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Social Animal
Abstract
4. ed
... In like manner, people weigh the benefits they will derive from their conjugal. According to the theory, the benefits are things that the individual gets from the relationship such as fun, friendship, companionship, social support, sense of acceptance, procreation and survival of children (Aronson, 2003). The cost could be time (delay marriage), long time spent on acquiring higher education, unemployment and lack of money. ...
... Once initial ties are forged, the rewards they provide to each other serve to maintain and enhance the bonds. Although, a woman may dislike her husband`s poor financial status and temperament but feels that the benefits (he is hardworking, handsome, caring, and fun to be around) outweigh the costs (Aronson, 2003;Zajonc, 2003). ...
... They also continue to use cost benefit analysis as the relationship develops to decide if they want to continue it. Basically people compare the cost and benefit of their current relationship to the cost and benefit of their past relationship (Aronson, 2003;Zajonc, 2003). Male and female look at the costbenefit of their relationship or marriage, if there is no benefit (children) to their current marriage, they move ahead to marry someone else whether as second or third wives. ...
The study examined the social context of child survival strategies among mothers in
polygynous marriages in Ibadan, Nigeria. The social exchange theory was employed
as the theoretical framework. Thirty in-depth interviews were conducted with mothers
in Polygynous marriages. Referral and snowball techniques were used to reach the
target population. Mothers in polygynous marriages were purposively selected from
three geographical locations in Ibadan, Nigeria. Manual content analysis was used to
analyze the data for the study. The result showed that most mothers in polygynous
marriages in Ibadan engaged in informal economic activities in order to raise finance
needed for sustenance and child survival; use traditional herbs for child care,
treatment and survival; live separately from other wives in order to prevent childhood
sicknesses associated with congestion and overcrowding in the house. In addition,
there is inconsistency in administering immunization to children due to poverty. The
study concluded that mother’s place of residence, health care practices, and engaging
in informal economic activities positively influenced child survival among women in
polygynous marriages in Ibadan. There is need for more awareness campaign to
ensure that children in polygynous families are regularly administered with vaccines in
order to ensure their survival and achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal 3.
... The extent to which the high-cost action is accounted for by the entropy-minimizing agent depends on the amount of utility invested into exploration: investing more utility leads to assigning less probability. As we argue below, this closely relates with the notion of cognitive dissonance [60,61]. Another feature is frustration: due to competing local minima of entropy, the entropy-minimizing agent can abruptly change the action probabilities as a result of a small change of E. Also, when confronted with two actions with different, but comparable costs, the entropy-minimizing agent tends to select the one with a smaller cost (chooses the lesser of two evils), while the entropy-maximizing agent simply does not distinguish between them. ...
... For changes within the local minimum this cannot happen, as seen from (51)- (53). This effect can be related to cognitive dissonance [60][61][62]. 14 ...
... 14 It is characterized by the following feature: the more energy and/or effort people invest into some situation, the narrower the set of their actions or intentions tends to become. (This narrowing was described theoretically within probabilistic opinion formation [63].) E.g. the more (possessions and/or time) people invest into a sectarian movement, the more vigorously they tend to support it [60][61][62]. Another example: once people already buy something, they tend to have fewer doubt about its value and relevance. ...
... The structural approach was identified as an important focus for removing violent and discriminative behaviors among the participants (teachers, learners, parents) of the learning process. Some principles for creating cooperative structures have emerged, like mutual interdependence (Aronson, 1972) or positive interdependence (Johnsons et al., 1984). The first models of cooperative learning were also established at that time, like Jigsaw Classroom (Aronson, 1978), and the first signs of the success of these models were proved as well (Aronson, 1978, Slavin, 1980. ...
... One of the most widely shared principles of the cooperative discourse is the principle of positive interdependence. The social theory behind this principle contains an old and clearly stated premise (Lewin, 1935;Deutsch, 1949Deutsch, , 1963Deutsch, , 2006Aronson et al., 1972, 1978, Johnson & Johnson, 1999, Johnson et al., 2009Kagan & Kagan, 2009). This principle focuses on the importance of the interrelationship of the learners, influenced by the goal structure in classroom situations. ...
... In a cooperative structure individual accountability is one of the principles to follow for enhancing individual efforts and providing individual feedback or assessment for the learners. For example in a "jigsaw" structure (Aronson, 1972(Aronson, , 1978(Aronson, , 2007Slavin, 1984;Johnson, 1995Johnson, , 1999Kagan, 1992, Kagan & Kagan, 2009 where every micro-group member is responsible for one portion of the learning material and should learn their portion in order to teach that part to their group membersindividual accountably occurs. In cooperative structures individual level is always the starting point, or the first step, as in this example of jigsaw (individual learning of the given portion of the material). ...
This article is an introduction to the theory of deconstructive paradigm of cooperative learning. A wealth of research studies have proved that cooperative learning structures and processes increase academic achievement, enhance lifelong learning competences and develop the personal and social competences of every single learner in a more effective and fairer way when compared to traditional structures of learning in schools. Facing the challenges of our education systems, it would be interesting to outline the theoretical frame-work of the last forty years of cooperative learning discourse from a practical perspective within a theoretical and methodological context. In recent decades, cooperative discourse has drawn up the practical and theoretical elements of cooperative learning structures and processes. We would like to make a summary of these elements for the purpose of understanding what kind of structural changes can make real differences in teaching and learning practice. Basic principles of cooperative structures, cooperative roles and cooperative attitudes are the main elements which we shall describe here shortly to set up a frame-work for understanding theoretically and practically how we can apply the elements of cooperative learning in our classroom practice. In our view, this complex theory of cooperative learning could be understood as a de-constructive paradigm that provides some pragmatic answers to the questions of our everyday educational practice from classroom level to educational system level, focusing on the destruction of hierarchical and anti-democratic structures of learning while setting up cooperative ones.
Keywords: theoretical frame-work in practical context, cooperative learning structures, basic principles of cooperative learning, cooperative roles, attitudes
... Kalıpyargı, Aronson, Wilson ve Akert (2012: 752) tarafından, aralarındaki farklılıkları göz önüne almaksızın, bir grubun hemen hemen bütün üyelerine aynı karakteristik özellikleri atfederek bir grup insan hakkında genelleştirme yapmaktır şeklinde tanımlanır. Herkeste var olan, diğer bireylere yönelik kalıpyargılaştırma eğilimi, özünde kötü bir düşünce biçimi olmayıp dünyaya bakışı basitleştiren bir tekniktir (Aronson, 2002;Sherman, Macrae, & Bodenhausen, 2000). Bu sayede zihin fazla yorulmadan iletişimi sürdürür, çevresini, dünyayı daha kolay algılar). ...
... Kişi bir gruba yönelik kalıpyargılara sahip olduğunda, o grubun kalıpyargıyı destekleyen davranışlarını daha fazla, diğer grupların benzer davranışlarını ise daha az görmeye başlar. Bu sayede kalıpyargılar pekişmiş olur ve kişi kalıpyargısının doğru olduğuna daha fazla inanmaya başlar (Aronson, 2002). ...
... İnsanlar aşırı şekilde kalıpyargılara dayalı olarak düşündüğünde, diğerlerinin içinde bulunduğu şartlara göre değil, mensubu olduğu gruba veya kişiliğine uygun şekilde davrandığını varsayar. Kalıpyargılar, özellikle önyargılara (Prejudice) dönüştüğünde sorun olmaya başlar (Aronson, 2002;Aronson, Wilson, & Akert 2012). Aronson, Wilson ve Akert'e göre (2012: 750) önyargı, ayırt edilebilir bir gruptaki insanlara karşı yalnızca bu gruba üye olmalarına dayanarak, düşmanca ya da olumsuz tavır besler. ...
Stereotyping is defined as making overgeneralizations about a group of people by attributing same characteristics to almost all members of that group without considering their differences. Stereotyping which is typical of every person and is harmless under normal conditions has the potential to have harmful consequences such as lowering academic achievement and increasing absence and dropout rate. Therefore, the stereotyping threat in education is a phenomenon of which teachers should be cognizant. There is also a need for developing instruments that will measure the influence of stereotyping threat which will help to present evidence for those studies aiming to increase teachers’ awareness. In order to address the above-mentioned need, this study aimed to develop a scale of “Teachers’ Stereotypes in Educational Context” and report validity and reliability analyses with an aim to determine the stereotypes possessed by teachers in educational contexts. The sample of the study comprised 442 teachers from 25 districts in İstanbul who worked at primary, secondary or high school level in the spring term of 2013-2014 academic year. The first form of the scale had 73 items but with the exclusion of 35 items as a result of exploratory factor analysis, a 38-item scale was obtained. Eigen values of eight factors were between 1.61 and 4.92 and factor loadings were between 4.35 and 13.29 whereas total loadings value was 55.98. Internal consistency of the scale which was calculated with Cronbach alfa was found to be 0.87. Cronbach alfa values for factors ranged between 0.89 and 0.74. Correlations between 8 factors ranged between 0.34 and 0.004. Additionally, the 8-factor structure was also supported by confirmatory factor analysis. In accordance with the findings of the study, we conclude that the developed scale with 38 items can be used to determine teachers’ stereotyping in educational environments.
... Bu boyutlar; Uyum, özdeşleşme ve içselleşme şeklinde sıralanmaktadır. Uyum: Bireyin kazanım elde etmesi ya da ceza almamak için takındığı davranışlar ile tutumlarını içerir (Aronson, 1999). Özdeşleşme: Örgütle ilişki içine girmeye çalışan kişinin, örgütün değerleri ile hedeflerini, kendisinin değerleri ve hedefleri ile uyuşmasalar dahi özümsemesidir (Mowday v.d., 1982). ...
... Özdeşleşme: Örgütle ilişki içine girmeye çalışan kişinin, örgütün değerleri ile hedeflerini, kendisinin değerleri ve hedefleri ile uyuşmasalar dahi özümsemesidir (Mowday v.d., 1982). İçselleştirme: Kişinin sosyal bir etkiyle karşılaşması durumunda doğruyu yapma davranışı içerisinde olmasıdır (Aronson, 1999). ...
Bu çalışmanın amacı Isparta İlinde çeşitli kademelerde görev yapan öğretmenlerin okullarına bağlılık düzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve bu düzeylerin farklı değişkenlere göre incelenmesidir. Bu kapsamda öğretmenlerin okula bağlılık düzeylerinin cinsiyet, öğretmenliği severek yapma, öğretmen olmaktan memnuniyetine, kıdemlerine, kademelerine ve okullarında çalışma süreleri gibi değişkenlerine göre farklılık gösterip göstermediği incelenmiştir. Araştırma grubu 2019-2020 eğitim öğretim yılında
Isparta il merkezi ile ilçelerde çeşitli kademelerde görev yapan 380 öğretmenden oluşmuştur. Bu öğretmenlerden 62’sinin anaokulunda, 143’ünün ilkokulda, 100’ünün ortaokulda, 75’inin lisede görev yaptığı görülmektedir. Araştırmanın verileri ‘’Öğretmenler için Örgütsel Bağlılık Ölçeği’’ kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Araştırma için kullanılan örgütsel bağlılık ölçeği tek boyutludur, 17 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Toplanan verilerin analizinde frekans, ortalama, standart sapma, yüzde, ttesti ve tek yönlü varyans analizleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmadaki veriler SPSS 22 istatistiksel analiz programında değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgular şunlardır: Öğretmenlerin okula
olan bağlılıkları cinsiyet, mesleğini severek yapma, öğretmen olmaktan memnun olma, kendi okullarında çalışmaktan memnun olma ve görev yaptıkları okul kademesi değişkenlerinde anlamlı farklılık saptanmıştır. Öğretmenlerin kıdemleri ile okullarındaki çalışma süreleri açısından bakıldığında anlamlı bir farklılık görülmemiştir.
... A harmonic congruence between attitudes and behaviors, and an avoidance of disharmony or dissonance, serves as the theoretical basis for CDT. Many researchers have found that homeostasis between attitudes and behaviors is correlated with an improved mental state (Acharya, Blackwell, & Sen, 2015;Aronson, 2004;Breslavs, 2013). SDT serves as a broad macrotheory of human motivation and addresses issues such as self-regulation, universal psychological needs, behavior, and well-being (Deci & Ryan, 1985. ...
... A harmonic congruence between attitudes and behaviors, while simultaneously avoiding disharmony or dissonance, serves as the theoretical basis for CDT. This homeostasis between attitudes and behaviors is thought to be correlated with an improved mental state (Acharya, Blackwell, & Sen, 2015;Aronson, 2004;Breslavs, 2013). SDT serves as a broad macrotheory of human motivation and addresses issues such as selfregulation, universal psychological needs, behavior, and well-being (Deci & Ryan, 1985. ...
Differentiating Theists and Nontheists by way of a Sampling of Self-Reported Sexual Thoughts and Behaviors
... Previous research has shown several mechanisms and patterns that serve as a general introduction to the nonprofit sector for individuals. These include volunteerism, service-learning, and socialization (Aronson, 1999;Astin, Sax, & Avalos, 1999;Bekkers, 2004;Bekkers, 2007;Erikson, 1968;Flanigan, 2010;Hackett, Esposito, & O'Halloran, 1989;Janoski, Musick, & Wilson, 1998;Janoski & Wilson, 1995;Jones & Abes, 2004;Kelman, 1961;Nemenoff, 2013;Onyx & Maclean, 1996;Stritch & Christensen, 2016). Each of these mechanisms also has the ability to create awareness of, and interest in, careers in the nonprofit sector. ...
... Happenstance learning theory suggests the same is true for careers. A family's values communicate a certain set of preferences to a child, which then present a set of career options based on those preferences (Aronson, 1999;Erikson, 1968;Hackett et al., 1989;Kelman, 1961). Heavy parental engagement in the local community should communicate a desire to help others and participate in the betterment of society. ...
Individuals have several possible points of introduction into the nonprofit sector, including parental socialization, volunteering, and academic engagement. However, little is known in regard to how individuals learn about the nonprofit sector as a place of employment and become interested in nonprofit careers. Individuals are often exposed to nonprofit “work” for the first time as a volunteer. This research examines the particular experiences nonprofit employees had prior to their entry into the sector that may have influenced their selection of a nonprofit career. Results of this mixed-methods inquiry indicate that volunteering is an important conduit, as it allows people to see that paid employment exists in the nonprofit sector and allows them to better understand the various career options and career trajectories available to them. Finally, this paper discusses the practical implications for nonprofit practitioners and academic advisors, and their roles in connecting service to career.
... Theories tested by empirical research say we develop a second moral standard when online (Michelet, 2003), which manifests in a wide range of social deviant activities from gender and identity swapping (Turkle, 1997; to online harassment (Duggan, 2017;Joinson, 2005). These are born out of the perceived anonymity of social networking sites (Hinduja & Patchin, 2015) and the downdraft of conformity (Aronson, 2007(Aronson, [1972) in cyberspace (Klein-Menting, 2014). The perpetrator of online harassment is often anonymous and prefers online social networking sites for facilitating aggressive acts (Duggan, 2017). ...
... Theories tested by empirical research say we develop a second moral standard when online (Michelet, 2003), which manifests in a wide range of social deviant activities from gender and identity swapping (Turkle, 1997; to online harassment (Duggan, 2017;Joinson, 2005). These are born out of the perceived anonymity of social networking sites (Hinduja & Patchin, 2015) and the downdraft of conformity (Aronson, 2007(Aronson, [1972) in cyberspace (Klein-Menting, 2014). The perpetrator of online harassment is often anonymous and prefers online social networking sites for facilitating aggressive acts (Duggan, 2017). ...
In order to test whether and how violence is exacerbated in online social networking sites, we utilized the BryantSmith Aggression Scale (Bryant & Smith, 2001), and included examples in the questionnaire offering solutions for 7 different hypothetical cases occurring online (Kiss, 2017). The questionnaire was sent to social work and law school students in Hungary. Prevalence and levels of aggression and its manifestation as violence online proved to be not more severe than in offline social relations. Law students were more aware than students of social work that online hostile acts are discrediting. Students of social work were significantly more prone to break into physical fights than were law students and higher level of aggression was observed in their online behavior as well. Those who spend more time online tend to be more active online and bear a significantly higher level of aggression compared to those who are less active online. To conclude, higher education has a significant role in establishing control. This is especially crucial with law students who might have to work closely with the police and local residents aiming to establish peaceful communication, problem solving, and cooperative solutions in grassroots community policing programs.
... Two theoretical frameworks are at the basis of this study. The first theory takes on a social psychology perspective and maintains the idea of flexibility concerning the structure of values and attitudes (Aronson, 1988;Loewenstein, 2007;McGuire, 1985;Perloff, 1993). The second theory is rooted in the frame of mentalities and social representations which illustrates the changing character of profound mental structures and values (Braudel, 1996;Moscovici, 1988). ...
... These theoretical frames underline the change of values and attitudes under the pressure of social and political context; the only aspect that remains in question is the rhythm of the change (Bardi, Lee, Towfigh, & Soutar, 2009). Theories in social psychology claim that radical change in the social context is accompanied by an immediate and significant change in human attitudes and values (Albarracín, 2011;Aronson, 1988;Loewenstein, 2007;McGuire, 1985;Perloff, 1993). Equally, at the other extreme, the school of history of mentalities and the school of social representations defend the power of the inertia principle (Braudel, 1996;Gorshkov, 2010;Kollontai, 1999;Moscovici, 1988). ...
The aim of the present study was to examine the patterns in the distribution of values and attitudes for three generational cohorts in contemporary Romania: the ‘younger’ generation (M = 30 years old), the ‘middle generation’ (M = 45 years old) and the ‘older’ generation (M = 60 years old), analysed on representative generational samples (N = 1478 participants). The outcomes indicate an intergenerational transfer of values and attitudes between the cohorts, underlining the power of continuity in terms of values and attitudes, despite of the historical rupture generated by the breakdown of communism. As the exposure to socialization processes was significantly different for these distinct cohorts, the research examined the impact of the (post)communist period on the generational strata. In the same time, the collapse of communism brought major changes at a social, political and behavioral level; however, little changes occurred in the profound mental structures (attitudes, especially values).
... 109,136 However, it is not unheard of for "multi-component" strategies to have, as their main ingredient, ♦ Consumer researchers in the health field must beware: People typically overstate the degree to which they are influenced by health-related and other prosocial messages, just as they understate the degree to which they are influenced by corporate advertising. 138 the same kind of mass-media appeals that have been discredited as ineffective. Health promoters should therefore look critically at the evidence, and enlist the help of marketing professionals, before choosing an approach that involves mass media. ...
... 210,211 The threat of tuberculosis was reduced through improvements in sanitation and housing, not via a "be TB free" campaign directed at individual ♦ Studies suggest that "scare tactics" work well when there is a clear, concrete action people can take to avert the threat, but not when they lack the self-efficacy to take action, or when the message conjures up associations that would spoil a pleasant activity (e.g., condom ads that emphasize death and disease tend to turn people off. 138 On the other hand, the popularity of the movie Super-Size Me suggests that there may be a place for "gross-out tactics." behaviour. ...
The actual challenge in health is to manage patients with chronic diseases from a holistic approach where technology around the patient and at the city enhances their wellness. This paper deepens in the relations between health, devices, and models of technological cities and how these can be modeled to provide a more cost efficient solution while less invasive and more natural to the end users. In light of this, usable and accessible software and a wide range of devices, ranging from PC, smartphone, tablet and SmartTV have been tested. This manuscript will give good comprehension on how technology and disease management care models interact with the patient.
... As social animals, human beings have evolved to live in complex societies and spend a great deal of time interacting with others [1]. Group becomes an important medium for people to maintain connection with others and gain a sense of belonging [2]. ...
Research has found that preschoolers’ imitation demonstrates in-group bias and is guided by behavior efficacy. However, little is known about whether children’s sensitivity to behavior efficacy affects their in-group imitation. This study aimed to investigate preschoolers’ imitation tendency when group preference and behavior efficacy are in conflict. Participants were 4-year-old (N = 72) and 6-year-old (N = 72) preschoolers in China. They observed two demonstrators (one in-group and one out-group) pressing two different buttons, respectively, to turn on a music box, and were then asked to try it themselves. In the experimental condition, the out-group demonstrator always succeeded, whereas the in-group demonstrator failed half the time. The results showed that more 6-year-old children imitated the less-effective behaviors of the in-group demonstrator, whereas 4-year-old children showed no such inclination. Two control conditions confirmed that children chose to imitate in-group rather than out-group members (Control 1: both in-group and out-group demonstrators succeeded all four times), and could imitate according to efficacy (Control 2: two in-group demonstrators succeeded two and four times, respectively). These results indicated that 6-year-olds faithfully followed the in-group modeled behavior, regardless of behavior efficacy. Results are discussed through the social function of in-group imitative learning.
... However, people differ in the extent, to which they have a sense of personal control (e.g., Lachman & Weaver, 1998). The same applies to other fundamental psychological motives (e.g., belongness/ affiliation, status; Aronson, 2011;Chen et al., 2015;Leary, Kelly, Cottrell, & Schreindorfer, 2013;Mahadevan, Gregg, & Sedikides, 2019). If we turn to the context of cognitive 1 We use the terms sense making and meaning making interchangeably. ...
We define the need for sense-making as the desire to find reliable connections between the objects, situations, and relationships that people encounter. We have proposed and tested that there are possible individual differences in the need for sense-making and that these individual differences are insightful in characterizing individuals and their behaviors. A correlational study (N = 229) showed that need for sense-making was positively related to self-esteem, extroversion, conscientiousness, openness, and sense of control. Additionally, a higher need for sense-making was associated with greater perception of it as an important part of people’s identity. Thus, need for sense-making is relevant to understanding individual differences and can furthermore comprise a significant element of people’s identity. These results break new ground in the study of individual differences in the need for sense-making and can be of great importance in work and organizational psychology.
... A wide range of behavior change support (BCS) techniques has been adopted by such interventions [5]. Persuasive technology comprises technology-oriented BCS approaches [6] and it has used social influence [7] adopting a new behavior. However, the different interconnected aspects of social influence (e.g. ...
The growing field of mHealth has often dealt with the modification of harmful behaviors, such as smoking, that are associated with medical conditions. Smoking behavior has been targeted by numerous mHealth smoking cessation interventions with the help of a wide range of behavior change support (BCS) techniques. However, the exploitation of the established BCS technique of social comparison by mHealth research on smoking cessation has been limited. Based on up-to-date BCS theory and following a user-centered design, we have developed a novel smartphone application, namely QuitIT!, for smoking behavior modification with the help of social comparison. This paper presents the development of QuitIT! as well as its preliminary evaluation through a small pilot study. The latter has yield encouraging initial results concerning the feasibility and the effectiveness of QuitIT! as an mHealth tool for smoking BCS.
... The subject of the perception may not use these categories in the process of forming a person's image. At the same time, psychologists emphasize the fact that the social status is assessed in the acquaintance situation and it is taken into consideration when a person chooses a strategy of interaction with others (Aronson, 1998;Ridgeway, 1987;Anderson, Srivastava, Beer, Spataro, & Chatman, 2006). Further, Johnson (2013) notes that the components relevant to assessing social status are a reflection of value elements of the modern society's worldview or the subcultures. ...
... No caso contrário, ou seja, não se verificando estas condições ou não sendo percebidos estes três elementos como presentes na relação, então os intervenientes na relação retórica limitar-se-ão a "constatar o muro que os separa" (Meyer, 1994 Primeiro, mais do que um comportamento específico, uma disposição de personalidade ou um ativo de uma organização, a confiança é um predicado de todas as formas de relacionamento entre pessoas, grupos e organizações, o qual está impregnado com uma dimensão ética. Partindo da consideração do homem como um ser social (ou como um animal social, segundo Aronson (1999)), Aristóteles define a confiança como uma virtude e advoga que a convivência coletiva na cidade não é possível sem a confiança. Defende ainda que a confiança é o resultado de um hábito, formado a partir das práticas costumeiras de relação com os outros e que, com a passagem do tempo, a confiança se institui como um dever para com os outros (necessário para a realização do bem comum) e como um dever para com o próprio (essencial para a realização do bem supremo, da felicidade -na aceção aristotélica). ...
A recente crise de 2007 deu uma grande visibilidade ao problema da confiança nas organizações e ao problema associado da confiabilidade dos CEOs, reabrindo o debate sobre a importância da ética nos negócios. Contudo, a ambiguidade de alguns conceitos e a escassez de referências sobre a ética da confiança podem limitar os resultados desta discussão. Com este trabalho, propõe-se a recuperação de uma parte do pensamento de Aristóteles e sugerem-se alguns contributos para a análise do problema.
... Human beings are social animals (Aronson, 1972) and have a profound need to belong-"to form and maintain at least a minimum quantity of lasting, positive, and significant interpersonal relationships" (Baumeister & Leary, 1995, p. 497). Belonging brings with it numerous positive psychological and physical health outcomes (e.g., Baumeister, 1991;Cohen, Sherrod, & Clark, 1986;Cohen & Wills, 1985), yet belonging does not just happen. ...
Motivations to foster social connections drive much of human behavior. While these motivations vary across both situations and time, no scale exists assessing them at the state level. In the current work, we develop such a state measure, yielding a two-factor solution: motivation to foster social connections with existing and with new social targets. Across nine studies with almost 2000 participants, the scale shows good factor structure and reliability, as well as convergent and divergent validity. In two experimental studies, it also showed sensitivity to manipulations of regulatory focus and hunger. Implications for future research on social interactions and other uses of the scale are discussed.
... It is possible that the social setting in which we implemented the poster intervention amplified its impact because children may have observed their peers' purchase behavior and imitated it. Indeed, significant research reveals that people's goal pursuit is influenced by their observation of others' behaviors (e.g., Asch 1955;Aronson 2004;Cialdini and Goldstein 2004;Fishbach, Henderson, and Koo 2011;Huang et al. 2015;Fishbach, Steinmetz, and Tu 2016). Thus, it is plausible that each child's observation of peers' increased water purchases in response to the health intervention amplified their own response to the intervention. ...
We collaborated with UNICEF and launched a field experiment in Panama to test the effectiveness of communicating different means-goal associations in promoting children's consumption of water. This research is the first to examine whether interventions that operate by highlighting strong means-goal associations have real consequences outside the lab in the noisy real world. Also important, means-goal associations have previously been examined exclusively among adults. Because prior research reveals that children and adults often respond differently to persuasion attempts, important theoretical insight is gained by investigating whether children's use of a means can be increased by interventions that highlight means-goal associations. This research is also the first to explore whether highlighting means-goal associations of different strengths can produce not only positive but also potentially negative effects. Together , the current research advances the extant understanding of the divergent impact of means-goal associations on behavior, uncovers an intervention that increases children's consumption of water, and provides valuable managerial implications as well as food for thought for future research.
... Heuristics are also described as "rule of thumb" which are developed for quick and efficient decision-making (Mishra, 2014) and have gained attention (Yalcin et al., 2016). Investors use these shortcuts due to inadequate time and information (Aronson, 1999). Tversky and Kahneman (1974) pointed out that cognitive biases arise as people use heuristics. ...
Purpose
The paper takes a behavioral approach by making use of the prospect theory to unveil the impact of salience on short-term and long-term investment decisions. This paper aims to investigate the group differences for two types of investors’ groups, i.e. individual investors and professional investors.
Design/methodology/approach
The study uses partial least square-based structural equation modeling technique, measurement invariance test and multigroup analysis test on a unique data set of 277 active equity traders which included professional money managers and individual investors.
Findings
Results showed that salience has a significant positive impact on both short-term and long-term investment decisions. The impact was almost 1.5 times higher for long-term investment decision as compared to short-term decision. Furthermore, multigroup analysis revealed that the two groups (individual investors and professional investors) were statistically significantly different from each other.
Research limitations/implications
The study has implications for financial regulators, money managers and individual investors as it was found that individual investors suffer more with salience heuristic and may end up with sub-optimal portfolios due to inefficient diversification. Thus, investors should be cautious in fully relying on salience and avoid such bias to improve investment returns.
Practical implications
The study concludes with a discussion of policy and regulatory implications on how to minimize salience bias to achieve optimum and diversified portfolios.
Originality/value
The study has significantly contributed to the growing body of applied behavioral research in the discipline of finance.
... Examples are affiliation motivation, emotional contagion, collective memory, social representations and stereotypes, or dominance behaviours. Other interpersonal processes that are not considered here include social processes (such as anomie; Deflem, 1989) or group dynamic processes (Aronson, 2008). . As a gregarious species, humans cannot survive outside a tight-knit group. ...
This article presents the theoretical, clinical, and practical arguments supporting a process‐based transdiagnostic approach to psychotherapy. A working definition of “psychological process” is provided, as well as a tri‐dimensional categorization of psychological processes potentially involved in psychopathology. Guidelines are proposed to select psychological interventions based on the active psychopathological processes evidenced in a given case. We also provide a rationale to organize treatment as a set of modules, each addressing a specific psychopathological process. Next, we review the main processes that may be active in mood and anxiety disorders, and that are accessible to clinicians in regular practice. For each process, we propose a validated assessment questionnaire. Finally, we offer a free‐access web‐based instrument that allows clients to fill in these questionnaires via an internet survey, and that provides therapists with a tool to easily decode and interpret the questionnaire results and to present them to the clients.
... Humans are highly social beings (Aronson, 1980;Tomasello, 2014). Hence, social information is assumed to be of particular intrinsic relevance to humans due to its direct link to guiding physiological responses and behavior (Hariri, Tessitore, Mattay, Fera, & Weinberger, 2002;Keltner & Kring, 1998). ...
Social information is particularly relevant for the human species because of its direct link to guiding physiological responses and behavior. Accordingly, extant functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data suggest that social content may form a unique stimulus dimension. It remains largely unknown, however, how neural activity underlying social (versus nonsocial) information processing temporally unfolds, and how such social information appraisal may interact with the processing of other stimulus characteristics, particularly emotional meaning. Here, we presented complex visual scenes differing in both social (vs. nonsocial) and emotional relevance (positive, negative, neutral) intermixed with scrambled versions of these pictures to N = 24 healthy young adults. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to intact pictures were examined for gaining insight to the dynamics of appraisal of both dimensions, implemented within the brain. Our main finding is an early interaction between social and emotional relevance due to enhanced amplitudes of early ERP components to emotionally positive and neutral pictures of social compared to nonsocial content, presumably reflecting rapid allocation of attention and counteracting an overall negativity bias. Importantly, our ERP data show high similarity with previously observed fMRI data using the same stimuli, and source estimations located the ERP effects in overlapping occipitotemporal brain areas. Our novel data suggest that relevance detection may occur already as early as around 100 ms after stimulus onset and may combine relevance checks not only examining intrinsic pleasantness/emotional valence but also social content as a unique, highly relevant stimulus dimension.
... Furthermore, whether or not aggressive behavior is displayed while driving will be dependent on the perceived consequences of engaging in such behaviors. Research suggests that perceived anonymity while driving influences individual's propensity to engage in risky or aggressive driving behaviors (Aronson, 1999;Ellison-Potter, Bell, & Deffenbacher, 2001;Green, 1994). Lastly, aggressive driving behaviors are more likely when the frustration experienced while driving is perceived as unfair or inappropriate. ...
Aggressive driving behaviors have been gaining in notoriety in recent years, with U.S. drivers identifying aggressive driving as a serious problem. Researchers have called for understanding the contextual factors that contribute to drivers engaging in such behaviors. If individuals engage in aggressive- and potentially aggressive- driving behaviors during their work-to-home commutes, it is possible that some aspects of work may be influencing these behaviors. The present study examined the influence of employee’s work attitudes and experiences on aggressive- and potentially aggressive- driving behaviors, and the mechanisms that might explain the nature of any spillover effects. Data were collected via a baseline survey and daily diaries administered over the course of one working week, from employees (N = 109) who worked full-time and commuted by private vehicle alone on a daily basis. Objective indicators of potentially aggressive driving behaviors were also collected using a mobile application from a subset of the sample (N = 31) during one working week. Daily diary surveys indicated that on days when employees experience job stress and incivility at work, they engage in aggressive driving behaviors during their work-to-home commutes, through the explanatory mechanisms of negative emotions while driving and perceived psychological contract violation during the commute. In addition, some convergent support was found for the hypothesized relationships using potentially aggressive driving behaviors as the outcome of interest in both the survey- and app-based samples. Overall, the present findings suggest that spillover effects due to employees experiencing job stress and workplace incivility have the potential to impact behaviors elicited during the commute, raising the risk of detrimental consequences for both the employee and employer. Practical implications and future lines of research are discussed.
... Managing social dilemmas and interpersonal conflicts is not just a contemporary problem but one that is central to humans' evolution as social animals (e.g., Aronson, 1980;Tomasello, 2014). When faced with a challenging situation, people often have to consider multiple goals, relationships, and situational concerns, and all of these factors contribute to problems that do not have single, guaranteed solutions. ...
Social issues (e.g., partisan politics, economic decisions, interpersonal conflicts) often involve trade-offs, necessitating the consideration of multiple interests. Such issues do not have simple answers and benefit from wise reasoning – a set of meta-cognitive strategies that guide people toward managing complexity and balancing different interests. We review recent advances in research on wise reasoning, including evidence pertinent to the question of wisdom’s trait-like and state-specific features, how it varies across situations, and how one can develop it. Overall, empirical studies suggest that researchers can understand wisdom better by paying attention to its situated nature across time and contexts.
... Caucasians in Canada and the United States) have been stereotyped in the research literature over the past 11 years (2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016). This review is key to acknowledging cultural variance among mothers, fathers, and families (Amir, 1969;Aronson, 1972;Levine & Campbell, 1972;Mayovich, 1972;Troilo, 2013). Further, the review is particularly timely, as families have been undergoing significant shifts in recent years. ...
In many societies, the iconic image of the family is that of a White, American middle-class, first-marriage nuclear family with two heterosexual parents and biological children. Research, however, has often neglected the complexity that exists within specific populations, particularly the impact of racial and ethnic diversity. The current review explores how motherhood and fatherhood, outside of the dominant North American cultural discourse, have been stereotyped in the research literature over the past decade. While results show few singularities in studies relating to fatherhood stereotypes, singularities in the findings associated with motherhood stereotypes are more abundant.
... In 1950s, instructional programming has started. It can resemble that the TV news in the mass media arrange information age those who produce TV news can exert a powerful inluence on our opinions simply by determining which events are given exposure and how much exposure they are given [8]. There were also some studies of distance learning and TV broadcasting [9,10]. ...
... As human beings, we are inherently responsive to our social environment (Aronson, 2004;Cialdini, 2001). Social norms can be a powerful source of such social influence with our behaviors being influenced by both injunctive social norms (our perception of what most others approve) and by descriptive social norms (our perception of what most others actually do; Cialdini, 2007). ...
The usefulness of conveying descriptive norms (“this is what most people do”) for prosocial purposes such as environmental conservation and charitable giving has recently been called into question. Two experiments (N = 748) evaluated the hypothesis that descriptive norms increase people's intentions to donate to charity. Overall, the results supported this hypothesis. Another aim was to examine the robustness of the local norm superiority effect that proposes that the local norms of one's immediate environment are superior to other descriptive norms (global and social identity norms). This hypothesis was not supported. The results suggest that differences between different types of norms are likely to be small.
... In the design of behavior change applications it is common to include social features. The influence of other people on our behavior has been well established in psychology [20][21][22] and it has been moved to the design of technology supporting behavior change. Fogg [23] describes this technology as persuasive, because through means of persuasion and social influence the behavior change is supported. ...
Persuasive technologies for health behavior change often include social influence features. Social influence in the design of persuasive technology has been described as a black box. This case study sheds light on design practices by identifying factors that affect the design of social influence features in health behavior change applications and the designers’ understanding of the social influence aspects. Our findings are twofold: First, the two most positively inclined social influence features, namely cooperation and normative influence, were missing from the reviewed applications. Second, the medical condition - the persuasive technology targets - has a major influence on consideration and integration of social influence features in health behavior change applications. Our findings should be taken into account when frameworks and guidelines are created for the design of social influence features in health behavior change applications.
... We gathered the information for the book from people around South Australia through Operation Magpie, a Citizen Science project conducted in 2009. The project followed Operation Possum in 2008 andOperation Bluetongue in 2007. In all of these studies of the community interactions with animals we have encouraged people to tell us their stories. ...
... Within the CIT-process, I suggest that a team is ready to launch an innovation project when the convener has gathered another two or three members to participate in the innovation team, as long as they cover or have access to market, suppliers and distribution (Andersson, 1999;Johnsson, 2009;Tidd and Bessant, 2013) and leave a few places to be used for temporary members. More than six members would probably cause social loafing (Aronson, 1999;Clark, 2003;Dew & Hearn, 2009;Wheelan, 2009). Members of the team should have characteristics selected according to the big five, except for extroversion, since homogeneity on this characteristic allows a team to avoid conflicts regarding leader roles, according to LePine et al. (2011). ...
This research suggests a conceptual process of how to create high-performing innovation teams to meet the market's need of faster ways of conducting innovation work. The CIT-process (Creating high-performing Innovation Teams) is a five-step-process systematically developed to meet organizational-, team-, and individual perspectives. On a holistic level, this research contributes to prior research by bringing research on innovation teams and high-performing teams together to become a pre-stage to established group dynamic processes and innovation processes. Practical implications and future research are suggested.
... These technologies targeting behavior change are also described as persuasive technologies [7]. Social influence [1] has a big part in persuasive technologies [7] and it has been identified to affect health behavior such as an increase in physical activity, e.g., biking [31], jogging [23], and walking [19]. However, many technologies have interpreted social influence in various ways in their design [4,10,19,25]. ...
... Here, we investigated the roles of social information and individual differences (Nov et al., 2013) in skill levels on spontaneous task allocation when people collaborate toward a shared objective in a crowdsourcing effort as a short-lived virtual group without the possibility of communication. Resting on the premises that humans are social animals that exhibit high behavioral plasticity in response to changes in social environments (Aronson, 1972) and that task specialization is an efficient way to perform collective tasks (West et al., 2015), we hypothesized that workers in projects that are aimed at a collective goal will distribute themselves into tasks to balance the distribution of workers across the tasks. Specifically, when the number of workers on a certain task is perceived to be deficient, there should be an increased tendency of others to switch to that task. ...
Dynamic group coordination facilitates adaptive division of labor in response to group-level changes. Yet, little is known about how it can be operationalized in online collaborations among individuals with limited information about each other. We hypothesized that simple social information about the task distribution of others can elicit emergent task allocation. We conducted an online experiment where participants analyze images of a polluted canal by freely switching between two tasks: creating keyword-based tags for images and categorizing existing tags. During the task execution, we presented experimentally manipulated information about the contrasting group-level task distributions. Participants did not change the effort allocation between the tasks when they were notified that the group is deficient in workers in the task they intrinsically prefer. By contrast, they allocated more effort to the less preferred task than they would intrinsically do when their intrinsic effort allocation counterbalances the current distribution of workers in the group. Such behavioral changes were observed more strongly among those with higher skills in the less preferred task. Our results demonstrate the possibility of optimizing group coordination through design interventions at the individual level that lead to spontaneous adaption of division of labor at the group level. When participants were provided information about the group-level task distribution, they tend to allocate more effort to the task against their intrinsic preference.
... The quality of a marital relationship, which is the result of many variables, 1 also affects the psychological state of the spouses. 2 Because marital relationships are the basis of the entire family 3 and greatly affect the atmosphere within the family, 4 it is worthwhile to determine the factors that significantly influence the sense of satisfaction that the spouses get from their relationship. One essential factor that affects the quality of the interpersonal relationship between a husband and wife is the spouses' social competence, which can result from certain influences depending on which theoretical approach one takes. ...
... Humans are highly social beings (Aronson, 1980;Tomasello, 2014). Hence, social information is assumed to be of high intrinsic relevance to humans due to its direct link to guiding physiological responses and behavior (Hariri et al., 2002;Keltner and Kring, 1998). ...
Social information is highly intrinsically relevant for the human species because of its direct link to guiding physiological responses and behavior. Accordingly, extant functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data suggest that social content may form a unique stimulus dimension. It remains largely unknown, however, how neural activity underlying social (versus nonsocial) information processing temporally unfolds, and how such social information appraisal may interact with the processing of other stimulus characteristics, particularly emotional meaning. Here, we presented complex visual scenes differing in both social (versus nonsocial) and emotional relevance (positive, negative, neutral) intermixed with scrambled versions of these pictures to N= 24 healthy young adults. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to intact pictures were examined for gaining insight to the dynamics of appraisal of both dimensions, implemented within the brain. Our main finding is an early interaction between social and emotional relevance due to enhanced amplitudes of early ERP components to emotionally positive pictures of social compared to nonsocial content, presumably reflecting rapid allocation of attention and counteracting an overall negativity bias. Importantly, our ERP data show high similarity with previously observed fMRI data using the same stimuli, and source estimations located the ERP effects in overlapping occipito-temporal brain areas. Our new data suggest that relevance detection may occur already as early as around 100 ms after stimulus onset and may combine relevance checks not only examining intrinsic pleasantness/emotional valence, but also social content as a unique, highly relevant stimulus dimension.
Despite repeated opportunities to reconsider their natural science ambitions, social psychologists have not done so, and there are no obvious signs of this changing. Why? This paper pursues an answer to this question by defining the field after the fashion of Michael Polanyi's thought. According to Polanyi, interpretative frameworks develop from our primitive bodily encounters with the world and then are shaped by language into the vast conceptual systems of our culture. Concerning frameworks erected on our most fundamental beliefs (e.g., science), he says that we “live in [them] as in the garment of our own skin.” Frameworks such as this are not objects of critical evaluation but of commitment, and social psychology, as an outgrowth of positive philosophy, is an interpretative framework in this sense. Professionals' recent responses to the field's political makeup and replication failures demonstrate this. They aim primarily at preserving a natural science understanding of social psychology and point to the influence of belief‐stabilizing mechanisms Polanyi finds operative in folk religious practices. These mechanisms appear at work also in psychology as a whole. They are implied, for instance, in the field's resistance to Sigmund Koch's authoritative judgement against its scientific self‐conception in the latter half of the 20th century. Noting this reveals the broader implications of this paper's definition of social psychology, but it also urges questions about truth and relativity that cannot be ignored. These questions are addressed briefly in the end where it is suggested that what psychology needs most of all is a change of heart, and that this will happen, if at all, not primarily through argument and evidence, but through persons who authentically believe in the veracity of a different framework.
Background
This qualitative study explored the attitudes and experiences of Hong Kong Chinese parents/carers relating to the sexual needs of their child with intellectual disabilities.
Methods
Semi‐structured interviews were conducted in Hong Kong with seven parents/carers applying Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to explore their experiences of and attitudes towards the sexual needs of their adult child with intellectual disabilities.
Findings
Data revealed three salient variations in participants' attitudes towards the child's sexual needs: concern, reluctance and prohibition. Participants' anxiety about discussing sexuality was evident. Most participants further displayed a layer of feeling that combined ‘love’ and ‘grief’. Based on Goffman's dramaturgical perspective, participants exhibited front stage and back stage behaviours that are believed to be strongly influenced by stigmatisation and collectivist culture.
Conclusion
Various levels of intervention to reduce stigma are identified and discussed. This study also highlighted the role of caring professionals in generating awareness of the cultural impact on the family and the need to carefully address the subtle feelings experienced by family members with intellectual disabilities.
Friendship constitutes an important facet of human behavior, and the current research investigated the reasons that motivate people to make friends. First, a combination of qualitative research methods were used to identify 41 perceived reasons why people make friends. Using a sample of 1,316 Greek-speaking participants, these reasons were classified into five broad factors. Participants indicated that the most important reasons for making friends were to receive social input, support , and because of someone else's good qualities. Sex differences and age effects were found in most factors. Finally, the five factors were classified into two broader domains, the first reflecting motivation to make a true friendship and the second to gain opportunistic benefits.
Toxic leaders are one of the main threats to the wellbeing of people in the workplace and in society in general, and followers play a critical role in constructing and maintaining toxic leaders. In this narrative review, we draw on Bourdieu's concept of illusio and incorporate it with the social and cognitive psychology approaches in an attempt to frame the dynamic system that sustains toxic leadership through continued support of the followers. More specifically, as we introduce the illusio perspective in a process‐relational context to the toxic leadership discussion, we (i) address the allure of toxic leaders as an incentive for followers to join the toxic illusio as a way to cope with their high personal uncertainty and (ii) illustrate the mechanisms and processes that motivate followers of toxic leaders to remain in the toxic illusio once they join. In this context, we also briefly discuss and differentiate between the ethical and moral dimensions of toxic leadership.
Contemporary development of social and cognitive sciences provides a framework for more and more sophisticated methods of controlling human behavior, often beyond his conscious control of content of received information. In practical applications this effect is especially visible in the field of political behavior, which not only defines the economic and socio –political strategies of the state, but also protects particularistic (particular) interests of politicians and political parties.
In the present chapters those persuasion strategies will be presented which are effectively used to control political behavior, and are based on regularities well described in cognitive and social psychology. The following phenomena will be presented:
1. Priming issues – “creating” the order of priority issues received according to its importance or personal characteristics of the politicians on the base of carefully selected information in media.
2. Framing issues - “creating” the meaning of received information and defining social issues on the base of mechanism of perception and memory as well as decision making. In this context a particularly important persuasion method is forming the ambiguous political messages, effectively used to subtle alterations of the perceived political statements.
3. Distortion of perceived political events used in comparative negative political ads at the level of perceptual and memory processes.
All these phenomena are intensively used in permanent political campaign.
A particular emphasis will be put on the defense strategies against persuasion which should be learned by people to cope with the political world in market-driven democracy. This is extremely important as it concerns guaranteed in democratic countries, freedom of choice paradoxically limited by advanced marketing strategies.
Agency theory considers information the most decisive element in investor–entrepreneur relations. Building on the notion of better‐than‐average (BTA) beliefs, we investigate the extent to which information asymmetries between investors and entrepreneurs may also emerge on paths other than the self‐interest or opportunistic behaviour of rational actors. Based on a data set of 176 investors from 23 different German financial institutions, we conduct a conditional process analysis that indicates approximately 30% of all professional investors hold unjustified BTA beliefs regarding their abilities to identify flaws in new venture ideas, which leads to inaccurate financing decisions. We further find evidence that investors generally tend to underfund start‐up projects if they perceive little similarity with the founders, but overfund projects if interpersonal similarities are high. Moreover, we demonstrate that high BTA beliefs facilitate engagement in competition with peers for the best investment option.
We study the impact of emotions on real‐world decisions made by loan officers by analyzing the loan conditions of loans granted immediately after a bank branch robbery. We find significant differences between the conditions of loans granted after a robbery and changes in loan conditions that occur contemporaneously at unaffected branches. In general, loan officers seem to adopt so‐called avoidance behavior. In accordance with the literature on posttraumatic stress, their avoidance behavior is halved within 2 weeks following the robbery and the effect further varies depending on the presence, or absence, of a firearm during the robbery. (JEL G02, G2)
In present study we discuss the impact of exposure to negative TV news, examining psychological effects of negative TV news stories based on the viewers’ ability to perceive new information, and influence of emotional burnout as an indicator for that ability. We used the Syndrome of Emotional Burnout Inventory by Boyko and a number of other inventories, aimed to analyze changes in viewers’ mood, state anxiety, internal aggression and aggressiveness in the relationships. Overall 53 healthy volunteers (20 male and 33 female high school students), aged 18 to 23 years old, participated in the study. The most significant impact of negative TV news was found in the group of participants suffering from a large information overload and losing emotional sensitivity. Among the participants without any symptoms of burnout or those with fully formed burnout, we recorded a less significant negative impact of negative TV news stories. As such, emotional burnout in the stage of development leads to personal discomfort and aggravation of perceptional reactions in response to negative TV news.
Keywords: Media effects, TV news, emotional burnout, mood, anxiety
مفهوم رفتار اجتماعی شهروندان، به رفتار یک شهروند تحت تأثیر سایر رفتارهای شهروندی و عوامل داخلی و خارجی که بر وقوع تأثیر می گذارد، اشاره دارد. میادین شهری به عنوان یک ظرف، به فضایی در داخل شهر اشاره دارد که طیف گسترده ای از اقشار اجتماعی، گروه های سنی و غیره تحت تأثیر حضور و فعالیت سایر شهروندان در آن حضور می یابند. تاکنون مفهوم دقیق رفتار اجتماعی شهروندان در میادین شهری به عنوان یک ظرف برای ایجاد آن ها بررسی نشده است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تأمل بر مفهوم رفتار اجتماعی شهروندان در میادین شهری انجام شده است. این پژوهش از نوع پژوهش های کاربردی و با روش پژوهش توصیفی و در قالب محتوای تطبیقی انجام شده است. دستاورد این پژوهش حاکی از آن است که مدل واحدی برای مفهوم رفتار اجتماعی شهروندان در میادین شهری وجود دارد که در آن ابعاد، مؤلفه ها و شاخص های هر کدام از مؤلفه ها معلوم است. در این پژوهش با تفحص در تعاریف مختلف رفتارهای اجتماعی و میادین شهری، مدل مفهومی پیشنهاد داده شده است که در آن ابعاد رفتار اجتماعی شامل فضا و انسان است و از آن جایی که فضا خود دارای سه بعد معنا، کالبد و کارکرد می باشد می توان این ابعاد را ابعاد رفتار اجتماعی در نظر گرفت.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the contradictory effect of coldness in advertisement and brand logo design.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors conduct four experiments to test the influences of coldness on consumers’ attitude. In the first two experiments, the researchers use real/virtual brand names to test the moderating effect of brand status and customer power; in Study 3, the researchers test the moderating effect of autonomy; while in the last experiment, the findings in the previous experiments are extended to explain similar effect of cold/warm brand logo designs.
Findings
This research finds that coldness also brings benefit to brands under certain circumstances. More specifically, cold endorsers/brand logo designs are only beneficial for brands of high (vs low) status, and can only attract consumers who experience high power (vs low power). Such effects are mediated by consumers’ perceived brand autonomy.
Research limitations/implications
This research urges the managers to analyze the characteristics of the brand and its target consumer. It also points out that the effectiveness of warm/cold representative derives from the customer perceived brand autonomy.
Originality/value
The authors’ contributions to the literature are as follows. First, this research examines the relationship between coldness and autonomy, which enables us to expand the findings to various contexts; second, this research expands the horizon of autonomy theory by identifying customer power and brand status as its moderators.
Background
There are roughly 3.8 million cleaning workers in the United States. The cleaning workforce is largely composed of women, immigrants, and ethnic minorities who receive low wages and have low education levels. They are exposed to physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial hazards.
Methods
Qualitative methodology was used to investigate how Latino immigrants experience work as building cleaners. A grounded theory coding approach was used to analyze focus group data from 77 participants.
Results
Three major themes were identified: economic vulnerability, psychosocial stressors, and health and safety effects. Although workers are aware of the safety hazards associated with their jobs, they believe their immigration status limits employment opportunities leading them to accept poor working conditions. They work through injuries and cope psychologically through minimizing negative health impacts and normalizing work‐related injuries and illnesses.
Conclusions
The findings suggest that interventions for these workers should recognize the hostile organizational and psychosocial contexts within which immigrants often work.
While there is a large body of research on the relationship between organizational justice and work attitudes (e.g., job satisfaction, organizational commitment) of employees across various disciplines, there has been limited research on organizational justice within the field of corrections. This is especially true regarding female correctional officers. Thus, this study explored whether organizational justice indirectly affects organizational commitment via job satisfaction. Structural equation modeling was estimated using the survey data from 169 female correctional staff. Results indicated that organizational justice was indirectly associated with greater organizational commitment through job satisfaction among female correctional employees. This suggests that organizational justice is a salient workplace component in shaping attitudes and behaviors of female correctional staff. Future research should not ignore the influence of organizational fairness when examining the correctional staff work attitudes.
Resumo Este texto enfrenta a questão da decisão judicial sob uma perspectiva multidisciplinar dos obstáculos e vícios da tomada de decisão da teoria da psicologia comportamental e da análise econômico-comportamental do direito (heurísticas e vieses), e da pressuposta racionalidade do homo economicus em oposição ao homo pragmaticus quanto à formação neuropsicofísica das escolhas dos juízes. Como crenças, preconceitos, pensamentos e raciocínios tomam forma a partir de reações essencialmente emocionais e irracionais no cotidiano, consciente ou inconscientemente. Como a emoção, a heurísticas e os vieses influenciam as decisões judiciais e afetam as opções de escolhas livres.
Jussim argues that the self-fulfilling prophecy and expectancy effects of descriptive stereotypes are not potent shapers of social reality. However, his conclusion that descriptive stereotypes per se do not shape social reality is premature and overly reductionist. We review evidence that suggests descriptive stereotypes do have a substantial influence on social reality, by virtue of their influence on collective action.
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