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Antioxidant, cytoprotective and antibacterial effects of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaves
Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant, cytoprotective and antibacterial effects of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Sea buckthorn) (SBT) leaves by using various in vitro systems and analysis of marker compounds by reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The chemical composition of the leaf extracts was quantified by colorimetric reaction in terms of total phenol and flavonoids contents. Further, some of its bioactive phenolic constituents, such as quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol and isorhamnetin were also quantified in both SBT leaf extracts by RP-HPLC. The SBT leaf extracts exhibited potent antioxidant activity determined by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Further, both extracts were observed to have cytoprotective activity against hydrogen peroxide and hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase induced damage to BHK-21 cell line. The SBT leaf extracts showed growth inhibiting effect against Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. These observations suggest that aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Sea buckthorn leaves have marked antioxidant, cytoprotective and antibacterial activities.
... 10,11 Systematic scientific studies have shown that SBT leaf aqueous lyophilised extract (SBTL-ALE) possesses significant antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, radioprotective and adaptogenic properties. [12][13][14][15][16] Phytochemical characterisation of SBTL-ALE was previously performed in the author's laboratory and it was found to be rich in polyphenols and flavonoids. This extract has also shown potent free radical scavenging, antioxidative, cytoprotective and antibacterial activities. ...
... This extract has also shown potent free radical scavenging, antioxidative, cytoprotective and antibacterial activities. 16 The reversephase high-performance liquid chromatograph (RP-HPLC) fingerprint of SBTL-ALE revealed the presence of quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, kaempferol and isorhamnetin. 16 Previous studies from our laboratory have suggested the beneficial healing effects of SBTL-ALE in treating normal and burn wounds in rats. ...
... 16 The reversephase high-performance liquid chromatograph (RP-HPLC) fingerprint of SBTL-ALE revealed the presence of quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, kaempferol and isorhamnetin. 16 Previous studies from our laboratory have suggested the beneficial healing effects of SBTL-ALE in treating normal and burn wounds in rats. 17,18 However, the healing efficacy of the SBTL-ALE pertaining to diabetic wounds has not yet been explored. ...
Objective
The present investigation was undertaken to determine the healing efficacy of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (sea buckthorn (SBT)) leaf aqueous lyophilised extract (SBTL-ALE) on a diabetic wound model in rats. The effect of SBTL-ALE was also evaluated on human epithelial cell lines (A431) by using in vitro wound closure and transwell migration assays.
Method
A total of four full-thickness excision-type wounds were created on the dorsal surface of streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. The animals were divided into two groups: control rats treated with soft white petroleum jelly and experimental rats treated with SBTL-ALE (5.0%, weight/weight) ointment applied topically, twice daily for seven days.
Results
SBTL-ALE significantly (p<0.05) accelerated the migration of epithelial cells in in vitro wound closure and transwell migration assays. Further, SBTL-ALE augmented the healing process by significantly (p<0.05) enhanced wound area contraction, faster complete epithelial closure, increased hydroxyproline (collagen) and hexosamine levels in diabetic rats. Histopathological findings confirmed the healing potential of SBTL-ALE. Immunohistochemical analyses showed increased expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and α-smooth muscle actin in SBTL-ALE-treated wounds of diabetic rats. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione levels increased, whereas reactive oxygen levels were decreased significantly (p<0.05) in SBTL-ALE-treated wounds compared to diabetic controls, which conferred redox homeostasis.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that SBTL-ALE accelerated transdermal wound healing in diabetic rats by increasing the rate of wound contraction, enhancing levels of collagen, hexosamine and endogenous antioxidants, and reducing oxidative stress.
... Besides, the leaves are known to be rich in antioxidants, vitamins (A, C, and E) and flavonoids (Kumar et al., 2011;Kwon et al., 2017). In addition, leaves have been shown to possess beneficial antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties (Ganju et al., 2005;Upadhyay et al., 2010). The chronic silent inflammation and visceral obesity are major causative factors in several widespread diseases connected to western diet and lifestyle e.g., distorted hepatic and lipid metabolism, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, vascular diseases, arthritis, and older age memory diseases. ...
... These findings parallel the trend observed in our study, with Gram-positive strain S. aureus exhibiting greater sensitivity to the extracts. In a study by (Upadhyay et al., 2010), the agar diffusion assay demonstrated the effectiveness of sea buckthorn leaf extract against Bacillus cereus (Gram-positive), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative), S. aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis (Gram-positive). The authors attributed this efficacy to phenolic constituents in the extract, particularly quercetin derivatives. ...
... Isorhamnetin isolated from SBT, showed significant antioxidant activity in several antioxidant assays 18 . The review of literature revealed that there are lots of studies are available related to antioxidant properties of H. rhamnoides at international and national levels 6,7,9,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] . While, in Himachal Pradesh such studies on this species mainly focused on berries and seeds 7,27-29 , except, a single study on the antioxidant potential of H. rhamnoides methanolic leaf extract 16 . ...
... Phenolic compounds are known to exert preventive activity against infectious and degenerative diseases, inflammation and allergies via antioxidant, antimicrobial and proteins/enzymes neutralization/modulation mechanisms 42 . Several investigators recognised H. rhamnoides as a good source of high phenolic compounds with excellent antioxidant activity 6,7,9,12,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] and also its important therapeutic uses 43 . In the present study total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity were determined to analyse the chemical composition of H. rhamnoides ssp. ...
The present study evaluated phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of leaf, stem and root methanolic extracts of a high altitude species, Hippophae rhamnoides L. ssp. turkestanica Rousi (Elaeagnaceae). H. rhamnoides ssp. turkestanica was collected from four distantly located populations in Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve. Total phenolic contents across populations were ranged from 62±2.81 to 78±0.61; 80±2.67 to 98±0.62 and 77±3.83 to 97±0.35 mg GAE g-1 of extracts in leaves stems and roots, respectively. Flavonoid contents across populations ranged from 26±0.48 to 36±0.48; 34±4.38 to 53±5.59 and 65±0.48 to 75±0.28 mg QE g-1 of extracts in leaves, stems and roots, respectively. Phenolic and flavonoid contents were significantly higher in the stem and root extracts as compared to leaf extracts. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant variation among populations. All extracts exhibit strong antioxidant activity determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and reducing power, assays. The percent inhibition was found to increase with every unit increase in concentration. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging reached up to 88.38 % and 99.49 % at a concentration of 400 g mL-1 , respectively. Reducing power ranged from 0.203 to 0.593 at concentrations ranging from 50 to 400 µg mL-1. Therefore, present study strongly supports Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. turkestanica as a potent source of antioxidant and could be utilised as natural source of antioxidants in pharmaceuticals and food industry.
... It was previously reported that sea buckthorn leaves possess antimicrobial activity against various pathogens and can be promising antimicrobial alternatives in the food, pharmacy, and cosmetic industries [70]. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of A. cordata leaf and root, sea buckthorn leaf, and industrial hemp leaf SLE and EAE_Visc extracts were investigated against seven pathogens: Streptococcus intermedius, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Listeria monocytogenes. ...
... Therefore, these results are not presented in Table 9. On the other hand, the water-based SLE and EAE_Visc sea buckthorn extracts showed positive effects against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria, as presented in Table 9. Upadhyay et al. reported a study on the antibacterial activity of sea buckthorn leaf water and 70% ethanol extracts and found that, depending on the concentration, waterbased extracts can positively inhibit S. aureus and E. coli pathogens [70]. Another study conducted by Criste et al. confirms the antibacterial activity of sea buckthorn leaves against S. aureus, but it also highlights that the effectiveness of the inhibition may vary depending on the type of plant species [11]. ...
Plant leaves are a source of essential phenolic compounds, which have numerous health benefits and can be used in multiple applications. While various techniques are available for recovering bioactive compounds from by-products, more data are needed on enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE). The aim of this study was to compare EAE and solid–liquid extraction (SLE), to evaluate the impact on bioactive compounds’ extraction yield, phytochemical composition, and the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic properties of Aralia cordata leaves and roots, sea buckthorn Hippophae rhamnoides, and hemp Cannabis sativa leaves. The results indicate that EAE with Viscozyme L enzyme (EAE_Visc) extracts of the tested plant leaves possess the highest yield, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content. Moreover, the EAE_Visc extract increased by 40% the total sugar content compared to the control extract of A. cordata root. Interestingly, the sea buckthorn leaf extracts exhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, which reached an almost 99% inhibition in all extracts. Furthermore, the sea buckthorn leaves SLE and EAE_Visc extracts possess antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy was used to examine changes in cell wall morphology after EAE. Overall, this study shows that EAE can be a promising method for increasing the yield and improving the functional properties of the resulting extracts in a fast and sustainable way compared to SLE.
... The whole plant of HR-berries, roots, leaves, stems and branches-contain various kinds of phenolics, including flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins and phenolic acids [24,25]. The leaves of the plant contain nutrients and bioactive components including various phenolic components-flavonols such as quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin (mostly in glycosidic forms), flavons-3-ols such as various catechins (epicatechin, gallocatechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin), phenolic acids like gallic, ferulic, and ellagic acids, procyanidins, leucoanthocyanidins [8,9], but also amino acids such as 0.13% methionine, 0.73% lysine, as well as 0.13% cysteine, 20.7% proteins [10]; folic acids, isoprenols, esterified sterols, triterpenols [11], vitamin E and minerals like K, Ca and Mg [8,11]. The fresh leaves of HR are a rich source of chlorophyll (98.8 mg/100 g), which is an indicator of the excellent trait of green vegetables while carotenoids concentration is 26.3 mg/100 g. ...
... The fresh leaves of HR are a rich source of chlorophyll (98.8 mg/100 g), which is an indicator of the excellent trait of green vegetables while carotenoids concentration is 26.3 mg/100 g. Hydrolysable ellagitannins and gallotannins of monomeric type like casuarictin, strictinin, casuarinin, isostrictinin, isorhamnetin, quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, and kaempferol in leaf extracts of the plant were also identified [9]. ...
Fruits, seeds, and leaves of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Elaeagnaceae) are widely used in folk medicine. Although the fruits are usually used, the leaves also need attention.
The aim of the study was to estimate the content of polyphenolic compounds in methanolic and water extracts of fresh fruits and fresh and dried leaves of H. rhamnoides using LC-MS/MS method.
Almost 2.5 times more total phenols and 1.7 times more total flavonols were found in methanolic extracts (24 h) of leaves than in their water extracts (10 min). The methanolic and water extracts contained almost 10 times more total phenolics from leaves than from fruits. Methanolic and water extracts from leaves contained also more flavonols than water extracts (1.7 and 24 times, respectively).
A total of 30 compounds were found in fruits and leaves of H. rhamnoides. The methanolic and water extracts of fruits contained significant amounts of isorhamnetin rutinoside (48.5 mg/100 g and 44.4 mg/100 g, respectively), isorhamnetin glycoside (21.6 mg/100 g and 23.3 mg/100 g) and quercetin rutinoside (both about 20 mg/100 g). The methanolic extract of dried leaves contained the most catechin dimer, which was higher in fresh leaves (36 and 55 mg/100 g). The dried leaves also contained more quercetin-3-O-glucoside- 7-O-rhamnoside and its isomer than the fresh sample. Methanol extracted significantly more isorhamnetin rutinoside, isorhamnetin glucoside and isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnosides than water (~10, 5, and 4 times, respectively).
The leaves of H. rhamnoides deserve further attention due to their rich phenolic composition. This work was supported by the MSCA4Ukraine (1232466).
... The whole plant of HR-berries, roots, leaves, stems and branches-contain various kinds of phenolics, including flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins and phenolic acids [24,25]. The leaves of the plant contain nutrients and bioactive components including various phenolic components-flavonols such as quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin (mostly in glycosidic forms), flavons-3-ols such as various catechins (epicatechin, gallocatechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin), phenolic acids like gallic, ferulic, and ellagic acids, procyanidins, leucoanthocyanidins [8,9], but also amino acids such as 0.13% methionine, 0.73% lysine, as well as 0.13% cysteine, 20.7% proteins [10]; folic acids, isoprenols, esterified sterols, triterpenols [11], vitamin E and minerals like K, Ca and Mg [8,11]. The fresh leaves of HR are a rich source of chlorophyll (98.8 mg/100 g), which is an indicator of the excellent trait of green vegetables while carotenoids concentration is 26.3 mg/100 g. ...
... The fresh leaves of HR are a rich source of chlorophyll (98.8 mg/100 g), which is an indicator of the excellent trait of green vegetables while carotenoids concentration is 26.3 mg/100 g. Hydrolysable ellagitannins and gallotannins of monomeric type like casuarictin, strictinin, casuarinin, isostrictinin, isorhamnetin, quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, and kaempferol in leaf extracts of the plant were also identified [9]. ...
The fruits of the Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) are a popular plant food and a valuable health pro-duct. Cultivating of plants produces a lot of leaves with fine branches as an unnecessary residue, which need valor-ization. The aim of the study was to estimate (by HPLC-MS/MS) the qualitative and quantitative content ofpolyphenolic compounds in different parts of H. rhamnoides (HR), and to determine the level of antioxidantactivity of leaves and fruits (by DPPH, ABTS methods and ferrozine test). Up to 19 compounds were identifiedin different parts of HR. The fruits are rich in flavonoids, including various glycosides of flavonols isorhamnetin,quercetin, and kaempferol. Two isorhamnetin glycosides were not identified in the leaves, while isorhamnetin-3-rhamnosylglactosides and the ellagitannins hippophaenin B, stachyurin and casuarinin were present only in theleaves of the plant. The bark and roots contained considerably more catechins, but minimal flavonols than thefruits and leaves of HR. The total phenolics and flavonols were most abundant in water infusions from leavesof HR (especially quercetin-3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside), compared to methanolic extracts. No significant dif-ferences in the quantitative and qualitative content of the fresh and dried leaves were detected. The highest anti-oxidant activity by all three methods was detected in the leaves of HR. In addition to the fruits, the leaves mayhave a perspective as a source of biologically active substances of HR.
(1) (PDF) Polyphenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373581010_Polyphenolic_Compounds_and_Antioxidant_Activity_of_Sea_Buckthorn_Hippophae_rhamnoides_L [accessed Sep 01 2023].
... Hippohae rhmnoides Linn. Плоды оказывают комплексный антиоксидантный эффект [19]. Современные исследования подтверждают противораковый, антидиабетический, противомикробный, протективный эффект при радиационном облучении [19,21]. ...
... Плоды оказывают комплексный антиоксидантный эффект [19]. Современные исследования подтверждают противораковый, антидиабетический, противомикробный, протективный эффект при радиационном облучении [19,21]. Разные части облепихи являются потенциальным сырьем для получения иммуномодулирующих, противоязвенных, сердечно-сосудистых, косметических средств. ...
Приводятся данные анализа фармакологический активности антивозрастного сбора «Rgas pa gso ba bchud len chen mo», который содержит 18 компонентов растительного происхождения и используется в традиционной тибетской медицине для замедления признаков старения, увеличения продолжительности жизни, улучшения памяти, зрения, избавления от физического истощения, увеличения половой потенции. Констатируется, что наибольшее число (9 видов) растений, входящих в сбор, обладают антиоксидантным эффектом. Очень хорошо представлены в сборе растения с иммуномодулирующими свойствами. Пять растений сбора обладают общеукрепляющим действием, а три - тонизирующим эффектом. Хорошо представлены в сборе растения с гепатопротекторным, кардиопротекторным и нейропротекторным действием. Два компонента сбора являются афродизиаками. Один компонент обладает непосредственным геропротекторным эффектом
... Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies on the biological activity of preparations obtained from various organs of sea buckthorn indicate that this plant may be a source of chemical compounds with anticancer activity, antiulcer and hepatoprotective effects, as well as antibacterial and antiviral properties (1). The biological activity of these preparations may result from the presence of vitamins, phenolic compounds, tocopherols, carotenoids, amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, micro-and macroelements (3,4,5). It is assumed that sea buckthorn could contribute to alleviating disease symptoms in type 2 diabetes mellitus (6). ...
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) has many beneficial health properties. In our previous study we showed suppression of hyperglycaemia, water intake, decreased sorbitol levels in the lens of the eyes after sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) treatment in Zucker diabetic fatty rats (animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) with better antioxidant properties of dried berries. Afterwards, we decided to compare the effects of metformin (150 mg/kg b.wt.) and sea buckthorn dried berries (500 or 1000 mg/kg b.wt.) or leaves infusion per os administration on the liver histology in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Moreover, following biochemical parameters in the blood serum were determined: alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, cholesterol and triglycerides. The histological analyses revealed the appearance of lipid droplets within the liver tissue of diabetic ZDF rats which were not observed in the non-diabetic control animals. Administration of both metformin and sea buckthorn caused a decrease in the number of lipid droplets in the liver. In ZDF rats, an increase in AST, ALP, bilirubin, cholesterol and triglyceride in blood serum was noticed. In comparison with diabetic animals, metformin and sea buckthorn administration did not change the biochemical parameters but only a tendency to reduce some biochemical parameters was noticed. The obtained results suggest that sea buckthorn dried fruits as well as leaves infusion may have biological potential to be used in prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases. Next studies are needed to analyse the exact mechanism of action, develop and promote sea buckthorn berries as a functional food or natural therapeutical products.
... The ferric ion-reducing activity of the extracts was determined according to Upadhyay et al. (2010). In this method, 2850 µL of FRAP solution, consisting of 300 mM acetate buffer, 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ) solution in 10 mM HCl, and 20 mM FeCl 3 ·6H 2 O, was mixed with 150 µL of the extract. ...
The concepts of sustainable and green technology have come to the forefront due to problems such as increasing environmental pollution, depletion of resources, and uncontrolled increases in industrialization. Green chemistry aims to reduce or completely eliminate pollution in the environment. In this study, both the ultrasonic method, which is a form of green technology, and deep eutectic solvents, which are among green solvents, were used, and a perspective on creating economic value from a waste product (celery root peel) is presented. In this context, phytochemical compounds (total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities) were obtained from celery root peels by ultrasonic-assisted extraction using 10 different choline chloride–based deep eutectic solvents, and the results were compared with methanol, an organic solvent. As a result, according to the total flavonoid content, the most effective deep eutectic solvent was choline chloride to sucrose, while according to the antioxidant activity value, choline chloride to lactic acid was found to be effective. For all of the analyzed bioactive compounds, higher or equal yields were obtained with all deep eutectic solvent extracts compared to methanol, and deep eutectic solvents could be alternatives to organic solvents (such as methanol) that may have toxic effects on humans or the environment.
... Flavonoids and tannins are known to be toxic to microorganisms and tannins have antibacterial properties [35][36][37][38]. Some authors have shown that aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves rich in phenolic compounds inhibit the growth of B. cereus and S. aureus [39]. Phenolic compounds exert their antimicrobial power through a mechanism similar to that of aldehydes, with inhibitory efficacy proportional to the degree of hydrophobicity [40,11]. ...
... Secondary metabolites including flavonoids, phenols, and similar chemicals have strong antioxidant and antibacterial activity and are the basis for medicinal plants' therapeutic potential, which is increasingly being considered in the treatment of human diseases. [5] The presence of these compounds increases the potential for antitumor, antimutagenic, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial activities of medicinal plants in a lesser or larger capacity. [6] The genus Indigofera (Fabaceae) has about 750 species spread all over the tropics and semi-tropics. ...
... These compounds suppress gram-negative bacteria (Khan et al., 2010) and reduce gram-positive bacteria (Kumar and Sagar, 2007). Antimicrobial activities of sea buckthorn fruits (PuupponenPimia et al., 2001), seeds (Chauhan et al., 2007) and leaves (Upadhyay et al., 2010) have been reported. Kaushal et al. (2011) noted that the seed oil showed antimicrobial activity against E. coli. ...
This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of sea buckthorn meal alone and in combination with bilberry leaves on growth performance, health status and intestinal microflora in broiler chickens. A total of 90 healthy 1-day-old Cobb 500 broilers were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups and housed in digestibility cages under controlled environmental conditions. The dietary treatments included a basal diet (T0), a basal diet +1% sea buckthorn meal (T1) and a basal diet + 1% sea buckthorn meal and bilberry leaves (T2). The results showed that experimental diets did not influenced the growth performance. At 42 d, T2 had the highest serum iron level among the three groups. Compared to T0, T1 and T2 significantly reduced Enterobacteriaceae, E.coli and staphylococci in the cecal and intestinal contents and improved the lactobacilli populations number. The most effective way to reduce the number of harmful bacteria in the cecal content was through the diet that contained sea buckthorn meal alone. In conclusion, adding sea buckthorn meal in the diet of broiler chickens can be an effective solution to promote a healthy gut microflora. This aligns with the current strategy of reducing agro-industrial food waste by repurposing it in other industries.
... In the study by Cho et al. [52], the TP content in sea buckhorn leaf tea and green tea extracts ranged only from 23 to 66 and from 33 to 118 mg GAE/1 g DM, respectively. Upadhyay et al. [53] also reported that 70% ethanol was optimal for extracting phenolic compounds from sea buckthorn leaves. The variability of TP has been recorded due to the influence of a number of factors, such as the type of locality, the year of harvest, and cultivars [11,24]. ...
Each year, agro-foods produce thousands of tonnes of by-products that contain high-value, unique nutrients. The application of plant by-products enables agro-food corporations to obtain value from them and avoid using natural resources. The idea of the bio economy protects against environmental pollution and leads to a cheap source of bioactive components, which can be transformed into value-added products for other industries. The numerous publications on the positive impact of sea buckthorn (SBT, Hippophae rhamnoides L., Elaeagnaceae family) and its products on human health mainly concern its fruits and seeds. However, there are few data relating to the properties of SBT leaves. The leaves of SBT can be a rich source of nutrients and biologically active substances. In this investigation, we report the study of the leaves of four SBT cultivars. We determined their antioxidant capacities, measured total polyphenols and total flavonoids, and quantified their major polyphenols and alkaloids. The results show that SBT leaves are a source of antioxidants and alkaloids. Additionally, in this raw material, we identified the presence of individual flavonols (rutoside and quercetin), individual anthocyanidins (cyaniding, delphinidin, and peonidin), and chelerythrine by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) for the first time. Through these types of studies, we aim to revalue this raw material, which is not well known in the world. Considering its nutritional properties, we seek to increase the use of its high-value, unique nutrients in food processing, medicine, and animal nutrition, in accordance with the goals of a closed-loop bioeconomy.
... Subsequently, their absorbance was measured at 593 nm. The results were expressed in Trolox equivalents (TE) (Upadhyay et al. 2010, Kumlay et al. 2021). ...
... The ferric ion-reducing activity of extracts was determined using the method by Upadhyay et al. [40]. A spectrophotometer was used to measure the absorbance at 593 nm. ...
... Furthermore, hydroxygallic acid, caffeoylquinate shikimate derivative, tri-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, and catechin-Odihexoside are being reported for the first time in sea buckthorn pomace and seeds, contributing to the unique polyphenol profile of the variety grown in Newfoundland. Moreover, quercetin-3-O-(6 00 -benzoyl)-⊎-galactoside has previously been detected in sea buckthorn leaves, 35 but this flavonoid derivative is being reported for the first time as an insoluble-bound compound in the berry's seeds. ...
BACKGROUND
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) was introduced into Canada in the early 2000s. This plant bears fruits with high commercial value in other countries due to its premium oil. Nevertheless, sea buckthorn berries are also a rich source of bioactives with nutraceutical potential, especially the variety grown in Newfoundland (Canada), which has not previously been characterized. As such, this study evaluated the composition of polyphenols in sea buckthorn pomace and seeds, as well as their prospective health‐promoting effects.
RESULTS
Polyphenolic identification by high‐performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet–mass spectrometry–time of flight revealed the presence of 24 compounds in the seeds and 16 compounds in the pomace, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, with ellagic acid derivative IV (pomace, 52.13 μg g⁻¹) and (+)‐catechin (seeds, 690.8 μg g⁻¹) being the most dominant. Sea buckthorn extracts displayed in vitro antidiabetic and anti‐obesity potential by inhibiting α‐glucosidase (71.52–99.31%) and pancreatic lipase (15.80–35.61%) enzymes, respectively. The extracts also protected low‐density‐lipoprotein cholesterol (50.97–89.67%) and supercoiled DNA (35.11–79.84%) from oxidative damage.
CONCLUSION
Sea buckthorn berries grown in Canada showed promising health benefits induced by their rich and diverse polyphenolic profile and need to be considered for further commercial expansion as a bioactive‐loaded superfruit. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
... These values are significantly higher than in the fruits of gooseberry, cornel and lemon. The vitamin C content of sea buckthorn fruits ranges from 52.86 to 896 mg/100 g [19,42]. ...
Sea buckthorn is a promising species that, under the conditions of Eastern Europe, has shown high productivity and is also a good and possible source of a wide range of bioactive compounds that have a positive effect on the human body, especially polyphenols and carotenoids. Due to the content of biologically active substances in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), the species is of growing interest to scientists, the food industry, the pharmaceutical industry, the cosmetics industry and consumers. The aim of this study is to investigate the productivity and the correlation between the chemical composition and the antibacterial effect of four cultivars of sea buckthorn (Clara, Dora, Cora, Mara), cultivated in the Republic of Moldova. Sea buckthorn fruits were harvested at the stage of full ripening. Berry samples were frozen at minus 25 °C, stored for 6 months and whole fruits of sea buckthorn were studied. All quantitative characteristics were calculated in terms of absolutely dry raw material (dry weight). The sea buckthorn cultivars tested were found to have a different carotenoid contents (1.79–48.92 mg/100 g), ascorbic acid contents (74.36–373.38 mg/100 g), organic acids (malic acid 5.8–13.4 mg/100 g, citric acid 0.08–0.321 mg/100 g, succinic acid 0.03–1.1 mg/100 g), total dry matter contents (16.71–24.54%), titratable acidities (2.15–8.76%) and pH values (2.73–3.00). The antimicrobial activity of sea buckthorn, evaluated by the diameter of the inhibition zone, constituted for Bacillus pumilus 3.70–15.91 mm/g−1 for whole sea buckthorn fruits and 13.33–26.67 mm/g−1 for sea buckthorn purees.
... Traditional medicine in China and Russia has previously employed this plant to treat dermatological diseases. Additionally, numerous studies have highlighted the pharmacological effects of Hippophae rhamnoides, including its antioxidant [29], antimicrobial [30], anti-atherogenic [31], cardioprotective [31], hepatoprotective [32], radioprotective [33], and tissue regeneration properties [34]. Nonetheless, research on the antiviral activity of Hippophae rhamnoides remains limited. ...
The limited availability of antiviral therapy for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spurred the search for novel antiviral drugs. Here, we investigated the potential antiviral properties of plants adapted to high-salt environments collected in the north of France. Twenty-five crude methanolic extracts obtained from twenty-two plant species were evaluated for their cytotoxicity and antiviral effectiveness against coronaviruses HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2. Then, a bioguided fractionation approach was employed. The most active crude methanolic extracts were partitioned into three different sub-extracts. Notably, the dichloromethane sub-extract of the whole plant Hippophae rhamnoides L. demonstrated the highest antiviral activity against both viruses. Its chemical composition was evaluated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) and then it was fractionated by centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). Six cinnamoyl triterpenoid compounds were isolated from the three most active fractions by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by high resolution MS (HR-MS) and mono- and bi-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Specifically, these compounds were identified as 2-O-trans-p-coumaroyl-maslinic acid, 3β-hydroxy-2α-trans-p-coumaryloxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3β-hydroxy-2α-cis-p-coumaryloxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-O-trans-caffeoyl oleanolic acid, a mixture of 3-O-trans-caffeoyl oleanolic acid/3-O-cis-caffeoyl oleanolic acid (70/30), and 3-O-trans-p-coumaroyl oleanolic acid. Infection tests demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of these triterpenes against HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2. Notably, cinnamoyl oleanolic acids displayed activity against both SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E. Our findings suggest that Hippophae rhamnoides could represent a source of potential antiviral agents against coronaviruses.
... The bacterial inhibition would also be due to the presence of secondary metabolites in the plant extract. Upadhyay et al. (2010) showed that aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts of leaves rich in phenolic compounds inhibited the growth of B. cereus and S. aureus. Indeed, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, triterpenes, alkaloids, tannins, and saponosides present in the considered extracts are known for their toxicity towards some microorganisms (Loguercio et al. 2005;Raven et al. 2007). ...
... Oil content present in the compounds of Sea Buckthon berries is of highly nutritional and medicinal importance [10]. Sea Buckthorn oil also shows minor proportion of antioxidant activity [11,12]. Sea buckthorn berries not only contain fixed oils but also carotenoid, chlorophyll and Pheophytin etc. which also act as a marker of the degree of ripening of sea buckthorn berries and other commercial importance [13,14]. ...
Obtaining edible oil from animals and plant sources is an ancient practice of the people in the tropical regions of the globe. Industrialization of oil and fats began with the creation of a cotton seed mill, due to higher demand several different plants have been studied to get good and healthy oil and fats. In this research the fixed oil from the berries of Sea Buckthorn was characterized and studied for its fatty acid composition by biochemical tests and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS). The chemical characteristics of oil from seeds showed the saponification value 248.36, iodine value 80.49 and free fatty acid value 11.28%. While the identified fatty acids were palmitic acid (C16, 0) 24.98%, oleic acid (C18, 1) 20.97%, linoleic acid (C18:2) 11.51%, linolenic acid 4.31(C18:3) %, and stearic acid (C18, 0) 0.29%. The fatty acid profile and physico chemical value of the oil showed that oil has health promoting chemistry and good source of energy. These findings provide essential data explaining that the oil obtained from the berries is nothing less than any other good quality of edible oil.
... The phytochemical compounds are the richest source of folk medicines, nutraceuticals, pharmaceutical intermediates and food supplements [2]. In the past few decades, phytochemical compounds have received considerable attention from researchers due to their potential role in effective treatment of various human diseases and have no side effects [3]. These phytoconstituents are secondary metabolites and hold various bioactivities such as anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-tumour, antiviral and analgesic to higher or lesser content [4,5]. ...
This chapter provides a general introduction to the health benefits of sea buckthorn associated with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids extracts from sea buckthorn, the anti-inflammatory activities of extracts from different tissues (including seeds, berries, and leaves), and the effect of the main flavonoids derived from sea buckthorn including flavone aglycones (i.e., isorhamnetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin) and flavonol glycosides (i.e., isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside and isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside) are introduced. The antioxidant activities of flavonoids extracted from sea buckthorn and different tissues are discussed. Finally, the effects of the main flavonoids obtained from sea buckthorn on scavenging radicals and alleviating oxidative stress are also introduced.
The sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a unique and significant plant species that exemplifies how an ancient cultural heritage can benefit modern civilization through scientific investigation. Greek manuscripts from the time of Theophrastus reference the medicinal use of sea buckthorn. Its ripe, yellowred berries are a rich source of antioxidants, carotenoids, flavonoids, organic acids and stress-relieving vitamins (A, B, C, K and E). These properties have led to its use in a variety of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food products in countries such as Russia, The CIS republics, Mongolia and China. Sea buckthorn is notable for its cold resistance, drought tolerance, resilience to saline-alkaline soils and resistance to high winds. Its ability to thrive under environmental stress makes it a valuable plant for afforestation in cold arid regions. Unlike other horticultural crops, sea buckthorn has exceptional flexibility and the potential to significantly improve the ecology and economy of India's cold arid regions. Recognizing its potential, numerous research and development groups, as well as research organizations in India, are actively studying this shrub. Sea buckthorn serves as a prime example of how a lesser-known Himalayan plant can benefit modern society through scientific research.
Introduction
This study aimed to formulate the sea buckthorn (SBT) extract-based herbal intracanal medication and evaluate its antibacterial effectiveness against Enterococcus faecalis .
Materials and Methods
Ninety freshly extracted single-rooted mandibular premolars were collected, decoronated to a uniform root length of 15 mm, and standardly enlarged up to ProTaper Gold size F3. The final irrigation protocol was done, and root canals were contaminated with E. faecalis. Samples were subjected to five medicaments, respectively: Group 1: Normal saline, Group 2: SBT, Group 3: Calcium hydroxide (CH) paste, Group 4: 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel, and Group 5: SBT + CH. After incubating for 1, 3, and 7 days, dentin debris was collected at intervals using a Peeso reamer and cultured on agar plates. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were counted after incubation, and values were statistically analyzed. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s honestly significant difference test for intergroup comparison and repeated measures ANOVA for comparison within groups were done. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
Results
The CFU values of SBT were the lowest of all the groups, followed by SBT + CH, CHX, and CH groups. The intergroup comparison showed a highly significant difference in all three observation periods (1, 3, and 7 days).
Conclusions
SBT outperformed the benchmark medicament, CHX gel, with regard to its disinfection potential against E. faecalis . Moreover, its combination with CH proved to have a synergistic antibacterial action.
This paper aims to assess the viability of usingn novel oil extraction methods for Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) although extensively used for oil extraction in other countries, is not commercially used in Romania at the moment. Cost constraints, as well as the ease of us, more established methods such as solvent extraction and cold pressing have delayed the implementation of such technologies. Three oil sources were investigated: oils extracted from dry berries using SCFE and cold pressing, and oil extracted from draff (residues after juice extraction) using SCFE. The oils have been analyzed using a HPLC unit, and their carotenoid levels were compared. The results show a slight variation in the carotenoid composition in relation to the extraction methods. This suggests that the SCFE method is viable to be used for large scale Sea Buckthorn oil production.
This paper aims to assess the viability of usingn novel oil extraction methods for Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) although extensively used for oil extraction in other countries, is not commercially used in Romania at the moment. Cost constraints, as well as the ease of us, more established methods such as solvent extraction and cold pressing have delayed the implementation of such technologies. Three oil sources were investigated: oils extracted from dry berries using SCFE and cold pressing, and oil extracted from draff (residues after juice extraction) using SCFE. The oils have been analyzed using a HPLC unit, and their carotenoid levels were compared. The results show a slight variation in the carotenoid composition in relation to the extraction methods. This suggests that the SCFE method is viable to be used for large scale Sea Buckthorn oil production.
Sea buckthorn and Japanese knotweed are known in many traditional medicine systems to be a great source of bioactive substances. This research aims to compare the bioactivity and protective effects of the phenolic extracts of leaves from sea buckthorn and roots and leaves from the Japanese knotweed on erythrocytes. The polyphenol composition of the extract was analyzed using UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS. The extracts’ toxicity and impact on the erythrocytes’ osmotic fragility were measured spectrophotometrically. The antioxidant activity was determined based on the inhibition of oxidation of erythrocytes and their membrane induced by 2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH),measured spectrophotometrically and using fluorimetry. To find the possible mechanism of the extracts’ action, extract-modified cells were observed under a microscope, and the potential localization of the extract’s phytochemical composition was checked using fluorescent probes. The results showed that the used extracts are not toxic to erythrocytes, increase their osmotic resistance, and successfully protect them against free radicals. Extract components localize on the outer part of the membrane, where they can scavenge the free radicals from the environment. Altogether, the presented extracts can greatly protect living organisms against free radicals and can be used to support the treatment of diseases caused by excess free radicals.
In the last decades, the world population and demand for any kind of product have grown exponentially. The rhythm of production to satisfy the request of the population has become unsustainable and the concept of the linear economy, introduced after the Industrial Revolution, has been replaced by a new economic approach, the circular economy. In this new economic model, the concept of “the end of life” is substituted by the concept of restoration, providing a new life to many industrial wastes. Leaves are a by-product of several agricultural cultivations. In recent years, the scientific interest regarding leaf biochemical composition grew, recording that plant leaves may be considered an alternative source of bioactive substances. Plant leaves’ main bioactive compounds are similar to those in fruits, i.e., phenolic acids and esters, flavonols, anthocyanins, and procyanidins. Bioactive compounds can positively influence human health; in fact, it is no coincidence that the leaves were used by our ancestors as a natural remedy for various pathological conditions. Therefore, leaves can be exploited to manufacture many products in food (e.g., being incorporated in food formulations as natural antioxidants, or used to create edible coatings or films for food packaging), cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries (e.g., promising ingredients in anti-aging cosmetics such as oils, serums, dermatological creams, bath gels, and other products). This review focuses on the leaves’ main bioactive compounds and their beneficial health effects, indicating their applications until today to enhance them as a harvesting by-product and highlight their possible reuse for new potential healthy products.
As a medicinal and edible food, Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. subsp. sinensis Rousi is plenty of bioactive secondary metabolites including flavonoids and their derivatives, which have a certain protective effect on oxidative damage. The present study isolated three new kaempferol derivatives (compound 1‐3), named Hippophandine A‐C, from H. rhamnoides seed residue. The structures of Hippophandine A‐C were explicated by HR‐ESI‐MS, NMR, and chemical analyses. Hippophandine A‐C (1, 5, and 10 µM) were used to attenuate H2O2‐induced cell death in SH‐SY5Y and explore the mechanism in oxidative damage. The results elucidated that Hippophandine A‐C reduced MDA, and increased the relative SOD, GSH, CAT contents, Nrf2 and HO‐1 expression in H2O2‐induced SH‐SY5Y.
Scientific research on medicinal plants is increasing day by day. Hippophae rhamnoides L. is a medicinal plant, which belongs to the family of L. Elaeagnaceae, and is consumed as a medicinal and food at the same time. It is a type of plant in the form of a bush with thorny, nitrogen-fixing roots and fruit that grows in cold and arid regions. It is native to and widely found in cold temperate regions of Europe and Asia. The species differ in their phytochemical compositions, depending on the climate and the soil they grow in. Due to its rich chemical composition, it has been used in traditional medicine for centuries as herbal medicine, health promoter, and food additive. Hippophae rhamnoides L. plant; It has attracted worldwide attention due to the presence of different types of nutrients and bioactive compounds such as vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and micro and macro elements, including its leaves, fruits, and seeds. Hippophae rhamnoides L. contains phytochemicals besides reducing platelet aggregation, blood pressure, and blood sugar; It has been reported to have a wide range of activities ranging from anticarcinogen, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, antihistaminic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, gastroprotective, cardioprotective and radioprotective potential. In addition, it is promising to be used as an alternative support for the treatment of diseases such as skin burns and atopic dermatitis, since it protects and regulates cell metabolism and has a protective effect on skin cells. Hippophae rhamnoides L., which has economic value with the rich components it contains, is used in the medical, food, and cosmetic industries, while at the same time, it is used as a feed additive for animals and to prevent the destruction of the field by flood waters for ecological purposes. Studies on the plant Hippophae rhamnoides L. are important due to the use of a wide spectrum. The aim of this review is to give information about the botanical, medicinal, traditional and current uses of the fruit and plant of Hippophae rhamnoides L.
This experiment was carried out to investigate a novel phytogenics' (PCCPR) an acronym for (peppermint, celery, coriander, parsley and rosemary leaf meal mixture) impact on weaned pigs' performance, heamato-biochemical indicators. A total of forty cross bred weaned male pigs (Large white × Landrace) with an initial body weight of 7.33 ± 0.38 weaned at 28 days of age were individually housed in an open sided pen were randomly divided into four treatment group of six pigs each. Basal diet were adequate in all nutrients (NRC, 2012). The animals' were fed as follows; basal diet with antibiotics (neomycin-1.5 g/kg) in treatment one, treatment two, three and four were fed basal diet supplemented with PCCPR at 5 g, 10 g and 15 g/kg respectively. The experiment lasted for two months and all necessary management practices were observed. Average daily weight gain and average daily feed intake were similar in diet three and four compared to the other groups (P˂0.05). Dietary supplementation of PCCPR resulted in a numerical increase in pack cell volume, haemoglobin and red blood cell, white blood cell and its differentials (monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and leucocytes) and a remarkable improvement in mean corpuscular volume mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations. All the serum biochemical parameters were significantly affected by the treatments (P˂0.05). However, all values were within the normal physiological range for healthy pigs. It was concluded that the use of PCCPR up to 15 g/kg could boost swine productivity at weaned stage without causing any negative impact on the health status of animals.
Phytosynthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are less toxic than the inorganic salts of selenium and show high antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Chitosan prevents microbial bio-film formation and can also determine microbial biofilm dispersal. Never-dried bacterial nanocel-lulose (NDBNC) is an efficient carrier of bioactive compounds and a flexible nanofibrillar hydro-philic biopolymer. This study aimed to develop a selenium-enriched hydrogel nanoformulation (Se-HNF) based on NDBNC from kombucha fermentation and fungal chitosan with embedded biogenic SeNPs phytosynthesized by an aqueous extract of sea buckthorn leaves (SbLEx)-SeNPsSb-in order to both disperse gingival dysbiotic biofilm and prevent its development. We determined the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of SbLEx. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrome-try (LC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for the identification of polyphenols from SbLEx. SeNPsSb were characterized by transmission electron microscopy-energy -dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, Fou-rier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) in small-and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS). The hydrogel nanoformulation with embedded SeNPsSb was characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, rheology, mucin binding efficiency, contact angle and interfacial tension measurements. We also assessed the in vitro biocompatibility, antioxidant activity and an-timicrobial and antibiofilm potential of SeNPsSb and Se-HNF. TEM, DLS and SAXS evidenced pol-ydisperse SeNPsSb, whereas FTIR highlighted a heterogeneous biocorona with various biocom-pounds. The contact angle on the polar surface was smaller (52.82 ± 1.23°) than that obtained on the non-polar surface (73.85 ± 0.39°). The interfacial tension was 97.6 ± 0.47 mN/m. The mucin binding efficiency of Se-HNF decreased as the amount of hydrogel decreased, and the SEM analysis showed a relatively compact structure upon mucin contact. FTIR and XRD analyses of Se-HNF evidenced an interaction between BNC and CS through characteristic peak shifting, and the rheological measurements highlighted a pseudoplastic behavior, 0.186 N adhesion force and 0.386 adhesion energy. The results showed a high degree of cytocompatibility and the significant antioxidant and antimi-crobial efficiency of SeNPsSb and Se-HNF. Citation: Tritean, N.; Dimitriu, L.; Dima, Ș.-O.; Stoica, R.; Trică, B.; Ghiurea, M.; Moraru, I.; Cimpean, A.; Oancea, F.; Constantinescu-Aruxandei, D.
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) (SB) is increasingly consumed worldwide as a food and food supplement. The remarkable richness in biologically active phytochemicals (polyphenols, carotenoids, sterols, vitamins) is responsible for its purported nutritional and health-promoting effects. Despite the considerable interest and high market demand for SB-based supplements, a limited number of studies report on the authentication of such commercially available products. Herein, untargeted metabolomics based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-ESI+MS) were able to compare the phytochemical fingerprint of leaves, berries, and various categories of SB-berry herbal supplements (teas, capsules, tablets, liquids). By untargeted metabolomics, a multivariate discrimination analysis and a univariate approach (t-test and ANOVA) showed some putative authentication biomarkers for berries, e.g., xylitol, violaxanthin, tryptophan, quinic acid, quercetin-3-rutinoside. Significant dominant molecules were found for leaves: luteolin-5-glucoside, arginine, isorhamnetin 3-rutinoside, serotonin, and tocopherol. The univariate analysis showed discriminations between the different classes of food supplements using similar algorithms. Finally, eight molecules were selected and considered significant putative authentication biomarkers. Further studies will be focused on quantitative evaluation.
This study aimed to investigate the ultrasound‐assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from persimmon (Diospyros kaki) calyx by deep eutectic solvents (DES) with different molar ratios. For this reason, the prepared DES extracts’ total phenolic–flavonoid compounds and antioxidant activities (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrilhydrazyl radical scavenging activity [DPPH•], Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power [FRAP]) were investigated as a result of the experimental design and optimization study conducted for this purpose. A sonication time of 20 min was determined as the optimal condition. Under these conditions, a molar ratio of 1.9:1 (lactic acid:choline chloride) and a water ratio of 70% provided the highest phenolic/flavonoid compounds and antioxidative activity. Correlations among water ratio, molar ratio, and sonication time were determined using principal component analysis (PCA). In conditions where total flavonoid compound, FRAP, and DPPH• are high due to PCA, it can be concluded that the sonication time is at high level; on the contrary, the water and molar ratios are at low level. In conclusion, ultrasound‐assisted extraction using DES proved effective in persimmon calyx. Therefore, it can be recommended to use these environmentally friendly green solvents as an alternative to organic solvents in preparing extracts in various fields.
Practical Application
This study shows the effectiveness of the ultrasound‐assisted green extraction method using persimmon calyx specified as waste. These findings are compelling in the food industry in terms of consumers being now aware of green technology and the discovery that calyx is a good source of bioactive compounds.
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a flowering shrub, and its berries have been utilized for decades as a raw ingredient in cuisines and herbal remedies. This evidence-based study focuses on its key bioactive constituents, and mechanism of protective effects with a focus on female reproductive processes. Parts of the plant contain phenols, carotenoids (lycopene, carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin), flavonoids (isorhamnetin, quercetin, glycosides, and kaempferol), tocopherols, sterols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, omega 3, 6, 9 and rare omega 7 fatty acids etc. Key polyphenolic flavonoids such as isorhamnetin and quercetin are believed to be mainly responsible behind its health benefits (against cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, obesity etc.) through properties including anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. These sea buckthorn constituents appear to mediate healthy ovarian cell proliferation, death, and hormone release, as well as decrease ovarian cancer possibly through apoptosis, and hormonal (estrogen) release. Thus, sea buckthorn and its bioactive ingredients may have potential in the management of gynecological problems such as uterine inflammation, endometriosis, and easing symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women (by targeting inflammatory cytokines and vascular endothelial growth factor – VEGF). Apigenin, myricetin, and luteolin have also been recommended as prospective ovarian cancer preventative and adjuvant therapy options as they can inhibit ovarian cancerogenesis by triggering apoptosis and halting the cell cycle in ovarian tumors. Furthermore, its oil (containing carotenoid, sterol, and hypericin) has been speculated as an alternative to estrogen replacement therapy for postmenopausal women particularly to improve vaginal epithelial integrity. However, it is uncertain whether steroid hormone receptors, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammatory regulators are actually behind sea buckhorn’s actions. Sea buckthorn, and its compounds’ health promoting potential warrants further validation not just in vitro and in animal research, but also in clinical trials to identify and/or standardize optimal methods of delivery of biologically active molecules.
In a previous study, we discovered that the ethanolic extract of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) fruits exhibited anti-osteoporosis effects both in vitro and in vivo. Through bioassay-guided fractionation, we identified the hexane fraction (HRH) as the active fraction, which was further fractionated using preparative HPLC. Among the resulting six fractions, HRHF4 showed significant activity. In the present study, we focused on the bioassay-guided isolation of bioactive compounds from the HRHF4 fraction. We successfully identified the active HRHF43 fraction, which led us to the isolation of potential bioactive compounds (1–6). The chemical structures of these compounds were determined using NMR data, LC-MS analysis, and HR-ESI-MS data as four triterpenes, ursolic acid (1), uvaol (2), oleanolic aldehyde (3), and ursolic aldehyde (4), together with two fatty acids, methyl linoleate (5) and ethyl oleate (6). To evaluate the efficacy of promoting osteoblast differentiation and the expression of mRNA biomarkers related to osteogenesis, we tested the isolated compounds in the mouse mesenchymal stem cell line, C3H10T1/2. Alkaline phosphate staining demonstrated that triterpenes (1–4) displayed osteogenic activity. Particularly noteworthy, ursolic aldehyde (4) exhibited the most potent effect, showing an 11.2-fold higher activity at a concentration of 10 μg/mL compared to the negative control. Moreover, ursolic aldehyde (4) upregulated the gene expression of bone formation-related biomarkers, including Runx2, Osterix, Alp, and Osteopontin. These findings suggest that the fruit extract of H. rhamnoides may have potential as a nutraceutical for promoting bone health, with ursolic aldehyde (4) identified as an active constituent.
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.; Elaeagnaceae) is a medicinally and ecologically important deciduous shrub widely distributed in northwest China. Hybrid breeding plays an important role in the sea buckthorn industry. However, limited research has been conducted on its chloroplast genome, and data on interspecific and intraspecific variation is also lacking, which hinders the improvement in hybrid breeding. In this study, we sequenced the chloroplast (cp) genomes of seven Hippophae rhamnoides L. plants using Illumina paired-end sequencing. The cp genome of Hippophae rhamnoides L. is 155, 260–156, 312 bp in length and is composed of a large single-copy (LSC) region (83,026–84,034 bp) and a small single-copy (SSC) region (18,732–19,048 bp), which are separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IR) regions (26,653–26,670 bp). Each cp genome contains 113 genes and has a highly conserved genome structure and gene sequence. We analyzed the nucleotide diversity of the cp genomes of 13 accessions belonging to eight Hippophae species. A total of 2,838 variable sites and two hotspot maps were obtained by intra- and interspecies analyses and used to construct a map of the genome. A phylogenetic analysis was used to analyze the origin and evolution of H.rhamnoides subsp.mongolica and its related species for the first time. This study provides the basis for the identification and hybrid breeding of Hippophae species and lays the foundation for future research.
Background:
Burn is a traumatic injury and aesthetic scarless repair poses a great challenge in area of cosmetic dermatology. Focus on multimode therapeutic strategies to promote healing of burns by regulating various stages of healing is warranted. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), a non-invasive modality grabs the attention to repair impaired wounds. Seabuckthorn extract (SBTL-ALE) is known to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and tissue-repair abilities. Current study aims to assess the effect of combination treatment of PBM 904 nm superpulsed laser and SBTL-ALE (2.5%) on repair of third-degree burn in rats.
Methods:
Rats were randomized into five groups: uninjured, control, SBTL-ALE, 904 nm PBMT, and combination. A transdermal burn wound was induced on the dorsal side of rats of all groups except the uninjured group and respective treatment was applied for 7 days postwounding.
Results:
Dual treatment increased wound area contraction compared to control and either treatment alone. Immunohistochemical analyses exhibited increased angiogenesis, dermal hydration, collagen synthesis, and maintained redox homeostasis as evidenced by enhanced expression (p < 0.05) of CD31, aquaporin3, collagen type 3, Nrf2, and HO1 in combination group compared with control. Conversely, pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers exhibited reduced (p < 0.05) TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, NOS-2, ROS levels, and increased catalase activity in combined treatment. Furthermore, energy metabolizing enzymes viz. citrate synthase, CCO, and ATP contents were substantially (p < 0.05) increased, and LDH activity was reduced in the combination group.
Conclusions:
Dual treatment (PBMT + SBTL-ALE) prominently accelerates third-degree burn wound healing in rats, which could pave the path for multimode therapeutic strategies for the management of burns and dermal cosmetic care.
Due to the content of biologically active substances, sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is of growing interest to scientists, the food industry, pharmaceuticals, cosmetology and consumers. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between the chemical composition (Carotenoid content (CC), Ascorbic acid content (AAC), Total dry matters (TDM), Titratable acidity (TA), pH, Organic acids (OA)) and the Antibacterial effect (AA) (Diameter of the inhibition zone in mm of Bacillus pumilus) of four species of sea buckthorn (Clara, Dora, Cora, Mara), cultivated in the Republic of Moldova. The sea buckthorn species tested was found to have a different Carotenoid content (1.79±0.43 … 48.92±0.61 mg/100g), Ascorbic acid content (74.36±0.60 … 373.38±2.29 mg/100g), Organic acids (malic acid 5.8±0.02 ... 13.4±0.01 mg/100g, citric acid 0.08±0.00 ... 0.32±0.01 mg/100g, succinic acid 0.03±0.00 ... 1.1±0.00 mg/100g), Total dry matters (16.71±0.05 … 24.54±0.09 %), Total acidity (2.15±0.05 ... 8.76±0.00 %), and pH value (2.73±0.02 ... 3.00±0.07). The microbial activity of sea buckthorn, evaluated by the diameter of the inhibition zone, constituted for Bacillus pumilus (3.70…15.91mm/g-1 for whole sea buckthorn fruits and respectively 13.33…26.67 mm/g-1 for sea buckthorn puree).
Hippophae rhamnoides L. (sea buckthorn), consumed as a food and health supplement worldwide, has rich nutritional and medicinal properties. Different parts of H. rhamnoides L. were used in traditional Chinese medicines for relieving cough, aiding digestion, invigorating blood circulation, and alleviating pain since ancient times. Phytochemical studies revealed a wide variety of phytonutrients, including nutritional components (proteins, minerals, vitamins, etc.) and functional components like flavonoids (1-99), lignans (100-143), volatile oils (144-207), tannins (208-230), terpenoids (231-260), steroids (261-270), organic acids (271-297), and alkaloids (298-305). The pharmacological studies revealed that some crude extracts or compounds of H. rhamnoides L. demonstrated various health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anticardiovascular disease, anticancer, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, neuroprotective, antibacterial activities, and their effective doses and experimental models were summarized and analyzed in this paper. The quality markers (Q-markers) of H. rhamnoides L. were predicted and analyzed based on protobotanical phylogeny, traditional medicinal properties, expanded efficacy, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, and component testability. The applications of H. rhamnoides L. in juice, wine, oil, ferment, and yogurt were also summarized and future prospects were examined in this review. However, the mechanism and structure-activity relationship of some active compounds are not clear, and quality control and potential toxicity are worth further study in the future.
The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the healing efficacy of lyophilized aqueous leaf extract of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L., family Elaeagnaceae) (SBT) and to explore its possible mechanism of action on experimental burn wounds in rats. The SBT extract, at various concentrations, was applied topically, twice daily for 7 days. Treatment with silver sulfadiazine (SSD) ointment was used as reference control. The most effective concentration of the extract was found to be 5.0% (w/w) for burn wound healing and this was further used for detailed study. The SBT-treated group showed faster reduction in wound area in comparison with control and SSD-treated groups. The topical application of SBT increased collagen synthesis and stabilization at the wound site, as evidenced by increase in hydroxyproline, hexosamine levels and up-regulated expression of collagen type-III. The histological examinations and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and -9) expression also confirmed the healing efficacy of SBT leaf extract. Furthermore, there was significant increase in levels of endogenous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and decrease in lipid peroxide levels in SBT-treated burn wound granulation tissue. The SBT also promoted angiogenesis as evidenced by an in vitro chick chorioallantoic membrane model and in vivo up-regulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. The SBT leaf extract had no cytotoxic effect on BHK-21 cell line. In conclusion, SBT aqueous leaf extract possesses significant healing potential in burn wounds and has a positive influence on the different phases of wound repair.
Phenolic plant extracts are sources of natural bioactive compounds, which can inhibit the rate of food spoilage. MIC and MBC concentrations of four oil- or water-soluble rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extracts against gram-positive (Bacillus and Staphylococcus) and gram-negative (Campylobacter and Salmonella) bacteria were determined by using disk diffusion, agar dilution, and broth microdilution methods, as well as bacterial survival kinetics in a macrodilution test. To describe the antioxidant properties of the extracts, the reducing power, free radical scavenging effectiveness, and beta-carotene bleaching test were used. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activity depended on the concentration and chemical nature of the phenolic compounds in the extracts. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive than were gram-negative bacteria, especially for oil-soluble extracts with carnosic acid as the major phenolic compound. A microdilution method based on ATP measurement was found to be a useful, rapid technique for determining antibacterial efficiency, and its results correlated well with MICs from survival curve measurement. Reducing power and free radical scavenging effectiveness was higher in water-soluble formulations, according to their higher total phenolic content, but in an aqueous emulsion system of linoleic acid, they exhibited lower antioxidant activity. This correlated well with the higher efficiency of antimicrobial activity of oil-soluble formulations, despite the lower total phenolic content of these extracts.
Anethum graveolens Linn., Foeniculum vulgare Mill. and Trachyspermum ammi L. are widely used traditional medicinal plants to treat various ailments. To provide a scientific basis to traditional uses of these plants, their aqueous and organic seed extracts, as well as isolated phytoconstituents were evaluated for their antibacterial potential.
Antibacterial activity of aqueous and organic seed extracts was assessed using agar diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration and viable cell count studies; and their antibacterial effect was compared with some standard antibiotics. The presence of major phytoconstituents was detected qualitatively and quantitatively. The isolated phytoconstituents were subjected to disc diffusion assay to ascertain their antibacterial effect.
Hot water and acetone seed extracts showed considerably good antibacterial activity against all the bacteria except Klebsiella pneumoniae and one strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Minimum inhibitory concentration for aqueous and acetone seed extracts ranged from 20-80 mg/ml and 5-15 mg/ml respectively. Viable cell count studies revealed the bactericidal nature of the seed extracts. Statistical analysis proved the better/equal efficacy of some of these seed extracts as compared to standard antibiotics. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of 2.80 - 4.23% alkaloids, 8.58 - 15.06% flavonoids, 19.71 - 27.77% tannins, 0.55-0.70% saponins and cardiac glycosides.
Antibacterial efficacy shown by these plants provides a scientific basis and thus, validates their traditional uses as homemade remedies. Isolation and purification of different phytochemicals may further yield significant antibacterial agents.
A flavonoid-rich extract of Hypericum perforatum L. (FEHP) was prepared by adsorption on macroporous resin and desorption by ethanol. Total flavonoid content of FEHP was determined by a colorimetric method. The major constituents of FEHP, including rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, avicularin, quercitrin, and quercetin, were determined by HPLC analysis and confirmed by LC-MS. Different antioxidant assays were utilized to evaluate free radical scavenging activity and antioxidant activity of FEHP. FEHP was an effective scavenger in quenching DPPH and superoxide radical with IC50 of 10.63 microg/mL and 54.3 microg/mL, respectively. A linear correlation between concentration of FEHP and reducing power was observed with a coefficient of r2 = 0.9991. Addition of 150 microg of FEHP obviously decreased the peroxidation of linoleic acid during 84 h incubation, but the amount of FEHP over 150 microg did not show statistically significant inhibitory effect of peroxidation of linoliec acid (p > 0.05). FEHP exhibited inhibitory effect of peroxidation of liposome induced both by hydroxyl radical generated with iron-ascorbic acid system and peroxyl radical and showed prominent inhibitory effect of deoxyribose degradation in a concentration-dependent manner in site-specific assay but poor effect in non-site-specific assay, which suggested that chelation of metal ion was the main antioxidant action. According to the results obtained in the present study, the antioxidant mechanism of FEHP might be attributed to its free radical scavenging activity, metal-chelation activity, and reactive oxygen quenching activity.
Hippophae rhamnoides L. (family Elaeagnaceae), commonly known as seabuckthorn, is a wild shrub growing at high altitude (1200-4500 meters) in adverse climatic conditions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate healing potential of seabuckthorn leaves in a preclinical study on rats using a cutaneous excision-punch wound model. Four full-thickness excision-type wounds of 8.0 mm diameter were created on the dorsal surface of rats under aseptic conditions. The aqueous lyophilized extract of seabuckthorn leaves, at doses of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% w/v prepared in propylene glycol, were applied topically twice daily for 7 days. Control animals received the vehicle alone in an identical manner. Wound granulation tissues were excised on eighth day postwounding, and the hydroxyproline, hexosamine, total protein content, and antioxidant levels were determined. Wound surface area was also measured on the eighth day before wound excision to determine wound contraction. Topical application of 1.0% seabuckthorn leaf extract statistically significantly augmented the healing process, as evidenced by increases in the content of hydroxyproline and protein as well as the reduction in wound area when compared with similar effects in response to treatment using povidone-iodine ointment (standard care). The reduced glutathione, vitamin C, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities showed significant increases in seabuckthorn leaf extract-treated wounds as compared to controls. The lipid peroxide levels were significantly decreased in leaf extract-treated wounds. The results suggest that aqueous leaf extract of seabuckthorn promotes wound healing, which may be due to increased antioxidant levels in the granulation tissue.
A method for the screening of antioxidant activity is reported as a decolorization assay applicable to both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, including flavonoids, hydroxycinnamates, carotenoids, and plasma antioxidants. The pre-formed radical monocation of 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS*+) is generated by oxidation of ABTS with potassium persulfate and is reduced in the presence of such hydrogen-donating antioxidants. The influences of both the concentration of antioxidant and duration of reaction on the inhibition of the radical cation absorption are taken into account when determining the antioxidant activity. This assay clearly improves the original TEAC assay (the ferryl myoglobin/ABTS assay) for the determination of antioxidant activity in a number of ways. First, the chemistry involves the direct generation of the ABTS radical monocation with no involvement of an intermediary radical. Second, it is a decolorization assay; thus the radical cation is pre-formed prior to addition of antioxidant test systems, rather than the generation of the radical taking place continually in the presence of the antioxidant. Hence the results obtained with the improved system may not always be directly comparable with those obtained using the original TEAC assay. Third, it is applicable to both aqueous and lipophilic systems.
Immunomodulatory activity of Seabuckthorn (SBT) leaf extract was evaluated in adjuvant induced arthritis (AIA) rat model. Inflammation was induced by injecting Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) in the right hind paw of rats. SBT extract was administered intraperitoneally to treat the inflammation. The extent of inflammation and treatment response was evaluated by clinical analysis, scintigraphic visualization using technitium-99m-glutathione (Tc99m-GSH) and lymphocyte proliferation. Serial evaluation was carried out on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 after creation of inflammation. The Tc99m-GSH uptake in the inflamed leg was compared with the normal contralateral leg of the same animal. The measurements were done by obtaining scintigraphic images using gamma camera and an online computer. Both qualitative and quantitative evaluation of radiotracer accumulation was considered to evaluate the anti-inflammatory response. The lymphocyte proliferation study revealed cellular immunosuppression during the early phase of the disease. Administration of SBT extract on the same day or 5 days prior to inflammatory insult into the joint, significantly reduced the inflammation as compared to the untreated animals in a dose dependent manner. These observations suggest that the SBT leaf extract has a significant anti-inflammatory activity and has the potential for the treatment of arthritis.
This article reviews aspects of past, present and future potential of oxidants and antioxidants in clinical medicine. Beginning with the observation that antioxidants help to defend against cellular lipid peroxidation and lipofuscin and ceroid pigment formation, the review moves to epidemiological and clinical intervention information that specifies the molecular mode of action of various antioxidants in helping to defend against oxidative stress. This discussion is presented in the context of free radical pathology and its relationship to reactive oxygen species and the interrelationship of these processes to free radical chain termination mediated by enzyme and small molecule antioxidants. Accumulating medical and scientific literature in this area indicates that many clinical problems in medicine, both chronic and acute, are related to the maintenance of the intracellular redox potential. This review details new methods of assessing oxidative stress, evaluating need for specific antioxidant therapy and following the progress of intervention utilizing markers of redox potential in the patient. The emphasis is on development of a new, comprehensive model for viewing oxidants and antioxidants in a clinical context, and on the management of antioxidant disorders using a series of redox reagents derived from specific foods which yield high concentrations of vitamin E, vitamin C, flavonoids, carotenes, polyphenols and quinoids.
Possible production of sea buckthorn, Hippophae rhamnoides L., in Hungary was investigated by field tests of selected cultivars and organoleptical tests of berries. Disease resistance, ease of harvest, chemical composition, and morphological habits of cultivars were studied in comparison to a wild population of sea buckthorn. The plant could be cultivated in Hungary and a 25 to 30 ha field has been established. Since the plant is dioecious, male plants should be interplanted among a larger female population. Yields are 3 to 4 tons of fruit per ha.
Phenolic plant extracts are sources of natural bioactive compounds, which can inhibit the rate of food spoilage. MIC and MBC concentrations of four oil- or water-soluble rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extracts against gram-positive (Bacillus and Staphylococcus) and gram-negative (Campylobacter and Salmonella) bacteria were determined by using disk diffusion, agar dilution, and broth microdilution methods, as well as bacterial survival kinetics in a macrodilution test. To describe the antioxidant properties of the extracts, the reducing power, free radical scavenging effectiveness, and β-carotene bleaching test were used. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activity depended on the concentration and chemical nature of the phenolic compounds in the extracts. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive than were gram-negative bacteria, especially for oilsoluble extracts with carnosic acid as the major phenolic compound. A microdilution method based on ATP measurement was found to be a useful, rapid technique for determining antibacterial efficiency, and its results correlated well with MICs from survival curve measurement. Reducing power and free radical scavenging effectiveness was higher in water-soluble formulations, according to their higher total phenolic content, but in an aqueous emulsion system of linoleic acid, they exhibited lower antioxidant activity. This correlated well with the higher efficiency of antimicrobial activity of oil-soluble formulations, despite the lower total phenolic content of these extracts.
METHODS for measuring antioxidants and appraising antioxidant activity appear to be of two general types. If the chemical nature of the antioxidant is known, one may strive for a test specific for the compound or group of interest; for example, the nitroprusside test for sulphydryl groups. Alternatively one may observe the inhibition of some natural oxidative process such as the β-oxidation of fats, as a function of the added antioxidant.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical and antifungal activity of the essential oil from Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) against different Candida species. The essential oil (EO) was obtained by hydrodistillation and submitted to dry-column chromatography, resulting in six fractions, which were then submitted to TLC and GC–MS analysis. The main compounds identified were alcohols: 1-decanol (24.20%); 2E-decenol (18.00%); 2Z-dodecenol (17.60%); and aldehydes (89%). Antibacterial activity of the EO and its fractions was tested against five species of Candida albicans. The EO showed antimicrobial activity against all the species of Candida tested, except for Candida tropicalis CBS 94. Fractions 4 and 6 had a greater antibiotic spectrum, probably due to the presence of such alcohols as 3-hexenol, 1-decanol, 2E-decenol and 2Z-dodecenol. In conclusion, the EO and its fractions could be used as potential antimicrobial agents to treat or prevent Candida yeast infections.
The effects of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L., Elaeagnaceae), leaf aqueous extract were examined in rats for its adaptogenic activity and toxicity. Dose dependent adaptogenic study of extract was carried out at different doses administered orally, 30 min prior to cold (5 °C)–hypoxia (428 mmHg)–restraint (C–H–R) exposure. After sub-acute toxicity studies on 10 and 20 times doses of maximal effective dose administered for 14 days (single oral dose of 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg once daily) and maximal effective dose administered for 30 days (single oral dose of 100 mg/kg once daily), biochemical and hematological parameters were studied in the serum and blood. The maximal effective adaptogenic dose of the extract was 100 mg/kg body weight. No significant changes were observed in organ weight/body weight ratios, of any vital organ studied (except liver and kidney in 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg body weight doses, respectively), and biochemical and hematological parameters of the sub-acute drug treated animals in comparison to control rats. In acute toxicity study LD50 of the extract was observed to be >10 g/kg when given orally. These results indicate that seabuckthorn leaf aqueous extract possess potent adaptogenic activity with no toxicity even after sub-acute (30 days) maximal effective dose administration.
Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seeds were successively extracted with chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol (MeOH) using a Soxhlet extractor for 8 h each. The crude extracts were screened for antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The reducing power and antioxidant activities evaluated in various in vitro models (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine and liposome model system) showed the highest activity for MeOH extract. The MeOH extract was also found to posses maximum antibacterial activity. The MIC values, with respect to MeOH extract for Bacillus cereus, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, were found to be 200, 300, 300, 300, and 350 ppm, respectively. These results indicated the possibility of using seabuckthorn seeds for medicinal uses and food preservation.
In the present study, a poly-herbal formulation (PHF) was prepared by combining the aqueous lyophilized leaf extracts of Hippophae rhamnoides L. and Aloe vera L. and the ethanol rhizome extract of Curcuma longa L., in an optimized ratio (1 : 7 : 1). The efficacy of PHF treatment was studied in normal and impaired diabetic rats using a full-thickness cutaneous wound model. Topical PHF treatment increased cellular proliferation and collagen synthesis at the wound site in normal rats, as evidenced by the significant increase in DNA, total protein, hydroxyproline, and hexosamine contents in comparison with a positive control treated with a povidone-iodine ointment. The histological examinations and matrix metalloproteinases expression also correlated well with the biochemical findings, confirming the efficacy of PHF in normal wounds. In the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, PHF treatment increased hydroxyproline and hexosamine content. A faster wound contraction was also observed in PHF-treated normal and diabetic rats. The PHF also promoted angiogenesis as evidenced by an in vitro chick chorioallantoic membrane model and in vivo up-regulated vascular endothelial growth factor expression. The results suggest that PHF possesses significant wound healing potential in both normal as well as chronic diabetic wounds.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease. The importance of transition metal ions in mediating oxidant damage naturally leads to the question as to what forms of such ions might be available to catalyze radical reactions in vivo . The chapter discusses the metabolism of transition metals, such as iron and copper. It also discusses the chelation therapy that is an approach to site-specific antioxidant protection. The detection and measurement of lipid peroxidation is the evidence most frequently cited to support the involvement of free radical reactions in toxicology and in human disease. A wide range of techniques is available to measure the rate of this process, but none is applicable to all circumstances. The two most popular are the measurement of diene conjugation and the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test, but they are both subject to pitfalls, especially when applied to human samples. The chapter also discusses the essential principles of the peroxidation process. When discussing lipid peroxidation, it is essential to use clear terminology for the sequence of events involved; an imprecise use of terms such as initiation has caused considerable confusion in the literature. In a completely peroxide-free lipid system, first chain initiation of a peroxidation sequence in a membrane or polyunsaturated fatty acid refers to the attack of any species that has sufficient reactivity to abstract a hydrogen atom from a methylene group.
The study of free radical reactions is not an isolated and esoteric branch of science. A knowledge of free radical chemistry and biochemistry is relevant to an understanding of all diseases and the mode of action of all toxins, if only because diseased or damaged tissues undergo radical reactions more readily than do normal tissues. However it does not follow that because radical reactions can be demonstrated, they are important in any particular instance. We hope that the careful techniques needed to assess the biological role of free radicals will become more widely used.
This review briefly discusses how free radicals are formed and the possible participation of free radicals in disease. The review describes the basic radical reactions and the types of products that are formed from the free-radical reactions of cellular constituents. In many cases, in vivo free-radical oxidation can be detected by measuring products that were derived from radical reactions. Since aerobic organisms generate oxygen-containing free radicals during oxygen metabolism, they carry chemicals and enzymes that reduce the threat posed by these radicals. The more common sources of in vivo free radicals are described in the article as well as the methods used by cells to protect themselves from free-radical damage. Generation of free radicals in vivo also may be the result of exposure to certain chemical agents present in the environment. Many of these agents cause pathologic changes to the exposed tissues and organs by initiating free-radical reactions.
A simple, automated test measuring the ferric reducing ability of plasma, the FRAP assay, is presented as a novel method for assessing "antioxidant power." Ferric to ferrous ion reduction at low pH causes a colored ferrous-tripyridyltriazine complex to form. FRAP values are obtained by comparing the absorbance change at 593 nm in test reaction mixtures with those containing ferrous ions in known concentration. Absorbance changes are linear over a wide concentration range with antioxidant mixtures, including plasma, and with solutions containing one antioxidant in purified form. There is no apparent interaction between antioxidants. Measured stoichiometric factors of Trolox, alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and uric acid are all 2.0; that of bilirubin is 4.0. Activity of albumin is very low. Within- and between-run CVs are <1.0 and <3.0%, respectively, at 100-1000 micromol/liter. FRAP values of fresh plasma of healthy Chinese adults: 612-1634 micromol/liter (mean, 1017; SD, 206; n = 141). The FRAP assay is inexpensive, reagents are simple to prepare, results are highly reproducible, and the procedure is straightforward and speedy. The FRAP assay offers a putative index of antioxidant, or reducing, potential of biological fluids within the technological reach of every laboratory and researcher interested in oxidative stress and its effects.
A method for the screening of antioxidant activity is reported as a decolorization assay applicable to both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, including flavonoids, hydroxycinnamates, carotenoids, and plasma antioxidants. The pre-formed radical monocation of 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS*+) is generated by oxidation of ABTS with potassium persulfate and is reduced in the presence of such hydrogen-donating antioxidants. The influences of both the concentration of antioxidant and duration of reaction on the inhibition of the radical cation absorption are taken into account when determining the antioxidant activity. This assay clearly improves the original TEAC assay (the ferryl myoglobin/ABTS assay) for the determination of antioxidant activity in a number of ways. First, the chemistry involves the direct generation of the ABTS radical monocation with no involvement of an intermediary radical. Second, it is a decolorization assay; thus the radical cation is pre-formed prior to addition of antioxidant test systems, rather than the generation of the radical taking place continually in the presence of the antioxidant. Hence the results obtained with the improved system may not always be directly comparable with those obtained using the original TEAC assay. Third, it is applicable to both aqueous and lipophilic systems.
Scavenging of the ABTS (2,2'-azinobis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate])-derived nitrogen-centred radical cation (ABTS*+) was used to compare the total antioxidant activities of several seasonings used in Asian cooking. The results were expressed as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). The TEAC activities of dark soy sauces were found to be exceptionally high. In evaluating the TEAC of commercial products, attention must be paid to the addition of preservatives by manufacturers to the seasonings tested. Sodium benzoate (a preservative added to several seasonings) did not react significantly with ABTS*+, but the sulphite content of certain white wines may have led to an over-estimation of their TEAC.
Extracts from the leaves of Chromolaena odorata have been shown to be beneficial for treatment of wounds. The crude ethanol extract of the plant had been demonstrated to be a powerful antioxidant to protect fibroblasts and keratinocytes in vitro. In this study, the most active compounds were fractionated and identified from the crude extract using liquid chromatography coupled with UV spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The antioxidant effects of purified fractions on cultured fibroblasts and keratinocytes were investigated using colorimetric and lactate hydrogenase release assay. The results showed that the phenolic acids present (protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, ferulic and vanillic acids) and complex mixtures of lipophilic flavonoid aglycones (flavanones, flavonols, flavones and chalcones) were major and powerful antioxidants to protect cultured skin cells against oxidative damage. In conclusion, the extract from C odorata contains a mixture of powerful antioxidant compounds that may be one of potential mechanism contributing to enhanced wound healing.
Plants containing flavonoids have been reported to possess strong antioxidant properties. The ethanolic extract of Striga orobanchioides was screened for in vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties using standard procedures. The ethanol extract exhibited IC(50) values of 18.65+/-1.46 and 11.20+/-0.52 micro g/ml, respectively in DPPH and nitric oxide radical inhibition assays. These values were less than those obtained for ascorbic acid and rutin, used as standards. In the in vivo experiments the extract treatment at 100mg/kg body weight dose caused a significant increase in the level of the catalase in the liver and the kidneys. A significant increase in the level of SOD in the liver was observed. The treatment also caused a significant decrease in the TBA-RS and increase in the ascorbic acid levels. These results suggest strong antioxidant potentials of the ethanolic extract of S. orobanchioides.
The present study reports the immunomodulatory effects of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaf extract on cellular and humoral immune response by studying delayed-type hypersensitivity response, IL-2, IL-4 and gamma-IFN levels and antibody titres in chromium-induced immunosuppressed animals. Oral feeding of chromium (30 mg/kg bw) significantly inhibited antibody production and S-RBC induced delayed-type hypersensitivity response. Administration of leaf extract (100 mg/kg bw) along with chromium significantly inhibited chromium-induced immunosuppression. To understand the immunomodulatory mechanism of leaf extract, in vitro studies were carried out using rat lymphocytes. Addition of chromium resulted in a significant decrease in lymphocyte size and increased ROS generation. The leaf extract of seabuckthorn significantly inhibited chromium-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and maintained the cell size identical to that of control cells. Chromium treatment markedly inhibited the mitochondrial transmembrane potential by larger lymphocytes in particular, while the leaf extract restored the same significantly. Chromium also inhibited significantly concanavalin A (ConA) induced IL-2, IL-4 and gamma-IFN production in rat lymphocytes. The leaf extract (100 microg/ml) alone stimulated IL-2 and gamma-IFN production even in the absence of ConA and also inhibited chromium-induced decline in IL-2 and gamma-IFN production but it did not change IL-4 production. These observations suggest that the leaf extract of seabuckthorn has significant immunomodulatory activity and specifically activates the cell-mediated immune response.
Plants are an abundant source of medicinal compounds, some of which are useful in combating free radical-mediated oxidative stress. In the present study, initially two fractions designated REC-1001 (flavonoid-rich fraction) and REC-1002 (flavonoid-poor fraction) of Hippophae rhamnoides were screened on the basis of their reducing power in the aqueous phase. REC-1001 was selected for further study, since it exhibited 27.38 times higher antioxidant activity than REC-1002. REC-1001 also showed significant (P < .05) membrane protection potential at 50 microg/mL, which was attributed to its ability to scavenge peroxyl radicals (64.82 +/- 1.25% scavenging within 1,440 min). A significant (P < .05) difference of 67.02% in free radical scavenging activity at 1,000 ng/mL between REC-1001 and vitamin E demonstrated the extract fraction's worth in radiation protection. Such activities were attributed to the presence of quercetin, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol in this fraction. Further, REC-1001 was found to be nontoxic up to 200 mg/kg of body weight. This research suggests that the REC-1001 fraction of H. rhamnoides extract is a safe and effective antioxidant nutraceutical product.
Sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.): a promising new medicinal and food crop
- Bernath
Bernath, J., Foldesi, D., 1992. Sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.): a promising
new medicinal and food crop. J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants 1, 27-35.