over the years, in the postmarketing phase, a large number of studies have been published showing interesting pharmacological activities in addition to their secretagogue activity. Areas covered: This article collates available data on ambroxol (2-amino-3,5-dibromo-N-[trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl]benzylamine), a metabolite of bromhexine, used as a secretagogue in the treatment of childhood airway diseases. This article goes beyond the mucoactive aspects of the drug covering its multiple pharmacological properties. Expert opinion: The non-mucoactive functions exhibited by the compound may provide beneficial effects on airway structure and function in health and disease. Beyond the mucokinetic and secretagogue effects, ambroxol showed great antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, local anesthetic and surfactant synthesis stimulatory activities. Moreover, some antiviral and antibacterial activities were shown. These findings may better explain the clinical results observed in a variety of airway disorders and suggest additional therapeutic potential. Further studies are needed to better define the clinical relevance of these non-mucolytic activities.
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