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Theorie des Kommunikativen Handelns. Band 1: Handlungsrationalität und Gesellschaftliche Rationalisierung
... Despite these gloomy realities, the pandemic has shown how collective humanity can move towards a sustainable world. COVID clearly showed what happens when systems work for agents, (rather than agents working for systems) with a pervasive shift away from the technical, towards the emancipatory (Habermas, 1981). For example, pandemic isolation facilitated a significant reduction in the output of fossil fuels through travel (Le Billon, Lujala, Singh, Culbert, & Kristoffersen, 2021; Smith, Tarui, & Yamagata, 2021), and more educationally, the globe witnessed a none too gentle induction into online, blended and flexible learning (Anderton Ryan S., 2021; Dhavan, 2020). ...
... By deploying these Habermasian thinking tools, this paper highlights how the urgency of a global pandemic was causal in de-emphasising the privileging of the technical. While only for a brief sojourn where global relations became concerned with emancipatory thinking (Habermas, 1981), this work extends the thinking lessons from COVID to critically appreciate the new postpandemic landscape as a transformational opportunity for sustainability through ...
... Critical social theory, a neo-humanist approach, which considers how to improve the human condition [17]. Hence, its aim is an all-encompassing approach to active participation, observation and analysis of the situation and the design of an intervention to accomplish change. ...
... Hence, its aim is an all-encompassing approach to active participation, observation and analysis of the situation and the design of an intervention to accomplish change. According to Habermas [17], "content" and "relationship" are two criteria that can be used to analyse and validate discussion about research. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent emergency measures had a fundamental and disruptive impact on societies and, in particular, on the educational sector. The transition of the modality of educational delivery from face-to-face to online occurred within days; this research study considered the concepts of digital trust and digital access, using structuration, postmodernism, and critical social theory as lenses to understand Higher Education (HE) student experiences during the first wave of the lockdown. The study compared these aspects in Hungary, South Africa, and Wales (UK) with different digital and network readiness indices. The digital development of the countries is presented using both the Digital Intelligence and Network Readiness indices. The research approach was cross-country, international, comparative, inductive, and quantitative. The research study found that there was a significant relationship between the countries’ GDP and their network readiness, impacting students’ online learning experiences. Significant differences were found between the participating universities in terms of digital access and digital trust; this research provides valuable insights for informing future pedagogical approaches and teaching best practice, specifically for residential universities. Understanding challenges and barriers to student learning experiences, and the impact of inequitable access to digital technologies and communication, is key for future pedagogical policy and practice. Several recommendations are made to inform practice.
... Reasons and arguments are a fundamental part of human language. Following different definitions (e.g., Habermas, 1981;van Eemeren et al., 1996), reasoning can be described as a social activity, more specifically in a conversation, which mostly starts from a disagreement concerning a point of view. The participants aim at speaking for or against the point of view, trying to justify or delegitimize their statements in order to find a shared conclusion (cf. ...
In this article, the goal is to describe students’ mathematical reasoning in the context of different settings of problem-solving tasks. The core of the tasks are real objects, which are presented to the students with the help of photos, a 3D model or in the environment itself. With reference to the experiential learning theory and relations to problem-solving and modelling, theoretical potentials for mathematical reasoning emerge. In a qualitative study with 19 secondary school students these are empirically tested. The evaluation of the video recordings of the students’ solution processes are coded with the help of qualitative content analysis, among others with references to problem-solving and linguistic categories of conclusive speech acts. The results show that mathematical reasoning can be observed especially in the work with photos and that the work with real objects generally evokes reasoning activities in the area of planning and exploration of strategies.
... Wir gehen überdies davon aus, so sei hier nur thesenhaft und in Anlehnung an die fachkulturellen Differenzen (vgl. Kollmer et al., 2021) Habermas, 1971;Habermas, 1973Habermas, /2009Habermas, 1981 Kunze & Wernet, 2014). In unseren umfassenden Rekonstruktionen blieb die theoretische Bezugsgröße des Diskurses -eingedenk ihrer von vornherein idealtypischen Zuspitzung -empirisch uneingelöst. ...
In der Wissenschaft sind Erkenntnisziele, aber auch ein spezieller Weltaufschluss angelegt. Diesen zu vermitteln, ist Aufgabe der Wissenschaftsdidaktik. Was aber bedeutet es, Wissenschaft institutionell zu einem Gegenstand des Lehrens und Lernens zu machen? Die Beitragenden des Bandes liefern disziplinenübergreifende Antworten auf diese Frage und beleuchten Wissenschaftsdidaktik aus empirischer, theoretischer, konzeptioneller sowie praktisch-reflexiver Perspektive. Hochschullehrende sowie praktisch und forschend tätige Personen finden hier Zugang zur Wissenschaftsdidaktik und ihren innovativen Erkenntnispotentialen.
... However, in accordance with many neighboring disciplines dealing with image science and drawing from earlier studies on language and images in communication processes (cf. Bourdieu 1997;Habermas 1995;Kerner and Duroy 1977;Merleau-Ponty 1974), the conceptualization and creation of visual knowledge connects the many research interests (cf. Sachs-Hombach 2021). ...
... Legislation -at least in functioning democracies -is based either directly or indirectly, at best ex ante, but at the least ex post, on a societal consensus as part of a societal discourse (Kunz/Mona 2015: 6ff.). Admittedly, this discourse might only in the rarest cases obey the rules of an ideal discourse as developed by Habermas (1981aHabermas ( , 1981bHabermas ( , 1984, Alexy (1994Alexy ( , 1995Alexy ( , 2004 et al. in the context of discourse ethics, precisely because in pluralistic industrial and post-industrial representative democracies not all discourse participants can -neither qualitatively nor quantitatively -have their say equally, be heard equally, have equal opportunity to access information and also actually participate in the discourse. 32 Moreover, topics and opinions that are considered taboo are virtually precluded from discourse, and opinions and views in general are even viewed with prejudice from the outset. ...
The emergence of artificial intelligence has triggered enthusiasm and promise of boundless opportunities as much as uncertainty about its limits. The contributions to this volume explore the limits of AI, describe the necessary conditions for its functionality, reveal its attendant technical and social problems, and present some existing and potential solutions. At the same time, the contributors highlight the societal and attending economic hopes and fears, utopias and dystopias that are associated with the current and future development of artificial intelligence.
... A profunda crise econômica, social e humanitária demanda análises críticas capazes de identificar as perspectivas formativas explícitas ou implícitas nas políticas educativas que se desenham em diversas partes do mundo. O liberalismo autoritário (CHAMAYOU, 2018), as novas formas de constituição de subjetividades na sociedade neoliberal (DARDOT & LAVAL, 2009), o encapsulamento da escola pela lógica empresarial e gerencialista do capitalismo acadêmico confrontando com a dimensão ético-política da gestão educacional (LAVAL, 2019;BRUMER, et al., 2021;HABERMAS, 1981aHABERMAS, , 1981bHABERMAS, , 1992HABERMAS, e 1996, os objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável e novos desafios da transformação digital do mundo do trabalho (UNESCO, 2019;STANDIG, 2013;ANTUNES, 2018, CEPAL, 2022 que incidem sobre as políticas de formação e inserção sociolaboral perceptíveis pelas reformas educacionais em curso (CASASSUS, 2017; UNESCO, 2019) são desafios contemporâneos discutidos pelos autores. ...
Dossiê Políticas Educativas e Perspectivas Formativas Pós-Covid-19.
... Dabei ist wenig erheblich, ob dieser bewusst oder unbewusst geschaffen wurde, gleichwohl zweiteres als Kryptomnesie eine wissenschaftliche Rechtfertigung hat (A. S. Brown & Murphy, 1989;Green, 1998). Bewusste Produktion von Ähnlichkeit wird, wenn sie zu einer Verwechslung führt, als Täuschung oder Manipulation interpretiert wie das verdeckte strategische Handeln bei Habermas (1995). ...
Neue Produkte herzustellen, die bereits existierenden bis zur Verwechslung ähneln, verlangt von Kreativen den paradoxen Spagat zwischen Neuheit und Bekanntheit auf die Spitze zu treiben. Gerade Auftragszusammenhänge der Kreativwirtschaft können die Produktion ähnlicher Artefakte einfordern und dem Wunsch nach Einzigartigkeit widersprechen, der Gegenwartsgesellschaften angeblich auszeichnet. Diese bewerten das Besondere, das Werk als kreativ und stellen ihm Kopien oder Plagiate gegenüber, die als unkreativ gelten. Die Analyse intentionaler Produktionen von Ähnlichkeit öffnet hier den Blick auf die vielfältige und von Unsicherheiten geprägte liminale Kreativität der Versionen. Fallbeispiele der Herstellung von Soundalikes zeigen anhand von Beobachtungen, Interviews und Gerichtsfällen, wie ästhetische, rechtliche, wissenschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Grenzziehungen musikalisches Versionieren anleiten. Kreative nutzen Kombinationen kleinster Transformationen, um Musikprodukte einer Referenz anzunähern und von ihr zu entfernen, und produzieren dabei Artefakte im Graubereich zwischen Werk und Plagiat.
... The action-formation mechanisms are based on theoretical micro-foundations, general assumptions about the behavior of individuals. Rational Choice Theory has developed the most sophisticated specifications of the action-formation mechanism, but there are additional theories that provide micro-foundations, such as Symbolic Interactionism (Goffman 1959), the Theory of Communicative Action (Habermas 1981a(Habermas , 1981b and others (Turner 2003(Turner [1974). The situational and transformational mechanisms link different levels of analysis. ...
In recent years we have seen an explosion of methodological reflections on case study research. These reflections have challenged the co-variational orthodoxy that dominated the literature on case study methodology in Political Science since the 1970s. Alternative understandings of case study methodology have been presented mostly under the heading of “causal process tracing (CPT)”. In contributions to the methodological debate (Blatter and Blume 2008a, 2008b) and in our text book (Blatter and Haverland 2012), we try to make the point that we gain a lot when we realize that there are two alternatives to the co-variational template and not just one. Adding “congruence analysis (CON)” to “co-variational analysis (COV)” and “causal-process tracing (CPT)” as a third distinct approach for designing case studies has three major advantages:
• it broadens the available toolkit for drawing causal inferences in small-N research;
• it allows to develop internally coherent research approaches; and
• it leads to more precise definitions of major terms like “causal-process tracing” and “causal
mechanisms.”
... Disney-Zeichentrickfilmen wird durch High-Tech-Aussehen, erstaunliche Fantasiewelten, vielfältige und multidimensionale Figuren (unter anderem naive, schwache Männer und selbstbewusste, aber aufreizende Frauen), vermenschlichte Roboter und nicht zuletzt durch authentische Spannung, dass Gutes bösen Menschen passiert und umgekehrt, ausgeglichen (Napier 2005, 221;Richie 2001, 202 Der Begriff ›Salary Man‹ sararîman bezieht sich auf männliche Angestellte in japanischen Unternehmen (Sugimoto 1997, 33). 4 Der Begriff ›Office Lady‹ (OL) bezieht sich auf weibliche Büroangestellte in japanischen Unternehmen (Sugimoto 1997, 98 Mother used to say if you want, you'll find a way but mother never danced through fire shower Walk in the rain, in the rain, in the rain I walk in the rain, in the rain is it right or is it wrong and is it here that I belong I don't hear a sound silent faces in the ground the quiet screams, but I refuse to listen If there is a hell I'm sure this is how it smells wish this were a dream, but no, it isn't Walk in the rain, in the rain, in the rain I walk in the rain, in the rain am I right or am I wrong and is it here that I belong Walk in the rain, in the rain, in the rain I walk in the rain, in the rain why do I feel so alone for some reason I think of home Giddens 1990, Meštrović 1997, Žižek 1998 (Masaki A. 2002, Miyazaki H. 1996 Baudrillard 2001, Habermas 1981, Lyotard 1979 ...
... For example, Karl Marx, Jurgen Habermas, and Hans Joas-despite serious differences in their positions-aim at discovering social structures that direct human creativity and alienate the results of this creativity (Habermas 1981;Joas 1996;Marx [1867Marx [ ] 2004. Their theories of capital, communicative action, and creativity of action create foundations for practices engaging individuals and groups in common action that fuels social progress and group emancipation. ...
This article is an attempt to assess and understand the democracy-and autocracy-building achievements of the peoples of Eastern Europe and Northern Eurasia in the post-Soviet interwar period (1989-2022). The concepts of political creativity and the post-Soviet interwar period, together with the V-Dem indices, guide this study of the post-Soviet political experience. The first part of the article sets out the theoretical framework. The second part provides an analysis and assessment of the democratic and autocratic outcomes of post-Soviet societies in comparative perspective. The list of their democratic and autocratic achievements is supported by generalized assessments based on empirical data from the cases of four countries: Estonia (a stable democracy with strong Western influence), Russia (a short-lived democracy turned aggressive autocracy with competing external influences), Ukraine (an unstable democracy with competing external influences), and Uzbekistan (a stable autocracy with a minimum of diverse external influences). The theoretical and empirical arguments of this study reveal the post-Soviet period as a dramatic time of high hopes and controversial achievements leading to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and growing regional chaos.
... In addition, Luhman has explicated an understanding of a social system that completely abstracts from humans in an all-comprehending media system (Luhmann, 1984). His perspective has been criticised for several reasons; for example, it projects a radical renunciation of social aspects in societies, and it obscures the human capacity for deliberating and pursuing rational interests (Habermas, 1981). However, this view of a social system starkly differs from the understanding within that of a socio-technical system. ...
The reliability of infrastructure that is critical to society’s functionality, survival and progression has gained significance for both national security and research because of its large-scale and interdependent nature. However, the theoretical basis of the relatively new research field of critical infrastructure is incomplete and the common parlance about the underlying concepts is ambiguous. This article addresses this issue and presents the results of a substantial review of scientific literature on the concepts of systems, infrastructure and governance. The results demonstrate that the concepts encounter a common challenge in characterising their key elements, structures and processes because of their recursive nature. The multi-level character of critical infrastructure systems provokes governance to systemically address the properties of adaption, emergence and entropy which the complex system-of-systems exhibits. This article contributes with both a conceptual study of the terms system, infrastructure and governance and a detailed review of the state of the art regarding these concepts in the current scientific literature to an enhanced understanding of the theoretical foundations of the associated fields. Subsequent research could interrelate other concepts, such as vulnerability, resilience, sustainability and feedback with the provided state of the art.
... Steenbergen et al.'s (2003) "Discourse Quality Index" (DQI) starts from a normative perspective. It builds on Habermas' (1995) ideal of the "unforced force of the better argument" and presents a set of criteria to measure the discursive quality of arguments put forward in political discourse. The DQI thus provides a measurement for a normatively better argument but, again, arguments with a higher quality do not necessarily win a debate. ...
The 2011 policy pivot of the German government, from extending nuclear power plants terms to securing their shutdown for 2022, cannot be explained without looking at how the German political discourse network shifted in the months following Fukushima. This paper seeks to model and identify mechanisms that help explain how the two-mode network of political actors' support for claims developed. We identify possible mechanisms to explain discourse dynamics from literature on political discourse and discourse networks, and extend homophily mechanisms to two-mode networks as "tertius" effects. We then introduce and employ a multimodal extension of dynamic network actor models to answer two questions key to how the discourse has evolved: which actors support claims more frequently and which claims they support. Our results indicate that mechanisms vary according to the discursive phase, but that powerful actors participate in the discourse more often, and actors tend to support claims that have already found support by cross-party coalitions. These are the two most prominent mechanisms that help to explain the dramatic nuclear policy change in Germany after Fukushima.
... Usually, these schematics consider variations of the variables 'micro versus macro' and 'subjective versus objective'. The result is usually an integrative matrix of three or four social dimensions which cannot be reduced to their (Habermas, 1981). Each of these dimensions brings a distinct methodological approach to the object of investigation. ...
The book, deliberately written in generally understandable language for all interested readers, paints a unique, transdisciplinary overall picture of resilience as a national and international social factor of our time. It shows that in terms of socio-political significance, the concept of resilience is in no way inferior to the older, hitherto dominant concepts of sustainability and development; indeed, it actively complements them, in some cases contradicts them, but also completes them. Resilience as a societal factor involves all sectors, such as politics, the economy, science and civil society, and thus represents an indispensable frame of reference in the overarching recent debate on the "learning society".
... Usually, these schematics consider variations of the variables 'micro versus macro' and 'subjective versus objective'. The result is usually an integrative matrix of three or four social dimensions which cannot be reduced to their (Habermas, 1981). Each of these dimensions brings a distinct methodological approach to the object of investigation. ...
In the face of manifold crisis bundles and bundled crises, the question of preventive ‘protective factors’ that enables societies to cope with multiple and diverse uncertainties and adversities has increasingly arisen in recent years. The concept of resilience, which is used in many ways, is currently being discussed as a counter-concept to the concept of vulnerability that prevailed for decades. Where does the concept of resilience come from and how is it used? Which contributions does the resilience concept offer as a ‘one-word answer’ to different types of problems (psychological, political, economic, ecological, social and other crises) and different system levels (individuals, organisations, societies)?
... Usually, these schematics consider variations of the variables 'micro versus macro' and 'subjective versus objective'. The result is usually an integrative matrix of three or four social dimensions which cannot be reduced to their (Habermas, 1981). Each of these dimensions brings a distinct methodological approach to the object of investigation. ...
From the considerations in the previous chapters, it can be concluded that all three currently dominant societal guiding concepts - the developed, the sustainable and the resilient society - contribute important aspects that need to be considered and integrated in the face of today’s and tomorrow’s global challenges. The eight principles outlined above provide a possible orientation for this integration. However, they are not sufficient on their own to trigger the necessary change. What are leverage points to induce societal change?
Zusammenfassung
Die Online-Kommunikation der staatlichen Organe wie der Bundesregierung kommt in Zeiten der Corona-Pandemie eine besondere Relevanz zu, da sie – ihrer Informationspflicht entsprechend – den Bürgern in Krisenzeiten durch verlässliche Informationen und Verhaltensempfehlungen Orientierung geben müssen. Diese Studie analysiert, die Online-Kommunikation von Informationen und Verhaltensempfehlungen der Bundesregierung über ihre Website zur Covid-19-Pandemie, um zu verstehen, wie die Bürger die Informationen, Interaktionsmöglichkeiten mit der Website und Verhaltensempfehlungen wahrnehmen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine Online-Befragung durchgeführt, die sich an ausgewählten Kriterien der angemessenen Kommunikation aus einer kommunikationstheoretischen Perspektive orientierte. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Mehrheit der Befragten die kommunizierten Inhalte, Interaktionen und Verhaltensempfehlungen auf der Website der Bundesregierung gemäß den hier berücksichtigten Kriterien in zufriedenstellendem Maße erfüllt wahrgenommen hat. Aus der Befragung geht zudem hervor, dass bei der Kommunikation von Inhalten und Handlungsempfehlungen ein stärkerer Fokus auf Werte wie Freiheit, Solidarität oder Mitbestimmung gewünscht wird.
O presente texto observa a teoria crítica da sociedade desenvolvida por Habermas a partir da análise das duas teses apresentadas na Teoria da Ação Comunicativa, sobre a modernidade seletiva e sobre o desacoplamento das esferas socais tematizáveis, pretendendo compreender como o avanço dos imperativos funcionais do sistema (a burocracia administrativa estatal e a economia capitalista) têm extrapolado suas áreas de atuação e aumentado ainda mais sua dinâmica sistêmica sobre o ambito da reprodução simbólica nas sociedades capitalistas do século XXI. A discussão que se segue analisará esta ampliação considerando que as interferências e alterações sobre os padrões de integração social são questões que se encontram em um desenvolvimento constante desde as mudanças pelas quais passaram a alterar os critérios de legitimação da modernidade capitalista. Ainda que de um modo não inteiramente distinto daquele tematizado por Habermas no contexto social do início dos anos 1980, pretende-se observar que que no atual estágio do capitalismo internacional esta interferência, assim como as alterações daí promovidas, tem provocado uma maior fragmentação social e gerado bloqueios que perturbam ainda mais a integração social (que ameaçam inviabilizar qualquer efetivação da emancipação social quanto mais são deturpados os critérios de legitimação e reconhecimento social). Circunscrito a este horizonte, pretende-se sustentar que tais fatores possam ser melhor compreendidos mediante uma investigação sobre as patologias sociais, especifiamente quando estas são compreendidas como parâmetros que proporcionariam identificar certa resistência a uma integração social orientada por imperativos sistêmicos.
The purpose of the article is to summarise the foreign experience of constitutionalising mediatisation in general and the mediatisation of culture in particular. The research methodology is based on the application of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction) methods of studying mediatisation as a social institution. The scientific novelty of the results obtained lies in the generalisation of the work of foreign scholars, which will contribute to the formation of mediatisation as a social meta-process by the Ukrainian scientific community, in particular, the identification of its stages and the clarification of socio-cultural consequences, which are undoubtedly ambivalent. Conclusions. The author emphasises that the problem of mediatisation of culture is actualised by the need to understand the originality of this process and clarify its specifics in order to explain the mutual influence of mass media, social institutions, and society. The key views of leading foreign mediologists on the process of mediatisation, its properties, role in modern society, and the relationship between the mediatisation of culture and society and technological changes are highlighted. The article concludes that mediatisation is a dynamic, ambivalent, and multi-layered process; it is a dominant factor in the development of society, which, by its consequences, is understood at the level of other large-scale transformational processes. The author emphasises that the concepts of mediatisation try to explain the long-term processes of interconnection between media changes and socio-cultural changes, however, mediatisation is still only a theoretical direction, not an established theory, which requires the development of strategies for its study. Key words: mediatisation, culture, conceptualisation, foreign experience.
Mentoring ist ein überaus komplexes Begleitungskonzept, welches vielerlei Theorien und Herangehensweisen in sich vereint. Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht die aristotelische Rhetorik und die Bindungstheorie miteinander so aufzubereiten, dass über eine Modellierung von theoretischen Zusammenhängen hinweg die Idee des Mentorings aufgezeigt und ausgeweitet werden kann. Zugleich bietet dieser Ansatz die Möglichkeit, die angestrebten Veränderungsprozesse durch das Mentoring tiefer zu ergründen und bietet dazu eine theoretische
Fundierung von transformativen Lernprozessen an, die über die Verwobenheit der
Bindungstheorie mit der aristotelischen Rhetorik umfassend erörtert wird. Das Transformative als ein Um-Lernen durch Neues, Anderes und Unbekanntes beruht dabei auf dem Zu-Sich-Sein und dem An-Sich-Erfahren. Beide Phänomene sind maßgeblich sowohl im In-Beziehung-Sein als auch im aristotelischen Dialogisieren auffindbar und prägen das Mentoring. Durch die Einführung der Bindungstheorie in das Mentoring werden zusätzlich maladaptive Entwicklungen sichtbar, die im Mentoring grundsätzlich zu vermeiden sind und wodurch die Ausrichtung und die Form des Begleitens im Mentoring begründbar wird. /// Mentoring is an exceedingly complex support concept that combines a myriad of theories and approaches. The present article attempts to process Aristotelian rhetoric and attachment theory together in such a way that the idea of mentoring can be demonstrated and expanded upon by modeling theoretical connections. At the same time, this approach offers the opportunity to delve deeper into the desired change processes through mentoring and provides a theoretical foundation for transformative learning processes, which are thoroughly discussed through the interweaving of attachment theory with Aristotelian rhetoric. The transformative aspect, as a re-learning through the new, different, and unknown, is based on self-being and self-experiencing. Both phenomena are crucially found in both relational being and Aristotelian dialogizing and shape mentoring. By introducing attachment theory into mentoring, maladaptive developments become visible, which should fundamentally be avoided in mentoring, thereby justifying the direction and form of accompaniment in mentoring.
Ulrich Oevermann's attempt to reconcile theory with practice. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 343-357. http://dx. Abstract: The question of the theory-practice relationship does belong to the most important question of social sciences as well as of theoretical philosophy. While in philosophy this relationship is tried to be answered from an epistemological perspective, in the social sciences this relationship is approached either from the logic of action theory or systems theory. Where this relationship is successful, there is professionalisation. But the discourse on professionalisation is also about the question of how forms of knowledge, communication and action can be objectified in the lifeworld, which is interwoven with dense expectations, made effective, i.e. used in the functional systems of society in a purpose-rational way without endangering the conditions of this order. This paper discusses the theory of professionalization developed by Ulrich Oevermann. It aims to present and critically evaluate Oevermann's theory of professionalisation. Oevermann's approach is recalled to Parsons and Luhmann but still take the distinction between theory and practice as temporally state. After a discourse on Oevermann's understanding of routine/normal and crisis/borderline case, this shall be done in the discussion of his theory of professionalization from its genesis and then linked to three foci of professional action. In this course, Oevermann's focus of theory and therapy as a working alliance will be particularly emphasized. This is followed by a discourse on Oevermann's notions of the need for professionalization and professionalism. Finally, the need for professionalization of the pedagogical and nursing professions will be considered from the perspective of Oevermann himself.
The question of the theory-practice relationship does belong to the most important question of social sciences as well as of theoretical philosophy. While in philosophy this relationship is tried to be answered from an epistemological perspective, in the social sciences this relationship is approached either from the logic of action theory or systems theories. The discourse on professionalisation is about the question of how forms of knowledge, communication and action can be objectified in the lifeworld, which is interwoven with dense expectations, made effective, i.e. used in the functional systems of society in a purpose-rational way without endangering the conditions of this order. This paper discusses the theory of professionalization developed by Ulrich Oevermann. This article aims to present and critically evaluate Oevermann's theory of professionalisation. Oevermann's approach shall be recalled to Parsons and Luhmann but still take the distinction between theory and practice as temporally state. After a discourse on Oevermann's understanding of routine/normal case and crisis/borderline case, this shall be done in the discussion of his theory of professionalization from its genesis and then linked to three foci of professional action. In this course, Oevermann's focus of theory and therapy as a working alliance will be particularly emphasized. This is followed by a discourse on Oevermann's notions of the need for professionalization and professionalizedness. Finally, the need for professionalization of the pedagogical and nursing professions will be considered from the perspective of Oevermann himself.
Hannah Arendt, antik Yunan şehir devletlerinden hareketle toplumların genel olarak çokluğu durumdan yola çıkmaktadır. Ona göre eski Yunan şehir-devletlerinin (polis) özgür ve eşit vatandaşları, ölümsüzlüğü yani kamusal saygınlığı ortak olana hizmete erişmekte aradılar. Fakat Yeni Çağ'a geçişle bu amaç ve anlam dünyası aydınlanma düşüncesi ışığında revize edilmiş, ona-en iyi haliyle-burjuva etik ve eylem anlayışı etrafında evrensel hukuk formu verilmiştir. Böylece insanın sadece hukuk yasaların muhatabı olmanın ilerisinde tüm değerlendirmelerin de merkezine yerleştirilmesi sağlanmıştır. Buna paralel olarak, Avrupa devletler topluluğunun anayasaları ideal olarak toplumsal sözleşme teorisyenlerinden esinlenerek ya vatandaşlık hakları ya da a priori insan hakları anlayışı Öz "This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)" HANNAH ARENDT'İN ANAYURT KAVRAMI VE ONUN DEMOKRATİK HUKUK DEVLETİNDEKİ UZLAŞTIRICILIĞI
Purpose. The authors of this paper seek to comprehend, on the basis of ethics of discourse and communicative philosophy, the dimensions of human existence in times of war. This involves solving the following research tasks: to show the importance of moral and ethical norms in the structure of human existence and to emphasize the need for their observance by a person in the realities of war; to find out what the role of responsibility and co-responsibility is in preserving the space of human existence in times of war; to explore the influence of discourse on the establishment of rational and social dimensions of human existence, formation of communicative space of understanding. Theoretical basis. The ideas of communicative philosophy and principles of discourse ethics, focused on the problems of substantiating ethical norms and values in their relationship with the human life world, and its activities are underlying the research. The analysis of human existence in times of war was carried out considering the theoretical and methodological foundations of philosophical anthropology. Originality. It is substantiated that the recognition of the universality of moral norms and values, and the productive power of communication contribute to deepening the understanding of the complexity and versatility of human existence in times of war. It has been determined that human existence’s rational and moral dimensions acquire particular significance in the context of russian aggression against Ukraine. The role of discourse was defined for affirming the humanistic foundations of human existence, in achieving cohesion, interaction, social solidarity, which is a condition for human development as a collective and unique being. It is noted that in war conditions the value of individual forms of human existence is complemented by the obligatory responsibility and co-responsibility for a person, awareness of the significance of coexistence in a situation where there is a threat to human life. Conclusions. The study of human existence involves the use of the methodological potential of discourse ethics, the significance of the ideas of which is increasing in the modern world because of the dangers caused by russian aggression against Ukraine. The recognition of the power of universal moral norms and the productive power of communication results in the affirmation of the humanistic foundations of human existence, the formation of the communicative space of understanding and consent necessary for a person. In times of war, the need for communicative rationalization of human existence, awareness of the value of morality and human humanity becomes obvious.
This chapter proposes the political philosophy of John Rawls and Jürgen Habermas as a justification of a democratic political community in a globalized society. John Rawls’ theory of justice as “fairness” in political liberalism and Jürgen Habermas’ discursive theory of democracy and the legal system represent two classical political philosophies that argue for democratic participation without ending in populism. Both theories attempt to establish a procedural theory of justice that will be both post-metaphysical and non-metaphysical. Thus, here we must have two democratic theories of general and mutual justification of a basic structure of society, respecting human rights and autonomy without ending in a populist concept of democracy. Nevertheless, it is the question of whether in both theories assumptions about democratic participation beyond populism and the character of a democratic society are not smuggled in that cannot be justified solely within the framework of the theory. The question is whether such types of rational justification of democracy can withstand the challenge of populism. With these questions in mind, the chapter reviews these constructive theories of justice as an expression of a justification for human rights and the protection of the individual in modern democracy and the rule of law, which is an attempt to find a justification of the power of the people without ending in the populist theory of democracy.KeywordsDeliberative politicsDemocracyJusticeReasonPolitical theoryFairnessDiscourse ethics
In deze bijdrage staat een conceptueel probleem centraal: “wat is sociaal handelen?”. Een stimulerende poging om het actor-structuur dualisme in het sociologisch denken te overbruggen vinden we in de structuratietheorie van A. Giddens. In de opbouw van zijn handelingsbegrip volgt A. Giddens nieuwe ontwikkelingen in het hermeneutisch denken. Hierin manifesteert zich een “linguistic turn” die hij ook herkent in de wijze waarop de etnomethodologie het Weberiaans handelingsconcept her formuleert. Met de commentaar van J. Habermas en M. Foucault als invalshoek, onderzoekt A. Giddens kritisch de limieten van het hermeneutisch denken. Het resultaat is een niet-subjectivistische handelingstheorie waarin toch belangrijke hermeneutische accenten centraal staan.
In zijn studie over het ascetisch protestantisme beschrijft Max Weber hoe de combinatie van de predestinatie-idee met de verwerping van alle vormen van sacramentele genade (o.m. de biecht) in een diepgaande rationalisering van het ethisch gedrag resulteerde: om zijn zielenheil te waarborgen, leidde de ascetische protestant een leven gekenmerkt door "de alerte, methodische controle van zijn eigen levens- en gedragspatroon". Een analyse van het discours van de Katholieke Actie in Vlaanderen tijdens de période 1930-1960 leert dat deze beweging verwantschappen met het door Weber beschreven ascetisch protestantisme vertoont. De Katholieke Actie-beweging spoorde een elite van zgn. lekenapostelen tot een meer methodische en gerationaliseerde levensstijl aan. De leden werden voortdurend opgeroepen alle vormen van zondig of onzedig handelen te bestrijden, zowel binnen de moderne gelaïciseerde samenleving, als binnen hun eigen persoonlijkheid. In het licht van deze bevindingen wordt het discours van de Katholieke Actie een vorm van binnenwerelds ascetisch katholicisme genoemd. Uiteraard was de gepropageerde ascetische levensstijl voor de leden van de Katholieke Actie-beweging enkel een individuele mogelijkheid en niet een psychische noodzaak. Als zodanig kende (en kent) het ascetisch katholicisme nimmer de "psychologische premies" op zelfbeheersing en affectcontrole die de ascetische protestant volgens Weber juist aanzetten tot een volgehouden "methodische Lebensführung".
This article presents the results of empirical research on best practices in relation to quality of labour in two sectors of welfare work: the residential care for the elderly and the residential youth welfare work. Two basic hypotheses have been formulated. First of all, we suggest that few regulation problems and several regulation opportunities will lead to reduced stress. Secondly, we suggest that innovative policies, in terms of organisation and personnel, increase the likelihood of lower stress rates. The data supplies little empirical evidence for the second hypothesis, which means that innovative policy practices have very little effect on the realities of stress. An important conclusion which puts so called ‘good news’ shows concerning innovation and management into perspective. A question which arises from this is whether our search for ‘best practices’ is then equal to a measure for ‘nothing’? This is not our opinion. The reference framework for our research must be turned round. This can be achieved by no longer starting from the normative (practice) theory, but starting instead with ‘excellent’ practice, which can teach us important content and policy lessons. The data suggests in this respect that good management and healthy mutual work relationships contribute to the foremost quality conditions within the context of an intra-mural care setting.
International Journal of Role-Playing Issue 2: Full Issue Table of Contents Editorial -- Markus MontolaThe International Journal of Role-Playing is a response to a growing need for a place where the varied and wonderful fields of role-playing research and development, covering academia, the industry and the arts, can exchange knowledge and research, form networks and communicate. Jonne Arjoranta -- Defining Role-Playing Games as Language-Games This paper looks at one of the latest attempts to define role-playing games, and shows some potential problems with it. As an answer to these problems another definition is proposed, consisting of a game world, participants, shared narrative power and interaction. William J. White -- Playing House in a World of Night: Discursive Trajectories of Masculinity in a Tabletop Role-Playing Game Using excerpts from the transcript of a tabletop role-playing game session, this study examines how male players enact ideas about masculinity. Myriel Balzer -- Immersion as a Prerequisite of the Didactical Potential of Role-Playing The article deals with the relation of immersion and the didactical potential of role-playing. It fathoms the extent to which role-playing games without a didactical goal still have didactical potential, as well as the extent to which this potential is being exploited. Noirin Curran -- Stereotypes and Individual Differences in Role-playing Games Investigating earlier research into the individual differences in those who play role-playing games, this article provides a comprehensive review of research in the areas of demographics, interests, personality and identity as they pertain to gamers. J. Tuomas Harviainen -- Sadomasochist Role-Playing as Live-Action Role-Playing: A Trait-Descriptive Analysis This article describes sadomasochist role-playing which is physically performed by its participants, and compares that to live-action role-playing.
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Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) contribute to vital neighborhoods by building communities of citizens and acting as intermediaries between citizens and organizations. We investigate how NPOs' engagement in social and systemic integration is shaped by neighborhood characteristics, and how it relates to the organizational practices of managerialism and organizational democracy. We combine survey data with administrative data from a representative sample of NPOs in a major European city. To measure the effect of neighborhood on organizational integration, we separated the city into 7,840 grid cells characterized by population, per capita income, share of immigrant population, and density of organizations. Findings indicate that managerialism positively relates with systemic integration, as organizational democracy relates with social integration. Neighborhood characteristics, however, are not related with NPOs' engagement in integration. Our findings contribute to research on urban social cohesion by illuminating the interplay between NPOs' organizing practices, local neighborhoods, and contributions to both forms of integration.
Supplementary information:
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11266-023-00571-1.
This article introduces the concept of diplomatic peace. It starts by developing a heuristic frame for identifying understandings of peace embraced by the actors we study. This frame encompasses three faces of peace — restraint, compromise and polylogue — and further differentiates different degrees of each of these faces (induced, co-operative and categorical restraint; profitable, principled and iterated compromise; extended, communal and deliberative polylogue). Then, this heuristic is applied to key United Nations General Assembly declarations and conventions that have passed unanimously since 1946. Studying how diplomats define peace yields remarkable results. Diplomats make far-reaching promises about the kind of peace they purport to pursue, strongly endorsing co-operative restraint, principled compromises and deliberative polylogues. The added value of this article is threefold: it systematically enquires into the nexus of diplomacy and peace, develops a multifaceted concept of peace, and reminds scholars and practitioners of how far-reaching already existing diplomatic promises of peace are.
How we function in social reality is determined by various types of cognitive schemas. These concern people, social events and other phenomena. According to the concept offered by various postpositivist currents, including postmodernism, poststructuralism and critical theory, such schemata cannot be objective. The most important element of postmodern considerations is the discovery of the arbitrary nature of modernity. This means rejecting the Enlightenment belief in progress. Innovation, understood as modernity resulting from human reason, is illusory in the postmodern perspective. Innovation consists precisely in a rejection of the myth of the existence of some absolute, objective truths that constitute the social order. The world is textual, made up of many alternative narratives. Definitions, including legal definitions, are socially constructed. They arise from specific social conditions, at a particular stage of development of a particular group. The assumption made by postmodernists is that language, including professional language – such as the language of law or legal language – is neither neutral nor transparent. The innovative power of this language lies in its use of narratives that influence the functioning of social groups of varying degrees of complexity. It is therefore necessary, adopting a postmodern interpretation, to look at the text of legal language in a similar way as we look at other texts. That is, to see in the narrativity of this language structural similarities with other texts that constitute social reality.
The threat to the Open Society cannot simply be classified into a left-right political schema, it does have a certain affinity to democracy and market economy, but is not identical with them. Nor is it a residual variable that remains once we have ruled out states of Closed Societies, but Open Society is based on options that are given meaning by ethical ligatures. Moral ligatures, on the other hand, reduce options and thus the ability to implement and even develop suitable concepts and ideas. Especially in utopian designs, the danger of unintended side effects lurks, since certain options are not developed at all or are excluded out of moral calculus.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Diskrepanz zwischen rein theoretisch erarbeiteten Maßnahmen der Gesundheitsförderung, unabhängig von lebensweltlichen, gesundheitsrelevanten Erlebnissen und Erfahrungen ohne Einbezug der Adressat*innen stellt weiterhin ein Problem bezüglich der Wirksamkeit innerhalb verschiedener vulnerabler Gruppen dar. Der Beitrag beschreibt die theoretische Herleitung des Ansatzes der Gesundheitsförderungskultur anhand der Kinder- und Jugendarbeit. Der Ansatz stellt eine Weiterentwicklung des Verständnisses des Setting-Ansatzes dar, indem es einen theoretischen und analytischen Überbau für den Setting-Ansatz schafft und versucht diesen theoretisch stärker zu fundieren. Das hier vorgestellte Konzept ermöglicht eine ganzheitliche Sichtweise auf Gesundheitsförderung, die über das bisherige Verständnis von Verhaltens- und Verhältnisprävention hinausgeht.
Methoden
Das theoretische Konzept wurde mittels einer Verknüpfung des Lebensweltbegriffs und des Habituskonzepts.
Ergebnisse
Um soziale und gesundheitliche Ungleichheiten angemessen zu adressieren, sind lebensweltspezifische Ansätze und Methoden erforderlich, auf deren Basis mithilfe eines Bottom-up-Ansatzes gesundheitsförderliche Verhältnisse partizipativ geschaffen werden. Das Zusammenwirken von Partizipation, Selbstwirksamkeit, Empowerment und Exploration steht im Fokus der Gesundheitsförderungskultur. Die partizipative Einbindung der Adressat*innen bereits bei der Bedarfsermittlung sowie der Maßnahmenentwicklung soll Selbstwirksamkeitserfahrungen fördern, um zum Empowerment aller Adressat*innen zu führen.
Schlussfolgerung
Langfristig sollen Adressat*innen durch die direkte Auseinandersetzung mit ihrer Lebenswelt befähigt werden, (gesundheits-)kulturschaffende Akteur*innen in ihrer Lebenswelt zu sein, sodass sie ihre Umwelt gesundheitsförderlich beeinflussen und ihr eigenes Gesundheitsverhalten reflektieren können.
This paper explores the facilitation of the emancipatory in an International Baccalaureate (IB) context of privilege. It aligns with the idea that capitalism, even in welfare state democracies or ‘do good’ corporations, maintains the interests of the owners of capital. It is by nature unjust and exploitative and must conceal this injustice by securing a (spurious) legitimacy for itself. This makes a rare methodological contribution as the article provides critical ‘meta-analysis’ of IB research literature by prioritising work that affords insight into the lived reality within the IB-Sphere. It then triangulates this analysis through the work of German Social Philosopher Jürgen Habermas. This work provides a significant and timely contribution to ‘franchised education’ in the twenty-first Century, and will be of essential reading to scholars, policymakers and leadership whether involved in the IB, or active in the Neo Liberal spaces of education more generally: such as Multi Trust Academies, Free Schools, or Charter Schools. This is thanks to the lessons learned over nearly 60 years of educational franchise in a diverse and globalising sphere as presented here from IB research through critical analysis.
Der Begriff der Öffentlichkeit ist eines der wichtigsten sozialwissenschaftlichen Konstrukte. Wie Öffentlichkeit zu fassen und welchen normativen Anspruch das Konzept erhebt, wurde und wird in der Literatur umfangreich und vielschichtig diskutiert. Die modernen digitalen Kommunikationsumgebungen bedingen einen grundlegenden Wandel, der von einer „Transformation der Öffentlichkeit“ sprechen lässt. Insbesondere die Spezifika und Dynamiken der sozialen Medien treiben die Transformationsprozesse voran. In diesem Beitrag werden daher, ausgehend von klassischen sozialwissenschaftlichen Öffentlichkeitsmodellen, ausgewählte Konzepte vorgestellt, die in den vergangenen 15 Jahren einen Beitrag geleistet haben, diesen Wandel zu erklären und für weiterführende Analysen zu erschließen.
Eylemlerin yönünü belirleyen düşünceler değil, çıkarlardır. Max Weber’in bu ünlü önermesine rağmen, düşünceler yaşamımızın her alanını sarmalar. Hiçbir çıkar yoktur ki, düşünceye başvurmaksızın talep, ret ya da kabul edilmiş olsun. Bunu Türkiye’de ilk işleyenlerden biri Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar’dır. Tanpınar, Saatleri Ayarlama Enstitüsü adlı romanında kimi günlük beklentilerin ilerisindeki fikirlerle etraflanan bir yaşam dünyasında hiçbir şey yapmaksızın nasıl başarılı, önemli, saygın ve zengin olabileceğini gösterdi. Bunları bu anlamıyla mümkün kılan aktörün yaşam dünyasına ait ve orada kimi genel gerçekliğe sahip anlamlar ve ritüeller bütünlüğündür. Kişi bunları bir bütün olarak düşüncelerine, eylemlerine ve de kişiliğine sindirdikçe, istemlerini bunlara uyarladıkça o toplumun iyi bir üyesi olarak kabul edilir. Yaşam dünyasının bu anlam yüklemeleriyle sarmalanmış, bunları kabul etmiş ve bunlarla toplumsallaşmış kişiler başarılarını bu verili yapıya uygun olmasıyla açıklarlar. Tanpınar’ın roman kahramanı buna bir örnektir. Tanpınar, başarılı olma isteğinin sadece bir şekli olan “zengin olma”, ya da “bir şey satma” ritüelinde incelemiştir.
Bu beklentiler bütünlüğünün diğer bir biçimini Max Weber’in bahsettiği Protestan Ahlakı taşıyıcısında görmek mümkündür. Çünkü, burada der Mensch ist für sein Geschäft und nicht umgekehrt yani işin, mesleğe adanmışlığın insan için değil de, insanın iş için var olduğu bir toplumsal yapıdan söz edilir. Hem Tanpınar hem de Weber’in durumunda başarı adına başarı, bireysel bir istem olmak yerine daha çok kültürel beklentilere bir cevaptır. Her iki durumda da insanın doğasında hep olan bir istemin toplumsal örgütlülükte yaşam bulmasıdır. Tanpınar’ın roman kahramanı için önemli olan başarılı olmaktır. Satılan mal değil, satmadır, malın kendisidir. Weber’in Protestan Ahlaki taşıyıcılarının amacı zengin olmak değildir, çünkü onlar dünyada zengin olmayı, başarıya ulaşmayı diğer dünyada cennete gitme ihtimalinin işareti olarak gördüler. Tanpınar ve Weber’in bahsettiği bireylerde ortaya çıkan başarı, bir gelişim, elde etme, edilmişlik durumu değil de, tersine insanın doğasında var olan bir varlık durumudur. Bu yapının bir yönü antropolojinin konusu, diğer bir yönü ise siyaset biliminin konusudur; insan doğasında hep var olduğu tasarlanan bu yapı, bu beklentiler ve beklentilere cevap vermek üzere geliştirilen ritüeller bütünlüğü ancak sıkı normlarla bezenmiş ortak bir yaşam dünyasının varlığına ait istemlerle sarmalanmış ve içselleştirmiş bireyle mümkündür.
Böyle sıkı istemlerle sarmalanmamış bir yaşam evreninde kralın çıplak olduğunu görmek zor olmayacaktır. Ancak sıkı istemlerin baskın olduğu yerde ne kralın çıplak olduğunu ne de satılan malın gereksiz olduğunu görmek sıradan bir şeydir. Var olanla görülen arasındaki fark kaybolur. Tanpınar bir sanatçıydı. Buna karşın Weber bir bilim insanıydı. Her ikisinin de başarısı, onların düşünsel, entelektüel kapasitesiyle ilgiliydi. Ancak onların kahramanlarının başarısı kendi entelektüel becerilerinden çok, onların içinde bulunduğu ve iyi kullanabildikleri istemler ortamıyla açıklanmalıdır – en azından Tanpınar ve Weber bize öyle olması gerektiğini salık verirler. Bununla birlikte özellikle de günümüzde, sanatçıların ve bilim insanlarının başarıları sadece yarattıkları karakter, işledikleri konu, yöntem ve alan değil ama aynı zamanda bu aktörlerin medyayla olan ilişkileriyle de ilgilidir. Günümüzün hiçbir sanatçısı ortaya koyduğu başarısını eğlence endüstrisi, medya ve de mensubu olduğu toplumun ideolojik yapısından bağımsız değerlendiremez. Bu tez sadece sanata değil, bilim ve bilim insanına da uyarlanabilir. Çalışma iki tez üzerine kurulu.
Birinci, rasyonelleşme tezini geliştirmek için Max Weber’den yararlanılacaktır (WuG). Rasyonelleşme tezine göre, bahsedilen bu ilişki yumağı her zaman vardı, ancak bu alanların işlevleri özellikle bugün daha da rasyonelleşti. Bu rasyonelleşme hâli görüldükçe, hem kimi aktörlerin neden bütün karşı çabalarına rağmen sıkı fikirlere, istemlere yenik düştüklerine, ya da en azından direnmek istemelerine rağmen dirençlerini uzun süre sürdüremediklerine dair bir bilgi edinilir, hem de bize bu sıkı fikirlerin nasıl özne-nesne ilişkilerini, üretim ilişkilerini, onların toplumsal kurumlar aracılığıyla tekrardan üretimini tekleştirme, aynılaştırma ve bu gerçekliğin kendisini de sanki bireyden bağımsızmış gibi gösterebilme becerisi görülür. Bu iletişim fark edildikçe, bireylerin yaptıkları kadar, yapılana biçilen toplumsal anlamın da başarı ölçüsünün bir belirleyini olduğu netleşecektir. Bu ise bize bir yandan başarıya ulaşmaya çalışmanın antropolojik anlamda evrensel, başarı biçimlerinin de yerel olabileceğini göstermetedir, diğer yandan da bunu görebilmek içinde olgular arasındaki ilişkileri ve farklılaşmaları görmek ve işlemek gerektiğini sergilemektedir.
İkinci tez ise daha çok Emil Durkheim tarafından geliştirildi. Teze göre her şey basitten karmaşıklığa doğru gelişmektedir. Bunun bir biçimini antropolojiyle siyaset bilimi arasındaki ilişkide görmek mümkündür. Antropoloji insanlık tarihinde ne zaman, nerede ve niçin evlendiği, düğün yapıldığı, törenle toprağa verildiği gibi kimi temel, değişime dayanıklı yapıların gelişimini inceler. Bunlara dair herhangi bir belge olamayacağı aşikârdır. Kim bilimsel yöntemin verdiği otoriteyle, ilk ateşin kim tarafından, ne zaman, nerede ve hangi amaçla yaktığını söyleyebilir ki? Kesinliğin olmadığı, olamayacağı yerde çaresizlik değil ama itinalı varsayımlar geliştirmek bilimin özelliklerindendir. Bu mutlaklığın izafiliği siyaset biliminde verilerde değil de, verilerin yorumunda belirginleşir. Siyaset bilimi hangi koşullarda toplumsal barışın ve/veya çatışmaların oluştuğunu inceler. Burada sorun toplumsal barışla tam olarak neyin kast edildiği, nasıl ölçüleceği ve hangi kritere göre değerlendirileceğidir. Bu ve benzeri sorular cevaplandırılırken hem antropolojide hem de siyaset biliminde gerçekliğin “ötesine” gidilir; kimileri bunu belli bir yöntem ve mantıktan hareketle yaparken, kimileri de ideolojik pozisyonlarını güçlendirmek için kullanırlar. Ancak her iki durumda da incelenen, araştırılan olaylar, olgu ve mekanlar her geçen gün daha çok karmaşıklaşmakta ve farklılaşmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada geliştirilmek istenen şey rasyonelleşme ve karmaşıklaşma, farklılaşma tezidir. Bu yazıdaki amaç, bir yandan yaşam dizgelerindeki rasyonelliğin ve karmaşıklığın artışını ve öte yandan da bu alanların birbirinden ayrışmasını antropoloji ve siyaset biliminin perspektifinden ama tek bir gelişim biçimi olarak işlemektir. Bunun için de önce antropoloji, siyaset bilimi ve toplumsal kurumlar başlığı altında bir gerçeklik olarak toplumun nasıl rasyonelleştirmelere ve değişimlere rağmen sürekliliğini koruyabildiği tartışılacaktır. Bu sürekliliği ise önce rasyonelleşme, karmaşıklaşma ve medya alt başlığı altında antropoloji, sosyoloji ve siyaset biliminin konuları olduğunu ve sonra da bu sürekliliğin il principe, Göbeklitepe ve medya devrimi alt başlığında bir ilişkiler ağı olarak basitten karmaşıklığa doğru bir gelişim gösterdikleri değerlendirilecektir. Bunları düşünce ve fikirlerin en kapsayıcı biçimi olarak ideoloji, kurumların en gelişmiş hâli olarak devlet ve birlikte karar almanın en meşru hali olan demokrasi analizi takip edecek. Son olarak modern yaşamın tipik bir eğilimi olan çatışmaların nasıl insanlık tarihinin en çok ihtiyaç duyduğu güven ortamına dönüştürüleceğini konu edilecektir.
Метою статті є удосконалення та формування теоретико-методологічних підходів до розвитку «зеленої економіки» в епоху глобальних змін. Проведено ґрунтовний аналіз сучасних трактувань дефініції «зелена економіка». Обґрунтовано, що діалектика концепції «зеленої економіки» виходить з ідей багатьох напрямів філософії, економічної та математичної теорії. Встановлено, що методологія та підбір методичного інструментарію для моніторингу та оцінки результативності реалізації концепції «зеленої економіки» базуються на взаємозв’язку між процесами пізнання розвитку «зеленої економіки» та економічними розрахунками, серед яких системи оцінок та міжнародні рейтинги. Доведено, що існуючі загрози та глобальні виклики потребують трансформації економічних моделей розвитку національних економік, в основу яких мають бути покладені природні ресурси та захист довкілля. Зазначено, що головною ідеєю трансформації національної економіки у повоєнний період є «кліматична модернізація» та реалізація принципів відновлення, зокрема стрімкий розвиток енергетичної галузі та логістики на принципах «зеленої економіки».
Given that the highly complex global crisis bundles and bundle crises of our time cannot be adequately addressed with the knowledge of a single scientific discipline, a transdisciplinary conception is becoming increasingly important. As early as the 1970s, the French philosopher and pioneer of cross-disciplinary research, Edgar Morin, criticised that the dominant view in science was characterised by the reductionism of the respective disciplines, could not capture the complexity of the world, even distorted reality and ultimately led to global ignorance (Morin, 2010). Since the 1990s, there has been increasing discussion about ‘multidisciplinarity’, ‘interdisciplinarity’ and ‘transdisciplinarity’ (for an overview, see Sect. 3.1). Although more and more disciplines are involved in crisis and resilience research, there has been a lack of approaches that bring together the diverse knowledge of the disciplines into a ‘big picture’ perspective.
Der Band gibt eine kompakte Übersicht zu zentralen Theorien (in) der Kommunikationswissenschaft. Insgesamt werden 28 Schlüsselwerke aus der Mikro-, Meso und Makro-Ebene vorgestellt. Ziel ist es, Studierende und Dozierende in den Stand zu versetzen, ein wesentliches Werk in dessen Kontext zu verstehen und in die jeweilige Fachdiskussion einzuordnen. Darüber hinaus wird in diesem Band die Frage diskutiert, welches analytische und empirische Potenzial von den „Klassikern“ in Zeiten digitaler Kommunikation ausgeht.
Стаття присвячена аналізу взаємозв'язку між глобалізацією і універсалізацією комунікативних норм і принципів, представленого, насамперед, в етосі науки. У статті зазначено, що практика кодифікації етичних і комунікативних регулятивів сучасної науки формує зразок міжкультурного діалогу в глобалізованому суспільстві й здатна вплинути на становлення етики солідарної відповідальності. Зазначено що глобальні виклики призводять до необхідності вироблення універсальних культурних норм взаємодії, розуміння глобальної відповідальності спільнот, які перебувають на різних стадіях розвитку і належать до різних культур.В данной статье актуальностью является обновленное содержание образования в Казахстане.
Die „Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns“ (TkH) ist das Hauptwerk von Jürgen Habermas, dem wohl einflussreichsten Denker der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Im Zentrum des Buchs steht das Konzept der kommunikativen Rationalität: Wer Sprache benutze, setze immer die Möglichkeit von rationalem Austausch voraus. Je freier der Austausch von Argumenten stattfinden könne, desto mehr Rationalität und Freiheit werde ermöglicht. In der Lebenswelt moderner Gesellschaften sei solche Rationalisierung so weit fortgeschritten wie nie zuvor. Zugleich sei die Rationalität aber auch begrenzt und bedroht. Die gesellschaftlichen Subsysteme von kapitalistischer Ökonomie und modernem Staat seien gut geeignet, die materielle Reproduktion zu gewährleisten, die Lebenswelt dadurch von diesen Aufgaben zu entlasten und Freiheit zu ermöglichen. Ihre Steuerungsmechanismen Geld und administrative Macht hätten aber auch die Tendenz, auf die Lebenswelt überzugreifen, diese zu kolonialisieren und Kommunikation zu verdrängen. Habermas’ Werk wurde und wird bis heute in all seinen Aspekten intensiv diskutiert – in der Kommunikationswissenschaft ebenso wie in zahlreichen anderen sozial- und geisteswissenschaftlichen Disziplinen. Der vorliegende Text fasst die wichtigsten Hintergründe, Argumente und Gegenargumente zusammen.
To speak of the democratic state as the space for citizen participation in political life, it is an intellectual convention. Democracy is a form of government where individuals have the right to present their ideas in public and organise themselves, often by joining political parties. The semantic diversity employed to define those actors of democracy (individual, citizen, even, party member…) designates concrete ways in which people express themselves in the social realm. However, they may render invisible the fundamental concept that defines the human being: the person. Taking as starting point that human being is essentially a person, I contend that the specific conceptual reduction of the person to the individual-citizen dialectic in political-social life is at the basis of one of the fundamental deficits of democratic states, for it may constrain political actors to a specific sphere of their existence. This could lead to political disaffection and pervert the fundamental ethical and legal mechanisms of democracy itself, like the protection of fundamental human rights, which belong to the person as such, beyond his or her individual or civic status.
COVID-19 has shown the inescapable connectedness of human beings. The virus does not defer to any geography, be it physical, mental or spiritual. Hard questions about collective and personal priorities and responsibilities loom in the face of disease, death and financial ruin. Mysticism is concerned with these questions, which highlight the boundary between life as we know it and the great Unknown. Many mystics embark on their spiritual journey as a result of severe crisis or trauma. Perennialism, social constructivism, and participatory theory are modern theoretical and philosophical perspectives on mysticism. These theories are presented and discussed in this chapter with the purpose of identifying arguments for or against mysticism as a unifying inter-religious meta-narrative in the context of COVID-19. The discussion and conclusion find a unifying narrative in its acknowledgement of altruism as a universal theme within the different mystical traditions.
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