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Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Hair Dye: An Ecofriendly Process
Abstract
The increase in environmental and health hazards in the manufacture of dyes and its use throughout world is a major concern. This work was made possible while investigating the alternative to the synthetic and semi synthetic dyes. The composition of 100% herbal hair dye consist of 30% aqueous extract of Cymphomandra betacea containing 35% flavanoid and 10% tannins, 30% aqueous extract of Tagetes erecta containing 20% carotenoid and 40% Aloe vera gel, as natural mordant, containing 0.3% polysaccharide and 98.5% water. The present study is also directed to synergistic hair dye compositions containing aqueous extract of Cymphomandra betacea and aqueous extract of Tagetes erecta blended with Aloe vera gel, a natural mordant. Further, this studyis directed to a method for coloring hair, by applying an effective amount of the herbal hair dye composition with distilled water as an acceptable carrier. The herbal hair dye shows permanent dying to the applied regions of human hair without causing any hair damage or hair loss or skin irritation when compared to the synthetic and semi synthetic dyes. The active constituent also prevents the hair from damage caused by photoreaction and pollution. This formulation proves to be a vital alternative for the synthetic and semi synthetic dyes.
... The developed herbal hair dye formulations were examined for several parameters, including organoleptic, physicochemical, phytoconstituents, and rheological features. [15][16][17][18][19] ...
... Herbal hair dyes consider to be effective in minimising the use of chemical agents which in turn overcome pollution problems. Herbal hair dyes are pleasant odors, easily available, less expensive, safe, and efficient and rarely have side effects [5], [6]. Due to these reasons, this study aimed to evaluate the color fastness and study the skin irritation of hair dye cream from Henna leaves. ...
Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the color fastness and study the skin irritation of a natural hair dye cream from Henna leaves. Materials and method: Nineteen experimental (F1-F19) are conducted using the D-optimal model to evaluate the cause-effect relations and evaluate the color fastness of hair dye cream. Three independent variables were selected for the survey namely Henna extract concentration (X1 includes 5%, 10%, 15%), pH of cream (X2 includes 6, 7, 8), hydrogen peroxide concentration (X3 includes 0%, 2%, 4%). Three dependent variables include color fastness after 1 washes (Y1), 6 washes (Y2) and 12 washes (Y3). Test for skin irritation hair dye cream was applied for rabbits. Results: the optimal parameters of hair dye cream were identified, which included Henna extract concentration of 10%, pH of 6, hydrogen peroxide concentration of 4%. The fastness property of the dye was observed to be very good even after washing 12 times and the absence of sensitivity or reaction on the skin. Conclusion: The results showed that the product has the ability to dye hair and is safe for the skin.
... There is limited evidence in humans for carcinogenicity, more evident with unnatural colors. 14 Henna is Lawsonia inermis which is the only species of the genus Lawsonia. Henna balances the pH of the scalp preventing premature hair fall and graying of hair. ...
Going grey has a perception of person getting old and not attractive. Therefore, lot of remedies are tried to colour the affected part of scalp. Use of measures to colour hair or use of medications to change the grey hair to black is only a temporary phenomenon which may not last long as the melanin a pigment which imparts colour to hair is gradually decreased. Men have greying much faster than women. Thyroid hormones [triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4)] and the central neuroendocrine regulator of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which is produced within human scalp stimulate melanin production. Thus, both in hypo and hyperthyroid state greying can occur. This is also altered in Postmenopausal changes include decreased anagen hairs in the frontal scalp, lower growth rates. The preferred action is to have balanced diet, adequate vitamins, avoiding excessive exposure to sun and lubrication of hair regularly with any oil.
... However, the oxidizing of the oxidative coloring agents which are color from herbs cannot solubilize and decolorize the colored melanin component in the hair. Then hydrogen peroxide can be mixed with herbs to bleach and penetrate the hair shaft and removes the natural pigment of the hair (4) . ...
Background: Thai medicinal plant namely Eclipta prostrate Linn. (EP) and Sapindus rarak DC. (SR) are reported to improve hair growth and hair color. Theories of grey hair occurred from the gradual loss of pigmentation. Intrinsic factors are age, genetic, stress and extrinsic factor such as chemical that involved melanogenesis process and oxidative mechanism. Moreover, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) is known as an oxidant which can destroy melanocytes cell. On the other hand, if the herb extracts can increase melanocytes cell and high antioxidant, they will protect melanocytes cell. Objective: To investigate free radical protective activity from hydrogen peroxide, antioxidant and melanogenesis stimulating activities of Eclipta prostrate Linn. and Sapindus rarak DC. Material and Method: The leaves of EP and the pericarps of SR were maceration in 95% ethanol (EPE95 and SRE95), 50% ethanol (EPE50 and SRE50), and were decoction with water (EPA and SRA). All extracts were tested antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging assay and ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. The effect of extracts on melanocytes proliferation in mouse melanoma cell (B16F10) and in preventing cells from H 2 O 2 by MTT assay were also investigated. Results: The results showed that EPA had the highest DPPH radical ion inhibition with the EC 50 value of 15.00 μg/ml. For ABTS assay, EPE 50 and EPA showed the highest inhibitory effect on ABTs radical assay (EC 50 = 54.24 and 30.28 μg/ml, respectively). For melanocytes proliferation assay, EPE95 showed the highest stimulating effect on melanocyte proliferation at the concentration of 50 μg/ml. Moreover, the SRA showed high activity on the effect of herbs in preventing cells from H 2 O 2 at the concentration of 10 and 1 μg/ml. Conclusion: These results can be concluded that SRA showed the effect of prevention of cell from H 2 O 2 and EPE95 showed melanocytes proliferation stimulating effects and EPA showed high antioxidant activities. Thus, these extracts should be continuously developed as a hair product.
... Further, this study is focused to a method for coloring hair, by applying an actual amount of the herbal hair dye composition with distilled water as a satisfactory carrier. The herbal hair dye displays permanent dying to the applied regions of human hair without producing any hair damage or hair loss or skin irritation when related to the synthetic and semi synthetic dyes (Nilani et al., 2010). The active constituent also avoids the hair from damage produced by photoreaction and pollution. ...
... Further, this study is focused to a method for coloring hair, by applying an actual amount of the herbal hair dye composition with distilled water as a satisfactory carrier. The herbal hair dye displays permanent dying to the applied regions of human hair without producing any hair damage or hair loss or skin irritation when related to the synthetic and semi synthetic dyes (Nilani et al., 2010). The active constituent also avoids the hair from damage produced by photoreaction and pollution. ...
... It is used widely in our Traditional System of Medicine for curing various diseases [21] . Since ancient time parts of this plant has been used for medicinal purposes and for the skin wash and yellow dye used as by Cherokee [22] . Marigold is commonly used in food additives as a coloring agent and as animal food in fodder (dried flower meal and extract used as supplement for poultry feed), also in tannin or dye industry [23] . ...
Antimicrobial activity of five solvent extracts of local plants was evaluated in vitro, with four strains of bacteria viz., Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri (gram-ve), Staphylococcus aureus (gram +ve) and four strains of fungi viz., Alternaria alternata, Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum microorganism. The in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities were tested by agar disc diffusion method. The most active antibacterial plants were Vitex negundo, Tagetes erecta and antifungal plants were Xanthium strumarium, Vitex negundo and Tagetes erecta, respectively. The significant antimicrobial activities of potent extracts were compared with the standard antimicrobiotics, Ciprofloxacin and Fluconazole for bacteria as well as fungi respectively at 1 mg/ml concentration. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of V. negundo leaf, X. strumarium, M. pruriens, C. bonduc seed and T. erecta flower extracts generally revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Steroids, Terpenoids, Phenols, Saponins, Anthraquinones, Amino acids, Carotenoids, Flavonoids and Tannins at various concentrations. The results obtained in this study suggest that X. strumarium, V. negundo, T. erecta can be used in treating diseases caused by these test organisms.
... Mehendi leaves, Bhringraj (maka) etc are used traditionally and believed to be safe and nontoxic. Most of the marketed herbal oil formulations intended for colouring of hair, contain the harmful synthetic agent, paraphenylenediamine (PPD), at 20-25% concentrations which is the main ingredient of commercial synthetic dyes ( [2,9,10] Classical examples of oil formulations are Bhringaamalakaadi Taila (fresh juice of Eclipta alba and Emblica officinalis) and ...
The usage of herbal cosmetics has been increased to many folds in personal care system and there is a great demand for herbal cosmetics that offer multifunctional effects. Most of the marketed herbal hair dye formulations contain para-phenylenediamine at 20-25% concentrations which is the main ingredient of commercial synthetic dyes. In the present investigation, attempts were made to make an oil herbal hair dye that gives dark brown to black colour to hair, resembling natural hair colour. The polyherbal hair oil was prepared using amla, mehendi, maka, nili and evaluated for dyeing effect on white human hair strands in vitro. The mixture of crude drugs, fruits of Embelica officinalis, leaves of Lawsonia innermis, Indigoferra tinctoria and whole plant of Eclipta alba were processed in varying concentrations using Ayurvedic method of oil preparation viz. Taila Pak Vidhi and evaluated for dyeing efficiency. The oil was also characterized for proximate analysis including moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, water insoluble ash, sulphated ash. Excellent results were obtained with developed formulation and the time (in days) required for hair darkening effect was found similar with marketed oil.
... Metal oxides, such as titanium dioxide and iron oxide, are also often used as colorants in the process. Continuous usage of such compounds containing dye on natural hair causes so many side effects such as skin irritation, erythrema, loss or damage of hair and skin cancer (Nilani and Saravanan, 2010). ...
... The genus Tagetes belongs to Asteraceae family is a medicinal and ornamental plant which has a high therapeutic value in the field of medicine [6] and they have proved to be an effective nematocide [7], phosphate solubilizer [8], cosmetics [9], food additives [10], dye [11], fodder [12], essential oil [13], pest control [14] etc. The essential oil of genus Tagetes are effective antibiotic, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antiseptic, antispasmodic [15]. ...
Herbs are considered to be the backbone of traditional medicines from Hispanic days. About 80% of the World’s population depends on the traditional medicines for various ailments. With this background, the present investigation was concentrated on the screening of bioactive components of Tagetes erecta L. The GC-MS analysis of dried leaves and flower samples were carried out using GC-MS-QP 2010 model with methanol as solvent. Around 19 and 31 phytochemicals were registered in leaf and flower samples, respectively which have high therapeutic value in the commercial available drugs.
... ancient era, various parts of Tagetes has been used as skin wash dye 17 , food additives 18 , fodders 19 , pesticides 20 . The flower part of the plant are efficient therapeutic in the treatment of epileptic fits (Ayuveda), astringent, carminative, scabies etc 21,22 . ...
Traditional medicines in many developing countries rely on the plant phytochemicals as a source of drug in curing many diseases. Tagetes erecta Linn. is an ornamental plant containing valuable therapeutic phytochemicals. In the current investigation, ethanol extraction of the dried flower sample was subjected to column chromatographic separation. Around 185 fractions were separated and recorded with different Rf values. The fractions were analyzed qualitatively and it was proved that the flower sample was rich in tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, alkaloids, quinines, terpenoids, phenols and coumarins.
... Bearing large pompon-like [6,16] , floral heads of 4-6 cm diameter having both ray and disc florets (Blooms are golden, orange, yellow etc.). Since ancient era, various parts of Tagetes has been used as skin wash dye [17], food additives [18], fodders [19], pesticides [20]. The flower part of the plant are efficient therapeutic in the treatment of epileptic fits (Ayuveda), astringent, carminative, scabies etc [6]. ...
Tagetes erecta Linn. commonly known as African Marigold is known for its high therapeutic values. These plants are rich in alkalonoids, Terpenes, flavanoids, phenolic compounds etc. Since ancient era, all the parts of the plants are used in medicine for curing many diseases. In the present investigation, the plant was subjected to physicochemical screening to prove that the floral parts are effective for alternate medicine.
This study was aimed to identify the phytochemical compounds present in extracts from Tagetes erecta (flower) and Tridax procumbens (whole plant). The air-dried plant parts were powdered and extracted using ethanol. The extracts were then analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The analysis revealed the presence of 36 compounds in the ethanolic extract of Tagetes erecta and 31 compounds in Tridax procumbens. Ten compounds (Stigmasterol, alpha-Amyrin, Tetradecanoic acid (Myristic acid), 9,12,15- Octadecatrienoic acid, Ethyl ester (Z,Z,Z)-(Linolenic acid), Ethyl tridecanoate (Tridecanoic acid), dl-alpha-Tocopherol, 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl (Quercetin) and Phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy were identified commonly in both plant ethanolic extract. Some of these compounds have been reported to be pharmacologically active. Based on these findings, and considering that plants are commonly used to prevent or treat various diseases, it is clear that these plants contain many active compounds. These compounds could be utilized in developing plant-based drugs.
The use of synthetic hair dyes has led to many problems like early greying of hair, allergies and in severe cases cancer too. This has led to the introduction of natural hair dyes from henna and other plant material like Bhringraj, Shikakai, Reetha, etc., in the market. But it has poor rinsing properties and gives copper-red instead of natural brown colour. Thus we have found that walnut husk has Juglone an aromatic compound which imparts yellowish brown to dark brown shade to hair. The various extraction methods were discussed above and tests for chemical constituents in extracts were analysed. The dyeing properties like fading, colour fastness, colour intensity, and retention time are also tested. It has been found that walnut gives the best results when used with fixative as FeSO4; also use of mordant gives good results.
Objective: To formulate and evaluate herbal hair dye by using herbal ingredients such as Henna, Guava leaves extract, Amla and Hibiscus. Materials and Method: Herbal based hair dye was formulated by using different plans such as psidium guajava leaf, henna, hibiscus and amla. All collected ingredients in the powder form are mixed uniformly to prepare a homogeneous mixture of powder form of dye. Result; The formulation shows the formulation shows good appearance, pH, texture and solubility. Conclusion; As compared to synthetic cures natural cures are generally more effective and safe as they are more secure with negligible secondary effects when shown with the synthetic based items. Henna is the more popular natural hair dye plant. The use of henna increases color intensity. This natural hair dye has the benefit of causing no skin damage, erythema development, or edema. It is made entirely of water soluble plant elements. We made the beneficial qualities of the natural hair dye in our study.
Aim
This research was conducted to make the option for chemical-based semisynthetic and synthetic hair dyes to overcome the problems with the use of synthetic dyes and the acceptance rate by the public. The work involves the use of some novel natural ingredients with novel combinations.
Methods
The herbal hair dye was prepared y using various natural agents reported to possess the desired properties. The plants were collected from the herbal garden of Dr. VedprakashPatil Pharmacy College, Aurangabad & authenticated by the Dept. of Pharmacognosy. All ingredients were passed through sieves and mixed thoroughly to get a homogenous mixture; the mixture was dissolved in water and applied to the hairs for the evaluation of various parameters such as organoleptic physicochemical, patch test & stability.
Results
This Herbal hair dye prepared in the laboratory is made with all good quality materials. It was tested in the laboratory and was found to be very safe for the regular use of this herbal hair dye after several time intervals of time. All evaluation parameters were found to be within the limits as prescribed for the safe use of hair dye.
Conclusion
The prepared herbal hair dye neither shows any side effects nor skin infections. It nourishes the skin on the scalp and hair. This herbal hair dye also aids in dandruff treatment by removing excess oil from the scalp. If such herbal dye is used frequently or regularly, it will give a manageable, fizz-free colored hair benefiting human as well as the industry. The formulation is natural in origin with effective benefits compared to the marketed formulation and cost-effective.
As the process is simple, small scale cosmetic industry can make use of the technique.
There is an on-going demand in recent years for safer and “greener” hair coloring agents with the global consumer awareness of the adverse effects of synthetic hair dyes. The belief in sustainability and health benefits has focused the attention of the scientific community towards natural colorants that serve to replace their synthetic toxic counterparts. This review article encompasses the historical applications of a vast array of natural plant hair dyes and summarizes the possible coloration mechanisms (direct dyeing and mordant dyeing). Current information on phytochemicals (quinones, tannins, flavonoids, indigo, curcuminoids and carotenoids) used for hair dyeing are summarized, including their botanical sources, color chemistry and biological/toxicological activities. A particular focus is given on research into new natural hair dye sources along with eco-friendly, robust and cost-effective technologies for their processing and applications, such as the synthetic biology approach for colorant production, encapsulation techniques for stabilization and the development of inorganic nanocarriers. In addition, innovative in vitro approaches for the toxicological assessments of natural hair dye cosmetics are highlighted.
Almost all of the current hair dye products today contain synthetic chemicals which may cause allergic reactions in some users. Phycocyanin (PC), a non-toxic cyanobacterial pigment, has been used in the food and cosmetics sectors. There are however, been a few reports on the application of phycocyanin as a hair colorant. This study aimed to assess the biological qualities of phycocyanin for use in natural hair dye product. Phycocyanin was tested for use against anti skin-pathogen (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 14990, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) DMST 20625, Propionibacterium acnes DMST 14916, Candida albicans DMST 21424, and Malassezia furfur M21), cytotoxicity of human immortalized keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells and tested for color fastness when used as a shampoo wash. According to the findings, Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis phycocyanin has not shown the potential for use against anti-skin pathogenic microorganisms. While testing phycocyanin at the maximum doses of 2.5 mg/mL, the cytotoxicity test revealed that it is not hazardous to HaCaT cells. Bleached hair was dyed with a mixture of phycocyanin, natural developers, and mordants. A chroma meter was used to monitor color changes after shampoo washing. The findings revealed that phycocyanin has dyeability potential. 50% of the dyed hair color remained after 5 shampoo washes. The stability and color degradation of phycocyanin in hair dye powder formulation demonstrated good physical stability along with four cycles of heating/cooling. As a result, we can see that this pigment has the potential to be used as an active ingredient in natural hair dyes.
Synthetic dyes are by far the most widely applied colourants in industry. However, environmental and sustainability considerations have led to an increasing efforts to substitute them with safer and more sustainable equivalents. One promising class of alternatives is the natural quinones; these are class of cyclic organic compounds characterized by a saturated (C6) ring that contains two oxygen atoms that are bonded to carbonyls and have sufficient conjugation to show color. Therefore, this study looks at the potential of isolating and applying quinone dye molecules from a sustainable source as a possible replacement for synthetic dyes. It presents an in-depth description of the three main classes of quinoid compounds in terms of their structure, occurrence biogenesis and toxicology. Extraction and purification strategies, as well as analytical methods, are then discussed. Finally, current dyeing applications are summarised. The literature review shows that natural quinone dye compounds are ubiquitous, albeit in moderate quantities, but all have a possibility of enhanced production. They also display better dyeability, stability, brightness and fastness compared to other alternative natural dyes, such as anthocyanins and carotenoids. Furthermore, they are safer for the environment than are many synthetic counterparts. Their extraction, purification and analysis are simple and fast, making them potential substitutes for their synthetic equivalents.
Graphic Abstract
Hair is always remains intimate topic not only for women but also for men. Beautiful, healthy hair is intrinsic part of beauty and health. Even medicinal plants are always remains area of interest for the researchers. In these notion Indian medicinal plants, used for hair care has been given good results since ancient time. Hence Indian women are blessed with the healthy hair. In present review of the Indian medicinal plants, used for hair care since long time are listed. A book provides information for particular traditional uses of the plants for common hair problems as well as active constituents present in it. Original photographs of the plants also support to literature. This work may provide platform for further research in cosmeceutical studies.
Hair color is one of the oldest cosmetics known by many ancient cultures in different parts of the world like the ancient Egyptians,
Greeks, Persians, Chinese and Hindus have been used. Before the advent of chemical colors, creative use of natural products for hair
color, was common. Natural colors, including colors with plant source (henna, beet, madder, chamomile), animal origin (Cochineal
insects, species of mussels) and metal salts. As well as chemical dye the hair into three categories: temporary (non-oxidizing), semipermanent
colors (non-oxidizing) and permanent colors (antioxidant) are divided. In general, chemical hair colors is divided into two
main categories oxidant and non-oxidant. And the durability of color into three categories: temporary, semi-permanent and permanent
split. In this article, we will describe the types of hair color and structure and characteristics of each are discussed.
Herbs are considered to be the backbone of traditional medicines from Hispanic days. About 80% of the World's population depends on the traditional medicines for various ailments. With this background, the present investigation was concentrated on the screening of bioactive components of Tagetes erecta L. The GC-MS analysis of dried leaves and flower samples were carried out using GC-MS-QP 2010 model with methanol as solvent. Around 19 and 31 phytochemicals were registered in leaf and flower samples, respectively which have high therapeutic value in the commercial available drugs.
Objective: Conventional methods of hair dyeing involve use of chemicals that result in unpleasant side effects which include irritation, breakage of hair, skin discoloration and cancer. Marketed hair colors containing crude plant powders require processing prior to use which is inconvenient to the consumer and these products also have poor rinsability. Hence, there is a need to formulate hair dyes containing crude drugs which are ready to use with good rinsability. Methods: In this study, gel formulations containing natural colorants like Lawsonia inermis, Emblica officinalis, Rubia cordifolia, Terminalia belerica and Juglans regia were prepared. Results: The results indicate that except henna extract, other plant extracts used in this study do not impart color to human hair. A combination of extracts prepared by cold and/or hot extraction methods did not give encouraging results, but a formulation containing a combination of the studied plant powders in 2% carbopol 934 gel shows promising results and does not produce skin irritation in rats. Conclusion: Thus, the formulated hair color gel being reported in addition to being consumer friendly is effective, stable and safe. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. All rights reserved.
Now-a-days, graying of hair has become one of the most common problems for both men and women; this is due to the adoption of unhealthy lifestyle, pollution, stress, poor diet, hormonal changes and usage of detergents. The number of pigment granules naturally begin to decrease as a person ages. The person usually begins to gray between twenty-eight and forty years of age. The reason for this is that the melanocytes begin to slow down and produce less melanin. This is part of the natural aging process in humans. In recent years there is increasing demand for synthetic and natural dye to overcome problems related to graying of hair. Considering the harmful effect of synthetic dye such as temporary skin irritation and allergy, hair breakage, skin discoloration and unexpected hair color as well as problem with excess use of herbal dye such as competition to food grain crops, environment and mislead to excess use of natural adulterated formulation with synthetic chemicals. To avoid this genuine problem in use of synthetic as well as natural hair dye it is a need to think a holistic approach for natural remedies and to study root cause analysis for graying of hairs. This review focused on chemistry in interaction of natural and synthetic hair dye to hair constituents as well as various possible holistic approaches to overcome graying of hair and hair falls at early stage.
The antibacterial effect of Mexican marigold (Tagetes erecta) leaf extract at room temperature against 10 gram positive multidrug resistant bacterial isolates including Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Propionibacterium acne, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactine, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and 6 gram negative multidrug resistant bacterial isolates including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas auregenosa, Salmonella enteriditis, Acinetobacter baumannii, Alcaligen faecalis were studied by well diffusion method. The maximum antibacterial effect of Mexican Marigold leaf extract among those micro-organism was obtained for Acinetobacter baumannii (Acitvity Index = 0.913333333) and Propionibacterium acne (Acitvity Index = 0.906666667) and minimum was for Streptococcus pneumonia (Activity Index = 0.026666667). The results suggest that species of Mexican marigold i.e. Tagetes erecta has antibacterial effect against airborne disease causing gram positive and gram negative bacteria and mainly against skin infection causing bacteria, and hence can be useful in developing drugs for diseases like dermatitis, acne, skin races and also can be developed as antiseptic.
Marigold flowers were prepared and used to dye scoured and bleached cotton. This was then tested for colourfastness to washing, rubbing, sunlight and perspiration. The results are presented in tabular form. A variety of pre- and post-mordants were assessed. The dyed cotton samples post mordanted with 2% and 3% potassium dichromate showed the best colourfastness.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between natural fresh (Aloe vera gel) and marketed aloe vera gel as sun protective agent. The in-vitro Sun Protective Factor of natural fresh gel from plant leaf and randomly selected marketed pure aloe vera gel is determined according to spectrophotometric method of Mansur et al. The results indicate that there was no more good correlation between the in-vitro SPFs values.
In this study Marigold, Tagetes erecta Linn., petals were used to standardize the printing paste for cotton. Seven mordants used to study their effect on printing with said dye were: aluminium sulphate, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, lead acetate, potassium dichromate (chrome), stannous chloride and zinc chloride. Simultaneous mordanting technique was used. The mordants were added on the basis of total printing paste prepared under optimum conditions. Out of seven mordants, two mordants selected on the basis of visual assessment and washing fastness were chrome and copper sulphate. Fast colours were obtained when 3 per cent chrome or 5 per cent copper sulphate was used. The use of mordants produced various colours with marigold flower dye. Beige colour was obtained when dye was used without any mordant whereas it was mustard with chrome and olive green with copper sulphate.
The compounds of flavonoid, an important group in nature, can prevent coronary heart disease and anticancer by virtue of the characteristics of antioxidation. Nine flavonoids most often seen in grape wine, namely apigenin, baicalein, naringenin, luteolin, hesperetin, galangin, kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetine, were determined by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) in this work. A successful resolution was obtained from an unusual additive of tetrahydrofuran in mobile phase by HPLC. One notable thing is that the mixture of luteolin and quercetin could be separated for the first time by HPLC. In addition, the better detection limit was still attainable even with the use of tetrahydrofuran. The detection limits of CZE performed in borate buffer were hundreds-fold better than in previous reports. Furthermore, the retention and migration behavior of the analytes studied were discussed. As the result of this study, the elution order of flavone and flavonone was reversed to the contention proposed by Wulf et al. It was predictable from the interaction with tetrahydrofuran. Consequently, the extracts from grape wine with solid-phase extraction were analyzed by developing methods of HPLC and CZE. The obtained recoveries ranged from 90 to 107% and the relative standard deviations were under 6.3%.
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