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Postharvest Deterioration of Sugar Beet.
... The most frequently reported Penicillium species on Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris (table beets, cv. group 'Conditiva' and sugar beets, cv. group ' Altissima') is P. vulpinum (most often reported under its synonym, P. claviforme Bainier), which is readily identifiable by its conspicuous coremia (Bugbee 1975, Fugate & Campbell 2009). However, several other species have been conclusively identified, and others are indicated in literature using ambiguous or potentially obsolete identification methods. ...
... Rot lesions on sugar beet roots infested by Penicillium spp. in storage are normally associated with wounds created by harvest operations or other fungi (Fugate & Campbell 2009, Strausbaugh & al. 2015. Other Penicillium spp. ...
... Other Penicillium spp. documented as pathogenic on sugar beet roots in storage include: P. cellarum, P. cyclopium, P. expansum, P. funiculosum, and P. polonicum (Bugbee 1975, Bugbee & Nielsen 1978, Fugate & Campbell 2009, Strausbaugh 2018. A direct comparison of P. cellarum, P. expansum, and P. polonicum established that P. expansum and P. polonicum are the most virulent on sugar beet roots in longterm storage in Idaho (Strausbaugh 2018). ...
Accuracy in assigning specific epithets to Penicillium isolates documented as agents of blue mold of edible and ornamental bulb, root, and tuber crops is highly variable - with methods ranging from appropriate (recent morpho-cultural criteria, metabolite production, DNA sequences), to plausible (older morpho-cultural criteria from monographs), to suspect (unspecified methods, identification via inappropriate literature). We provide a catalogue appropriate for plausibly assigned names accompanied by authorities, references, host distribution, and identification methodology. Names are categorized according to (i) segregates of P. corymbiferum (i.e., names in P. subg. Penicillium) and taxa in P. ser. Corymbifera associated with Liliaceae s.l.; (ii) taxa in P. subg. Penicillium other than P. ser. Corymbifera associated with Liliaceae s.l.; (iii) taxa other than P. subg. Penicillium associated with Liliaceae s.l.; (iv) associates of Beta vulgaris (beets and sugar beets); and (v) associates of mostly tropical or subtropical roots and tubers. Ambiguities or deficiencies in assignment of certain specific epithets are noted.
... By 2017, the annual production of sugar accounted for 1,141,841 tons in Iran (Anonymous 2020). Yield losses in harvest and postharvest stages are the main concerns of sugar beet farmers (Fugate and Campbell 2009). There are several pest insects which are root damaging agents during growth stages in beet crops (Bazazo and Mashaal 2014). ...
... This larvae habitat can provide appropriate conditions for storage pathogens to enter, such as Penicillium claviforme Bain., Phoma betae Fr. and Botrytis cinerea Pers. leading to substantial postharvest losses (Fugate and Campbell 2009). With increasing S. ocellatella damages in the field, the control of this pest particularly during preharvest is a major priority of growers for reducing losses. ...
The use of environmentally friendly bio-pesticides is crucial for higher root and sugar yield in sugar beets. The economic importance of beet moth [Scrobipalpa ocellatella Boyd. (Lepi-doptera: Gelechidae)] losses in the field and storage highlight the need for evaluation of appropriate , environmentally friendly methods for pest control. The aims of the present study were to i) assess azadirachtin (AZN) effects on the life cycle and activity of the pest, and ii) manage the beet moth on roots under laboratory conditions. For the experiments, the main concentrations were prepared on the basis of the field-recommended dose of this pesticide (1-1.5 l/1000 l water). The LC 50 was estimated for 3rd instar larvae. Later, at sublethal concentrations, the relative time for the emergence of each developmental stage was determined. The mean female fecundity was 37% (±4) for treated tests at the lowest AZN concentration (0.5 ml · l-1). Assess azadirachtin at 0.5 ml · l-1 concentration resulted in 62 (±4) deposited eggs per plant for the treated roots and 326 (±1) for roots in the control test. Mortality increased in response to increased AZN concentrations. The results revealed that after 72 h, the highest AZN concentration (2.5 ml · l-1) caused 100% repellency and 82% (±1.38) mortality on 3rd instar larvae. According to our findings, a concentration of 2 ml · l-1 AZN (20 gr active ingredient per 1 hectare) after 4 days affected 1st instar larvae and the larvae with no further development had 92.2% (±1.2) mortality. In conclusion, the results revealed that AZN as a biorational pesticide can significantly minimize the losses of S. ocellatella on sugar beet crops.
... Several fungi and bacteria can cause storage rots or postharvest diseases and sugar loss in sugar beet in the U.S. and elsewhere 7,[9][10][11][12][13][14] . Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium spp. ...
Storage rots are a significant cause of postharvest losses for the sugar beet crop, however, intrinsic physiological and genetic factors that determine the susceptibility of roots to pathogen infection and disease development are unknown. Research, therefore, was carried out to evaluate the disease development in sugar beet roots caused by two common storage pathogens as a function of storage duration and storage temperature, and to identify changes in the expression of defense genes that may be influencing the root susceptibility to disease. To evaluate root susceptibility to disease, freshly harvested roots were inoculated with Botrytis cinerea or Penicillium vulpinum on the day of harvest or after 12, 40, or 120 d storage at 5 or 12 °C and the weight of rotted tissue present in the roots after incubation for 35 d after inoculation were determined. Disease susceptibility and progression to B. cinerea and P. vulpinum increased with storage duration with elevations in susceptibility occurring more rapidly to B. cinerea than P. vulpinum. Also, B. cinerea was more aggressive than P. vulpinum and caused greater rotting and tissue damage in postharvest sugar beet roots. Storage temperature had minimal effect on root susceptibility to these rot-causing pathogens. Changes in defense gene expression were determined by sequencing mRNA isolated from uninoculated roots that were similarly stored for 12, 40 or 120 d at 5 or 12 °C. As susceptibility to rot increased during storage, concurrent changes in defense-related gene expression were identified, including the differential expression of 425 pathogen receptor and 275 phytohormone signal transduction pathway-related genes. Furthermore, plant resistance and hormonal signaling genes that were significantly altered in expression coincident with the change in root susceptibility to storage rots were identified. Further investigation into the function of these genes may ultimately elucidate methods by which storage rot resistance in sugar beet roots may be improved in the future.
... Reported that prolongation of the vegetation period in spring to 13 days increased sugar beet root yield by 10.9% (Snowden 2010). While sugar yield and quality formation are a very complicated process involving a lot of factors, (Fugate and Campbell 2009;Pačuta et al. 2017). ...
... Preharvest dehydration also increased the susceptibility of sugarbeet roots to storage rots. Blue-green fungal growth, typical of Penicillium infection (Fugate and Campbell 2009), was evident on the surface of roots from the two most severe preharvest drought treatments after 12 weeks in storage, but was largely absent from roots harvested from well-watered or mildly waterstressed roots. As with increases in respiration rate and electrolyte leakage, elevations in rot symptoms occurred only on roots FIGURE 5 | External symptoms of storage rot on drought-stressed roots after 12 weeks in storage. ...
Sugarbeets are largely produced without irrigation, making drought stress inevitable when rainfall is insufficient. Whether drought stress impacts root storage, however, is currently unknown. Research was conducted to determine the effect of preharvest water stress on postharvest sugarbeet root respiration rate and susceptibility to storage rots as these traits are the primary determinants for sucrose loss and quality deterioration. Greenhouse‐grown plants were subjected to four levels of water deficit by discontinuing watering for 0, 7, 14 or 21 days prior to harvest. Plants receiving water‐restrictive treatments displayed physiological stress by leaf epinasty, reductions in net photosynthetic rate and leaf relative water content and increases in leaf temperature, whereas the water content of roots harvested from these plants progressively decreased with the severity of the preharvest water‐deficit treatment. Harvested roots from all watering treatments were stored at 10°C and 95% relative humidity for up to 12 weeks and evaluated for respiration rate and susceptibility to storage rot. Root respiration rate during storage was inversely related to root water content at harvest by second‐order equations, such that respiration was not significantly affected by minor reductions in root water content but increased exponentially for roots obtained from severely drought‐stressed plants with water contents at harvest of ≤75%. Similarly, roots with water contents ≤75% had elevated levels of electrolyte leakage, a measure of cellular membrane damage, and were more susceptible to dehydration and fungal infection during storage. In separate experiments, roots harvested from water‐stressed plants were inoculated with Botrytis cinerea or Penicillium vulpinum , two causal agents for storage rots. In these experiments, preharvest water stress quantitatively increased root rot and qualitatively altered symptoms of their infection. Overall, these results demonstrate that severe preharvest drought stress is likely to significantly increase sugarbeet root storage losses caused by root respiration and storage rots and that storage losses are likely to accelerate with time in storage. However, mild‐to‐moderate drought conditions prior to harvest are expected to have no or minimal effect on storage losses from root respiration or storage rots.
... Penicillium claviforme Bainier) and Rhizopus stolonifera are storage rot pathogens (Bugbee, 1982;Bugbee, 1986). Low storage temperature (<10 °C) slows the development of the rot by P. betae and R. stolonifera (Cormack and Moffatt, 1961;Fugate and Campbell, 2009;Miles et al., 1977), while B. cinerea and P. vulpinum can maintain their activity under a wider range of temperature (Gaskill, 1952;Mumford and Wyse, 1976). ...
Harvested sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) are stored in cold regions in large piles exposed to ambient weather conditions and fluctuate temperatures during the winter storage period, which lasts for four months. To better understand the impact of air temperature on the pile temperature. A two-dimensional (2D) heat transfer steady-state model was designed to predict the temperature profile of the pile. To validate the model, temperatures obtained from the model were compared with the temperatures measured from onsite commercial piles during the storage seasons from the second season in Reese, MI. The model tended to underestimate the pile temperature (°C). The mean difference between measured and modeled temperature values was significant (P ≤ 0.05). Daily rate of sugar loss (kg/metric ton/day) based on measured and modeled temperatures were calculated and compared for model accuracy. The mean of the daily sugar loss based on the modeled pile temperature was significantly (P≤0.05). Additionally, three zones (upper, middle and lower) of the pile were studied for the model accuracy. There was a significant difference between the modeled and measured pile temperature between the three zones in the second season, whereas the first season didn't show difference between the temperatures of the upper and the middle zones (P≤ 0.05). Moreover, a comparison of predicted sugar loss as a function of pile geometry was conducted under 2012 air temperature and a 3°C increase in air temperature relative to 2012 data.
... Pavlů et al. (2017), reported that prolongation of the vegetation period in spring to 13 days increased sugar beet root yield by 10.9%. While sugar yield and quality formation are a very complicated process involving a lot of factors (Pačuta et al. 2017;Fugate and Campbell 2009), mentioned that sugar loss in beet sugar industry occurred due to three different reasons. The first one is spoilage by microorganisms which use up sugar in respiration and produced enzymes which convert sucrose to invert sugar. ...
... Other factors can be also influenced sucrose loss such as unusually high or low temperatures (Draycott, 2006). Fugate and Campbell (2009) mentioned that sugar loss in beet sugar industry occurred due to three different reasons. The first one is spoilage by microorganisms which use up sugar in respiration and produced enzymes which convert sucrose to invert sugar. ...
Characteristics of the digestive enzymes of the fifth instar larvae of the beet moth were determined to achieve a superior understanding of the digestive physiology of the pest. After dissecting the larval digestive tube, optimum acidity for the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase was obtained 8–9, and 8 for β-glucosidase, respectively. The optimum temperatures were 35 °C and 35–40 °C for α-amylase activity and for α- and β-glucosidase, respectively. The zymogram displayed the existence of three α-amylase isoforms in the digestive tract of this insect. The maximum activity of general protease was determined in the digestive tract of this pest using azocasein substrate in the pH range of 10–11. Furthermore, the optimum temperature was 35 °C for general protease. The metal ions including iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, and copper at 5 and 10mM concentrations had a significant influence on the activity of α-amylase, α- and β-glucosidase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase enzymes. Zymogram confirmed the significant inhibitory effect of PMSF and TLCK on the activity of serine proteases, especially trypsin. The results of this research have determined to some extent the digestive system physiology and the digestive enzymes activity range in S. ocellatella. Certainly, Study on the characteristics of digestive enzymes of beet moth can be the starting point for further studies on the use of enzyme inhibitors and the possibility of preparing new methods to control this key sugar beet pest.
In terms of sugar beet quality, post-harvest sucrose degradation is a major concern. After harvest, sugar beet is one of many quickly perishable crops. The primary and secondary losses are, in essence, the principal causes of this loss. These losses after harvest are also caused by pre-harvest circumstances. Harvesting to slicing duration, loading pattern, beet size, physical damage, and disease prevalence are only a few of the elements that contribute to sucrose deterioration after harvest in this crop. All of these variables add up to a significant financial loss for growers and millers. Growers frequently lose a significant amount of money due to a lack of knowledge about the nature and reasons for these losses, adequate preservation procedures, and transportation and marketing techniques. However, by employing appropriate cultural procedures, such as careful handling and packaging, this can be greatly decreased. The chapter highlights the causes, post-harvest sugar degradation issues, and types of deterioration (physical, physiological, and microbiological) for a better understanding of the sucrose losses after harvest in sugar beet.KeywordsDamageDeteriorationMechanicalMicrobialPhysicalStorageSugar
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