Estimating Demand for Infrastructure in Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Water and Sanitation in Asia and the Pacific: 2010-2020

Abstract

Infrastructure plays a key role in promoting and sustaining rapid economic growth. Properly designed infrastructure can also make growth more inclusive by sharing its benefits with poorer groups and communities, especially by connecting remote areas and small and landlocked countries to major business centers. Even if the Asia-Pacific region has witnessed progress in infrastructure development, the growth of infrastructure lags behind its economic growth, and also behind international standards of infrastructure quantity and quality. Inadequate infrastructure can hamper the potential economic growth of Asian countries, weaken their international competitiveness, and adversely affect their poverty reduction efforts. The circumstances and effects of the recent economic and financial crisis provide a number of reasons to further develop national and regional infrastructure in Asia. Among these reasons is that regional infrastructure enhances competitiveness and productivity, which could help in economic recovery and in sustaining growth in the medium to long-term. Regional infrastructure also helps increase standard of living and reduce poverty by connecting isolated places and people with major economic centers and markets, narrowing the development gap among Asian economies. This paper estimates the need for infrastructure investment, including energy, transport, telecommunications, water, and sanitation during 2010-2020, in order to meet growing demands for services and facilitate further rapid growth in the region. By using "top-down" and "bottom-up" approaches, this paper provides a comprehensive estimate of Asia's need for infrastructure services. The estimates show that developing countries in Asia require financing of US776billionperyearfornational(US776 billion per year for national (US747 billion) and regional (US$29 billion) infrastructure during 2010-2020 to meet growing demand.

Full text

ADBI Working Paper Series
Estimating Demand for
Infrastructure in Energy, Transport,
Telecommunications, Water and
Sanitation in Asia and the Pacific:
2010-2020
Biswa Nath
Bhattacharyay
No. 248
September 2010
Asian Development Bank Institute

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Suggested citation:
Bhattacharyay, B. 2010. Estimating Demand for Infrastructure in Energy, Transport,
Telecommunications, Water and Sanitation in Asia and the Pacific: 2010-2020. ADBI
Working Paper 248. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. Available:
http://www.adbi.org/working-paper/2010/09/09/4062.infrastructure.demand.asia.pacific/
Please contact the author(s) for information about this paper.
Biswa Nath Bhattacharyay is a Lead Professional and Adviser to the Dean of the Asian
Development Bank Institute and Lead Professional at the Asian Development Bank. This
is a revised version of a background paper prepared for ADB/ADBI's Flagship study on
Infrastructure and Regional Cooperation and the book ”Infrastructure for a Seamless
Asia”.
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ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
Abstract*
Infrastructure plays a key role in promoting and sustaining rapid economic growth. Properly
designed infrastructure can also make growth more inclusive by sharing its benefits with
poorer groups and communities, especially by connecting remote areas and small and
landlocked countries to major business centers. Even if the Asia-Pacific region has
witnessed progress in infrastructure development, the growth of infrastructure lags behind its
economic growth, and also behind international standards of infrastructure quantity and
quality. Inadequate infrastructure can hamper the potential economic growth of Asian
countries, weaken their international competitiveness, and adversely affect their poverty
reduction efforts. The circumstances and effects of the recent economic and financial crisis
provide a number of reasons to further develop national and regional infrastructure in Asia.
Among these reasons is that regional infrastructure enhances competitiveness and
productivity, which could help in economic recovery and in sustaining growth in the medium
to long-term. Regional infrastructure also helps increase standard of living and reduce
poverty by connecting isolated places and people with major economic centers and markets,
narrowing the development gap among Asian economies. This paper estimates the need for
infrastructure investment, including energy, transport, telecommunications, water, and
sanitation during 2010-2020, in order to meet growing demands for services and facilitate
further rapid growth in the region. By using “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches, this
paper provides a comprehensive estimate of Asia’s need for infrastructure services. The
estimates show that developing countries in Asia require financing of US$776 billion per year
for national (US$747 billion) and regional (US$29 billion) infrastructure during 2010-2020 to
meet growing demand.
JEL Classification: L9, O1, O2, R11, R4
*The author thanks staff of ADB’s regional departments, Dong-Woo Ha of UNESCAP, and Anindya
Bhattacharyay of the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies for providing data, and ADB Institute
Research Associates, Neal Detert and Marie Danielle Guillen, for research assistance.

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
Contents
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3
2. Infrastructure Connectivity and Competitiveness ....................................................... 6
3. Methodology for Estimation ....................................................................................... 9
3.1 “Top-down” Approach: Infrastructure Needs at the National Level ................ 9
3.2 “Bottom-up” Approach: Regional Financing Needs Estimation ..................... 10
3.3 Scenario-Building: Demand for Regional Infrastructure ................................ 11
4. National Financing Needs for Connectivity: 2010-2020 ............................................ 11
5. Infrastructure Needs for Regional Projects for Asian Connectivity: 2010-2020 ......... 16
5.1 Pan-Asian Transport Network ...................................................................... 17
5.2 Infrastructure Projects at the Sub-regional Level .......................................... 18
5.3 Investment Needs for High Priority Projects ................................................. 19
6. Challenges For Regional Infrastructure Financing ................................................... 20
References ......................................................................................................................... 22
Appendix ............................................................................................................................. 25
Appendix 1: Regional and Sub-regional Groupings and Infrastructure ..................... 25
Cooperation Programs ............................................................................................. 25
Appendix 2. Compendium of Investment Needs of Regional Infrastructure .............. 27
Projects by Sub-region and by Program .................................................................. 27

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
3
1. INTRODUCTION
Infrastructure plays a key role in promoting and sustaining rapid economic growth. Properly
designed infrastructure can also make growth more inclusive by sharing its benefits with
poorer groups and communities, especially by connecting remote areas and small and
landlocked countries to major business centers. Studies in several developing Asian
countries illustrate how infrastructure, particularly road transport and electricity, help in
reducing poverty (ADB, JBIC, and World Bank 2005). Even if the Asia-Pacific region has
witnessed progress in infrastructure development, the growth of infrastructure lags behind its
economic growth, and also behind international standards of infrastructure quantity and
quality. Inadequate infrastructure can hamper the potential economic growth of Asian
countries, weaken their international competitiveness, and adversely affect their poverty
reduction efforts. Moreover, it is noteworthy to stress that the Asia-Pacific region accounts
for about 60% of the world’s population and 30% of the world’s total land area, with nearly
two-thirds of the world’s poor found in developing Asia (ADB 2007).
Interestingly, 10 out of 12 economies globally with GDP growth rates of 7% or more over the
past 25 years are in Asia1
However, the recent global crisis has reduced Asia’s external demand, industrial production,
investment and employment, adversely affecting consumer spending. The prospect of a
prolonged downturn in major advanced markets as a result of crisis underscores the urgent
need for rebalancing Asia’s growth and increasing investments in highly productive sectors,
such as infrastructure, to facilitate greater domestic and regional demand. Infrastructure
investment in particular has also played a major role in fiscal stimulus packages used by
Asian economies to mitigate the negative effects of the global crisis. These infrastructure
investments have been utilized in key sectors, such as transportation; energy; information
technology and communications (ITC); and water and sanitation, in both rural and urban
projects (Table 1).
(Commission on Growth and Development 2008). During this
period of rapid economic growth, Asia has increasingly integrated into the global economy. It
has become the world’s factory by pursuing outward-oriented development strategies,
establishing global production networks and supply chains, and building needed
infrastructure. Asian regional economies have succeeded and benefited from regionally
producing and trading intermediate goods, then exporting final goods to the West.
1 Including Bangladesh, People’s Republic of China (PRC), Thailand, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea
(Korea), Malaysia, Singapore, Taipei,China, and Hong Kong, China.

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
4
Table 1: Infrastructure Investment in the Stimulus Packages of the Major Asian
Economies (US$ billion)
Country
Total
Fiscal
Stimulus
Infrastructure
Component
Infrastructu
re as % of
Total
Stimulus
Types of Infrastructure
PRC 600.0 275.0 45.80%
Railways, airports, electrical transmission
technology, expressways, telecommunications
technologies, rural roads, electricity, gas, water,
and irrigation projects
India 60.0 33.5 55.80% Highway, port, and power sectors
Indonesia 7.7 1.3 16.90% Communications and transport infrastructure,
rural infrastructure, and development of ports
and shipping industry
Viet Nam 8.0 4.8 60.00% Infrastructure spending
Thailand 46.7 30.6 65.50%
Water resource development and road
construction in villages and rural areas along
with transport, logistics, energy, and telecom
improvements
Malaysia 2.0 0.2 8.50%
Low and medium cost housing, upgrade, repair,
and maintain police stations and army camps,
and public and basic infrastructure project
maintenance
Korea 11.0 3.2 29% Roads, universities, schools, hospitals
Japan 154.55 16 10%+
Yen 1.6 trillion for fostering environmentally
friendly technologies, including plans to provide
cheaper solar power to homes and up to $2,500
as tax breaks to consumers on purchases of
“green” cars; subsidies of 5% on energy
efficient televisions and other appliances
Sources: Author’s estimations from data in: Kang (2010); Sugimoto (2010); Kumar and Soumya (2010); Patunru and
Zetha (2010); Nguyen, Nguyen, and Nguyen (2010); Jitsuchon (2010); World Bank (2009b); FAITC (2009);
Alibaba.com (2008); IFCE (2009); Economy Watch (2010); (Tabuchi 2009) and ADB
(2009a).
The circumstances and effects of the recent economic and financial crisis provide a number
of reasons to further develop national and regional infrastructure (see Box 1 for definition) in
Asia. Among these reasons is that regional infrastructure enhances competitiveness and
productivity, which could help in economic recovery and in sustaining growth in the medium
to long-term. Regional infrastructure also helps increase standard of living and reduce
poverty by connecting isolated places and people with major economic centers and markets,
narrowing the development gap among Asian economies. It also promotes environmental
sustainability, facilitates regional trade integration and the acceleration of regional
cooperation, and helps increase regional demand and intraregional trade necessary to
rebalance Asia’s economic growth.
http://www.economywatch.com/economic-stimulus/world-economic-stimulus/south-
korea.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/09/business/global/09yen.html

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
5
Despite relatively good growth in infrastructure investment and development during the last
few decades, the region still faces extensive basic infrastructure needs. For instance, 1.5
billion people in Asia and the Pacific have no access to improved sanitation, 638 million have
no access to improved drinking water, and 930 million have no access to electricity services
(IMF 2006). Only 3 out of every 10 people have access to telephone services and only
53.4% of the total road network in Asia of 5.66 million km is paved (ADB 2007). Moreover,
the cost of maintaining existing infrastructure continues to rise. Fast growing economies like
PRC, India, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam are seeing their countries’
aging infrastructure and limited capacities being stretched and coming under extreme
pressure. Therefore, in spite of the large infrastructure investment under the aforementioned
stimulus packages, the financing needs for national and regional projects are huge.
It is very important to assess the magnitude of national infrastructure financing needs and
financing gaps of Asian economies by key sectors such as transport, energy,
telecommunications, water and sanitation as well as the regional infrastructure financing
needs for identified regional projects.
This paper attempts to estimate national infrastructure financing needs for 32 Asian
developing economies during 2010-2020 using a “top down” econometric approach based
on the projected growth of key economic parameters such as GDP and population. The
selected countries by sub region are as follows:
 Central Asia

– Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan;
Southeast Asia

- Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Myanmar, Viet Nam,
Lao PDR, and Thailand;
East Asia and the Pacific

- PRC, Mongolia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Papua New
Guinea (PNG), Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu; and
South Asia
The paper also estimates, for the first time, the financing needs for regional infrastructure
projects using a ‘bottom-up” approach based on identified pipeline regional infrastructure
projects across Asia. Section 2 discusses the concept of pan-Asia infrastructure connectivity
and its relationship with quality of infrastructure and global competitiveness. The next section
presents the methodologies used for estimating financing needs for national and regional
infrastructure projects. Section 4 presents the financing needs of national infrastructure of 32
Asian economies by sector. The financing needs for regional infrastructure by sector and
sub region are presented in Section 5. Section 6 concludes with an examination of the broad
challenges for infrastructure financing in Asia.
- Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka.
Box 1: Defining Regional Infrastructure
“A regional (cross-border or transnational) infrastructure project is defined as a project with
activities such as physical construction works and coordinated actions related to policies and
procedures, spanning over two or more countries, or a national infrastructure project that has
significant cross-border impact. A national infrastructure project has significant cross-border
impact if it satisfies one or more of the following criteria: (i) The planning and implementation
of a project that involves cooperation and coordination between two or more countries; (ii) As
per the pre-determined plan, a project that produces significant sales of goods or services
across regional borders, where significant means at least twenty-percent or more of the total
sales; (iii) A project that involves the construction of specific infrastructure, such as a road, a
bridge, or a tunnel located on or largely on the territory of a country near the border and is
necessary to link the country to the network of a neighboring country or a third country”
(Bhattacharyay 2008).

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
6
2. INFRASTRUCTURE CONNECTIVITY AND
COMPETITIVENESS
Developing infrastructure networks and connectivity are essential to integrating core and wider
economic activities and basic services in the region. The latest World Economic Forum (2010)
Global Competitiveness Report, and the Infrastructure Quality assessment included within,
illustrates the importance of infrastructure quality in global competitiveness (Table 2). Moreover,
various studies have also shown that the quality and extensiveness of infrastructure networks
greatly impact economic growth and reduce income inequalities and poverty (ADB/ADBI 2009).
Table 2: Ranking and Score of Global Competitiveness Index and Infrastructure
Quality Assessment of Selected Countries in Asia
Economy
2009/2010
GCI
Infrastructure
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Developed and Newly Industrialized Asia (Average)
5.25
5.85
Australia
15
5.15
25
5.19
Hong Kong, China
11
5.22
2
6.54
Japan
8
5.37
13
5.83
Korea
19
5.00
17
5.60
Singapore
3
5.55
4
6.35
Taipei,China
12
5.20
16
5.60
Developing and Emerging Asia (Average)
4.10
3.44
Bangladesh
106
3.55
126
2.39
India
49
4.30
76
3.41
Indonesia
54
4.26
84
3.20
Malaysia
24
4.87
26
5.05
Nepal
125
3.34
131
2.03
Pakistan
101
3.58
89
3.06
Philippines
87
3.90
98
2.91
PRC
29
4.74
46
4.31
Sri Lanka
79
4.01
64
3.88
Thailand
36
4.56
40
4.57
Viet Nam
75
4.03
94
3.00
Note: Ranking out of 133 total countries surveyed
Score: 1-poorly developed, inefficient; 7-among the best in the world
Source: World Economic Forum (2010)
To date, connectivity has improved across most parts of the Asia-Pacific region, but much
still needs to be done. In particular, as shown in Table 3, enhancing transportation and
energy infrastructure in developing countries remains a challenge. Asian economies exhibit
a wide variation in road and rail densities as well as in rates of electrification. Even though
marked improvements in road and electrification have been seen over the last two decades,
there is still a long way to go before basic infrastructure needs are fulfilled.

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
7
Table 3: Regional Transport Infrastructure
Road Density
Rail Network Density
Household Electrification Rates
(km/1000 sq km land)
(km/1000 sq km land)
(% of Households)
1990
Latest Year
1990
Latest Year
Earliest Year
Latest Year
Central Asia
Afghanistan
32
65
(2006)
…
…
(2007)
…
…
25
(1995)
Armenia
273
266
(2006)
30
25
(2005)
99
(2000)
100
(2005)
Azerbaijan
630
715
(2004)
…
26
(2006)
97
(1999)
100
(2006)
Georgia
311
293
(2006)
23
22
(2007)
…
…
100
(2002)
Kazakhstan
59
34
(2006)
5
5
(2007)
…
…
…
…
Kyrgyz Rep.
99
97
(2001)
…
…
…
100
(1997)
100
(2002)
Pakistan
220
338
(2006)
11
10
(2007)
60
(1990)
89
(2006)
Tajikistan
213
198
(2001)
…
…
…
97
(1999)
99
(2003)
Uzbekistan
170
192
(2001)
…
9
(2007)
100
(1996)
100
(2002)
East and Southeast Asia
Cambodia
203
217
(2004)
3
4
(2005)
17
(2000)
21
(2005)
PRC
127
371
(2006)
6
7
(2007)
…
…
…
…
Indonesia
159
216
(2005)
…
3
(1998)
49
(1991)
91
(2007)
Lao PDR
61
129
(2006)
…
…
…
…
…
46
(2002)
Malaysia
262
283
(2005)
5
5
(2007)
…
…
…
…
Mongolia
27
31
(2002)
1
1
(2007)
67
(2000)
86
(2005)
Myanmar
38
41
(2005)
5
…
…
…
47
(2002)
Philippines
539
671
(2003)
2
2
(2006)
65
(1993)
77
(2003)
Thailand
141
352
(2006)
8
8
(2006)
…
99
(2005)
Viet Nam
295
717
(2004)
9
10
(2007)
78
(1997)
96
(2005)
South Asia
Bangladesh
1444
1838
(2003)
21
22
(2007)
18
(2000)
47
(2007)
Bhutan
50
171
(2003)
…
…
…
…
…
41
(2003)
India
673
1116
(2006)
21
21
(2007)
51
(1991)
68
(2005)
Nepal
48
121
(2004)
…
…
…
18
(1996)
61
(2006)
Sri Lanka
1439
1505
(2003)
23
19
(2005)
…
…
81
(2002)
The Pacific
Fiji
167
188
(2001)
…
…
…
…
…
67
(1996)
Kiribati
…
827
(2000)
…
…
…
…
…
39
(2005)
PNG
41
43
(2001)
…
…
…
…
…
11
(1996)
Samoa
…
826
(2001)
…
…
…
79
(1991)
92
(2006)
Solomon Is.
43
50
(2001)
…
…
…
…
…
16
(1999)
Timor-Leste
…
...
…
…
…
…
…
…
27
(2002)
Tonga
…
944
(2001)
…
…
…
80
(1994)
89
(2006)
Vanuatu
…
88
(2001)
…
…
…
18
(1994)
19
(1999)
Source: ADB (2009b)
The concept of connectivity through the development of regional infrastructure projects or
infrastructure that links one country to another is not really new to Asia. History shows that
transport connectivity in Asia started with the Silk Road in the 13th Century. The Silk Road used
to be the most important cross-border artery and the was an extensive, interconnected network
of pan-Asian trade routes linking East, South, Central, and Western Asia. In 1992, the concept of
pan-Asia transport connectivity was revived by the United Nations Economic and Social
Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). The Asian Land Transport Infrastructure
Development (ALTID) initiative is comprised of three pillars, the Asian Highway (AH), the Trans-
Asian Railway (TAR), and the facilitation of land transport projects through intermodal transport
terminals (UNESCAP 2010a).

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
8
AH (Figure 1) seeks to improve economic links among Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. It is
planned as a network of 141,271 km of standardized highways—including 155 cross-border
roads—that crisscrosses 32 Asian countries.
Figure 1: Asian Highway Network
Source: UNESCAP (2010b)
The TAR network (Figure 2) would link pan-Asian and pan-European rail networks at various
locations, connecting major ports of Asia and Europe and providing landlocked countries
with better access to seaports either directly or in conjunction with highways.
Figure 2: Trans-Asian Railway Network
Source: UNESCAP (2010c)

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
9
Regional infrastructure projects are usually more complicated and expensive than typical
national infrastructure projects. In this context, it is also a complex, yet necessary, exercise
to estimate the financing demand for regional projects and national projects with regional
implications. It is hoped in this paper that by providing estimates of the needed regional
infrastructure financing, it will help to clearly define the issues and challenges at hand and
facilitate the planning and development of solutions for identifying appropriate investment
strategies and financial resources, as well prioritizing projects for utilization of limited
resources.
3. METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATION
This section presents methodologies for both “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches to
estimating or determining national and regional infrastructure investment needs respectively
for the Asia-Pacific region. While the “top-down” approach utilizes econometric analysis
techniques to quantitatively estimate national infrastructure needs and, by extension,
regional needs, the “bottom-up” approach reviews infrastructure investment demand at the
project level specifically for regional or cross-boarder projects.
3.1 “Top-down” Approach: Infrastructure Needs at the National
Level 2
A “top-down” econometric approach has been used to estimate national infrastructure
financing needs. A two-step procedure was utilized to develop the forecast. The first step
involved creating an econometric model that could be used across countries to project
physical capacity needs per sector for each year during the period 2010-2020. Reliability of
the model was tested by inputting available historic data through 2007. In the second step,
after the projections of the physical capacities were derived, standard unit costs (in 2008
US$) based on international “best practice” norms were applied to estimate the investment
requirements for new capacity. Finally, the report projected the investments required to
maintain or replace the existing capacity at the end of its useful life. The national
infrastructure estimates were based on the best available GDP growth scenarios. The
cumulative financing demand for national infrastructure projects were used as an estimate
for the region. The projections covered transport (airports, ports, railways, and roads),
telecommunications (landlines and mobile phones), energy (power), and water and
sanitation for the 32 developing countries in Asia included in this examination.
The econometric model developed by Fay (2001) was utilized to project the estimated
change in demand for infrastructure services in the period 2010 to 2020. The model
estimates future demand for infrastructure, where infrastructure services are both demanded
as consumption goods by individuals and as inputs into the production process by
companies. The model applied in this estimation also drew upon the works of Chatterton and
Puerto (2005) and Yepes (2004) to ensure forecasting accuracy. The baseline econometric
model is as follows:
itjititititit
j
it
j
it
DtPUMAYII
εααααααα
+++++++++=
−76543211
where,
j
it
I
is the natural logarithm of demand for infrastructure stock of type
j
in country i at time
t
,
Y
is the natural logarithm of income per capita,
A
is the natural logarithm of the share of agriculture value added in GDP,
M
is the natural logarithm of the share of manufacturing value added in GDP,
U
is the natural logarithm of urbanization,
2 Based on ADBI commissioned report by Centennial Group Holdings (2009).

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
10
P
is the natural logarithm of population density, and
j
D
is a country fixed effect, and
it
ε
is the error term.
The given equation can be interpreted as a law of motion for infrastructure stock. The data
was organized as an unbalanced panel with yearly observations for the period 1960 to 2005
from a number of databases, including from the World Bank, the Energy Information
Administration, the Millennium Development Goals Indicators, and the United Nations
Statistics Division.
Projections for the independent variables were used to estimate the values of the
infrastructure variables in the period 2009-2020. These variables included land area,
population, urbanization, share of agriculture value-added in GDP, share of manufacturing
value-added in GDP, and GDP annual growth. Land area is assumed to be constant and
equal to 2005 figures in each country. The sources of projections for population and GDP
growth include the World Bank, ADB, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The
growth rates projected by IMF’s World Economic Outlook (WEO) for 2008-2013 were used
as the base case (IMF 2006). A cap of 900 mobile phones and 400 fixed lines per 1000
people was imposed for the telecommunication services. For the replacement costs, power,
roads, rail, airports, ports were assumed to be 2% of the stock value, while water and
telecoms replacement costs were assumed to 3% and 8% of the stock value, respectively.
Fixed linear regressions employing time and its square (as necessary) as explanatory
variables were used, using historic trends to predict each variable.
3.2 “Bottom-up” Approach: Regional Financing Needs Estimation
The estimation of future regional infrastructure demand is likewise very complicated and no
well-accepted econometric method is available. The actual realization of a regional project
depends on many economic and non-economic factors. Therefore, a “bottom-up”
methodology was used in this stage. The “bottom-up” methodology is a conservative
approach that identifies individual infrastructure projects and estimate costs of their
implementation. The compiled project information is then used to obtain the total
infrastructure service demand by region, by sub-regional program, and by sector.
This section gives an overview of the financing need per type of project by region. It tries to
avoid usual assumptions to project demand and instead identifies economically viable
projects, estimates the costs of their implementation, and combines all relevant infrastructure
projects (e.g., energy; transport; telecommunications; ICT; and logistics and trade
facilitation) that have already been entered into the planning stages throughout Asia. The
study utilized varied sources, including multilateral and bilateral development institutions. In
a few exceptional cases, the cost investment figures came from non-traditional sources like
media reports.
The investment estimations account for regional differences as well as priority investments in
planned infrastructure projects, and breaks down demand into the following groups and
programs3
(i) Pan-Asian, such as the ALTID project;
:
(ii) Sub-regional, including the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS), the Central Asia
Regional Economic Council (CAREC), the South Asia Sub-regional Economic
Council (SASEC), and the Pacific Countries; and
(iii) Other sub-regional and cross-sub regional programs, such as within and between
South Asia, Central Asia, Central-South Asia, East Asia-Southeast Asia, and the
Association for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
3 The lists of countries included in all of the groupings and programs can be found in Appendix 1 of this paper.

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
11
The limitations of this approach include not taking into account the regional infrastructure
projects that are national projects with significant cross-border impact such as airports,
seaports, roads connecting to borders, airports and seaports, and power generation projects
supplying power to neighboring countries. In addition, data on projects identified or planned
may not be available or may be confidential. Furthermore, large economies (such as PRC
and India) may have some sizable regional transport and energy projects with their
neighbors under their national plans that are not covered under pan-Asia and sub-regional
plans and programs. Finally, issues may arise as a result of inaccurate cost estimates and
failure to actually initiate or implement of some of the projects due to unforeseen reasons
and non-economic factors in the future.
As the estimation of national infrastructure financing needs is based on ‘top-down”
econometric method, it is not possible to identify specific national projects that are regional in
nature. However, the econometric estimation of national airports and seaports can be used
as regional infrastructure financing needs.
3.3 Scenario-Building: Demand for Regional Infrastructure
The mixture of “top-bottom” and “bottom-up” approaches simply means that the source of
information came from both the estimation of national infrastructure needs based on
macroeconomic and growth factors and the utilization of data provided by organizations and
countries involved in the implementation of the regional projects. Given the goal of
estimating regional demand, only infrastructure projects involving coordination between two
or more countries were included in the “bottom-up” approach. The calculation provides an
estimation on the cost per project and per sector, and then of the cumulative cost at the
national, sub-regional, and regional levels. The annual average costs per year are derived
from the estimated total cost for the period.
To provide the most realistic picture of Asia’s investment requirements in the “top-down”
approach, three sets of estimates were created. Scenarios including a “low-case”, a “base-
case”, and a “high-case” were derived from econometric models in which adjustments were
made to accommodate possible slower and faster than projected GDP growth and/or
managerial constraints. It is important to note though that these projections are estimates of
investments required to meet the needs of the countries. Estimates are based on a
replacement cost factor of 2% of existing infrastructure stock in most sectors and as such
could be very conservative. Actual unit costs would typically vary by country according to
domestic conditions and both new investment and replacement costs may turn out to be
higher than international best practice norms used to arrive at the estimations. Moreover, the
“top-down”, order-of-magnitude estimates must be regarded as a reference point rather than
a substitute for more precise, “bottom-up”, country and sector specific estimates. For the
remainder of this paper, all data references and tables pertaining to the “top-down”
estimations show the most conservative, “low-case” scenario results.
4. NATIONAL FINANCING NEEDS FOR CONNECTIVITY:
2010-2020
During the ten-year period of 2010-2020, the 32 ADB developing member countries covered
in this paper are expected to need almost US$8.22 trillion (in 2008 US$) for infrastructure
investment. This amounts to US$747 billion in annual investment needed over 2010-2020.
Around 68% of this is needed for new capacity investments in infrastructure and around 32%
is needed for maintenance or replacement of existing assets. In general, the total projected
infrastructure investment requirements are equal to about 6.5% of Asian estimated 2010-
2020 GDP. Of the total investment, approximately 49% is estimated to be needed for energy
infrastructure, 35% for transport, 13% for ITC, and 3% for water and sanitation. Among the

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
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countries included in the study, PRC, India, and Indonesia represent the top three countries
in terms of amount of infrastructure investment needed. Overall, the top 11 countries
constitute 97% of Asia’s total infrastructure investment needs, most of which are in
Southeast Asia and South Asia (Table 4).
Table 4: National Infrastructure Investment Needs in Asia: 2010-2020
Country / Sub
region
% of Total
Asian
Investment
Need
Estimated
Investment
Needs
(US$ millions)
Investments as
Percentage of Total
Total
Investment
per Year
Total
Investment
per Capita
(US$)
2008 GDP
Per Capita
(Constant
2000 US$)
New
Capacity
Maintenance
Central Asia 4.544% 373,657 54% 46% 33,969 1,403 753
Afghanistan 0.318% 26,142 57% 43% 2,377 901 -
Armenia 0.051% 4,179 41% 59% 380 1,358 1,520
Azerbaijan 0.344% 28,317 64% 36% 2,574 3,262 2,131
Georgia 0.060% 4,901 24% 76% 446 1,138 1,268
Kazakhstan 0.846% 69,538 61% 39% 6,322 4,436 2,378
Kyrgyz Rep. 0.107% 8,789 38% 62% 799 1,665 376
Pakistan 2.172% 178,558 53% 47% 16,233 1,075 650
Tajikistan 0.139% 11,468 47% 53% 1,043 1,678 245
Uzbekistan 0.508% 41,764 48% 52% 3,797 1,529 840
East and
Southeast Asia
66.553% 5,472,327 71% 29% 497,484 2,886 1,765
Cambodia 0.163% 13,364 51% 49% 1,215 918 511
PRC 53.118% 4,367,642 72% 28% 397,058 3,297 1,965
Indonesia 5.476% 450,304 70% 30% 40,937 1,981 1,087
Lao PDR 0.138% 11,375 56% 44% 1,034 1,833 475
Malaysia 2.287% 188,084 79% 21% 17,099 6,962 5,151
Mongolia 0.122% 10,069 37% 63% 915 3,812 735
Myanmar 0.264% 21,698 56% 44% 1,973 438 -
Philippines 1.546% 127,122 53% 47% 11,557 1,407 1,225
Thailand 2.103% 172,907 72% 28% 15,719 2,566 2,640
Viet Nam 1.335% 109,761 53% 47% 9,978 1,273 647
South Asia 28.829% 2,370,497 63% 37% 215,500 1,756 685
Bangladesh 1.762% 144,903 54% 46% 13,173 906 462
Bhutan 0.011% 886 30% 70% 81 1,291 1,247
India 26.421% 2,172,469 64% 36% 197,497 1,906 718
Nepal 0.174% 14,330 50% 50% 1,303 497 254
Sri Lanka 0.461% 37,908 52% 48% 3,446 1,881 1,199
The Pacific 0.073% 6,023 30% 70% 548 625 840
Fiji 0.008% 667 15% 85% 61 790 2,181
Kiribati 0.001% 82 10% 90% 7 846 826
PNG 0.051% 4,214 34% 66% 383 641 676
Samoa 0.003% 242 13% 87% 22 1,351 1,739
Solomon Is. 0.004% 336 33% 67% 31 657 1,136
Timor-Leste 0.001% 71 35% 65% 6 65 329
Tonga 0.001% 106 13% 87% 10 1,022 1,666
Vanuatu 0.004% 306 40% 60% 28 1,309 1,339
Total Asia 100% 8,222,503 68% 32% 747,500 2,335 1,272
Note: Estimates obtained using the low case scenario.
Source: Author, ADB/ADBI (2009), Centennial (2009)

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
13
The estimation results in this study are comparable with similar, country-level projections
undertaken in other available studies focusing on a similar time frame, including Goldman
Sachs Global Economics Papers by Lawson and Dragusanu (2008) and Poddar (2009) for
the BRICS4
The estimates of total national infrastructure needs for 2010-2020 in this paper increased
slightly, by US$230.8 billion, compared to those presented previously in ADB/ADBI (2009).
Total infrastructure investment needs here include estimates for Myanmar, Afghanistan, and
the Solomon Islands, which were excluded in ADB/ADBI (2009). Additionally, some country
estimates were revised upward to take account of updated data and economic projections.
countries. A similar model was applied in these studies and the comparative
results support the estimations in this paper for PRC and India, as well as the other Asian
economies covered in this study. For example, the revised Poddar (2009) estimates for
India’s total infrastructure investment requirements for 2010-2020—after adjusting for
differences in sector coverage and scope (new capacity or maintenance)—is 18% higher
than the estimates provided in this study, and older estimates by Lawson and Dragusanu
(2008) for PRC over a slightly different time frame (2008-2018) are only 20% lower. The
estimates between this study and the Goldman Sachs studies are also comparable by
sector.
Table 5 shows the breakdown of investment needs by sector among the four sub-regional
groupings and Figure 3 presents national investment needs by sector for the top 11
economies. Generally, energy and transportation make up the largest components of total
Asia infrastructure investment needs. By sub-region, the biggest investment needs are in
East and Southeast Asia at US$5.47 trillion, or 67% of the total, and South Asia at US$2.37
trillion, or 29% of the total. Not surprisingly, the biggest economies in Asia—PRC and
India—are located in these sub-regions.
Table 5: National Infrastructure Investment Needs in Asia, 2010-2020: Per Sub-region
and Per Sector (2008 US$ billions)
Sector / Subsector
East and
Southeast
Asia
South Asia
Central
Asia
The
Pacific
Total
Electricity
3,182.46
653.67
167.16
-
4,003.29
Transportation
1,593.87
1,196.12
104.48
4.41
2,898.87
Airports
57.73
5.07
1.41
0.10
64.31
Ports
215.20
36.08
5.38
-
256.65
Rails
16.14
12.78
6.03
0.00
34.95
Roads
1,304.80
1,142.20
91.65
4.31
2,542.97
Telecommunications
524.75
435.62
78.62
1.11
1,040.10
Telephones
142.91
6.46
4.45
0.05
153.87
Mobiles
339.05
415.87
71.97
0.95
827.84
Broadband
42.78
13.29
2.21
0.11
58.39
Water and Sanitation
171.25
85.09
23.40
0.51
280.24
Water
58.37
46.12
8.60
0.14
113.22
Sanitation
112.88
38.97
14.80
0.36
167.02
Total
5,472.33
2,370.50
373.66
6.02
8,222.50
Source: Author, ADB/ADBI (2009), Centennial (2009)
4 BRICS = Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
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Figure 3: National Infrastructure Investment Needs in Asia, 2010-2020: Top 11
Countries by Sector (2008 US$ Billion – PRC and India in 10 Billion)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
PRC
India
Indonesia
Malaysia
Pakistan
Thailand
Bangladesh
Philippines
Viet Nam
Kazakhstan
Uzbekistan
Water
ITC
Transport
Electricity
Source: Author, ADB/ADBI (2009), Centennial (2009)
According to the estimates of this study, Central Asia is expected to need a total of US$374
billion in infrastructure investment over the next 10 years. Energy (electricity) infrastructure
comprises 45% of the amount, followed by the transport sector which needs 28% primarily
for investment in roads. Considering the geographic nature of Central Asia and the political
economy context of Central Asian nations, these results are understandable. In the South
Asian sub-region, the transport sector is facing the largest estimated investment requirement
of US$1.2 trillion. Considering that many of the countries are landlocked, similar to Central
Asian countries, the majority of this amount is also for road infrastructure. East Asia and
Southeast Asia are grouped here and include countries in ASEAN as well as GMS. In this
sub-region, nearly 60% of the investment needs are in the power sector. This is followed by
the transport sector, the telecommunications sector, and then the water and sanitation
sector. The Pacific sub-region needs an estimated US$6 billion in infrastructure investment,
representing 3.6% of the sub-region’s cumulative projected 2010-2020 GDP. A large
percentage of this need is in transport infrastructure, specifically road and airport projects.
Looking at national infrastructure investment needs in relation to projected GDP further
shows how great the demand is. As can be seen in Table 6, needed investments in
transport, electricity, ITC, and water amount to more than 6.5% of Asia’s estimated 2010-
2020 GDP. Electricity in particular represents the largest share, at 3.2% of Asian GDP, and
South Asia (excluding Afghanistan and Pakistan, which are included in central Asia) will
need to invest approximately 11% of GDP in order to meet rising demands for infrastructure
services.

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
15
Table 6: Infrastructure Investment Needs as a % of Estimated GDP 2010-2020
Country
Investment as % of Estimated GDP
Transport
Electricity
ITC
Water and
Sanitation
Total
Central Asia
1.86%
2.97%
1.40%
0.42%
6.64%
Afghanistan
6.21%
0.00%
4.82%
0.89%
11.92%
Armenia
1.20%
1.01%
0.98%
0.27%
3.46%
Azerbaijan
0.60%
3.82%
0.44%
0.11%
4.97%
Georgia
1.20%
1.06%
0.69%
0.19%
3.14%
Kazakhstan
0.58%
2.92%
0.20%
0.07%
3.77%
Kyrgyz Rep.
3.94%
6.24%
2.44%
0.67%
13.29%
Pakistan
2.65%
2.68%
2.22%
0.73%
8.27%
Tajikistan
3.30%
9.83%
2.57%
0.51%
16.21%
Uzbekistan
2.65%
4.65%
1.94%
0.58%
9.82%
East and Southeast Asia
1.61%
3.22%
0.53%
0.17%
5.54%
Cambodia
4.43%
0.95%
2.97%
0.36%
8.71%
PRC
1.39%
3.42%
0.44%
0.13%
5.39%
Indonesia
3.88%
0.98%
0.97%
0.35%
6.18%
Lao PDR
10.62%
0.00%
2.40%
0.60%
13.61%
Malaysia
1.94%
4.42%
0.27%
0.04%
6.68%
Mongolia
12.04%
0.00%
1.21%
0.21%
13.45%
Myanmar
2.70%
0.00%
1.46%
1.88%
6.04%
Philippines
2.30%
1.87%
1.22%
0.65%
6.04%
Thailand
0.58%
3.69%
0.45%
0.19%
4.91%
Viet Nam
2.07%
3.12%
2.38%
0.54%
8.12%
South Asia
5.55%
3.03%
2.02%
0.39%
11.00%
Bangladesh
4.92%
1.24%
4.22%
1.19%
11.56%
Bhutan
2.84%
0.00%
0.87%
0.36%
4.07%
India
5.67%
3.23%
1.87%
0.34%
11.12%
Nepal
1.65%
0.58%
5.14%
1.10%
8.48%
Sri Lanka
4.23%
1.00%
1.39%
0.22%
6.85%
The Pacific
2.60%
0.00%
0.65%
0.30%
3.55%
Fiji
1.01%
0.00%
0.53%
0.14%
1.68%
Kiribati
5.17%
0.00%
0.16%
0.32%
5.65%
PNG
3.30%
0.00%
0.73%
0.32%
4.35%
Samoa
3.33%
0.00%
1.12%
0.26%
4.70%
Solomon Is.
3.50%
0.00%
0.28%
0.35%
4.13%
Timor-Leste
0.00%
0.00%
0.07%
0.79%
0.86%
Tonga
2.29%
0.00%
1.13%
0.29%
3.71%
Vanuatu
2.92%
0.00%
0.92%
0.28%
4.13%
Total Asia
2.30%
3.17%
0.82%
0.22%
6.52%
Note: Estimates obtained using the low case scenario.
Source: Author, Centennial (2009)

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
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5. INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS FOR REGIONAL PROJECTS
FOR ASIAN CONNECTIVITY: 2010-2020
The total investments required to meet demand for the identified 1202 regional projects is
valued at approximately US$320 billion, with an average infrastructure investment need of
about US$29 billion per year for the period 2010-2020 (Table 7). Of this total, needed
investment in energy projects accounts for about 30% and transport 70%. This information is
based on a consolidated list of various proposals that are considered both economically
viable and likely to be implemented between 2010 and 20205
Table 7: Asia’s Total Regional Indicative Investment Needs for Identified and Pipeline
Infrastructure Projects by Regional/Sub-regional Program: 2010-2020 (US$ Million)
. The state of projects included
varies greatly and some are much more advanced in their development than others. The
data is compiled from a variety of sources—some much more detailed than others—and
includes proposals at various levels of definition, preparation, review, and vetting. Also,
some of the project information was acquired through anecdotal references where access to
detailed feasibility reports and economic and financial evaluations for the projects was
limited. The estimates of regional infrastructure investment needs in this paper, as shown in
Table 7, include revised projections of some projects and 125 additional projects, which
resulted in an increase of US$34.0 billion compared with estimates provided previously in
ADB/ADBI (2009).
Regional /
Sub- regional
Program
Energy
Transport
Grand Total
Airport /
Port
Rail
Road
TF /
Logistics
Total
AH -
-
-
17,425.0
-
17,425.0
17,425.0
TAR -
-
107,469.0 -
-
107,469.0
107,469.0
ACP* -
51,446.0
-
-
-
51,446.0
51,446.0
CAREC
15,667.0
1,347.7
5,131.3
12,932.9
9,925.1
29,337.0
45,004.0
GMS 2,603.8
200.0
1,523.0 3,972.0
163.0
5,858.0
8,461.8
ASEAN 11,583.0
-
16,800.0 -
-
16,800.0
28,383.0
BIMP-EAGA
100.0
-
-
-
-
-
100.0
SASEC
133.0
-
-
-
203.0
203.0
336.0
Other** 61,928.6
-
-
-
89.5
89.5
62,018.1
Total
92,015.4
52,993.7
130,923.3 34,329.9
10,380.6
228,627.4
320,642.8
* ACP = Asian Container Ports
** Includes projects connecting East/Southeast – Central – South Asia that do not explicitly fall under a sub- regional
program.
Source: Author
The investment needs for regional projects are around 4% of total national infrastructure
investment needs, which is comparable to Europe (see Van der Geest and Nunez-Ferrer
2010). Figure 4 presents the composite of the 1202 bilateral, sub-regional, and pan-Asian
infrastructure projects that are planned and soon to be constructed, and that were included
in this study.
5 The complete compendium of projects in provided as Appendix 2 of this paper.

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
17
Figure 4: Total Regional Investment Needs for Identified and Pipeline Infrastructure
Projects by Region: 2010-2020 (US$ Million)
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
Central Asia East Asia South Asia Southeast AsiaEast/Southeast
Asia-Central
Asia
Other
TF / Logistics
Road
Rail
Port
Energy
Airport
Source: Author
It is also evident from Figure 4 that the vast majority of financing demand for regional
infrastructure investment falls within East and Southeast Asia—though Central Asia has this
highest overall number of projects at 199. The investment needed for Asian transport sector
projects amounted to US$218 billion, more than 2.5 times the investment needed for energy
projects. This contrasts with the pattern of national investment demand, where energy
demand is 1.3 times the investment need for the transport sector. This may be due to the
very complex nature of cross-border energy projects together with high investment
requirements, the need for strong coordination and cooperation among participating
counties, and the difficulties of harmonizing energy regulation among participating countries.
Asian energy sectors are typically highly regulated.
The following subsections detail the investment requirements for regional projects in Asia at
the pan-Asian and sub-regional levels.
5.1 Pan-Asian Transport Network
The pan-Asia transport network consists of highways, rails, airports, and container ports
linking Asian countries as well as Asia to Eastern Europe and the Middle East. It includes the
Asian Highways (AH), the Trans-Asian Railway (TAR), and Asian Container Ports (ACP)
networks, and is estimated to need around US$176.3 billion in investment over the coming
decade. The AH network is a system of 141,000 km of standardized roadways crisscrossing
32 Asian countries with linkages to Europe. The 121 identified transport projects are
expected to cost around US$17.4 billion. The TAR network is comprised of almost 81,000
km of rail lines serving 28 countries, starting at the Pacific seaboard of Asia and ending in
Europe. There were 85 projects identified within TAR, whose needs were estimated at about
US$107.5 billion. A large share of investment needed for TAR falls in the East Asian region,
at US$70.6 billion. These projects were chosen for their potential to facilitate international

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
18
trade between Asia (UNESCAP 2007). Additionally, a range of 765 container ports projects
around Asia were identified and expected to cost a total of around US$51.4 billion.
5.2 Infrastructure Projects at the Sub-regional Level
More than 60% of Asia’s total energy investment needs are in the Southeast and Central
Asia sub-regions. TAPI, the largest among these energy projects, will transport natural gas
from the Dauletabad gas field in Turkmenistan through Afghanistan, Pakistan, and then to
India. It is expected to carry 27 billion cubic meters (bcm) of natural gas annually. There are
also 5 major power projects identified in Central and South Asia, some of which have links in
Asia and Europe.
In Southeast Asia, 119 projects estimated to be about US$61.6 billion belong to sub-regional
groupings like GMS, ASEAN, and BIMP-EAGA. More than 60% of regional transport
investment needs are in Viet Nam, followed by around 29% in the provinces of PRC. In the
regional energy projects in the GMS, around 50% of the needed investments are in Lao
PDR. Generally in the GMS sub-region, greater amounts of investment are needed in the
transport sector. This could imply that in order to harness, share, and utilize the available
resources found in each country, connectivity through transportation is very important.
The second largest investment project needed is identified by the CAREC. Central Asia is an
historical land bridge that connects the East and West (East Asia and Europe) and the North
and South (the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf to Russia and the Baltic). More than 40%
of the planned cross-border infrastructure in the CAREC region is for transportation (mostly
intra-regional road construction and upgrades), while the remaining majority is for cross-
border energy. The identified energy projects comprise of oil pipelines, electricity
transmission and distribution lines, and construction of hydropower plants, as well as the
rehabilitation of existing lines and electricity power loss control infrastructure. Many of the
identified projects involve Kazakhstan or Tajikistan or both.
Some of the indicative investment needs in South Asia are found under the SASEC
program. Many of the projects in South Asia, aside from energy, are related to logistics and
trade facilitation. This could emphasize the role of transport and communication
infrastructure in the trade openness of countries in this sub-region. On the other hand, in the
energy sector, around 80% of the investment needs are for renewable energy projects,
including hydroelectric power projects in Nepal and Bhutan.
There are many projects in South Asia, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia (including ASEAN
nations and East Asia), which have not been planned under pan-Asian and sub-regional,
intergovernmental programs6
In this section, proposed projects (based on academic studies) in the Greater Tumen
Initiative (GTI) are not included in the estimated total regional infrastructure needs. GTI
projects were not included primarily because there has yet to be any form of formal
government level agreement or commitment to these projects. However, with 47 proposed
projects estimated at nearly US$19 billion and involving trade and transport corridors
spanning the Northeast Asia sub-region—from Eastern Russia to Korea and also including
. Though these projects may not have explicitly been planned
or programmed under designated sub-regional or regional cooperation programs, they have
been labeled under such programs in this study according to which countries are involved or
participating jointly on a given project. For example, some energy projects, such as the
Trans-Afghanistan Gas Pipeline (TAPI) and the Central Asia-China Natural Gas Pipeline do
not belong to any specific sub-regional program as they cut across South Asia and Central
Asia. Sections of these projects are included in their corresponding sub-regional programs
based on the countries involved.
6 See Appendix 1 for descriptions of the sub-regional programs included in this study.

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
19
Mongolia, PRC, and Korea—these projects could also be included in future when
considering regional or pan-Asian infrastructure and connectivity (Kayahara 2003).
5.3 Investment Needs for High Priority Projects
The earlier section highlights more than 1202 regional projects with cost estimates. Based
on ADB/ADBI (2009), Table 8 presents a list of high priority regional transport and energy
projects costing an estimated $15 billion under three sub-regional programs in Southeast
Asia, Central Asia and South Asia. Projects were determined to fall in the “high priority”
category if they were well defined, had progressed through necessary approval processes,
and considered politically, technically, economically, and financially feasible. In GMS, there
were 10 projects identified. Out of the five projects in the transport sector, four of these are
road infrastructure. While in the energy sector, out of the five projects, three of these are
transmission lines and two are hydropower projects. In the CAREC program, there were six
projects identified mostly in the transport sector, estimated to be about US$10 billion, or 65%
of the total estimated cost of the twenty one priority projects. This figure is the largest among
the sub-regions. In SASEC, the major projects include primarily transport and logistics,
communication, tourism, and hydroelectric power projects.
The successful implementation of these priority projects could realize large benefits for
participating countries and persuade more Asian economies to participate in regional
projects with “win-win” benefits.
Table 8: Twenty One High Priority “Flagship” Regional Projects
Sub-
region Transport Cost
(in US $
million) Energy Cost
(in US $
million)
Total No.
of
Projects
Total
Cost
(in US$
million)
GMS
5 projects
3,324
5 projects
1,414
10
4,738
GMS Kunming-Hai
Phong Transport
Corridor-Noi Bai-Lao
Cao Highway
1,21 GMS Northern Power
Transmission 54
2nd GMS Northern
Transport Network
Improvement 135
GMS Nabong-Udon
Thani Power
Transmission and
Interconnection
110
Rehabilitation of the
Railway in Cambodia 73 Lao PDR-Viet Nam
Power Interconnection
(Ban Sok-Pleiku) 270
Ha Long-Mong Cai
Expressway 1,000 GMS Nam Ngiep 1
Hydropower Projec 380
GMS Hanoi-Lang
Son Expressway 900 GMS Nam Ngum 3
Hydropower Projec 600
CAREC
4 projects (total)
9,043
2 projects (total)
1,072
6
10,115
CAREC Corridor 1b 6,700 Central Asia-South Asia
Regional Electricity
Market (CASAREM) 962
Caucasus
Corridor:Armenia-
Georgia Regional
Transport
323 Regional Power
Transmission
Interconnection Project 110
CAREC Corridor 2
1,800
Western Regional
Road Corridor
Development Project-
Mongolia
220
SASEC
3 projects (total)
293
2 projects (total)
279
5
572

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
20
SASEC Information
Highway
Project(Bangladesh,
Bhutan, India, and
Nepal)
24 Green Power
Development (Bhutan) 234
Sub-regional
Transport Logistics
and Trade
Facilitation Projects
(Bangladesh,
Bhutan, India, and
Nepal)
179 West Seti Hydroelectric
Project (Nepal) 45
Improving
Connectivity and
Destination
Infrastructure for Sub-
regional Tourism
Development
(Bangladesh, Bhutan,
India, Nepal, and Sri
Lanka)
90
Total
12 projects
12,660
9 projects (total)
2,764
21
15,424
Source: Author’s Compilation and ADB/ADBI (2009)
6. CHALLENGES FOR REGIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE
FINANCING
Meeting huge financing needs of US$776 billion per year for national (US$747 billion) and
regional (US$29 billion) infrastructure during 2010-2020 is one of the largest challenges
facing many developing countries in Asia. Asia is expansive and its economies diverse.
Continuing to promote competitiveness and productivity by reducing trade and logistics
costs, forming specialized industrials clusters, and enlarging and deepening production
networks all need high quality national and regional infrastructure to succeed.
Using the most conservative estimate, the investment requirement for infrastructure at the
national level is a staggering US$8.3 trillion over the next decade. In order to attract finance,
particularly from the private sector, there is a need, to translate this demand into “bankable”,
commercially viable and profitable projects. Individual countries need to mobilize domestic
resources for infrastructure development. However, low-income countries may be more
dependent on regional and international capital markets and donors (including bilateral and
multilateral development banks) for additional financing, particularly concessional financing.
Based on the “bottom-up” approach, the financing demand for the planned regional
infrastructure projects that are economically viable is about US$313 billion over period 2010-
2020 for 1202 projects. Despite the limitations in available data and of the methodology, this
paper provides a good illustration of infrastructure demand in Asia over the next eleven
years. However, it is important to note that it is not possible to predict the exact duration and
implementation of the planned projects that are in pipeline. The cost estimates are mostly
based on the results of the feasibility studies of planned projects. Though the methodologies
in estimating the national and regional investment needs are not fully comparable and may
inherently overlap, it is interesting to note that regional investment needs are only 3.9% of
national estimated needs.
The major challenge for Asia is to mobilize various available resources to finance “bankable”
infrastructure projects and ensuring strong coordination and cooperation among various
stakeholders at the national, sub-regional and regional level. This calls for an appropriate
comprehensive approach to infrastructure development to facilitate regional infrastructure
connectivity. This approach should address the need for the identification and preparation of
priority bankable projects pipeline through a project development mechanism or framework

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
21
under a Pan-Asia Infrastructure Forum (see ADB/ADBI, 2009 and Bhattacharyay, 2010 for
more details). It also requires development of innovative financing mechanism and
modalities, as well as policy, regulation and capacity development (through human capital
and institutional development) for participating countries. The capacity development for less
developed countries is very important as the regional infrastructure performance is only as
good as its weakest link or weakest participating country. Another chapter of the book
addresses the issues and challenges and the role of Asian financial market integration in
financing the infrastructure needs.
An interesting aspect of Asian economic diversity, and its particular potential for regional
energy and water infrastructure, is that it consists of both resource surplus and deficient
countries. For example, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and Lao PDR represent energy surplus
countries that could supply clean hydropower or natural gas to energy deficient countries in
the region, like Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Thailand, and Viet Nam. Additionally, Central
Asian countries could supply gas and oil through pipelines to India, Pakistan, and PRC to
feed growing demands there. There is an urgent need for regional cooperation in planning
and implementing environment-friendly regional infrastructure projects to share these scarce
resources for achieving energy and water security. In the face of the global financial crisis
and resulting economic downturn, there is an increasing need for greater coordination of
stimulus packages’ in infrastructure investment in transport, energy, water, and ITC to
ensure cross-border projects are efficiently developed for enhancing regional connectivity.
Regional infrastructure projects for building an integrated Asia are essential to harness
shared resources and efficiency in a cost-effective manner.

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
22
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APPENDIX
Appendix 1: Regional and Sub-regional Groupings and Infrastructure
Cooperation Programs
Regional / Sub-
regional Program
Note
I
Asian Highways (AH)
Afghanistan, Armenia, Azarbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, PRC, Georgia, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Kazakstan, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, Kyrgyz
Republic, Lao PDR, Japan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Russian
Federation, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and
Viet Nam - The Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network was adopted on 18
November 2003 by an intergovernmental meeting held in Bangkok, was open for signature in
April 2004 in Shanghai and entered into force on 4 July 2005.
II
Trans-Asian Railway (TAR)
Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Cambodia, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Georgia,
India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal,
Pakistan, PRC, Poland, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey,
Turkmenistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Uzbekistan, and Viet Nam - The Intergovernmental
Agreement on the Trans-Asian Railway Network enters into force on 11 June 2009.
III
ASEAN
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations or ASEAN was established
on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok by the five original Member Countries,
namely, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.
Brunei Darussalam joined on 8 January 1984, Viet Nam on 28 July 1995,
Lao PDR and Myanmar on 23 July 1997, and Cambodia on 30 April
1999.
1
Brunei
2
Cambodia
3
Indonesia
4 Lao PDR
5
Malaysia
6
Myanmar
7
Philippines
8 Singapore
9
Thailand
10
Viet Nam

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
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IV
BIMP-EAGA
A sub-regional growth area named the Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-
Malaysia-Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area or BIMP-EAGA. BIMP-
EAGA was formally launched on March 24, 1994 and aims to increase
trade, investments and tourism in the sub-region.
1
Brunei Darussalam
2
Indonesia
3
Malaysia
4
Philippines
V
BIMSTEC
Initially formed in Bangkok, Thailand, on 6 June 1997 with its name
BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic
Cooperation). Myanmar later joined the organization at a special
ministerial meeting held in Bangkok on 22 December 1997.
Consequently, the name of the organization was changed to BIMST-EC.
1
Bangladesh
2
Bhutan
3 India
4
Myanmar
5
Nepal
6
Sri Lanka
7 Thailand
VI
CAREC
The Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation – CAREC – Program
was initiated in 1997.
1
Afghanistan
2 Azerbaijan
3
PRC
4
Mongolia
5
Kazakhstan
6
Kyrgyz Republic
7
Tajikistan
8
Uzbekistan
VII
GMS
In 1992, with ADB's assistance, Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS)
consisting of six countries entered is a program of sub-regional
economic cooperation, designed to enhance economic relations among
the countries.
1
Cambodia
2
PRC (Yunnan)
3 Lao PDR
4
Myanmar
5
Thailand
6
Viet Nam
VIII
SASEC
The South Asia Sub-regional Economic Cooperation – SASEC –
Program is helping transform challenges into opportunities in one of the
world's poorest, most densely populated areas.
1
Bangladesh
2
Bhutan

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
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3
India (Eastern
States)
4
Nepal
Appendix 2: Compendium of Investment Needs of Regional Infrastructure
Projects by Sub-region and by Program
Total Number of Projects: 1202 (437 listed here + 756 unlisted ACP projects)
Region(s)
Connected
Regional
/ Sub
regional
Program
Primary
Country Sector Project Investment
Need (US$
Million)
Central Asia CAREC Afghanistan Airport Rehabilitation of Regional Airports, Phase I 32.1
Central Asia CAREC Afghanistan Energy Transmission and distribution rehabilitation in power sector 1,500.0
Central Asia CAREC Afghanistan Rail Rail Feasibility Study (Hairatan-Mazare-e-Sharif-Herat and Shirkhan Bandar-
Kunduz-Naibabad) 1.0
Central Asia CAREC Afghanistan Rail Rail Feasibility Study (Hairatan-Naibabad-Kabul-Torkham) 0.6
Central Asia
CAREC
Afghanistan
Rail
Rail Feasibility Study (Shntikh-Herat)
0.6
Central Asia CAREC Afghanistan Road Bala Murghab-Leman Road 180.0
Central Asia AH Afghanistan Road Balkh-Andkhoy 36.0
Central Asia AH Afghanistan Road Bridge over Ammou River 40.0
Central Asia
AH
Afghanistan
Road
Herat-Andkhoy
80.0
Central Asia AH Afghanistan Road Kabul-Bamiyan 40.0
Central Asia CAREC Afghanistan Road Kabul-Jalalabad Road Feasibility Study 0.8
Central Asia AH Afghanistan Road Kabul-Surubi 30.0
Central Asia
AH
Afghanistan
Road
Kandahar-Gereshk
76.0
Central Asia CAREC Afghanistan Road Leman-Armalick Road 30.0
Central Asia CAREC Afghanistan Road Naibabad-Hairatan Road 10.0
Central Asia AH Afghanistan Road Polekhumri-Hayratan 29.0
Central Asia
CAREC
Afghanistan
Road
Preparing the Road Network III
1.0
Central Asia CAREC Afghanistan Road Pul-e-Khumri–Doshi Road 10.0
Central Asia CAREC Afghanistan Road Qaisar-Bala Murghab Road 55.0

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Central Asia CAREC Afghanistan Road Salang Tunnel Expansion Feasibility Study 2.0
Central Asia CAREC Afghanistan
TF /
Logistics
Transport Sector Planning (All Modes) 1.0
Central Asia TAR Afghanistan
/ Iran Rail Sangan-Heart 127.0
Central Asia CAREC Azerbaijan Energy Rehab of the T&D system in the gas sector as well as gas flaring reduction 629.0
Central Asia CAREC Azerbaijan Energy Transmission lines and SS to improve capacity of Azeri-Russia-Georgia-Iran
interconnection 132.0
Central Asia
CAREC
Azerbaijan
Port
Acquisition of High Capacity Ferries and Ro/Ros
69.0
Central Asia CAREC Azerbaijan Port Feasibility Study for New Alyat Port 1.0
Central Asia TAR Azerbaijan Rail Qazvin-Rasht-Anzali-Astara 12.4
Central Asia
CAREC
Azerbaijan
Rail
Railway Trade and Transport Facilitation
1,750.0
Central Asia TAR Azerbaijan Rail Server-Yug (North-South) International Transport Corridor 24.5
Central Asia TAR Azerbaijan Rail Traseka International Transport Corridor 699.4
Central Asia CAREC Azerbaijan Road East-West Highway Improvement 1,250.0
Central Asia
AH
Azerbaijan
Road
Goradiz-Gazi Mammed
74.0
Central Asia AH Azerbaijan Road Kazakh- Border of Georgia 20.0
Central Asia AH Azerbaijan Road Nakhchivan-Sadarak- Border of Turkey 46.0
Central Asia AH Azerbaijan Road Ring Road connecting AH5 and AH8 around Baku 20.0
Central Asia
CAREC
Azerbaijan
Road
Road Maintenance
0.8
Central Asia CAREC Kazakhstan Airport Expansion of Shymkent, Semey and Kokchetau Airports 163.0
Central Asia CAREC Kazakhstan Energy Caspian Littoral Gas Pipline 700.0
Central Asia CAREC Kazakhstan Energy Eskene-Kuryk oil pipeline, Kuryk terminal, and oil tankers 1,100.0
Central Asia
CAREC
Kazakhstan
Energy
Kenkiyak-Kumkol oil pipeline
493.0
Central Asia CAREC Kazakhstan Energy Moinak hydropower 160.0
Central Asia CAREC Kazakhstan Energy Novorossiysk and Atyrau-Samara oil pipeline capacity expansion 1,287.0
Central Asia CAREC Kazakhstan Energy Second North-South transmission line 147.0
Central Asia CAREC Kazakhstan Port Expansion of Aktau Port 347.5
Central Asia
CAREC
Kazakhstan
Rail
Construction of Korgas-Zhetygen Rail Line
742.0
Central Asia
TAR
Kazakhstan
Rail
Electrification of Aktogai-Mointi Railway Section
258.0
Central Asia TAR Kazakhstan Rail Electrification of Almaty-Akogai Railway Section 250.0
Central Asia TAR Kazakhstan Rail Electrification of Doystek-Aktogai Railway Section 141.0

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Central Asia TAR Kazakhstan Rail Electrification of Kandiagash-Makat 298.0
Central Asia TAR Kazakhstan Rail Epalievo-Kypik 62.0
Central Asia
TAR
Kazakhstan
Rail
Jezkazgan-Beiney
2,300.0
Central Asia TAR Kazakhstan Rail Korgas-Jetigen 775.0
Central Asia TAR Kazakhstan Rail Mangishlak-Baytino 190.0
Central Asia TAR Kazakhstan Rail Yzen-border of Turkmenistan 250.0
Central Asia
CAREC
Kazakhstan
Road
Aktau-Beyneu Road Rehabilitation
550.0
Central Asia CAREC Kazakhstan Road Almaty-Kapchagay Road Rehabilitation 580.0
Central Asia CAREC Kazakhstan Road Astana-Karaganda Road Rehabilitation 1,000.0
Central Asia AH Kazakhstan Road Border of Russian Federation (to Samara)-Pogodaeva-Shymkent-Almaty-
Khorgos 347.0
Central Asia AH Kazakhstan Road Kaerak-Kostanai-Astana-Almaty-Khorgos 230.0
Central Asia
AH
Kazakhstan
Road
Kamenka-Ural’sk-Karabutak-Aralsk-Kyzylorda-Shymkent
628.0
Central Asia AH Kazakhstan Road Kotyaevka-Atyrau-Aktau-Border of Turkmenistan 374.0
Central Asia CAREC Kazakhstan
TF /
Logistics
Coordinator for CAREC 0.1
Central Asia CAREC Kazakhstan TF /
Logistics Rehabilitation of Western Europe-Western PRC Transit Corridor 6,561.0
Central Asia CAREC Kazakhstan
TF /
Logistics
Transport Sector Services Study 0.1
Central Asia CAREC Kyrgyz
Republic Airport Kyrgyz Air Traffic Control Capacity Enhancement 4.5
Central Asia CAREC Kyrgyz
Republic Airport Rehabilitation of Osh Airport 40.0
Central Asia CAREC Kyrgyz
Republic Energy Kambarata I hydropower 1,940.0
Central Asia CAREC Kyrgyz
Republic Energy Kambarata II hydropower 240.0
Central Asia CAREC Kyrgyz
Republic Energy Kemin-Datka-Khodjent transmission line 380.0
Central Asia CAREC Kyrgyz
Republic Energy Transmission and distribution rehabilitation in natural gas sector 40.0
Central Asia CAREC Kyrgyz
Republic Energy Transmission and distribution rehabilitation in power sector 200.0

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
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Central Asia TAR Kyrgyz
Republic Rail Balkchy-Kochor-Kara-Keche 136.4
Central Asia TAR Kyrgyz
Republic Rail Balykchi - Arpa 2,000.0
Central Asia TAR Kyrgyz
Republic Rail China-Krygyzstan-Uzbekistan 1,400.0
Central Asia CAREC Kyrgyz
Republic Rail Electrification of Bishkek-Balykchy Railway 100.0
Central Asia CAREC Kyrgyz
Republic Rail Equipment Purchase for Wagon Repair/Maintenance Facility 4.0
Central Asia TAR Kyrgyz
Republic Rail Kara-Keche-Arpa 570.0
Central Asia TAR Kyrgyz
Republic Rail Kashi-Torugart-Arpa-Uzgen 2,100.0
Central Asia TAR Kyrgyz
Republic Rail Lugovaya-Balykchy railway 65.0
Central Asia TAR Kyrgyz
Republic Rail Procurement of equipment for van repair ships 4.0
Central Asia CAREC Kyrgyz
Republic Rail Track Rehabilitation Project (Chaldovar-Balykchy) 65.0
Central Asia TAR Kyrgyz
Republic Rail Use of electric-traction on Lugovaya-Bishkek railway 100.0
Central Asia AH Kyrgyz
Republic Road Bishkek-Naryn-Torougart 173.0
Central Asia CAREC Kyrgyz
Republic Road Bishkek-Torugart Road Rehabilitation 300.0
Central Asia CAREC Kyrgyz
Republic Road CAREC Regional Road Corridor Improvement (Sary Tash-Karamik) 39.5
Central Asia AH Kyrgyz
Republic Road Osh-Isfana 133.0
Central Asia CAREC Kyrgyz
Republic Road Reconstruction of Taraz-Talas-Suusamyr Road 31.8
Central Asia AH Kyrgyz
Republic Road Road around Lake Issyk-Kul and connection to AH Balykchy-Cholpon-Ata-
Karakol-Bokonbaevo-Balykchy 131.0

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Central Asia CAREC Kyrgyz
Republic Road Southern Transport Road Rehabilitation (Osh-Sary Tash-Irkeshtan) 170.0
Central Asia AH Kyrgyz
Republic Road Taraz-Talas-Susamyr 60.0
Central Asia TAR Pakistan Rail Dalbandin-Gwadar 933.0
Central Asia AH Pakistan Road Dualization of Hassanabdal-Abbottabad-Mansehra 51.0
Central Asia
AH
Pakistan
Road
Gwadar-Turbat-Hoshab-Awaran-Khuzdar section
271.0
Central Asia AH Pakistan Road Hub-Uthal 27.0
Central Asia AH Pakistan Road Hyderabad-Mirpurkhas-Umarkot-Khokhropar 50.0
Central Asia AH Pakistan Road Improvement of Dalbandin-Naushki section 34.0
Central Asia
AH
Pakistan
Road
Improvement of Kuchlac-Zhob
60.0
Central Asia AH Pakistan Road Improvement of Sibi-Sariab 68.0
Central Asia AH Pakistan Road Lakpass Tunnel 9.0
Central Asia AH Pakistan Road National Highway N-70 (Multan-Muzafargarh; Muzaffargarh Bypass;
Muzafargarh & Bewatta) 103.0
Central Asia AH Pakistan Road Sehwan-Dadu-Ratodero 103.0
Central Asia
CAREC
Regional
Airport
Emergency Compliance with ICAO Requirements
6.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional Airport Needs Assessment of Central Asian Civil Aviation 3.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional Airport Training of CAREC Experts in Aviation Safety to ICAO Standards 2.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional Energy Central Asia-South Asia Regional Electricity Market (CASAREM) 962.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional Energy Regional Power Transmission Interconnection Project 109.5
Central Asia ACP Regional Port NA 3022
Central Asia CAREC Regional Port Needs Assessment of Caspian Shipping Along CAREC Corridors 1.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional Rail Supporting Management of Cross Border Railway Operations 1.5
Central Asia
CAREC
Regional
Road
CAREC Transport Corridor 1b
6,700.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional Road Collaborative Regional Operations and Maintenance of Corridors 0.8
Central Asia CAREC Regional Road Common CAREC Approach to Road Vehicle Emission Standards 0.8
Central Asia CAREC Regional Road Developing Inter-country Bus Services 0.5

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Central Asia CAREC Regional Road Equitable Road Maintenance User Charges and Cross Border Fees 1.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional Road Establishment of Third-Party Motor Vehicle Liability Insurance Regime 0.3
Central Asia CAREC Regional Road Financing Renewal of Vehicle Fleets and Equipment 0.5
Central Asia CAREC Regional Road International Road Transport Conventions and CAREC Agreements 1.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional Road Regional Road Corridor Safety Auditing 0.8
Central Asia CAREC Regional TF /
Logistics Assistance in Implementation of WCO Recommendations for Customs 3.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional
TF /
Logistics Border Crossing Point Infrastructure and Investment 500.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional
TF /
Logistics
Border Post Improvements and Joint Border Processing 200.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional
TF /
Logistics
CAREC Trade Portal 0.6
Central Asia CAREC Regional
TF /
Logistics
CAREC Transport Corridor 2 1,800.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional TF /
Logistics Caucasus Corridor (Armenia-Georgia Regional Transport Project) 323.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional TF /
Logistics Coordinating Cargo Processing through a National Single Window 0.2
Central Asia CAREC Regional
TF /
Logistics
Corridor Performance Monitoring and Reporting 3.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional
TF /
Logistics
Cross Border Agreements Among the PRC, KGZ, and TAJ 0.6
Central Asia CAREC Regional
TF /
Logistics
Customs Modernization and Infrastructure Development 22.8
Central Asia CAREC Regional
TF /
Logistics
Development of Coordinated National Transport Policies 1.7
Central Asia CAREC Regional TF /
Logistics Development of Logistics Centers and Rail Multimodal Hubs 3.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional
TF /
Logistics
Development of Multimodal Transport Systems 0.2
Central Asia CAREC Regional TF /
Logistics Development of Multimodal Transportation along CAREC Corridors 1.0

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Central Asia CAREC Regional
TF /
Logistics
Enhancements of IT Systems at Customs 5.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional TF /
Logistics Facilitating Border Crossing for Drivers, Traders, and Migrant Workers 0.5
Central Asia CAREC Regional TF /
Logistics Facility and Process Improvements at Border Crossing Points 2.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional
TF /
Logistics
Institutional Support for Transport and Trade Facilitation 6.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional
TF /
Logistics
Liability Insurance System for Transport Operators 0.1
Central Asia CAREC Regional TF /
Logistics Periodic Survey of Measures Affecting the Movement of Goods 0.8
Central Asia CAREC Regional TF /
Logistics Product Certification Capability and Weighing Machine Standards 0.1
Central Asia CAREC Regional
TF /
Logistics
Promote Containerization 1.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional
TF /
Logistics
PSP in Transport Development and Trade Facilitation 3.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional TF /
Logistics Rail and Intermodal Transport Feasibility Study for PRC-KGZ-UZB 0.6
Central Asia CAREC Regional TF /
Logistics Reducing Transport Costs to Boost Trade 0.2
Central Asia CAREC Regional
TF /
Logistics
Regional Customs Training and Development 2.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional
TF /
Logistics
Simplified Transit Procedures 0.2
Central Asia CAREC Regional TF /
Logistics Standardized Cargo Declaration and Other Harmonized Requirements 0.2
Central Asia CAREC Regional TF /
Logistics Strengthening Capabilities of National Certification Agencies 1.0
Central Asia CAREC Regional
TF /
Logistics
Strengthening Customs Guarantee Systems 0.3
Central Asia CAREC Regional
TF /
Logistics
Supply Chain Training Institute 0.5
Central Asia CAREC Regional TF /
Logistics Survey of Taxes and Charges Applicable to Transport Operators 0.1

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
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Central Asia CAREC Regional TF /
Logistics Trade and Industrial Logistic Centers with Information Exchange System 150.0
Central Asia CAREC Tajikistan Energy Fon Yagnob coal fired plant and mine 1,500.0
Central Asia CAREC Tajikistan Energy Loss reduction in power and gas sectors 262.0
Central Asia
CAREC
Tajikistan
Energy
North-South transmission line
81.0
Central Asia CAREC Tajikistan Energy Rehab of Nurek, Golovnaya, Varzob Cascade hydropower plants 200.0
Central Asia CAREC Tajikistan Energy Rogun Storage hydropower 2,450.0
Central Asia CAREC Tajikistan Energy Sangtuda II hydropower 150.0
Central Asia CAREC Tajikistan Energy Sangtuda I-Peshawar CASAREM transmission line 500.0
Central Asia
CAREC
Tajikistan
Energy
Yavan hydropower
210.5
Central Asia TAR Tajikistan Rail Access line to Kunduss (Afghanistan) 64.0
Central Asia CAREC Tajikistan Rail Dushanbe-Kyrgyz Border Railway Feasibility Study 0.6
Central Asia TAR Tajikistan Rail Electrification of Nau-Kanibadam Line section 110.0
Central Asia
CAREC
Tajikistan
Rail
Kolkhazabad-Nizhni Pianj Railway
0.6
Central Asia TAR Tajikistan Rail Modernization of telecoms and fiber optic cable 20.2
Central Asia TAR Tajikistan Rail New line Kolkhozabad-Nizhniy Pianj 55.0
Central Asia CAREC Tajikistan Rail Railway Electrification (Bekabad-Kanibadam) 0.6
Central Asia
TAR
Tajikistan
Rail
Renovation of 142 km Khoshadi-Kurgan Tube line
28.4
Central Asia TAR Tajikistan Rail Vachdat-Yavan NA
Central Asia CAREC Tajikistan Rail Vahdat-Yavan Railway Feasibility Study 0.6
Central Asia AH Tajikistan Road Ajni-Pendzhikent 4.0
Central Asia
CAREC
Tajikistan
Road
Dushanbe-Khujand-Chanak-Uzbeki Border Road
150.0
Central Asia CAREC Tajikistan Road Dushanbe-Kyrgyz Border Road Rehabilitation, Phase II 39.5
Central Asia CAREC Tajikistan Road Dushanbe-Kyrgyz Border Road Rehabilitation, Phase III 85.5
Central Asia CAREC Tajikistan Road Dushanbe-Tursunzade-Uzbek Border Road 100.0
Central Asia
AH
Tajikistan
Road
Khujand-Buston
2.0
Central Asia AH Tajikistan Road Khujand-Dushanbe 23.0
Central Asia AH Tajikistan Road Khujand-Kanibadam-Isfara 2.0
Central Asia AH Tajikistan Road Korog-Border of Kyrgyzstan (to Sary Tash) 67.0
Central Asia
AH
Tajikistan
Road
Kurgan Tube-Nizhiny Panj
4.0
Central Asia CAREC Tajikistan Road Kurgan Tyube-Dusti-Nizhni Pianj Road Rehabilitation 90.0
Central Asia CAREC Tajikistan Road Transport Sector Master Plan 0.8
Central Asia CAREC Uzbekistan Airport Upgrading the Bukhara Airport 0.6

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
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Central Asia CAREC Uzbekistan Energy Bukhara-Ural gas pipeline and Central Asia Center-Russia gas pipeline
reinforcement 114.0
Central Asia CAREC Uzbekistan Energy Sogdiana SS-Talimardjan TPP transmission line 95.0
Central Asia CAREC Uzbekistan Energy Surhand SS-Guzar SS transmission line 57.5
Central Asia
CAREC
Uzbekistan
Rail
Acquisition of New Locomotives
25.0
Central Asia CAREC Uzbekistan Rail Angren-Pap Railway Feasibility Study 0.6
Central Asia CAREC Uzbekistan Rail Electrification of Kashi-Tashguzar Baisun-Kumgurgan Section 180.0
Central Asia CAREC Uzbekistan Rail Electrification of Navoi-Bukhara and Bukhara-Kashi Sections 195.0
Central Asia CAREC Uzbekistan Rail Electrification of Navoi-Uchkuduk Section 180.0
Central Asia CAREC Uzbekistan Rail Electrification of Samarkand-Navoi and Samarkand-Kashi Sections 185.0
Central Asia CAREC Uzbekistan Rail Electrification of Tashkent-Angren Railway Feasibility Study 0.6
Central Asia CAREC Uzbekistan Rail Regional Railway 50.0
Central Asia
AH
Uzbekistan
Road
Andijon-Tashkent-Syrdaria
82.0
Central Asia AH Uzbekistan Road Bukhara-Navoi-Samarkand-Syrdaria-Tashkent 38.0
Central Asia CAREC Uzbekistan Road CAREC Regional Road Improvement 173.5
Central Asia AH Uzbekistan Road Nukus-Bukhara-Kashkadarya 240.0
Central Asia
AH
Uzbekistan
Road
Tashkent-Syrdaria-Samarkand-Surhandarya
80.0
Central Asia AH Uzbekistan Road Termez-Uzun 40.0
East Asia CAREC Mongolia Airport Improvement of Olgiy and Hovd Airports 25.0
East Asia CAREC Mongolia Airport New International Airport in Ulaanbaatar 280.0
East Asia
CAREC
Mongolia
Airport
Rehabilitation of Regional Airports
0.5
East Asia CAREC Mongolia Energy Distribution rehabilitation and power system loss reduction 27.5
East Asia TAR Mongolia Rail Capacity Strengthening of Mongolian Railway 189.0
East Asia TAR Mongolia Rail Eastern Region Railway Network NA
East Asia
TAR
Mongolia
Rail
Gobi Region Railway Network
NA
East Asia CAREC Mongolia Rail Modernization of the Mongolia Railway 189.0
East Asia TAR Mongolia Rail Sukhbaatar-Zamin Uud 2nd Rail Line 2,900.0
East Asia TAR Mongolia Rail Zamin Uud Intermodal Terminal NA
East Asia AH Mongolia Road Eastern Link: Baganuur-Ondorhaan-Choibalsan-Sumber-Border of China 152.0

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
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East Asia CAREC Mongolia Road Ulaanbaatar-Russian Border Road Rehabilitation 120.0
East Asia AH Mongolia Road Ulaanbaishint-Ulgii-Khovd-Bulgan-Yarant 114.0
East Asia
AH
Mongolia
Road
Western Link: Ulaanbaatar-Hovd
188.0
East Asia CAREC Mongolia Road Western Regional Road 200.0
East Asia CAREC Mongolia TF /
Logistics Comprehensive Master Plan for Development of Zamyn-Uud 0.7
East Asia CAREC Mongolia
TF /
Logistics
Customs Modernization 6.8
East Asia CAREC Mongolia
TF /
Logistics
Development Plan for Tsaganuur Free Trade Zone 0.3
East Asia CAREC Mongolia
TF /
Logistics
Establishment of Altanbulag Free Trade Zone 90.0
East Asia CAREC Mongolia
TF /
Logistics
Establishment of Zamyn-Uud Free Trade Zone 100.0
East Asia CAREC Mongolia
TF /
Logistics
Improvement of Tsaganuur Free Trade Zone 30.0
East Asia CAREC Mongolia
TF /
Logistics Regional Logistics Development 0.5
East Asia CAREC Mongolia
TF /
Logistics
Ulaanbaatar Intermodal Logistics Park Feasibility Study 0.9
East Asia
CAREC
PRC
Airport
Xinjiang Airport Development
372.5
East Asia CAREC PRC Rail Double Tracking: Wuxi-Jinghe Rail Line 394.0
East Asia CAREC PRC Rail Electrification of Urumqi-Ala Shankou Rail Line 190.0
East Asia CAREC PRC Rail Jinghe-Yining-Khorgas Railway 875.0
East Asia
TAR
PRC
Rail
Jinghong-Tachilek-Denchai
701.5
East Asia TAR PRC Rail Kashi-Torugart-Arpa-Uzgen 1,000.0
East Asia TAR PRC Rail Lashio-Muse-Ruili-Dali 2,162.0
East Asia TAR PRC Rail Xiangun-Yuxi-Mohan-Thanaleng 2,980.0
East Asia
AH
PRC
Road
Jinghong-Daluo
60.0
East Asia AH PRC Road Jinghong-Mohan 1,160.0
East Asia AH PRC Road Kashi-Honqiraf 70.0
East Asia AH PRC Road Lhasa-Zhangmu 140.0
East Asia CAREC PRC Road Lianyungang-Khorgas Expressway (Guozhigou and Qin Shui He) 393.0
East Asia
CAREC
PRC
Road
Road Construction (Jinghe-Ala Shankou)
70.0

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
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East Asia CAREC PRC Road Xinjiang Regional Road Improvement (Korla-Kuqa) 594.0
East Asia CAREC PRC
TF /
Logistics
Khorgas Global Logistics Center 100.0
East Asia CAREC PRC
TF /
Logistics
Logistics Development and Capacity Building in XUAR 0.6
East Asia CAREC PRC TF /
Logistics
Regional Customs Cooperation 0.4
East Asia ACP Regional Port NA 32953
East Asia TAR Republic of
Korea Rail Honam Line 10,500.0
East Asia TAR Republic of
Korea Rail Kyoubu Line 7,200.0
East Asia TAR Republic of
Korea Rail National Railway Development Plan 43,000.0
East/Southeast
Asia-Central
Asia
Other Regional Energy Central Asia-China Natural Gas (Turkmenistan-PRC Gas Pipeline) 2,200.0
East/Southeast
Asia-Central
Asia
Other Regional Energy Iran-Pakistan-India (IPI) Natural Gas Pipeline 7,500.0
East/Southeast
Asia-Central
Asia Other Regional Energy Myanmar-Bangladesh-India (MBI) Gas Pipeline 1,000.0
East/Southeast
Asia-Central
Asia
Other Regional Energy Myanmar-India Hydro Power Project 5,175.0
East/Southeast
Asia-Central
Asia
Other Regional Energy Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) Gas Pipeline Project 7,600.0
Other AH Armenia Road Bavra-Gumri 5.0
Other AH Armenia Road Border of Azerbaijan-Agarak-Meghri-Border of Azerbaijan 25.0
Other
AH
Armenia
Road
Goris-Agarak (Border of Islamic Republic of Iran)
56.0
Other AH Armenia Road Vaik-Gorhayq 30.0
Other TAR Armenia /
Iran Rail Gagarin-Meghri 2,000.0
Other TAR Georgia Rail Coastal Line Batumi-Kobuleti 25.0

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
38
Other TAR Georgia Rail Connecting rail networks of Georgia & Turkey 215.0
Other TAR Georgia Rail Kulevi Oil Terminal NA
Other
TAR
Georgia
Rail
Senaki-Poti Line
25.0
Other TAR Georgia Rail Tbilisi-Poti Line 450.0
Other AH Georgia Road Mtskheta-Kazbegi-Larsi 39.0
Other AH Georgia Road Poti-Batumi-Sarpi 123.0
Other
AH
Georgia
Road
Poti-Tbilisi-Red Bridge
2,300.0
Other TAR Georgia /
Turkey Rail Akhalkalaki-Kars 420.0
Other TAR Iran Rail Arak-Khosravi 820.0
Other TAR Iran Rail Qazvin-Rasht-Anzali-Astara 969.0
Other AH Iran Road Bazargan – Tabriz Freeway 250.0
Other
AH
Iran
Road
Khorramabad – Andimeshk
200.0
Other AH Iran Road Qazvin – Saveh Freeway 135.0
Other AH Iran Road Qeshm Bridge in Persian Gulf 349.0
Other AH Iran Road Sirjan – Bandar Abbas 290.0
Other
ACP
Regional
Port
NA
1637
Other AH Russian
Federation Road Border of Ukraine-Kursk-Voronezh-Saratov-Border of Kazakhstan 30.0
Other AH Russian
Federation Road Bridge over Kigach river in Astrakhan-Atyrau road section 11.0
Other AH Russian
Federation Road Moscow-Khabarovsk-Vladivostok 950.0
Other AH Russian
Federation Road Moscow-Tambov-Volgograd-Astrakhan-Mahachkala 300.0
Other AH Russian
Federation Road Yekaterinburg-Tumen-Ishim-Omsk 60.0
Other TAR Turkey Rail Electrification Projects 346.9
Other TAR Turkey Rail Kars-Tbilisi-Baku Railway Line 420.0
Other TAR Turkey Rail Procurement of Ferrries, Piers Extension, Establishment of Maintenance &
Repair Facility 67.0
Other TAR Turkey Rail Signaling Projects 866.5
Other
TAR
Turkey
Rail
Tatvan-Van
NA
Other AH Turkey Road Gerede-Merzifon 350.0

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South Asia TAR Bangladesh Rail Dohazari-Gundum (border with Myanmar) NA
South Asia TAR Bangladesh Rail Double tracking Akhaura-Laksham/Dhaka-Laksham chord line 200.0
South Asia TAR Bangladesh Rail Double tracking Chinkiastana-Laksham section, including signaling 70.0
South Asia TAR Bangladesh Rail Line capacity improvement Dhaka-Tongi through intermediate block signaling 5.0
South Asia TAR Bangladesh Rail Strengthening of Jamuna Bridge for higher axle load 25.0
South Asia TAR Bangladesh Rail Upgrading of signaling at 18 stations along Abdulpur-Parbatipur section (West
Zone) 22.0
South Asia TAR Bangladesh Rail Upgrading of signaling at 19 stations along Chittangong-Akhaura section
(West Zone) 25.0
South Asia
AH
Bangladesh
Road
Beldanga-Panchagarh
9.0
South Asia AH Bangladesh Road Chittagong-Cox’s Bazar-Ramu-Gundam 144.0
South Asia AH Bangladesh Road Dasuria-Paksey-Kushtia 4.0
South Asia AH Bangladesh Road Four laning of Daukandi-Chittagong 191.0
South Asia
AH
Bangladesh
Road
Jhenaidah-Jessore
5.0
South Asia AH Bhutan Road Phuentsholing-Thimphu double laning 60.0
South Asia TAR India Rail Dedicated Freight Corridors 7,800.0
South Asia TAR India Rail Jiribam-Kalay 649.0
South Asia
TAR
India
Rail
Moreh (India)/Tamu (Myanmar)
649.0
South Asia AH India Road India-Nepal border 1.0
South Asia AH India Road Madurai-Dhanushkodi 2.0
South Asia AH India Road Shillong-Dwaki 6.0
South Asia
AH
India
Road
Siliguri-Fulbari Mod-Border of Bangladesh
2.0
South Asia AH Nepal Road Kathmandu-Birgunj ICD link road 80.0
South Asia AH Nepal Road Naubise-Thankot (Tunnel)-Kathmandu-Kodari improvement and upgrading 24.0
South Asia AH Nepal Road New Koshi bridge at Chatara and widening of bridges in Pathalaiya-Dhalkebar 31.0
South Asia Other Regional Energy Bangladesh-Bhutan-Nepal-India Multilateral Power Line Interconnection 9.0
South Asia Other Regional Energy Bangladesh-India Power Project (Tata Group Proposal) 1,025.0
South Asia Other Regional Energy Bhutan-India HPP Projects 3,744.1

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South Asia Other Regional Energy Green Power Development (Bhutan) 234.5
South Asia SASEC Regional Energy India-Sri Lanka Grid Connection 133.0
South Asia
Other
Regional
Energy
West Seti Hydroelectric Project (NEP)
1,700.0
South Asia ACP Regional Port NA 4309
South Asia Other Regional TF /
Logistics Improving Connectivity and Destination Infrastructure for Sub regional Tourism
Development 89.5
South Asia SASEC Regional TF /
Logistics SASEC Information Highway Project (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal) 24.0
South Asia SASEC Regional TF /
Logistics Sub-regional Transport Logistics & Trade Facilitation Project (Bangladesh) 23.0
South Asia SASEC Regional TF /
Logistics Sub-regional Transport Logistics & Trade Facilitation Project (Bhutan) 48.0
South Asia SASEC Regional TF /
Logistics Sub-regional Transport Logistics & Trade Facilitation Project (India) 50.0
South Asia SASEC Regional TF /
Logistics Sub-regional Transport Logistics & Trade Facilitation Project (Nepal) 58.0
South Asia TAR Sri Lanka Rail Coast Line NA
South Asia TAR Sri Lanka Rail Connecting Line NA
South Asia
TAR
Sri Lanka
Rail
Northern Line
NA
South Asia AH Sri Lanka Road Land bridge connecting Sri Lanka and India 880.0
South Asia AH Sri Lanka Road Talaimannar-Medawachchiya 36.0
Southeast Asia TAR Cambodia Rail Bat Deng-Loc Ninh-HCM City 480.0
Southeast Asia
TAR
Cambodia
Rail
Poipet-Sisophon-Aranyaprathet
80.0
Southeast Asia GMS Cambodia Rail Rehabilitation of the Railway 73.0
Southeast Asia AH Cambodia Road Banlung (Rattanak Kiri)-Oyadav- Viet Nam Border 27.0
Southeast Asia AH Cambodia Road Battambang-Palin-Thailand Border 40.0
Southeast Asia
AH
Cambodia
Road
Neak Leoung Mekong River Bridge
200.0
Southeast Asia AH Cambodia Road NR7 Jct at Pratheat to Chhlong 20.0
Southeast Asia AH Cambodia Road NR7 Jct to Banlung (Rattanak Kiri) 44.0
Southeast Asia AH Cambodia Road Preak Kdam-Thnal Keng 6.0
Southeast Asia
AH
Cambodia
Road
Siem Reap-Stung Treng
260.0
Southeast Asia AH Cambodia Road Snoul to Sen Monorom (Mondulkiri)-Lumphat (Rattanak Kiri) 117.0
Southeast Asia AH Indonesia Road Improvement and upgrading of various sections (AH25) 15.0

ADBI Working Paper 248 Bhattacharyay
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Southeast Asia AH Indonesia Road Improvement and upgrading of various sections (AH2) 14.0
Southeast Asia TAR Lao PDR Rail Bua Yai-Savannakhet 6.3
Southeast Asia
TAR
Lao PDR
Rail
Ubonratchatani-Dong Ha
710.0
Southeast Asia TAR Lao PDR Rail Vientiane-Tan Ap 732.0
Southeast Asia TAR Lao PDR Rail Xiangun-Yuxi-Mohan-Thanaleng 1,000.0
Southeast Asia AH Lao PDR Road Oudomaxay-Muangkhua-Tai Chang 40.0
Southeast Asia
AH
Lao PDR
Road
Phiafai-Attapeu ( NH18A)
23.0
Southeast Asia GMS Lao PDR Road Route14A: Junction Route 16-Lao PDR/Cambodian border 33.0
Southeast Asia GMS Lao PDR Road Route16A: Junction Route 16 Junction Route 11 34.0
Southeast Asia GMS Lao PDR Road Second GMS Northern Transport Network Improvement: Luangprabang-Thanh
Hoa 40.0
Southeast Asia GMS Lao PDR
TF /
Logistics
GMS East-West Corridor 23.0
Southeast Asia
TAR
Myanmar
Rail
Jinghong-Tachilek-Denchai
436.0
Southeast Asia TAR Myanmar Rail Jiribam-Kalay 296.0
Southeast Asia TAR Myanmar Rail Lashio-Muse-Ruili-Dali 759.0
Southeast Asia
TAR
Myanmar
Rail
Thanphyuzayat-Namtok
246.0
Southeast Asia AH Myanmar Road Kyaing Tong-Takaw-Loilem-Taunggyi 23.0
Southeast Asia AH Myanmar Road Monywa-Kalay/Kalewa 40.0
Southeast Asia AH Myanmar Road Myawadi (Border of Thailand)-Kawkareik 19.0
Southeast Asia
AH
Philippines
Road
Candelaria Bypass
5.0
Southeast Asia AH Philippines Road Cebu North Coastal Road 6.0
Southeast Asia AH Philippines Road Cotabato City Bypass 7.0
Southeast Asia AH Philippines Road Daraga Diversion Road 9.0
Southeast Asia
AH
Philippines
Road
Davao City Coastal Road
6.0
Southeast Asia AH Philippines Road Digos City Bypass 4.0
Southeast Asia AH Philippines Road General Santos City Bypass 9.0
Southeast Asia AH Philippines Road Koronadal City Bypass 6.0
Southeast Asia
AH
Philippines
Road
Palo Bypass
2.0
Southeast Asia AH Philippines Road Panabo City Bypass 6.0
Southeast Asia AH Philippines Road San Jose City Bypass 8.0
Southeast Asia AH Philippines Road Santiago City Bypass 2.0
Southeast Asia
AH
Philippines
Road
Sariaya Bypass
5.0
Southeast Asia AH Philippines Road Sipocot-Putiao Diversion Road 36.0

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Southeast Asia AH Philippines Road Tagum City Bypass 8.0
Southeast Asia AH Philippines Road Tiaong Bypass 2.0
Southeast Asia
AH
Philippines
Road
Tuguegarao City Bypass
5.0
Southeast Asia ASEAN PRC Energy Jinghong dam on the upper Mekong in PRC’s Yunnan province 1200
Southeast Asia GMS PRC Rail Mengzhi-Hekou railway line 1,450.0
Southeast Asia GMS PRC Road Lao PDR-Myanmar: Bridge over Mekong bet. Xieng Kok & Kyaing Lap inc.
access road 34.0
Southeast Asia GMS PRC Road Western Yunnan Roads Development II 250.0
Southeast Asia
Other
Regional
Energy
Batam (Indonesia)-Singapore PTL Project
177.0
Southeast Asia
BIMP-
EAGA
Regional Energy BIMP-EAGA Renewable Energy Investment Fund 100.0
Southeast Asia GMS Regional Energy Cambodia: Transmission Line-220kV link between Kampot and Shihanoukville 52.4
Southeast Asia Other Regional Energy Cambodia-Viet Nam; Sambor CPEC HPP 1,059.0
Southeast Asia GMS Regional Energy Developing the Regional Transmission and Regulatory Authority 1.0
Southeast Asia
GMS
Regional
Energy
Lao PDR: GMS Northern Power Transmission
53.5
Southeast Asia GMS Regional Energy Lao PDR-Cambodia-Viet Nam Power Interconnection: A Study 1.3
Southeast Asia GMS Regional Energy Lao PDR-Thailand: GMS Nabong-Udon Thani Power Transmission and
Interconnection 110.0
Southeast Asia GMS Regional Energy Lao PDR-Thailand: Nam Ngiep 1 261 MW Hydropower Project 380.0
Southeast Asia GMS Regional Energy Lao PDR-Thailand: Nam Ngum 3 440 MW Hydropower Project 600.0
Southeast Asia GMS Regional Energy Lao PDR-Thailand: Xe Pian-Xenamnoy 390 MW Hydropower Project 400.0
Southeast Asia Other Regional Energy Lao PDR-Thailand; Nam Ngum HPP 1,401.0
Southeast Asia Other Regional Energy Lao PDR-Thailand; NAM Theun 2 HPP 2,478.0
Southeast Asia Other Regional Energy Lao PDR-Thailand; Xe Khaman 1 1,066.0
Southeast Asia
Other
Regional
Energy
Lao PDR-Thailand; Xe Pian HPP
888.0
Southeast Asia Other Regional Energy Lao PDR-Viet Nam PTL Project 118.0
Southeast Asia GMS Regional Energy Lao PDR-Viet Nam: GMS 500 kV Lao PDR-Viet Nam Interconnection (Ban
Sok-Pleiku) 270.0

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Southeast Asia Other Regional Energy Malaysia-Brunei PTL Project 18.0
Southeast Asia Other Regional Energy Malaysia-West Kalimantan PTL 18.0
Southeast Asia
Other
Regional
Energy
Myanmar-Thailand; Tasang HPP
8,200.0
Southeast Asia GMS Regional Energy Nam kong 1 (Lao PDR) 100 MW Hydropower Project 250.0
Southeast Asia GMS Regional Energy Nam Mo-Ban Mai Interconnection Project 14.4
Southeast Asia Other Regional Energy Peninsular Malaysia-Sumatra 143.0
Southeast Asia
ASEAN
Regional
Energy
Power market/power trade system development
183
Southeast Asia GMS Regional Energy PRC-Thailand Power Transmission through Lao PDR 70.0
Southeast Asia Other Regional Energy PRC-Thailand; Jinghong HPP 3,417.0
Southeast Asia Other Regional Energy PRC-Thailand; Nuozhadu HPP 12,528.0
Southeast Asia ASEAN Regional Energy
Private sector mobilization for large hydro dam and transmission line
construction
800
Southeast Asia ASEAN Regional Energy Regional transmission lines and switching stations; 2400
Southeast Asia GMS Regional Energy Sub regional Strategy for Cooperation in Renewable Energy 1.2
Southeast Asia
Other
Regional
Energy
Thailand-Cambodia Transmission PTL
7.0
Southeast Asia
Other
Regional
Energy
Thailand-Lao PRD PTL
125.0
Southeast Asia Other Regional Energy Thailand-Myanmar PTL 91.0
Southeast Asia ASEAN Regional Energy Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline 7000
Southeast Asia
Other
Regional
Energy
Viet Nam-Cambodia PTL
7.0
Southeast Asia GMS Regional Energy Viet Nam-PRC (Yunnan) 500kV Power Interconnection 400.0
Southeast Asia ACP Regional Port NA 9525
Southeast Asia ASEAN Regional Rail Cambodia-Lao PDR-Viet Nam 1800
Southeast Asia
ASEAN
Regional
Rail
Lao PDR-PRC
1100
Southeast Asia ASEAN Regional Rail Lao PDR-PRC 5700
Southeast Asia ASEAN Regional Rail Lao PDR-Viet Nam-Thailand 1100
Southeast Asia ASEAN Regional Rail Lao PDR-Viet Nam-Thailand 1100
Southeast Asia
ASEAN
Regional
Rail
Myanmar-Thailand-PRC
6000
Southeast Asia TAR Thailand Rail Bua Yai-Savannakhet 900.0
Southeast Asia TAR Thailand Rail Jinghong-Tachilek-Denchai 650.0
Southeast Asia TAR Thailand Rail Poipet-Sisophon-Aranyaprathet 0.5
Southeast Asia
TAR
Thailand
Rail
Thanphyuzayat-Namtok
491.0
Southeast Asia TAR Thailand Rail Ubonratchatani-Dong Ha 288.0
Southeast Asia GMS Thailand Road Highway Expansion Project 230.0
Southeast Asia GMS Viet Nam Port Van Phong Deep Sea Port 200.0

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Southeast Asia TAR Viet Nam Rail Bat Deng-Loc Ninh-HCM City 350.0
Southeast Asia TAR Viet Nam Rail Ubonratchatani-Dong Ha 226.0
Southeast Asia
TAR
Viet Nam
Rail
Vientiane-Tan Ap
143.0
Southeast Asia AH Viet Nam Road Bien Hoa-Vung Tau Expressway (4-6 lanes) 600.0
Southeast Asia AH Viet Nam Road Da Nang-Quang Ngai (4 lanes) 700.0
Southeast Asia GMS Viet Nam Road Dau Giay-Lien Khuong Expressway 600.0
Southeast Asia
GMS
Viet Nam
Road
GMS Ha Long-Mong Cai Highway
1,000.0
Southeast Asia GMS Viet Nam Road GMS Southern Coastal Road Corridor II 140.0
Southeast Asia AH Viet Nam Road Ha Noi Ring Road 600.0
Southeast Asia AH Viet Nam Road Ha Noi-Hai Phong Expressway (4-6 lanes) 410.0
Southeast Asia
GMS
Viet Nam
Road
Ha Noi-Lang Son Expressway
300.0
Southeast Asia AH Viet Nam Road Ha Noi-Lao Cai Expressway 600.0
Southeast Asia GMS Viet Nam Road Kunming-Haiphong Transport Corridor-Noi Bai-Lao Cai Hway 1,216.0
Southeast Asia AH Viet Nam Road Rehabilitation of Soai Rap Assess Channel in Ho Chi Minh City 120.0
Southeast Asia AH Viet Nam Road Sai Gon-Long Thanh-Dau Day (4-6 lanes) 350.0
Southeast Asia GMS Viet Nam Road Second GMS Northern Transport Network Improvement: Luangprabang-Thanh
Hoa 95.0
Southeast Asia AH Viet Nam Road Van Phong Transshipment Hubport 200.0
Southeast Asia
AH
Viet Nam
Road
Vinh-Cau Treo rehabilitation
44.0
Southeast Asia GMS Viet Nam
TF /
Logistics
GMS East-West Corridor 140.0
TOTAL
320,642.8