Article

Cultivation and Breeding of Chinese Medicinal Plants in Germany

November 2010
Planta Medica 76(17):1956-62

DOI:10.1055/s-0030-1250528

Source
PubMed

Authors:

Rudolf Bauer

University of Graz

Fritz Friedl

Independent Researcher

Günther Heubl

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich

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Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is increasingly used in Germany and Europe. Due to the need for herbal drugs of consistent quality and reliable supply, methods for commercial field cultivation and post-harvest processing under south German conditions have been developed for selected plant species used in CHM since 1999. The project used an interdisciplinary approach covering all aspects from seed sourcing to medicinal application. This paper describes the outcome of the agricultural seed and field experiments, breeding program, botanical and chemical characterization of the experimental material, comparison of experimental and imported herbal material with respect to their pharmaceutical quality, transfer of production methods and plant material to specialized farmers, medicinal application and, finally, information for users along the chain of distribution about the benefits of the locally produced herbal material.

Identification of superior clones of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad. using progeny test

Article

Oct 2023
IND CROP PROD

Satureja rechingeri is a precious plant for the pharmaceutical, feed and food industries due to the high content of antimicrobials in essential oil, mainly carvacrol. As a part of domestication and introduction into the cultivation program, a poly cross design was performed to evaluate genetic parameters and the general combining ability of 58 promising clones of S. rechingeri. Half-sib family seeds were grown in an RCBD with ten replications, and plants were assessed for their quantitative and essential oil traits. General combining ability and genetic parameters, phenotypic and genotypic correlations were estimated for all assessed traits. Analysis of variance revealed significant variation among entries of all the characters, indicating the possibilities of exploiting the available variability for further genetic improvement. Estimates of the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were highest for essential oil yield (98.38% and 213.95%) and essential oil content (91.60% and 135.14%) in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Broad sense heritability estimates for various traits ranged from 16.68 for leaf width to 91.88 for growth type. Essential oil traits showed a high and positive phenotypic and genotypic correlation with plant height, leaf width, number of lateral branches, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, and growth type. The growth type, number of lateral branches, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, leaf width, and number of main branches were identified as influential factors in increasing the quantity of S. rechingeri target traits essential oil traits, and dry weight. Based on general combining ability estimates of principal traits, half-sib families of S. rechingeri clones of ‘Z19′, ‘G48′, ‘Z16′, ‘K48′, ‘F3′, ‘K5′, ‘E41′, ‘G27′ and ‘F71′ showed the highest performance. These clones can be selected as parents of synthetic varieties or new genetic sources to select superior genotypes.

Geographical Indications for Medicinal Plants: Globalization, Climate Change, Quality and Market Implications for Geo-Authentic Botanicals

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2015

Josef Alan Brinckmann

Pharmacopoeial standards for crude drugs are established based on analysis of authenticated specimens which should be representative of the quality of material traditionally specified in systems of traditional medicine from species’ geographical origin. This reflects the ‘geo-authentic’ material that corresponds to traditional ecological and medical knowledge. In cases where specimens are obtained from cultivation outside of the species origin, this ‘authenticated’ material will not be ‘geo-authentic’. There is a growing trend for the protection of ‘geographical indication’ (GI) botanicals in the context of intellectual property rights. GI botanicals are named after a geographical area, indicating production within a particular area, quality and characteristics dependent on natural, historical and cultural factors. However, with the globalization of systems of traditional medicine such as Ayurvedic medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, Asian species are being introduced to cultivation outside of their geographical origins particularly in the EU and US. In contrast to the Chinese concept of ‘daodi’and European concepts of ‘provenance’ or ‘terroir’ is the competing trend for ‘locally grown’ herbs, i.e. cultivated closer to where they will be used. Reasons include concerns about quality control, contamination from polluted air, soil and water in some source countries, climate change, supply chain security and traceability, costs of production and price pressure. This review looks at selected agronomic experiments aiming to discern differences between geo-authentic medicinal herbs vs. introduced crops and whether the global market cares to make a distinction or pay a price premium for articles with designations of geographical origin of specified quality.

Genetic Dissection and Half-Sib Progeny Test for Selecting Elite Parents to Develop Drought-Tolerant Varieties of Cuminum cyminum L. Article history

Article

Jan 2024

Article type: Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is an annual, outcross plant with medicinal properties. It is adapted to arid and semi-arid regions of the world. This research aimed to evaluate genetic parameters such as GCA and genetic distance based on molecular markers and important traits for parent selection among diverse genotypes of cumin. For this purpose , ISSR markers and a polycross assay were conducted. Forty-nine half-sib families were obtained from the polycross test and were evaluat ed for two years under normal and drought stress conditions. The measurements were aimed at 1000-seed weight, mechanized harvest height, and seed yield. The statistical analysis guided a selection of elite parents due to the high genetic diversity among half-sib families. An estimation of narrow sense heritability and general combining ability of the studied traits revealed the contribution of both additive and non-additive effects in genetically controlling the evaluated traits. According to the general combining ability, drought tolerance indices and genetic distance of 49 genotypes, the top 10 candidates were selected for the production of drought-tolerant seeds. From a molecular perspective, the banding patterns obtained from ISSR markers showed significant genetic diversity among all genotypes and indicated a proper distance among ten selected parents. The findings of this experiment provided a starting point for cumin breeding. It is likely that a breeding program would proceed with random pollinations among the ten select genotypes under controlled conditions to produce high-yield drought-to lerant varieties.

Reproductive biology of a medicinally important plant Leonurus cardiaca (Lamiaceae)

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2016

Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca L.) is an annual species indigenous to central Europe and Scandinavia and has been used in traditional medicine because of its health benefits. The reproductive biology of L. cardiaca was investigated to provide a basis for the genetic improvement of secondary metabolites or extracts that could have human health benefits. L. cardiaca is self-compatible but bears protandrous flowers, which promote cross-pollination. The stigma becomes receptive 2 or 3 days after anthesis and anther dehiscence. Phenological observations revealed that the mean flowering duration was approximately 2 weeks within each inflorescence and 2 months within a plant. The timing of anthesis of flowers within each inflorescence and flowers of different inflorescences is usually synchronous, leading to the possibility of geitonogamous pollination. A high degree of synchronisation in flowering was observed among the plants within each of the populations studied. Among the populations, Khansar was the first to flower, whereas Dargaz was the last. A modified Brewbaker and Kwack (BK) medium optimised for in vitro germination of L. cardiaca pollen was used to establish a rapid and simple test that generally correlated with seed set. The optimised medium comprised 15% sucrose and 2.5% polyethylene glycol 4000. Data from staining with iodine–potassium iodide solution (IKI) and Alexander’s stain were positively correlated with in vitro germination and, therefore, could be used in rapid pollen-viability assays for L. cardiaca.

Genetic diversity in populations of the medicinal plant Leonurus cardiaca L. revealed by inter-primer binding site (iPBS) markers

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2017
GENET RESOUR CROP EV

Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca L.) is a medicinal plant indigenous to the Mediterranean regions in Europe and Asia. The objective of this study is to apply inter-primer binding site (iPBS) markers to assess the molecular variation and genetic relationships of 89 genotypes of motherwort to assist the genetic improvement of this species. The genotypes comprised 79 from Iran and 10 collected in Australia and 15 additional accessions of two related species (L. heterophyllus Sweet and L. sibiricus L.) collected in Australia, were also included. PCR of 7 iPBS primers (dominant markers) produced a total of 191 bands ranging from 180 to 4000 bp and the mean PIC for primers ranged from 0.2213 to 0.3206 with a mean value 0.2921. The mean expected heterozygosity (0.134), the mean unbiased expected heterozygosity (0.140) and Shannon’s information index (0.213) indicated a high level of inbreeding among the accessions tested. Ordination and cluster analysis showed that the genetic relationships among all accessions could be separated into three major groups—L. cardiaca, L. heterophyllus and L. sibiricus. However, among the 89 accessions of L. cardiaca, genotypes collected from the same geographic region tended to cluster together thus indicating greater genetic similarity. The Motherwort accessions originating in Iran are highly divergent and possess abundant genetic diversity and clearly provide a basis for selection and breeding. The iPBS PCR-based genome fingerprinting technology used in this study is low-cost and effective in differentiating accessions of motherwort and their related species.

[Traditionelle chinesische Arzneitherapie bei Patienten mit chronischer Rhinosinusitis - eine Therapiebeobachtung mit Berücksichtigung der Arzneimittelherkunft]

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2015

Hintergrund: Chinesische Arzneimittel werden in Deutschland zunehmend angewandt. Der Import erfolgt primär aus China, mit der Folge einer erschwerten Qualitätskontrolle und Gewährleistung der Therapiesicherheit. Aus diesem Grund werden wichtige chinesische Arzneipflanzen seit 1999 in einem interdisziplinären Forschungsprojekt von der Bayerischen Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft kontrolliert angebaut und wissenschaftlich erforscht, mit inzwischen bereits 16 «bayerischen Arzneidrogen», die in der lokalen Versorgung verwendet und über Apotheken abgegeben werden. Trotz vergleichbarer Qualität gibt es Vorbehalte, denn die bayerischen Arzneimittel werden seit 2006 in Deutschland eingesetzt, ohne dass die Wirksamkeit im Vergleich zu den chinesischen Arzneimitteln untersucht wurde. Aus diesem Grund führten wir eine Therapiebeobachtung mit einem Parallelgruppendesign bei Patienten mit chronischer Rhinosinusitis durch. Methodik: Die Beobachtungsdauer betrug 4 Wochen. Nach einem 4-wöchigen Follow-up wurden die Patienten nochmals telefonisch befragt. Während der Therapiebeobachtung nahmen die Patienten täglich 2 × 50 ml eines Dekokts aus chinesischen Arzneimitteln entweder (a) überwiegend aus bayerischem kontrolliertem Versuchsanbau (Bayern-Gruppe) oder (b) rein chinesischer Handelsware (China-Gruppe) zu sich. Die Bewertung des Therapieerfolgs erfolgte durch Numerische Rating-Skalen. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt beendeten 64 Patienten die Therapiebeobachtung (31 Bayern-Gruppe, 33 China-Gruppe). In beiden Gruppen zeigten sich deutliche Verbesserungen in den Hauptsymptomen der chronischen Rhinosinusitis wie auch in den Nebensymptomen wie Infektneigung und allgemeiner Gesundheitszustand. Zwischen den Gruppen gab es keine relevanten Unterschiede bei der Besserung der Hauptsymptome. Die Dekokte waren insgesamt gut verträglich, schwere Nebenwirkungen traten nicht auf. Schlussfolgerung: Chinesische Arzneimittel aus bayerischem Anbau waren in dieser Beobachtungsstudie ähnlich wirksam wie Arzneikräuter aus China, allerdings müssen auch die Effekte der Begleittherapie, insbesondere der Akupunktur berücksichtigt werden. Die Veränderung der Symptome während der Behandlungszeit sollte zu weiteren Studien Anlass geben, die die Wirksamkeit dieser Arzneimittelrezeptur bei chronischer Rhinosinusitis untersuchen.

(1)H-qNMR for Direct Quantification of Stachydrine in Leonurus japonicus and L. cardiaca.

Article

Apr 2014

Hydroponic Cultivation of Medicinal Plants—Plant Organs and Hydroponic Systems: Techniques and Trends

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023

Medicinal plants are a globally important resource for the treatment of disease and improvement of human health, and the only form of healthcare used by millions of people. Currently, the status of many medicinal species is threatened by overharvesting caused by increasing demand. While many species have been cultivated in soil, the resulting material often contains lower levels of medicinal compounds than that of wild-harvested plants. Hydroponic cultivation of medicinal plants may provide sustainable access, with research demonstrating increased secondary metabolite content in some species compared to both wild and soil-grown plants. There are a variety of hydroponic systems and techniques available, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. As medicinal compounds are often localised within specific plant organs, selecting hydroponic systems that maximise the yield of the desired organs and metabolites is necessary. However, as of yet there has been no attempt to examine the literature with regards to the cultivation of specific plant organs of medicinal plants in hydroponics. This article explores the use of different hydroponic systems to cultivate medicinal plants and how the choice of system differs depending on the desired plant organ, as well as highlighting studies with novel outcomes that may provide value to the field.

Das Botanical Safety Consortium

Article

Feb 2023

Zusammenfassung Die Verwendung von pflanzlichen Heilmitteln und Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln ist weit verbreitet. In vielen Ländern der Welt weisen die Verkaufszahlen auf eine steigende Beliebtheit dieser Produkte hin. Daher ist die Gewährleistung der Sicherheit von pflanzlichen Produkten eine Priorität der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Aufgaben und Ziele des Botanical Safety Consortiums (BSC) – einer öffentlich-privaten Partnerschaft. Diese Partnerschaft ist das Ergebnis einer Absichtserklärung zwischen der Gesundheitsbehörde der USA (FDA), dem National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS, eine Unterabteilung des Ministeriums für Gesundheitspflege und Soziale Dienste der Vereinigten Staaten) und einer gemeinnützigen Organisation, dem Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI). Das BSC dient als globales Forum für Wissenschaftler aus Regierungen, Hochschulen, Gesundheitsfürsorgegruppen, Industrie und gemeinnützigen Organisationen, um gemeinsam an der Anpassung und Integration neuer Ansatzmethoden (NAM) für routinemäßige Sicherheitsbewertungen von Pflanzenstoffen zu arbeiten. Die Ziele des BSC sind: 1) eine weltweite Zusammenarbeit, um existierende Sicherheitstests besser zu nutzen; 2) geeignete Methoden der chemischen Charakterisierung von Pflanzenstoffen festzusetzen; 3) pragmatische, zweckmäßige NAM zu identifizieren, um die Sicherheit von pflanzlichen Inhaltsstoffen und Fertigpräparaten zu bewerten; 4) eine Bewertung dieser Methoden mittels Vergleich mit derzeit verfügbaren Informationen zur Sicherheit von ausgewählten Pflanzenstoffen; 5) und die Integration dieser NAM in ein System, das die Bewertung von Pflanzenstoffen erleichtern kann. Der Schwerpunkt des BSC liegt zunächst auf Phytopharmaka und Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln, welche oral verabreicht werden, jedoch kann dieser Ansatz in zukünftigen Arbeitsphasen erweitert werden. Dieser Artikel beinhaltet einen Überblick über die Struktur, Ziele und Strategien dieser Initiative und erläutert die ersten Ziele, nämlich die Auswahl der Test-Pflanzenstoffe, basierend auf publizierten toxikologischen Daten.

Temporal Dynamics of Rhizosphere Communities Across the Life Cycle of Panax notoginseng

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2022

Rhizosphere microbiome promotes plant growth; however, the succession of rhizosphere microbial community during the growth stages of perennial medicinal plant Panax notoginseng ( P. notoginseng ) is still unclear. Here, amplicon sequencing was performed to assess the succession characteristics of rhizosphere microbiomes during developmental stages. Results showed that bacterial and fungal communities were mainly shaped by the development stages. The microbial α-diversities first increased and then decreased with plant growth and the variation in microbial composition was active at the 3-year root growth (3YR) stage. The variation trend of cross-domain co-occurrence network complexity was similar to that of α-diversities. Cross-domain nodes decreased at the 3YR stage and fungal nodes increased at the 3YR stage. This study provided a detailed and systematic survey of rhizosphere microbiomes during the growth stages of P. notoginseng . The findings revealed that the development stages of P. notoginseng drove the temporal dynamics of rhizosphere communities. This study helps in harnessing the power of microbiomes to evaluate herbal medicine growth and provides valuable information to guide the microbial breeding of medical plants.

RESULTS OF THE PRIMARY INTRODUCTION OF SAPOSHNIKOVIA DIVARICATA (TURCZ.) SCHISCHK. IN THE CENTRAL SIBERIAN BOTANICAL GARDEN SB RAS

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2021

Plants of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. is widely used in traditional medicine of Asian countries. A wide range of pharmacological activity is due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds, the main of which are chromones. In the Far East and south of eastern Siberia natural populations of this species may disappear due to the increasing demand for medicinal raw materials. The results of the primary introduction of S. divaricata are presented in this article. The research was conducted in 2016-2021 years in the conditions of introduction at the collection site “Rare and endangered plants of Siberia” of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS (Novosibirsk). The introduction method of direct experiment was used. The introduction was carried out by seeds from the natural population in two ways: by seedlings and by sowing in the ground. The success of the laboratory-greenhouse-soil method for growing the endemic Asian species S. divaricata was established. Seeds do not have rest, laboratory germination is high and reaches 90 %. Winter hardiness of plants of the first year of life is average, after winter there are 50 % of individuals left, winter hardiness of plants of the second year of life is high. S. divaricata is a young monocarpic in culture, the pregenerative period lasts 2 years, for 3 years the plants bloom and form seeds and die during the next winter. In the conditions of introduction the height of plants reaches 95 cm, which is more than in natural conditions (up to 76 cm). The branched elongated shoot is the synflorescence panicle of compound umbel. The branching of the shoot occurs up to the 5th order both in nature and in culture. The potential seed productivity of the individual was more than 45 thousand ovules, the real seed productivity was about 20 thousand seeds. The primary introduction was evaluated according to 12 criteria. The species S. divaricata is medium-promising for introduction in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of Siberia

Screening of tarragon accessions based on physiological and phytochemical responses under water deficit

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

In this study, screening of Artemisia dracunculus accessions was investigated under water deficit based on physiological and phytochemical traits. The results clearly indicated that water deficit significantly reduced the relative water content, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents and increased malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakage, and antioxidant activities. The responses of tarragon accessions to water deficit, however, were inconsistent. The HPLC analysis revealed the presence of chlorogenic, syringic, ferulic, vanillic, chicoric, and p -coumaric acids as major phenolic acids, while quercetin and herniarin were detected as the predominant flavonoid and coumarin compounds in the extracts. Our findings revealed that the water deficit not only increased the amounts of herniarin, luteolin, apigenin, caffeic acid, and syringic acid, but also introduced quercetin that was not present under normal conditions in Estahbanat. Nevertheless, these results were highly impacted by the accession type. The results indicated that Hamadan, Varamin and Estahbanat accessions could be introduced as tolerant accessions. Given the very different responses of tarragon accessions to water deficit and the diversity between these accessions, the findings of the present study could be an effective step in identifying and achieving homogeneous, drought-tolerant and high-yield potential accessions, and may help tarragon breeding programs as well as development of cultivation.

Screening of Iranian Tarragon Accessions Based on Physiological and Phytochemical Responses Under Water Deficit: Applications for Development and Breeding

Preprint

Full-text available

May 2021

In this study, screening of tarragon accessions based on physiological and phytochemical traits was investigated under water deficit. The compounding impacts of water deficit * accessions significantly altered the chlorophyll and carotenoid contetnt, malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakage, superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. The HPLC analyse revealed the presence of chlorogenic, syringic, ferulic, vanilic, chicoric and p -coumaric acids as major phenolic acids, while quercetin and herniarin were detected as the predominant flavonoid and coumarin compounds in the extracts. The quality and quantity of tarragon secondary metabolites were impacted by water deficit, suggesting that drought stress either increased the amounts of some common compounds or introduced some new compounds that were not present under normal conditions. In some genotypes, the content of some secondary metabolites in tarragon had the highest values under severe water deficit stress. The results indicated that Hamadan, Varamin and Estahbanat accessions could be introduced as tolerant accessions. Due to the very different response of tarragon accessions to water deficit and the existence of diversity between these accessions, the findings of the present study could be an effective step in identifying and achieving homogeneous, drought-tolerant and high-yield potential accessions, and may help tarragon breeding programs and development of cultivation.

Composition and function of rhizosphere microbiome of Panax notoginseng with discrepant yields

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2020
Chin Med

Background: Panax notoginseng is a highly valuable medicinal plant. Reduced P. notoginseng yield is a common and serious problem that arises in a continuous cropping system. Variation in the composition and function of soil microbial community is considered the primary cause of yield reduction. Methods: This study used shotgun metagenomic sequencing approaches to describe the taxonomic and functional features of P. notoginseng rhizosphere microbiome and screen microbial taxa and functional traits related to yields. Results: At the family and genus level, a total of 43 families and 45 genera (relative abundance > 0.1%) were obtained, and the correlation with the yield of P. notoginseng was further analyzed. Nitrosomonadaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, Mycobacterium and Arthrobacter that were enriched in soils with higher yields were positively correlated with P. notoginseng yields, thereby suggesting that they might increase yields. Negative correlation coefficients indicated that Xanthobacteraceae, Caulobacteraceae, Oxalobacteraceae, Chitinophagaceae, Sphingomonas, Hyphomicrobium, Variovorax and Phenylobacterium might be detrimental to P. notoginseng growth. A total of 85 functional traits were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with P. notoginseng yields. Functional traits, likely steroid biosynthesis and MAPK signaling pathway were positively correlated with P. notoginseng yields. In contrast, functional traits, such as bacterial secretion system, ABC transporters, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 and drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, were negatively associated with yields. Conclusions: This study describes an overview of the rhizosphere microbiome of P. notoginseng with discrepant yields and identifies the taxa and functional traits related to yields. Our results provide valuable information to guide the isolation and culture of potentially beneficial microorganisms and to utilize the power of the microbiome to increase plant yields in a continuous cropping system.

Avicennia marina a natural reservoir of phytopharmaceuticals: Curative power and platform of medicines

Article

Aug 2020
J ETHNOPHARMACOL

Ethnopharmacological relevance Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. is a historic plant, well-known for many centuries in traditional and folk use medicine. A. marina is an evergreen tree belongs to Acanthaceae family. The plant is the most widespread mangrove in the tropical and subtropical regions of Indo-West-Pacific area. Current scientific data confirmed the medicinal values of A. marina. The pharmacological activity of the plant is attributed to the presence of several phytochemical classes. Aim of the study To evaluate the link between the traditional use of the plant and the scientific data accumulated over time including both the phytochemical analysis and therapeutic activities. Additionally, to evaluate the usage of obtained data for further development of the plant and its products in the pharmaceutical market. Materials and methods The data related to traditional medicine, therapeutic uses, phytochemical analysis and market availability of A. marina and its products from different geographical regions were collected. The collected data was compared and the research gaps were identified in order to highlight areas that can be employed to improve plant-based research and development. Results Although the wide geographical distribution of the plant, its historic traditional use, richness of phytochemicals and diverse pharmacological activities, the utilization of these data has never been exploited for human health and several gaps were identified. These gaps include the lack of phyto-geographical comparison of the plant, the lack of proper mapping of traditional use to the scientific data and inadequate exploration of plant phytochemicals by researchers. Conclusions A. marina is an old tree that has evolved over centuries and adapted diverse climates. It contains a pool of potential phytochemicals that can be employed for the discovery of drugs after careful studies. Scientists are required to invest money and time to explore these renewable and natural sources of drugs and design drug formulations to overcome current difficult to treat health issues and fight against the era of drug resistant.

Rhizosphere Microbiome is Associated with Yield and Medical Value of the Perennial Panax Notoginseng

Preprint

Full-text available

Jul 2020

Background: Rhizosphere microbiome play important roles in promoting plant growth. However, it is not well understood how rhizosphere microbiome were driven by medical plants during growth stages and whether they contribute the accumulation of medical values. Panax notoginseng is a perennial medicinal plant, which belowground biomass and saponin contents are the important indicators of its value. Here, we use high-throughput sequencing method to study the temporal dynamics of perennial P. notoginseng rhizosphere microbiomes and the relationship between the indicators and core rhizosphere microbiomes. Results: The results show that the diversity, composition and network structures of the bacterial and fungal communities are mainly driven by the developmental stages. And succession characteristics of bacterial and fungal diversity show similar parabolic patterns during the developmental stages. Enrichment and depletion of the bacterial and fungal communities are active at the 3-year root growth (3YR) stage. From samples collected at a large-spatial P. notoginseng production area at the 3YR stage, we obtained 639 bacterial and 310 fungal core operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Analysis of the data indicate that the microbiome diversity is related to the belowground biomass and total saponin contents. Some genera, such as Pseudomonas, Massilia, Sphingobium, and Phoma are positively correlated to the belowground biomass, and genera likely Staphylotrichum, Chaetosphaeria, and Podospora are positively correlated with total saponin contents. Additionally, we identified 36 microbial functions involving in plant-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions, nutrition acquisition, and disease resistance. They are related to belowground biomass and saponin contents. Conclusions: In short, this study provides a detailed and systematic survey of rhizosphere microbiome in P. notoginseng and reveals that P. notoginseng rhizosphere microbiomes are largely driven by the developmental stages, while the core microbiomes are related to the belowground biomass and saponins contents of the plant. The finding may enhance our understanding of the interaction between microbes and perennial plants and improve our ability to manage root microbiota for sustainable production of the herb medicine.

Probiotic Consortia: Reshaping the Rhizospheric Microbiome and Its Role in Suppressing Root-Rot Disease of Panax notoginseng

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2020

Root-rot disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum is a growing problem in agriculture for commercial cultivation of Panax notoginseng. Diverse microbes colonize plant roots, and numerous earlier studies have characterized the rhizospheric microbiome of P. notoginseng; nevertheless, the function of probiotic consortia on the rhizospheric microbiome against the root-rot disease remain elusive. We have compared and described the rhizospheric microbiome of lightly and severely diseased P. notoginseng as well as the interactions of the probiotic consortia and rhizospheric microbiome, and their function to alleviate the plant diseases were explored by inoculating probiotic consortia in bulk soil. From the perspective of microbial diversity, the rhizospheric dominant bacterial and fungal genera were utterly different between lightly and severely diseased plants. Through inoculating assembled probiotic consortia to diseased plant roots, we found that the application of probiotic consortia reshaped the rhizosphere microbiome, increasing the relative abundance of bacteria and fungi, while the relative abundance of potential pathogens was decreased significantly. We developed a microcosm system that provides a preliminary ecological framework for constructing an active probiotic community to reshape soil microbiota and restrain the disease. Microbial community structure differs between lightly and seriously diseased plants. The application of probiotic consortia changes the imbalance of micro-ecology to a state of relative health, reducing plant mortality. Plant disease suppression may be achieved by seeking and applying antagonistic microbes based on their direct inhibitory capability or by restructuring the soil microbiome structure and function.

Growth and Accumulation of Five Main Bioactive Components in the Roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza at Different Growth Stages and Using Different Culture Systems

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2018

Lilan Lu

Rhizospheric microbial communities are driven by Panax ginseng at different growth stages and biocontrol bacteria alleviates replanting mortality

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2018

The cultivation of Panax plants is hindered by replanting problems, which may be caused by plant-driven changes in the soil microbial community. Inoculation with microbial antagonists may efficiently alleviate replanting issues. Through high-throughput sequencing, this study revealed that bacterial diversity decreased, whereas fungal diversity increased, in the rhizosphere soils of adult ginseng plants at the root growth stage under different ages. Few microbial community, such as Luteolibacter, Cytophagaceae, Luteibacter, Sphingomonas, Sphingomonadaceae, and Zygomycota, were observed; the relative abundance of microorganisms, namely, Brevundimonas, Enterobacteriaceae, Pandoraea, Cantharellales, Dendryphion, Fusarium, and Chytridiomycota, increased in the soils of adult ginseng plants compared with those in the soils of 2-year-old seedlings. Bacillus subtilis 50-1, a microbial antagonist against the pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum, was isolated through a dual culture technique. These bacteria acted with a biocontrol efficacy of 67.8%. The ginseng death rate and Fusarium abundance decreased by 63.3% and 46.1%, respectively, after inoculation with B. subtilis 50-1. Data revealed that microecological degradation could result from ginseng-driven changes in rhizospheric microbial communities; these changes are associated with the different ages and developmental stages of ginseng plants. Biocontrol using microbial antagonists alleviated the replanting problem.

Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Quality Control for Medicinal Plants

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2012

High-throughput sequencing technology reveals that continuous cropping of American ginseng results in changes in the microbial community in arable soil

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2017
Chin Med

Background American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is renowned worldwide for its eutherapeutic effects. The replantation of American ginseng usually fails due to problems associated with continuous cropping. An imbalance in the microbial community is thought to be responsible for this, but the overall changes in microbial communities under a continuous cropping system are unclear. Methods This study used quantitative polymerase chain reaction combined with high-throughput sequencing methods to confirm changes in a microbial community under continuous cropping of American ginseng. Results Copy numbers of bacteria and fungi significantly declined by 47.7 and 45.5%, respectively, upon American ginseng cropping over 3 years. A total of 66,391 classified sequences were obtained from high-throughput sequencing analyses of 16S and 18S rRNA in six soil samples. A decline in bacterial diversity and an increase in fungal diversity were observed in the continuous cropping soils of American ginseng compared to those of traditional crops. Compared with soils used for traditional crops, the relative abundance of bacterial and fungal groups changed in soils subjected to continuous cropping with American ginseng. Conclusions Our results revealed that the diversity and composition of soil bacterial and fungal communities changed in the continuous cropping of American ginseng compared to those of traditional crops. Those data provided comprehensive insight into microbial communities at the agro-ecosystem scale and contributed to the understanding of micro-ecological environments in the rhizosphere of medicinal plants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13020-017-0139-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Experimental Paper. Intrapopulation variability of flavonoid content in roots of Baikal skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi)

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2017

Olga Kosakowska

Introduction: Baikal skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) is an important medicinal plant, indigenous to Asia. Due to a wide range of pharmacological activities, its roots has been used for ages in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Recently, the species has become an object of interest of Western medicine, as well. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the variability of Baikal skullcap population originated from Mongolia and cultivated in Poland, in terms of content and composition of flavonoids in the roots. Methods: The objects of the study were 15 individual plants, selected within examined population and cloned in order to obtain a sufficient amount of raw material. The total content of flavonoids in roots was determined according to Polish Pharmacopeia 6

Soil bacterial and fungal community dynamics in relation to Panax notoginseng death rate in a continuous cropping system

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2016

Notoginseng (Panax notoginseng), a valuable herbal medicine, has high death rates in continuous cropping systems. Variation in the soil microbial community is considered the primary cause of notoginseng mortality, although the taxa responsible for crop failure remains unidentified. This study used high-throughput sequencing methods to characterize changes in the microbial community and screen microbial taxa related to the death rate. Fungal diversity significantly decreased in soils cropped with notoginseng for three years. The death rate and the fungal diversity were significantly negatively correlated, suggesting that fungal diversity might be a potential bioindicator of soil health. Positive correlation coefficients revealed that Burkholderiales, Syntrophobacteraceae, Myrmecridium, Phaeosphaeria, Fusarium, and Phoma were better adapted to colonization of diseased plants. The relative abundance of Fusarium oxysporum (R = 0.841, P < 0.05) and Phaeosphaeria rousseliana (R = 0.830, P < 0.05) were positively associated with the death rate. F. oxysporum was a pathogen of notoginseng root-rot that caused seedling death. Negative correlation coefficients indicated that Thermogemmatisporaceae, Actinosynnemataceae, Hydnodontaceae, Herpotrichiellaceae, and Coniosporium might be antagonists of pathogens, and the relative abundance of Coniosporium perforans was negatively correlated with the death rate. Our findings provide a dynamic overview of the microbial community and present a clear scope for screening beneficial microbes and pathogens of notoginseng.

Hepatoprotective and Anti-fibrotic Agents: It's Time to Take the Next Step

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2016

Ralf Weiskirchen

Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis cause strong human suffering and necessitate a monetary burden worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of therapies. Pre-clinical animal models are indispensable in the drug discovery and development of new anti-fibrotic compounds and are immensely valuable for understanding and proofing the mode of their proposed action. In fibrosis research, inbreed mice and rats are by far the most used species for testing drug efficacy. During the last decades, several hundred or even a thousand different drugs that reproducibly evolve beneficial effects on liver health in respective disease models were identified. However, there are only a few compounds (e.g., GR-MD-02, GM-CT-01) that were translated from bench to bedside. In contrast, the large number of drugs successfully tested in animal studies is repeatedly tested over and over engender findings with similar or identical outcome. This circumstance undermines the 3R (Replacement, Refinement, Reduction) principle of Russell and Burch that was introduced to minimize the suffering of laboratory animals. This ethical framework, however, represents the basis of the new animal welfare regulations in the member states of the European Union. Consequently, the legal authorities in the different countries are halted to foreclose testing of drugs in animals that were successfully tested before. This review provides a synopsis on anti-fibrotic compounds that were tested in classical rodent models. Their mode of action, potential sources and the observed beneficial effects on liver health are discussed. This review attempts to provide a reference compilation for all those involved in the testing of drugs or in the design of new clinical trials targeting hepatic fibrosis.

Quality Control for Medicinal Plants

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2012

Thomas Efferth

The scientific basis of evidence-based medicine is still poor in herbal medicine. For the integration of herbal medicine into western medicine, internationally accepted standards are necessitated, including quality control of herbal products as well as preclinical and clinical evidence of safety and efficacy. In recent years, thriving innovative technologies emerged in phytotherapy research, e.g. DNA-based technologies for the authentication of plant species, good practice guidelines for standardized experimentations. High-quality herbal materials should undergo rigorous examination by analytical techniques for chemoprofiling of medicinal herbs, as well as toxicological methods to detect contaminations. The state of the art, which is necessary for the pharmaceutical use of medicinal herbs, is documented in monographs of national and international pharmacopeias. The thriving advances in molecular biology also affect phytotherapy research, which benefits from novel technologies of systems biology. Detection of bioactivity in animal experiments is a precondition to perform clinical trials in human patients. A sound basis of evidence for the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines will foster their integration into western medicine.

The quest for modernisation of traditional Chinese medicine

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2013
BMC Compl Alternative Med

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an integral part of mainstream medicine in China. Due to its worldwide use, potential impact on healthcare and opportunities for new drug development, TCM is also of great international interest. Recently, a new era for modernisation of TCM was launched with the successful completion of the Good Practice in Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in the Post-genomic Era (GP-TCM) project, the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) coordination action on TCM research. This 3.5-year project that involved inputs from over 200 scientists resulted in the production of 20 editorials and in-depth reviews on different aspects of TCM that were published in a special issue of Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2012; volume 140, issue 3). In this narrative review, we aim to summarise the findings of the FP7 GP-TCM project and highlight the relevance of TCM to modern medicine within a historical and international context. Advances in TCM research since the 1950s can be characterised into three phases: Phase I (1950s-1970s) was fundamental for developing TCM higher education, research and hospital networks in China; Phase II (1980s-2000s) was critical for developing legal, economic and scientific foundations and international networks for TCM; and Phase III (2011 onwards) is concentrating on consolidating the scientific basis and clinical practice of TCM through interdisciplinary, interregional and intersectoral collaborations. Taking into account the quality and safety requirements newly imposed by a globalised market, we especially highlight the scientific evidence behind TCM, update the most important milestones and pitfalls, and propose integrity, integration and innovation as key principles for further modernisation of TCM. These principles will serve as foundations for further research and development of TCM, and for its future integration into tomorrow's medicine.

New Perspectives on How to Discover Drugs from Herbal Medicines: CAM's Outstanding Contribution to Modern Therapeutics

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2013
EVID-BASED COMPL ALT

With tens of thousands of plant species on earth, we are endowed with an enormous wealth of medicinal remedies from Mother Nature. Natural products and their derivatives represent more than 50% of all the drugs in modern therapeutics. Because of the low success rate and huge capital investment need, the research and development of conventional drugs are very costly and difficult. Over the past few decades, researchers have focused on drug discovery from herbal medicines or botanical sources, an important group of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapy. With a long history of herbal usage for the clinical management of a variety of diseases in indigenous cultures, the success rate of developing a new drug from herbal medicinal preparations should, in theory, be higher than that from chemical synthesis. While the endeavor for drug discovery from herbal medicines is "experience driven," the search for a therapeutically useful synthetic drug, like "looking for a needle in a haystack," is a daunting task. In this paper, we first illustrated various approaches of drug discovery from herbal medicines. Typical examples of successful drug discovery from botanical sources were given. In addition, problems in drug discovery from herbal medicines were described and possible solutions were proposed. The prospect of drug discovery from herbal medicines in the postgenomic era was made with the provision of future directions in this area of drug development.

Enhancing drought tolerance in cumin through physiological and genetic insights from a synthetic variety

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2025

Developing drought-tolerant crop varieties is essential for sustainable agriculture and food security, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. This study introduces a newly developed cumin variety (Cuminum cyminum L.), a high-value medicinal plant, bred for enhanced resilience against drought stress. The synthetic variety was evaluated over three growing seasons under normal irrigation (field capacity) and severe drought stress (30% of field capacity) conditions. Results indicated that the synthetic variety exhibited a 71.59% higher seed yield, 46.53% greater chlorophyll a content, 24.03% more total chlorophyll, and a 52.90% increase in proline accumulation under drought stress compared to parental genotypes. Under drought stress conditions, the enzymatic activity of catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase was 131.81%, 122.05%, and 264.78% higher, respectively, in the synthetic variety compared to the parental genotypes, contributing to its improved drought tolerance. Furthermore, the synthetic variety demonstrated a 95.02% increase in essential oil content and favorable shifts in essential oil composition under stress conditions. Molecular analysis using ISSR markers revealed significant genetic diversity with polymorphic percentages ranging from 66.67 to 100%. Clustering and principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) confirmed clear distinctions between the synthetic variety and its parental genotypes. These findings highlight the synthetic cumin variety as a promising candidate for sustainable agriculture in water-limited regions, combining drought tolerance with superior agricultural productivity.

Host selection shapes structure and network of microbial community of Epimedium plants along the soil–rhizosphere–plant continuum

Article

Dec 2024

Онтогенетические состояния Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz. ) Schischkin

Article

Jan 2024

Сапожниковия растопыренная Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischkin является стержнекорневым многолетним монокарпиком и имеет исключительно семенное возобновление. В Забайкальском крае произрастает в степных и лесостепных районах, встречаясь на степных участках, в зарослях степных кустарников, на опушках лесостепных лесов, на залежах. Материал для исследования собирали в ценопопуляциях на залежах преимущественно средних и поздних стадий зарастания, в степных и лесостепных районах Забайкальского края в период 2022-2023 гг. При определении онтогенетических состояний использовали классификацию, разработанную Т.А. Работновым и дополненную А.А. Урановым. Онтогенез S. divaricata включает 3 периода (латентный, прегенеративный и генеративный) и 8 состояний (семена, проростки, ювенильное, имматурное, молодое, среднее и позднее виргинильное и генеративное). Особенностью онтогенеза S. divaricata являются три виргинильных состояния. Генеративный период очень короткий, длится всего один вегетационный сезон и на возрастные состояния не подразделяется. Прегенеративные растения имеют розеточные побеги, генеративные - полурозеточные. У виргинильных, реже генеративных особей может быть не одна, а несколько розеток, в том числе у особей, поврежденных при заготовке корневого сырья. Постгенеративных особей S. divaricata обнаружено не было.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ СЕМЕННОГО РАЗМНОЖЕНИЯ SAPOSHNIKOVIA DIVARICATA (APIACEAE)((FEATURES OF SEED REPRODUCTION OF SAPOSHNIKOVIA DIVARICATA (APIACEAE))

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2023

Изучена семенная продуктивность и прорастание семян у интродуцентов второго поколения Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz. ex Ledeb.) Schischk. (Apiaceae) в условиях лесостепной зоны Сибири (г. Новосибирск). Наличие разветвленной синфлоресценции обусловливает неравномерное созревание плодов. Проведен сравнительный анализ семенной продуктивности флоральных единиц в зависимости от их положения на генеративном побеге у особей природного местообитания и интродуцентов. Установлено, что в условиях интродукции более 50% реальной семенной продуктивности составляют семена от двойных зонтиков с побегов 3-го порядка, на семена зонтиков с побегов 2-го и 4-го порядка приходится 21 и 26% соответственно. В природных популяциях 45% реальной семенной продуктивности составляют семена двойных зонтиков с побегов 4-го порядка, на семена с побегов 3-го и 2-го порядков приходится 30 и 15% соответственно. Реальная семенная продуктивность особи в условиях интродукции высокая – более 6000 семян, процент семенификации – 65%. Изучено прорастание семян из плодов разного положения на генеративном побеге в лабораторных условиях. Семена имеют неглубокий покой, период до прорастания не превышает 10 дней. Прорастание семян динамичное, в течение 7 дней проросло более 50% от всех проросших семян. Лабораторная всхожесть у семян природной популяции выше, чем у интродуцентов. В природе наиболее высокие значения всхожести наблюдаются у семян зонтиков с побегов 3–4-го порядка – (более 90%), у интродуцентов – у семян зонтиков с побегов 2–3-го порядка (72–73%).

Screening of distributed horsemint (Mentha longifolia L.) accessions for agricultural drought tolerance based on biological responses

Article

Oct 2023

Mentha longifolia L. (horsemint) is one of the most famous wild perennial herbs of the Lamiaceae family, which has broad usage in therapeutic and pharmaceutical services. In this research, screening of twenty Mentha longifolia L. accessions was assessed according to the physio-chemical variability under low water irrigation. The investigation was a split plot arranged in a completed randomized block design in three replications with two water treatments of full irrigation (100% field capacity as control) and deficit irrigation (60% FC). The interaction effects of water deficit and accessions indicated that drought stress meaningfully (P ≤ 0.01) altered physiological parameters such as CGR, NAR, RGR, LAR, SLA electrolyte leakage, element content, stomatal conductivity, essential oil content, antioxidant activities, proline, relative water content, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content. The main volatile components as 1,8-cineole, (Z)-β-ocimene, menthon, menthol, pulegone, trans-piperitone epoxide, piperitenone, and piperitone oxide were analyzed. The HPLC analysis disclosed the existence of rosmarinic acid, caffecic acid, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, and rutin as predominant phenolic and flavonoid compounds in horsemint accessions. Results showed that the drought stress not only enhanced the values of rosmarinic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid but also triggered p-coumaric acid that did not exist in some accessions under full irrigation conditions. However, the findings were affected by the accession type. Cluster analysis based on all the traits categorized the accessions into two main groups, in which the comparisons of the dendrograms between normal and water deficit conditions showed 0.23 entanglement. The analysis showed that ML13, ML17, and ML2 accessions could be offered as tolerant accessions. Regarding the various reactions to drought stress and the variability among the accessions, the results of the current research could be a primary stage in recognizing and obtaining high-yield, drought-tolerance, and elite accessions and can promote horsemint breeding programs and domestication.

Morphological features of fruits and seeds of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Apiaceae)

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2021

The article presents the characteristics of the fruits and seeds of the medicinal plant Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk.), obtained from natural habitats and under conditions of introduction. Heterocarpy has been established, which is expressed in the difference in color, the surface of the mericarp, the size of the mericarp and the seed. The size of the embryo differs slightly. The coefficient of variation of signs is from 9 to 22 %, regardless of the place of origin of the fruits.

Technique in herbal drug standardization, modernization and integration of Indian traditional herbal medicine in clinical practice: Importance, challenges and future

Article

Nov 2015

In spite of incredible advances in modern science, technology and allopathic medicine a large we are unable to provide quality healthcare to all. Traditional medicine particularly herbal medicine considered as a major healthcare provider around the globe particularly in rural and remote areas. A large section of people depends on such medicine for their primary healthcare mainly in underdeveloped or developing countries. Indian traditional medicinal system like Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani has a very rich history of their effectiveness; modern research also acknowledged the importance of such medicine. Indian traditional medicine or medicinal plants are also considered as a vital source of new drug. Mainstreaming of such medicine is important for the people. The modernization of herbal medicine is the need of hour to cater the global demand by means of patient compatibility. The omic technique can also play an important role for the conservation of knowledge of ancient plant species.

Gründe für den Bedarf einer Qualitätskontrolle bei CHM-Heilmitteln

Chapter

Dec 2019

Durch die weltweit steigende Beliebtheit der TCM aber auch die explosionsartige Bevölkerungsentwicklung seit Beginn der Industrialierung um ca. 1750 n. Chr. wird der Nachfragedruck an CHM-Arzneien heutzutage immer größer. Während es in der Entstehungszeit der TCM im Alten China noch übersichtliche logistische Transportwege zwischen dem Standort der Pflanzen, dem TCM-Arzt bzw. – Apotheker sowie dem Patienten gab, können heutzutage in einer technisierten und globalisierten Welt große geografische Entfernungen und mehrere Stationen der Verarbeitung und des Handels zwischen der CHM-Quelle und dem Endverbraucher liegen. Durch die hohe Nachfrage auf dem Weltmarkt lohnen sich Manipulationen nämlich finanziell immer mehr, während gleichzeitig die Gefährdung etlicher Wildbestände in ihrem Vorkommen voranschreitet, weil es immer noch nicht ausreichend viele Kulturbestände gibt. Ferner können ungenaue chinesische Namensbezeichnungen für Arzneidrogen zu Verwechslungen besonders auch gegenüber toxischen oder kanzerogenen Pflanzenarten führen. Doch auch schon bei der Ernte muss mit absichtlichen bzw. versehentlichen Verfälschungen aufgrund der meist nicht speziell ausgebildeten Erntehelfer für die Wildbestände des Ernteguts gerechnet werden. Neben Verfälschungen und minderwertigen Arzneidrogenqualitäten, die die häufigsten toxikologischen Risiken bei CHM-Arzneidrogen darstellen, sollte eine sinnvolle Qualitätskontrolle auch Aussagen zu Kontaminierungen mit möglicherweise gesundheitsgefährdenden Substanzen wie Pestiziden, Schwermetallen, Mykotoxinen u. ä. gewährleisten. Für die Planung und Durchführung der Qualitätskontrolle sollte berücksichtigt werden, dass Arzneidrogenqualitäten aufgrund von Standortbedinungen (Wetter, Klima, Böden, Höhenlage u. ä.) und genetischer Anlagen (Kulturanbau so gut wie identisch; Wildsammlungen breite Variabilität) schwanken können. Stehen neben einzelnen CHM-Arzneidrogen auch fertige Rezepturen im Fokus der Untersuchung, sollte beachtet werden, dass chinesische CHM-Pharmafirmen aufgrund der hohen Nachfrage an Arzneidrogen Ernten der gleichen CHM-Arzneipflanze von diversen Standorten bzw. auch möglicherweise mit unterschiedlichen vorherigen Vorbehandlungsmethoden beziehen, wodurch es zu inhomogenen Chargen kommen könnte. Standardisierungsnormen fehlen nämlich noch oft. Außerdem können zur Herstellung von Rezepturen die CHM-Pharmafirmen auf eine Fülle von Zusatzstoffen zurückgreifen, unterschiedliche Herstellungsschritte verwenden und Rezepturen z. B. durch Hinzufügen oder Entfernen von Arzneidrogen in gewissen Grenzen abwandeln, so dass die Produkte zwischen den Pharmafirmen erheblich in ihrer chemischen Zusammensetzung voneinander abweichen können. Dies sollte beim Vergleich mit möglichen Referenzen für die Qualitätskontrolle beachtet werden.

ЕVALUATION OF SUM OF FLAVONOIDS, TANNINS AND POLYSACCHARIDES IN SAPOSHNIKOVIA DIVARICATA RADICES

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2019

The aim of this work was to determine the total sum of flavonoids, tannins and the quantitative content of polysaccharide fractions of Saposhnikoviae divaricatae radices collected in Russia, Mongolia and obtained in China. Plant material on different phases of development was collected during field works in Tarbagataisky, Mukhorshibirsky, Ivolginsky and Kyakhtinsky districts of the Republic of Buryatia (Russia), in Aginsky district of the Transbaikal Territory (Russia) and in Khentei aimak (Mongolia), and obtained in a pharmacy store in Xining, Qinghai Province (China). The total sum of flavonoids was determined by spectrophotometric method. The content of tannins was determined by permanganatometric method in terms of tannin. The quantitative content of polysaccharide fractions was carried out by gravimetric method. The total sum of flavonoids in terms of rutin in Saposhnikoviae divaricatae radices was 0.29−0.48%. The quantitative content of tannins was ranged from 0.38 to 0.55%. Water-soluble polysaccharides were represented by an amorphous yellowish-gray powder, soluble in water. The content ranged from 6.8 to 8.3%. The fraction of pectin substances was represented by an amorphous gray powder, soluble in water. The quantitative content of the sample from Tarbagataisky region was the highest − 1.1%, while the amount of the rest ranged from 0.3 to 0.4%. The quantitative content of hemicellulose A in studied samples varied significantly, and ranged from 2.5% to 13.8%. The yield of grayish-brown powder of hemicellulose B was 1.8-14.3%. Conclusion. For the first time the content of the total sum of flavonoids, tannins and polysaccharides in the roots of Saposhnikovia divaricata from Russian and Mongolian flora was studied in this research. It was found that this species accumulates significant quantity of flavonoids and tannins along with coumarins and chromones. Relatively high content of water-soluble polysaccharides in S. divaricata shows promising studying of their composition and structure.

Biofertilizers regulate the soil microbial community and enhance Panax ginseng yields

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2019
Chin Med

Background Panax ginseng is widely used as functional food and traditional Chinese medicine. To satisfy the market supply and medication safety, biofertilizers are used as agents to stimulate the growth and production of P. ginseng. Methods In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to analyze microbial community in soils treated with biofertilizers during the development stages of P. ginseng. Ginsenoside content was detected using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis to evaluate the effects of biofertilizer application. Results In this study, the incidence rate of P. ginseng root rot significantly declined by 40.3–47.3% after application of disease-biocontrol biofertilizers. Bacterial diversity showed increasing trends in soils treated with 3.0–4.5 ml kg⁻¹ of disease-biocontrol biofertilizers compared with those in untreated soils. Principal coordinate analysis ordination revealed that bacterial communities were changed by biofertilizers depending on their application concentration. Relative abundance of potentially beneficial bacterial agents, such as Bacillus, Burkholderia, Rhizobium, Streptomyces, and Mycobacterium, significantly increased compared with that in control. Fusarium of low abundance observed in soils treated with biofertilizers compared with that in untreated soils. P. ginseng yield was enhanced by 17.0–19.1%, and ginsenoside (Rg1 and Rb1) contents were improved after biofertilizer application. Conclusions Our results reveal that biofertilizers reduced the incidence rate of root rot, increased bacterial diversity, promoted the relative abundance of potentially beneficial bacterial taxa, decreased the abundance of potentially harmful bacterial agents, and then enhanced the yield and quality of P. ginseng. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13020-019-0241-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

[Problems of study and conservation of flora biodiversity in Kazakhstan] ПРОБЛЕМА ИЗУЧЕНИЯ И СОХРАНЕНИЯ БИОРАЗНООБРАЗИЯ ФЛОРЫ КАЗАХСТАНА

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2016

Plants are vitally important part of biodiversity that determines a global stability of ecosystems. According to the International Convention on Biological Diversity, two thirds of plants in the world are underextinction due to anthropogenic activities and global climate change. The strategies of plant protection on regional and global levels must be focused on evaluation of current conditions of bioresources, the development of systematic statuses of all living plant species, including those under the extinction. There is a necessity to fullydescribe floristically rich regions with purpose to develop a proper strategies for conservation of ecosystems, rare, endemic, and industrially important wild species both in situ and ex situ. Based on international experience, the achievement of this goal should be achieved through creation ofprotected natural territories in Kazakhstan, including National Reserves and National Parks. One of the modern approaches for the integrated study of the plant genetic resources is molecular systematics, which is based on combination of research studies in botany and molecular genetics. - Eurasian Journal of Applied Biotechnology. 2016. V.3. p.13-23

Discrimination of Leonurus japonicus and Leonurus cardiaca by phytochemical and DNA analyses

Article

Oct 2014

Effects of the applications of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers at different growth stages on the root growth and bioactive compounds of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge

Article

Jan 2013

Dried roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge have been used in Chinese medicine for over 2000 years for treating cardiovascular disease and improving immunity. The products are favored in Asia, Europe, North America, Africa, and Russia. Consequently, increasing the yield and quality of S. miltiorrhiza has become a major concern worldwide. Here, we conducted a 2-year greenhouse experiment to investigate the effects of applying phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers at different growth stages on root growth and production of bioactive compounds in S. miltiorrhiza. The experiment comprised 8 treatments, including 4 each of P and K fertilizers. The P2 treatment greatly enhanced root growth (root length [RL], 43.6 cm; root diameter [RD], 14.4 mm; number of roots [RN], 15.5; shoot dry weight [SDW], 13.82 g per plant; root dry weight [RDW], 15.77 g per plant; and total plant dry weight [TPDW], 29.59 g per plant) and accumulation of bioactive compounds (danshensu [DSS], 0.055%; salvianolic acid B [SAB], 4.50%; cryptotanshione [CTS], 0.056%; tanshinone II A [TSIIA], 0.127%; and total tanshinone [TTS], 0.226%) compared to the other P treatments. The K4 treatment showed improved root growth (RL, 45.9 cm; RD, 11.2 mm; RN, 17.8; SDW, 14.96 g per plant; RDW, 16.80 g per plant; and TPDW, 31.76 g per plant) and bioactive compound accumulation (DSS, 0.52% and SAB, 4.13%) compared to the other K treatments. Conversely, a negative effect was observed in the accumulation of CTS (0.039%), TSIIA (0.055%), and TTS (0.139%). Significantly increased concentrations of CTS (0.052%), TSIIA (0.114%), and TTS (0.213%) were observed in the K1 treatment compared to the other K treatments. The total DSS, SAB, CTS, TSIIA, and TTS yields were, respectively, the highest in the P2 treatment at 8.61, 709.3, 8.87, 19.98, 35.68 mg per plant, and the K4 treatment at 8.41, 693.2, 6.49, 9.18, and 23.42 mg per plant. Further, they were, respectively, the lowest in the P4 treatment at 2.78, 169.7, 1.96, 3.59, and 7.48 mg per plant, and the K3 treatment at 2.95, 194.5, 2.61, 5.08, and 10.17 mg per plant.

Chinesische Arzneimittel bei Patienten mit chronischer Rhinosinusitis — Therapiebeobachtung zum Vergleich der Wirksamkeit der Arzneikräuter aus bayerischem und chinesischem Anbau

Article

Dec 2015

Der Import Chinesischer Arzneidrogen aus China bereitet immer wieder Probleme bezüglich der Verfügbarkeit, Qualität und Verunreinigungen mit Schwermetallen und Pestiziden. Deshalb wird seit 1999 ein kontrollierter Anbau von wichtigen Chinesischen Arzneipflanzen in Bayern von der Bayerischen Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft in einem interdisziplinären Forschungsprojekt betrieben und wissenschaftlich erforscht. Zur Zeit werden 16 „bayerische Arzneidrogen“ über Apotheken abgegeben. Wirkstoffbestimmungen, sensorische und Qualitäts-Analysen zeigen eine hohe, vergleichbare Qualität der bayerischen Arzneimittel. Dennoch wurde von Vorbehalten berichtet. Die bayerischen Arzneimittel werden seit 2006 in der medizinischen Versorgung von Patienten in Deutschland eingesetzt, ohne dass die Wirksamkeit im Vergleich zu den Chinesischen Arzneimitteln bis jetzt untersucht wurde. Aus diesem Grund wurde eine Therapiebeobachtung mit einem Parallelgruppendesign bei Patienten mit chronischer Rhinosinusitis durchgeführt.

Traditional Chinese herbal medicine in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: An observational trial comparing the plants origin

Article

Sep 2015

Background: The use of Chinese medicinal drugs is becoming more common in Germany. However, the import of herbal drugs from China complicates quality controls, possibly jeopardizing therapeutic safety. Consequently, the Bayerische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft has been conducting an interdisciplinary research project since 1999 to cultivate and analyse important Chinese herbal plants in Bavaria. Currently 16 "Bavarian-produced Chinese drugs" are in use and distributed to patients by pharmacies. Active agents-, sensoryand quality controls show a high quality of the Bavarian pharmaceutical products. Yet reports of concerns remain. The Bavarian medicinal drugs have been used for treatment purposes on patients since 2006, without their effect having been compared to the Chinese products. Therefore an observational trial, using a parallel group design, was performed on patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Methods: The duration of the trial was 4 weeks. Four weeks after completing the therapy, the patients were interviewed over the telephone. During the trial the patients were given 2 × 50 ml of a decoction of Chinese medicinal herbs, either (a) from Bavarian controlled cultivation (Bayern group) or (b) from Chinese production (China group). Experts in the field of Chinese medicine fixed the formula for the decoction by consensus. The participating physicians were independent and free to use other complementary therapies, however these had to be extensively documented. The therapeutic success was evaluated using numerical rating scales. Results: In total 64 patients completed the observational trial (31 Bayern group, 33 China group). Both groups showed significant improvements in the main symptom scores of chronic rhinosinusitis, as well as in secondary symptoms such as the overall state of health or the susceptibility to catching a cold.There were no significant differences between the groups concerning the main symptoms scores. Overall, the herbal decoctions had no reported side effects. Conclusion: This observational trial shows that Chinese herbal drugs from Bavarian cultivation are as effective as medicinal herbs imported from China, but the effects of the other therapies must be considered. The symptom score improvements during the treatment period were quite apparent and should stimulate further investigation on the efficacy of this herbal formula in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis.

Yield and Quality of Domestically Grown Chinese Medicinal Plants

Conference Paper

Jul 2009

Interest and demand for Chinese medicinal plants in the U.S. is expanding due to increases in the number of practicing acupuncturists and their use of herbal formulas as part of treatment procedures. Recent reports of contaminated goods imported from China have raised concerns about the quality of imported medicinal plant material, leading to demand for plants produced under controlled and documented conditions in accordance with good agricultural practices. To evaluate the potential of domestic cultivation of selected Chinese medicinal plants in the northeastern region of the United States, cultivation trials were done with Agastache rugosa (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Kuntze, Leonurus heterophyllus Sweet, L. sibiricus L., and Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. The plants were seeded in the field in a randomized complete block design in plots containing 0, 100, or 200 kg ha-1 of nitrogen supplied as soybean meal. The nitrogen treatments resulted in a dose-related increase in yield for all the species. A comparison of natural air drying and forced hot air drying resulted in different drying times, but no apparent differences in quality. Preliminary organoleptic evaluation indicates that domestically produced plant material has a higher quality than imported plant material.

Yield and Effects of Organic Nitrogen Fertilizer on Field-Grown Chinese Medicinal Plants in the United States

Article

Jan 2015

There is an increased demand for Chinese medicinal plants in the U.S., with little known about the feasibility of production of these species outside of China. The purpose of this study was to develop basic agronomic data for selected Chinese medicinal plant species. Agastache rugosa, Schizonepeta tenuifolia, Leonurus japonicus, and Leonurus sibiricus were grown in a randomized complete block design with 0, 100, or 200 kg.ha−1 of nitrogen (N). At 100 kg.ha−1 of N, a significant increase in yield of all species was observed as compared to the 0 kg.ha−1 control. Average dry yield per plant at 100 kg.ha−1 of N was 44.7 g for A. rugosa herb, 52.6 g for S. tenuifolia inflorescences, 42.7 g for L. japonicus basal rosette, and 46.9 g for L. sibiricus basal rosette. Yields of A. rugosa and both Leonurus species increased significantly again at 200 kg.ha−1 of N as compared to 100 kg.ha−1, while the increase in yield between these two levels was slight for S. tenuifolia. Results from these trials indicate that all four of the selected species are suitable for cultivation in the northeastern U.S.

Stachydrine in Leonurus cardiaca, Leonurus japonicus, Leonotis leonurus: Detection and quantification by instrumental HPTLC and 1H-qNMR analyses

Article

Jul 2013
PHARMAZIE

Stachydrine ((2S)-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidinium-2-carboxylic acid) may be regarded as an essential active principle of the aerial parts of Leonurus japonicus Houtt. (Leonuri herba, yimucao; Chin.Ph., DAB) which are used in TCM and Kampo for the treatment of various gynaecological and cardiovascular disorders. Medically and botanically closely related Lamioideae drugs are the fruits of L. japonicus (Leonuri fructus, chongweizi; Chin.Ph.), the aerial parts of European Leonurus cardiaca L. (Leonuri cardiacae herba; Ph.Eur.) as well as the aerial parts of their South African relative Leonotis leonurus (L.) R.Br. (Leonotis leonuri herba). Regarding L. cardiaca, stachydrine might be an exceptionally interesting constituent as Dragendorff-positive substances like stachydrine were found to be enriched in an antiarrhythmic L. cardiaca refined extract, which was most recently developed via bioassay guided fractionation. The few pharmacological publications on this betaine do indeed describe cardiovascular, hypotensive, and tissue protective effects. However, its pharmacopeial analytics poses a severe difficulty, as it does not contain any chromophoric group suitable for customary HPLC-UV detection. For quality control of yimucao according to Chin.Ph. the entirety of its N-containing compounds is photometrically quantified after Reinecke's complexation. Unfortunately, this method suffers from a relatively low reproducibility. Since no reliable quantification method for stachydrine is available up to now, a highly reproducible instrumental HPTLC method was newly developed, using postchromatographic derivatization by Vágújfalvi reagent, thus changing non absorbing stachydrine into a detectable derivative at 517 nm, and an automatic HPTLC system with scanner and analysis software (winCATS). This method was shown to be precise with respect to concentration and yielded highly reproducible data over numerous inter-day repetitions. Not only did the independent evaluation of the scanned HPTLC sheets for stachydrine peak area and height result in almost identical values for all samples, but also the results of a parallel-developed direct quantitative 1H-NMR procedure using its N-CH3 singlet delta 3.03 ppm in comparison with the singlet of the two vinylic protons of the internal standard maleic acid at delta 6.18 ppm were always within the standard deviation of the HPTLC data. These measurements of 12 drug samples revealed stachydrine contents (w/w) of 0.2 to 1.0% for the L. japonicus aerial parts, 0.6 to 1.5 % for the L. cardiaca aerial parts, 6.7% for the antiarrhythmic refined extract of L. cardiaca, and 0.3% for the aerial parts of Leonotis leonurus, while both L. japonicus and L. cardiaca fruits contained, on average, 0.2 %. Furthermore, stachydrine was found for the first time as a constituent of L. japonicus and L. cardiaca fruits as well as Leonotis leonurus. Methodically, instrumental HPTLC may be a powerful tool for quality assurance for stachydrine containing plants and herbal drugs, especially for industrial routine protocols.

The Role of the GP-TCM Research Association to Modernization and Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Chapter

Nov 2013

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an ancient medical system, using experience-based therapies such as acupuncture and herbal medicine, which has been practised for thousands of years in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases in Asia. Recently, the TCM has been promoted worldwide, is undergoing continuous globalization, and plans to be integrated with Western medicine. China has continuously increased its investment in R&D of TCM and has promoted international dialogues and collaborations, especially since the late 2000s. In 2009, the European Union funded a coordination project under its 7th Framework Programme (FP7) entitled “Good Practice in Traditional Chinese Medicine (GP-TCM) Research in the Post-genomic Era”, in order to coordinate EU-China dialogues and collaborations in TCM research. During the FP7 GP-TCM project a large collaborative network of more than 200 scientists and clinicians from 112 institutions in 24 countries was established to work on the future perspectives of TCM research. The participating members were engaged for three and a half years in discussions on good practice issues related to various aspects of Chinese herbal medicine and acupuncture research. The project resulted in recommendations on best practice related to various aspects of Chinese herbal medicine and acupuncture research, leading to state-of-the-art reports and guidelines published in an open-access special issue of Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2012;140:455-643). The Good Practice in TCM Research Association (GP-TCM RA) has been founded as a sustainable follow-up organization of the FP7 project. Dedicated to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) research, it will disseminate, validate and further develop these guidelines through continued interregional, interdisciplinary and intersectoral collaborations (http://www.gp-tcm.org/association/).

Genomic and Transcriptomic Profiling: Tools for the Quality Production of Plant-Based Medicines

Chapter

Aug 2013

A stable and controlled supply of plant-based medicines depends on the availability of high quality medicinal plants. Cultivation of medicinal plants used for the manufacture of traditional herbal medicines is considered to be a key element in the drive to modernize and internationalize traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and has motivated the cultivation and breeding of selected Chinese medicinal plants worldwide. In parallel, several research groups have developed plant tissue culture and in vitro micropropagation techniques for the cultivation, rapid propagation, and metabolic engineering of medicinal plants. Genetic markers such as microsatellites (SSR, simple sequence repeats; short tandem repeats) and single nucleotide polymorphisms are used for marker assisted breeding and quality assessment. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology is rapidly becoming the method of choice for the characterization of genetic markers. An important advantage of sequencing-based approaches compared to electrophoresis-based DNA fingerprinting is that the DNA sequence is independent of the particular method that was used to generate it. Furthermore, DNA sequences can be deposited into public repositories for genetic information such as GenBank that can be searched easily using web interfaces as well as specialized bioinformatics software. Similarly, NGS can be used for transcriptomic and epigenetic studies. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. All rights are reserved.

Quality of Chinese herbal drugs from Bavarian experimental cultivation compared with imported goods

Article

Jun 2008

R. Nögel

Quality of herbal raw materials for traditional Chinese medicine from Bavarian experimental cultivation compared to imported materials: Identity, sensory quality, active principle content, purity

Article

Sep 2008

As a part of the interdisciplinary project on field production of Chinese herbal raw materials in Germany, drugs of ten selected species (Angelica dahurica, Artemisia scoparia, Astragalus mongholicus, Bupleurum chinense, Leonurus japonicus, Prunella vulgaris, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Saposhnikovia divaricata, Scutellaria baicalensis and Sigesbeckia pubescens) from experimental cultivation and import were analysed for their pharmaceutical and sensory qualities according to pharmacopoeia. The results will enable to evaluate herb quality for Chinese herbal medicine from local production versus import. There was no uniform quality of the imported drugs regarding their appearance, sensory quality, active principle contents and purity. The drugs derived from field experiments showed high to very high quality and were at least equal to the imported drugs. The experimental root drugs differed in their appearance from the imported drugs, the pharmaceutical quality, however, was not affected. Drugs from local German production can be expected to achieve high pharmaceutical quality. It will mainly positively differentiate from imported drugs by its purity and freshness. Local drugs of Angelica dahurica, Artemisia scoparia, Astragalus mongholicus, Leonurus japonicus, Salvia miltiorrhiza. Saposhnikovia divaricata, Scutellaria baicalensis and Sigesbeckia pubescens from commercial field cultivation are available for pharmacies and users from wholesalers.

A chance for better drug quality in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM): Workshop on »Documented and controlled cultivation of selected TCM plants in Germany«

Article

Jan 2008

U. Bomme

Constituent and extractives contents of selected herbal raw materials for traditional Chinese medicine from German experimental cultivation compared to imported materials from Asia

Article

Dec 2008
Z ARZNEI-GEWURZPFLA

As a part of the interdisciplinary project on field production of herbal raw materials for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in Germany, the content of the constituents and extractives of ten selected species (Angelica dahurica, Artemisia scoparia, Astragalus mongholicus (formerly A membranaceus), Bupleurum chinense, Leonurus japonicus. Prunella vulgaris, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Saposhnikovia divaricata, Scutellaria baicalensis and Sigesbeckia pubescens) from experimental cultivation at the Bavarian State Research Centre for Agriculture (LfL) and from import were compared. Ten experimental and imported samples per species, respectively, were analysed according to the Chinese pharmacopoeia (1,3). Most of the analytical methods were feasible, some methods, however, seem to produce systematic deviations due to methodology or reference substances. The experiences are communicated to the monograph establishing process of the European pharmacopoeia. The samples derived from field experiments showed high to very high contents of specific constituents and extractives and were at least equal to the imported samples. In some cases, high contents could be related to genetic resources and/or the portion of leaves and the freshness of the material, respectively. Several factors may act concomitantly. Herbal raw materials from local German production based on the projects recommendations have the potential to be at least equal to imported materials.

Chinese Herbal Medicine

Article

Jul 1975

H. A. Reid

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Jan 1986

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Jan 2000

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Jan 2005
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Chinese herbs -cases of death in Belgium

Jan 2000
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Anonymous

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Jan 2006
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J Hummelsberger
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Jan 2000
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P Schmoltzi
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Methods of germination improvement of medicinal and spice plants and their use on a few Chinese medicinal plants (in German, English abstract)

Jan 2002
133-148

U Bomme
M Gatterer

Bomme U, Gatterer M. Methods of germination improvement of medicinal and spice plants and their use on a few Chinese medicinal plants (in German, English abstract). Z Arzn Gewpfl 2002; 7 (special edition): 133-148

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Jan 1999
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Cultivation and Breeding of Chinese Medicinal Plants in Germany

Abstract

No full-text available

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