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Keanekaragaman Hayati dan Pengelolaan Serangga Hama Dalam Agroekosistem
Abstract
Ekosistem pertanian (agroekosistem) memegang faktor kunci dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan pangan suatu bangsa. Keanekaragaman hayati (biodiversiy) yang merupakan semua jenis tanaman, hewan, dan mikroorganisme yang ada dan berinteraksi dalam suatu ekosistem sangat menentukan tingkat produktivitas pertanian. Namun demikian dalam kenyataannya pertanian merupakan penyederhanaan dari keanekaragaman hayati secara alami menjadi tanaman monokultur dalam bentuk yang ekstrim. Hasil akhir pertanian adalah produksi ekosistem buatan yang memerlukan perlakuan oleh pelaku pertanian secara konstan. Berbagai hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan berupa masukan agrokimia (terutama pestisida dan pupuk) telah menimbulkan dampak lingkungan dan sosial yang tidak dikehendaki (Altieri, 1999). Jasa-jasa ekologis yang diemban oleh keanekaragaman hayati pertanian, diantaranya jasa penyerbukan, jasa penguraian, dan jasa pengendali hayati (predator, parasitoid, dan patogen) untuk mengendalikan hama, sangatlah penting bagi pertanian berkelanjutan. Dengan adanya kemajuan pertanian modern, prinsip ekologi telah diabaikan secara berkesinambungan, akibatnya agroekosistem menjadi tidak stabil. Perusakan-perusakan tersebut menimbulkan munculnya hama secara berulang dalam sistem pertanian, salinisasi, erosi tanah, pencemaran air, timbulnya penyakit dan sebagainya (Van Emden & Dabrowski, 1997). Memburuknya masalah hama ini sangat berhubungan dengan perluasan monokultur dengan mengorbankan keragaman tanaman, yang merupakan komponen bentang alam (landscape) yang penting dalam menyediakan sarana ekologi untuk perlindungan tanaman dan serangga-serangga berguna. Salah satu masalah penting dari sistem pertanian homogen adalah menurunnya ketahanan tanaman terhadap serangga hama, terutama disebabkan oleh penggunaan pestisida yang tidak bijaksana (Altieri & Nicholls, 2004).
... In naturally forested areas, prey abundance is limited by forest productivity, and by competition with other animals for limited resources. However, in palm oil plantations, a monoculture system can provide a food source for several types of rodent species [27]. This particular species can sometimes reach very high population densities in palm [28]. ...
... In fact, many potential natural enemies have been found and can be bred in the laboratory and even traded, but they do not seem attractive for use by plantation players. This is thought to be due to the killing power of pathogenic (entomopathogenic) microorganisms that work indirectly to kill target pests such as pesticides but take several days [27]. ...
The palm oil industry is one of the national strategic industries that must gradually apply the concept of green economy where the use of biodiversity (to reduce the use of chemicals in increasing land fertility and controlling pests/diseases) should be optimized in various aspects of management. Therefore, the potential for species diversity and the role of biodiversity in palm oil agro-ecosystems needs to be investigated, one of which is herpetofauna diversity. Data collection on the diversity of herpetofauna species was carried out simultaneously on seven types of land cover for PT BSM’s palm oil plantations using the Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method. The results showed that the number of herpetofauna species varied according to land cover type with a total of 26 species. The highest number of species and individuals was found in shrubs (12 species and 18 individuals). While the lowest number of species and individuals was found in smallholder palm oil plantations 1 (5 species and 9 individuals). Based on the list of herpetofauna species in the study area, nine of these species have potential roles for the oil palm agro-ecosystem. These roles as biological control (predators, parasitoids, pathogens) include Takydromus sexlineatus, Eutropis multifasciata, Chalcorana chalconota, Occydoziga sumtrana, Malayopython reticulatus, Bungarus candidus , and Naja sumatrana , as well as decomposition controllers, Varanus salvator . The Shrubs land cover has a complete composisition of the roles of herpetofauna, while in the others land cover, have one individuals that play a role in the oil palm agroecosystem.
... Pengaruh tanaman tumpang sari dapat memberikan keanekaragaman jenis atau vegetasi tanaman dalam satu areal pertanaman sehingga dapat meningkatkan populasi serangga (Handayani et al., 2019). Tobing (2009) menyatakan keanekaragaman yang terjadi dalam ekosistem baik karagaman tanaman serta keragaman arthropoda tanah akan membentuk interaksi internal dalam meningkatkan stabilitas serangga dalam perannya masing-masing dan membentuk tingkat tropik secara alami. Akibat penurunan keragaman serangga yang paling buruk yakni penurunan produksi pertanian yang akan memberikan akibat yang lebih luas terhadap aktivitas pertanian sebagai konsekuensi rendahnya produktivitas ekosistem pertanian yang ada (Bauer & Wing, 2010). ...
p>Plants that have a wide range of insect presence, decreased insect diversity and abundance were so few consequenced because the absence of one insect species can be replaced by the presence of another. The bad consequences that occur are the types of plants that have specific insect specificities because the absence of these insects will cause the failure of plant pollination and will directly cause a decrease in crop production. This study aimed to determine the diversity of insect species that come in the soybean-tithonia intercropping. The method was used direct observation in tithonia-soybean intercropping, took insects using a sweep net in the morning. The results showed that there were 15 types of insects identified, namely Epilachna sp.; Coccinella sexmaculata ; Coccinella transveralis ; Verania lineata; Ropalidia fasciata; Priocnemis sp.; Naupactus leucoloma; Piezodorus guildinii ; Bemicia tabaci; Agromyza phaseoli; Spodoptera sp.; Nezara viridula; Paederus fusipes; Hylaeus sp.; and Trigona sp. The range of results of the calculation of the diversity index showed that the five treatments in intercropping plants had the same abundance. So it was needed to calculate the highest diversity index value or maximum H expressed in Ln S. The maximum H value in this study is 2.708, which is a measure of moderate species diversity (1<H’<3).</p
Rice is the main source of calory for most people in the world especially in Asia
where more than 90% of rice grow. In Indonesia, the consumption of rice is still high i.e.
139/kg/person/year, it is predicted that it will continue increasing along with the growing
of number of population so that the rice consumption will reach 35,1 million ton in 2020. If
the rice production doesn’t increase, it means it will lack of rice about 4.5 million ton in
2020 (Baehaki 2006). The existence of pest and disease is the obstacle in fullifing theneed
of rice. Green leafhopper is one of the dangerous pest in rice plant because it transmitet
rice tungro viruses which can cause the decreasing of rice production even become fail in
producing (puso). Tungro disease infected plants show leaf yellowing, less number of
productive tillers, unfilled grains. The number of tungro control has been done such as
applying insectiside. It gives negative impact for human health and environment either
directly or indirectly that cause low quality of rice. Some researches show that applying
agro chemical (especially pestiside) has raise bad effect to environment and social life,
therefore the other strategic control which is good for environment should be tried like the
utilization of natural enemies. The natural enemies usually used is predator, parasitoid
and pathogen because they can prevent the increasing number of pest and useful to get
sustainaible agriculture that raise economical benefit because it could increase the added
value and competitive quality of rice and offer the sustainable ecology as well.
Keywords: Green leafhopper, tungro disease, natural enemies and competitive quality
p>The use of intensive and excessive insecticides on cabbage cultivations causes pest resistance, pest resurgence, environmental pollution, chemical residues, as well as decreasing the population of natural enemies and soil arthropods. Various pest control techniques have been developed to reduce the pest population, two of them are intercropping systems as part of cultural technique strategy and insecticide application. The aim of this research was to study the effect of three cabbage ( Brassica oleracea ) cultivation patterns and different criteria in insecticide application against soil arthropod diversity including the natural enemy population. The research was designed using split-plot experimental design. The three cultivation patterns consisted of intercropping cabbage with tomato, cabbage, and Ageratum sp. as refugia plant, and monoculture cabbage. Three criteria in insecticide application were economic threshold-based application, calendar system, and without insecticide application. In general, the results showed that cabbage monoculture cultivation and insecticide applications resulted in the lowest soil arthropod population among other treatments. Treatments of cabbage + Ageratum sp. and without insecticide application could increase the diversity of soil arthropods.</p
The use of protozoan Sarcocystis singaporensis (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) for control rice field rat Rattus argentiventer. Rats are still a number-one-pest in field rice of various areas in Indonesia. Biological control using microparasite Sarcocystis singaporensis (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) is a highly host-specific protozoan for controlling the rats. The objective of this research was to study the use of protozoa parasite S. singaporensis against rodent pest Rattus argentiventer. The design of experiment was Factorial Randomized Complete Design with ten treatments and four replications. The first factor was sporocyt doses of S. singaporensis (control; 1 x 105; 2 x 105; 3 x 105; 4 x 105), while the second factor was rats sexual category (male and female). The results showed that dose of sporocysts S. singaporensis was significantly different but rats’ sexual category has no effect on the treatments. The highest mortalities was on dose 4 x 105 (100%) at 12.08 days, food consumption decreased two to four days before rats died, weight of rats decreased because of the infection of S. singaporensis.
The objective of this study was to assess the effect of fertilization (organic or synthetic) and cabbage, Brassica oleracea L., cultivars ('K-Y cross' and 'Summer Summit') on the chemistry of cabbage and on the responses of a cabbage specialist Pieris rapae crucivora Boisduval. Cabbages were grown from seeds in the greenhouse with either organic, synthetic, or no fertilizer treatments. Trials of ovipositional preference and larval feeding were conducted to evaluate the effect of foliage quality on insect responses. In addition, the foliar chemistry (water, nitrogen, total nonstructural carbohydrates, sinigrin, and anthocyanin) was measured during the insect bioassays. The results indicated that butterflies preferred to lay eggs on foliage of fertilized plants. The larvae grew faster on plants fertilized with synthetic fertilizer, but there was no evidence that contents of sinigrin delayed the developmental time of the larvae. However, plants that received organic fertilizer had higher biomass. In summary, the results of this study suggested that proper organic treatment can increase a plant's biomass production and may have a lower pest occurrence.
Many agroecosystems are unfavorable environments for natural enemies due to high levels of disturbance. Habitat management, a form of conservation biological control, is an ecologically based approach aimed at favoring natural enemies and enhancing biological control in agricultural systems. The goal of habitat management is to create a suitable ecological infrastructure within the agricultural landscape to provide resources such as food for adult natural enemies, alternative prey or hosts, and shelter from adverse conditions. These resources must be integrated into the landscape in a way that is spatially and temporally favorable to natural enemies and practical for producers to implement. The rapidly expanding literature on habitat management is reviewed with attention to practices for favoring predators and parasitoids, implementation of habitat management, and the contributions of modeling and ecological theory to this developing area of conservation biological control. The potential to integrate the goals of habitat management for natural enemies and nature conservation is discussed.
The study of vertical distribution and monitoring population of Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on (potato plant) Solanum tuberosum was conducted at the field station of Lembang Vegetable Research Institute, West Java (alt. 1250 m) during dry season. The experiment was free from insecticide application. A total of 15 plant samples were taken diagonally from each plot and the number of nymphs and adults found on every leaf were recorded. Analysis of leaf nutrient contents was done at the Biotechnology Research Center, Bogor. Leaf factors observed were the protein content, total sugar, fat, mineral and thickness of leaves. Sample leaves were taken from three different positions: upper, middle and lower stratum, at four different ages of plant: 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks after planting (WAP). The results showed that T. palmi invaded potato plants since the terminal shoots emergence stage. The adults were found on the upper leaves (first to fifth), while nymphs were mostly found on the middle leaves. Appropriate nutritional and physical factors of plant leaves caused the adults of T. palmi to choose the upper leaves as their food source and a place to lay eggs. Monitoring T. palmi populations are best done by observing middle leaves and the best time for monitoring is 0700-0800 or 1600-1700.
Intercropping is the agronomic practice of growing two or more crops in the same field at the same time (Andrews and Kassam 1976). Crops may be planted without regard to rows (mixed intercropping), in alternating rows, or with different crops alternating within the same row. Relay intercropping refers to the planting of one intercrop species before another so that their life cycles partially overlap (Kass 1978). The broader term “polyculture” includes intercropping but also encompasses combining crops and weeds intentionally and combining crops with beneficial noncrop plants, such as cover crops or nursery crops (Andow 1991a). Perrin and Phillips (1978) included mixtures of crop cultivars in their definition of intercropping, because such combinations may possess some of the advantages associated with conventional intercropping.
The attractiveness of methyl eugenol (ME) to the fruit fly Bactrocera sp. carambolae (Drew & Hancock) was examined in Indonesia. This fly was first discovered in Suriname in 1975 and it is the subject of an eradication effort in South America centered around Suriname. Approximately 600 newly emerged males and females were released into an outdoor screened cage when they were 2 d old. An ME trap, a potted carambola fruit tree, and adult food were placed in the screened cage. Males began to respond to ME immediately after release. At least 2 males mated with females during exposure to ME, whereas >99% of the males were considered dead by trapping or other factors. These results indicate that the male annihilation technique using ME fiber blocks may be effective in controlling or eradicating B. caramborae. Although many females also responded to ME, at dusk in relative absence of males, only a small number of them were killed with a Steiner-type trap. By changing the trap to a plastic-board ME trap coated with glue, many females were captured, suggesting that development of an ME trap suitable for females would accelerate the control of this fly.
Replicated large-scale field trials in two seasons in Thailand with the protozoan parasite Sarcocystis singaporensis showed that damage due to rats was reduced significantly. Biological as well as conventional (local practice using electric fences and zinc phosphide) rodent control reduced the mean proportion of rat-cut tillers in the first (biological 0.5%; conventional 1.6% and 1.1%) and second season (biological 0.2%; conventional 0.6%) compared with untreated controls (5.8% and 5.5%, respectively). At sites that received rodent control in the first season, activity of rats (Rattus argentiventer, R. losea, Bandicota indica) declined towards harvest. Biological as well as conventional rodent control resulted in yield increases of 18% and 20%, respectively, although in the second season weed problems confounded yield data. Economic analysis showed that biological rodent control was more economic than conventional control at an average damage level of 5%, whereby yield increases of 2–3% paid back the costs.
Increasingly research suggests that the level of internal regulation of function in agroecosystems is largely dependent on the level of plant and animal biodiversity present. In agroecosystems, biodiversity performs a variety of ecological services beyond the production of food, including recycling of nutrients, regulation of microclimate and local hydrological processes, suppression of undesirable organisms and detoxification of noxious chemicals. In this paper the role of biodiversity in securing crop protection and soil fertility is explored in detail. It is argued that because biodiversity mediated renewal processes and ecological services are largely biological, their persistence depends upon the maintenance of biological integrity and diversity in agroecosystems. Various options of agroecosystem management and design that enhance functional biodiversity in crop fields are described.