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Compassion Satisfaction, Burnout, and Compassion Fatigue Among Emergency Nurses Compared With Nurses in Other Selected Inpatient Specialties
Abstract
Today the proportion of acute patients entering the health care system through emergency departments continues to grow, the number of uninsured patients relying primarily on treatment in the emergency department is increasing, and patients' average acuities are rising. At the same time, support resources are constrained, while reimbursement and reputation depends increasingly on publicly available measures of patient satisfaction. It is important to understand the potential effect of these pressures on direct care staff. This study explores the prevalence of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and compassion fatigue among emergency nurses and nurses in other selected inpatient specialties.
Emergency nurses and nurses from 3 other specialty units self-selected participation in a cross-sectional survey. Participants completed a sociodemographic profile and the Professional Quality of Life: Compassion Satisfaction and Fatigue Subscales, R-IV. Scale scores were summed for compassion satisfaction, burnout, and compassion fatigue for emergency nurses and compared with those of nurses in other specialties.
Approximately 82% of emergency nurses had moderate to high levels of burnout, and nearly 86% had moderate to high levels of compassion fatigue. Differences between emergency nurses and those working in 3 other specialty areas, that is, oncology, nephrology, and intensive care, on the subscales for compassion satisfaction, burnout, or compassion fatigue did not reach the level of statistical significance. However, the scores of emergency nurses evidenced a risk for less compassion satisfaction, while intensive care nurses demonstrated a higher risk for burnout and oncology nurses reflected a risk for higher compassion fatigue.
ED nurse managers, along with other nurse leaders, are faced with the competing demands of managing the satisfaction of patients, recruitment and retention of experienced nurses, and provision of quality and safe care customized to patients' needs and preferences. Understanding the concepts of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and compassion fatigue, recognizing the signs and symptoms, and identifying best practice interventions, will help nurses maintain caring attitudes with patients and contribute to patient satisfaction.
... As a result of these factors, the quality of care given to patients and patient satisfaction may decrease (Romano et al., 2013). In nurses who are caregivers, job satisfaction often decreases, resulting in situations such as quitting the job, malpractice, and changes in decision-making mechanisms and willingness to provide care (Delaney, 2018;Hooper et al., 2010). ...
... Among 337 Chinese oncology healthcare professionals, 77.7% of doctors and 59.9% of nurses had a medium level of compassion fatigue and burnout (Zhang et al., 2022). In another study, the scores of emergency nurses showed evidence of risk for more compassion fatigue, while oncology nurses experienced Bold values indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05) higher burnout, which is a risk factor for compassion fatigue (Hooper et al., 2010). Accordingly, it can be suggested that our study is consistent with the literature. ...
... Compassion fatigue was higher in females. Although male and female nurses had similar experiences in terms of compassion fatigue and burnout, some studies in the literature show that women had higher compassion fatigue (Hooper et al., 2010;Zhang et al., 2022). Similarly, Van Mol et al. (2015) reported that compassion fatigue was higher in the female group. ...
This study was conducted to determine the compassion fatigue level of nurses and to review several variables believed to be associated with it; in addition, an assessment is made of empathy levels in the same group. This is a cross-sectional study conducted from December 2021 to May 2022 on nurses working at a city hospital linked to the Turkish Ministry of Health. The study group consisted of 616 nurses. A Personal Information Form, the Compassion Fatigue-Short Scale (CF-SS), and the Jefferson Scale of Empathy were used to collect data. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews. Student’s t-test, One-Way Analysis of Variance, and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis were used for data analysis. The statistical significance value was accepted as p < 0.05. The study group consisted of 499 (81.0%) females and 117 (19.0%) males, and their ages ranged from 20 to 51, with a mean age of 29.2 ± 6.9 years. The scores obtained from the CF-SS ranged from 16 to 130, with a mean score of 70.96 ± 25.04. The level of compassion fatigue was found to be higher in participants with a low family income, those who work more than 40 h a week, those who chose their profession unwillingly, those who are not satisfied with their profession, and those with a history of contact with a COVID-19 patient (p < 0.05 for each group). There was a significant association between levels of compassion fatigue and empathy (r = 0.92; p = 0.220). The level of compassion fatigue was found to be moderate in the nurses observed. The factors affecting the level of compassion fatigue included gender, family income, reasons for choosing nursing as a profession, the number of patients given daily care by the nurses, satisfaction with their profession, and history of contact with a COVID-19 patient. More extensive studies focusing on the association between compassion fatigue and empathy in nurses are needed.
... CF is giving an impact to the nurses, profession, and the organization in terms of safety, quality and patients' satisfaction (Bao & Taliaferro, 2015) as the nurses are being exhausted emotionally, physically, and spiritually (Slocum-Gori et al., 2013). Prolonged current situation may cause them to have poor nursing performance and judgement leading to medical error (Harris & Griffin, 2015), less empathy and compassion (Henson, 2017), increased in sick leaves (Matey, 2016), moral distress (Ledoux, 2015), increase in absenteeism and staff turnover (Hooper et al., 2010). As a result, the nurses have leave the profession due to job dissatisfaction and spiritual emptiness (Fahey & Glasofer, 2016b;Harris & Griffin, 2015) and leading to shortage of nurses in the country. ...
... CF is giving an impact to the nurses, profession, and the organization in terms of safety, quality and patients' satisfaction (Bao & Taliaferro, 2015) as the nurses are being exhausted emotionally, physically, and spiritually (Slocum-Gori et al., 2013). Prolonged current situation may cause them to have poor nursing performance and judgement leading to medical error (Harris & Griffin, 2015), less empathy and compassion (Henson, 2017), increased in sick leaves (Matey, 2016), moral distress (Ledoux, 2015), increase in absenteeism and staff turnover (Hooper et al., 2010). As a result, the nurses have leave the profession due to job dissatisfaction and spiritual emptiness (Fahey & Glasofer, 2016b;Harris & Griffin, 2015) and leading to shortage of nurses in the country. ...
... Using these findings, nursing managers and the organization can develop the strategies such as the resiliency programme in CF prevention to support all the nurses in preventing dangerous effects of CF to themselves, their co-workers, and patients (Geraghty et al., 2016). Therefore, it is important for the nursing manager and counselling unit to play a role in reducing the effect of BO and STS among nurses as the healthcare professionals who are at high risk of CF and need specific assistance with their stress, emotional exhaustion, and discouragement (Hooper et al., 2010). Through this programme, it is hopes will increase the quality of nurses in healthcare setting and at the same time will improve nurses' retention and satisfaction. ...
... CCU nurses are responsible for treating patients who are sick, injured, traumatized, or vulnerable, which routinely exposes them to pain, trauma, and suffering. 22 Although the signs and symptoms of CF may not be easily recognized by nurses or co-workers, 23 it is recognized as a problem in which CCU nurses are more susceptible to experiencing CF compared to non-CCU nurses. 22 In light of the definition of ProQOL, the circumstances created by the COVID-19 epidemic have put CCU staff's mental health at risk and may have contributed to their levels of CF and CS. ...
... 22 Although the signs and symptoms of CF may not be easily recognized by nurses or co-workers, 23 it is recognized as a problem in which CCU nurses are more susceptible to experiencing CF compared to non-CCU nurses. 22 In light of the definition of ProQOL, the circumstances created by the COVID-19 epidemic have put CCU staff's mental health at risk and may have contributed to their levels of CF and CS. The CCU nurses' ProQOL are of special concern because providing care to patients who are at high risk of actual or potential life-threatening health problems requires intensive and vigilant care. ...
... 11 Other studies have found that nurses in CCUs are at risk of feeling higher CF than CS. 22,34 Compared with before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, studies suggest that healthcare professionals had high scores for compassion fatigue, [28][29][30][31][32][33] while other studies reported the levels of CS were within average or high and similar to those from before the COVID-19 pandemic. 9 ...
Aim:
Nurses play a major role in critical care units (CCUs), providing care to critically ill patients while also facing numerous health challenges that impair their quality of life. This was especially evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to assess the professional quality of life (ProQOL) and establish the prevalence of compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue among CCU nurses in Saudi Arabia.
Methods:
A cross-sectional survey of CCU nurses was conducted using the ProQOL Scale, consisting of three subscales: 1) compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue, 2) burnout, and 3) secondary traumatic stress. The data were analyzed to obtain descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results:
A total of 238 ICU nurses, who were predominantly female (83%) and had a bachelor's degree (80%), participated in this study. The ProQOL subscales exhibited varied mean scores across demographic variables. Statistically significant differences were observed in the compassion satisfaction (p=0.014) of CCU nurses working in public hospitals, and in the secondary traumatic stress (p=0.006) among nurses working in night shifts. The percentage distribution of CCU nurses' individual levels for all the ProQOL subscales were within the average to high levels.
Conclusion:
The ProQOL was significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, varied ProQOL mean scores across demographic characteristics suggest that interpersonal differences should be considered when developing improvement initiatives.
... The term burnout emerged in the late 1960s to define the physical and emotional stress felt by professionals who worked with people in vulnerable situations (Rotenstein et al. 2018), but the studies about this phenomenon started a little later, in the 1970s, by Freudenberger, the "father" of burnout. Burnout syndrome is a persistent and negative work-related mental state characterized mainly by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal achievement, accompanied by distress, feelings of ineffectiveness and inefficiency, reduced motivation and development of dysfunctional attitudes and behaviors in the workplace and work context (Schaufeli and Enzmann 1998;Hooper et al. 2010). This syndrome is usually associated with professionals who provide support in emergency situations and crisis response, such as police officers, firefighters, social workers and teachers (Florio 2010). ...
... CS appears as a balance of CF in the professionals' life, preventing most of them from becoming sick (Stamm 2005), because CF, in turn, is an extremely negative aspect of their lives, also divided into two parts: burnout and secondary trauma. Thus, CS is defined as the individual's ability to be rewarded only for the care that they provide to others, being able to actively make a difference in their lives and contribute positively to the well-being of society (Hooper et al. 2010;Souza et al. 2019). For Lago and Codo (2013) and Stamm (2012), CS is the degree of joy or pleasure felt in being able to perform one's role well, doing good and helping others, characterized by feelings of satisfaction that result from performing their job, namely the health professional, social worker, teacher, lawyer, police officers, firefighter, among other professions that work in helping people, especially in trauma situations (Batalha et al. 2020;Stamm 2010). ...
... This is a positive aspect of the helping professions and one of the elements that attract those who choose to work in nursing (Jakimowicz et al. 2018), for example, similarly to what often happens with police officers, who decide to perform their role for the benefit of society that they help and represent daily, providing them with a sense of satisfaction for what they do. CS is associated with positive affection, satisfaction with one's life, and self-esteem (Kohan and Mazmanian 2003) and emerges as a source of internal strength for employees, promoting physical and mental health (Neff 2003) and serving as a protective factor, especially in slowing work stress that, sooner or later, may progress to burnout (Hooper et al. 2010;Grant et al. 2019;Wagaman et al. 2015). In addition, and despite this factor implying that professionals are more open and involved with the suffering of those they help (Lago and Codo 2013;Stamm 2010), CS is associated with professional commitment and engagement. ...
Burnout should be seen as an important phenomenon influencing the services provided by police forces, due to its high exposure to stressful events. The study sought to examine the impact of burnout on performance and turnover intention of Portuguese police forces, as well as to analyze the moderating effect of compassion satisfaction (CS) on this relationship. Data were collected in 2021 from 1.682 Portuguese police officers, using individual surveys. The results showed that (1) burnout is negatively related to performance; (2) burnout is positively related to turnover intention; (3) CS, although it has a positive effect on performance, does not assume a moderating role, as expected, in the relationship between burnout and performance; (4) CS assumes a moderating role in the relationship between burnout and turnover intention. That is, when a person who still suffers from burnout feels CS, it decreases the intention to leave the organization. The implications and the bearings of this study are discussed and presented regarding the theoretical, empirical and practical perspectives in order to better support both the comprehension of burnout in police officers and offer the best practical recommendations.
... The distinction between burnout and MI is often blurred, though the two are distinct constructs. Burnout has been described as pervasive stress, fatigue, and loss of empathy and self-efficacy [8]. It is known that healthcare professionals experience burnout. ...
... It is known that healthcare professionals experience burnout. However, newer research suggests that mislabeling MI as burnout may have greater implications (e.g., worse health outcomes) [8]. In addition, the distinction between moral distress and MI has also been made. ...
... Once the above research has been conducted, researchers will want to consider dismantling studies in under to determine what the mechanisms of change in BSS are. Determining the effective mechanisms of change will allow researchers and clinicians to continue adapting BSS to new populations suffering from moral injury, including front-line workers and nurses [1,8]. Specifically, researchers should focus on the effectiveness of the empty chair technique as used in BSS. ...
Purpose of Review
This article reviews a spiritually integrated group therapy, Building Spiritual Strength (BSS), designed to treat moral injury and associated syndromes (e.g., PTSD, burnout) with Gestalt and cognitive techniques and psychoeducation about spiritual coping. BSS was designed for active duty and military veterans but has since been adapted and expanded for other groups experiencing moral injury.
Recent Findings
Two RCTs have demonstrated BSS led to a decrease in PTSD symptoms in military members. Though BSS did not outperform a person-centered group therapy control in one RCT, the BSS group reported a decrease in spiritual struggle compared to the control. While no studies have yet been published on the expansion of BSS to new populations, emergent qualitative evidence on BSS for volunteers working with refugees indicates effectiveness in increasing positive spiritual coping. This expansion also revealed an opportunity for BSS to increase cultural humility in group members, in addition to reducing moral injury and other symptoms of distress.
Summary
BSS is an effective, spiritually integrated means of reducing distress and improving spiritual coping. There are numerous opportunities for expansion of BSS to new populations and to test a variety of outcomes, including moral injury, spiritual flourishing, and cultural humility.
... 8,9,14,15 Compassion fatigue is typically associated with physical symptoms (eg exhaustion, headaches, and sleep disturbance), behavioral symptoms (eg anger, absenteeism, and attrition), and psychological symptoms (eg emotional exhaustion, depression, and loss of hope). 9,13,16,17 Compassion fatigue is a universal psychological state that anyone can experience; it has been studied in many clinical groups, 18 including nurses, 17,19 physicians, 20,21 consultants, 22,23 and counselors. 24 Recently, researchers in the education field have focused on compassion fatigue. ...
... 8,9,14,15 Compassion fatigue is typically associated with physical symptoms (eg exhaustion, headaches, and sleep disturbance), behavioral symptoms (eg anger, absenteeism, and attrition), and psychological symptoms (eg emotional exhaustion, depression, and loss of hope). 9,13,16,17 Compassion fatigue is a universal psychological state that anyone can experience; it has been studied in many clinical groups, 18 including nurses, 17,19 physicians, 20,21 consultants, 22,23 and counselors. 24 Recently, researchers in the education field have focused on compassion fatigue. ...
Introduction:
Kindergarten teachers who empathize with toddlers experience a great risk of burnout and emotional disturbance. This is referred to as compassion fatigue, in which teachers' empathy experience is reduced. This study proposed a moderated mediation model to identify the risks of compassion fatigue and its protective factors for developing evidence-based clinical interventions.
Methods:
In this cross-sectional study, self-report measures were administered to 1049 kindergarten teachers to observe their mindsets toward children, motivation for teacher empathy, job stress, social support, and compassion fatigue. The PROCESS macro (SPSS 23.0) was used to assess the moderated mediation model.
Results:
The results demonstrated that motivation for teacher empathy mediated the negative relationship between kindergarten teachers' mindsets toward children and compassion fatigue. Moreover, job stress and social support moderated the relationship between kindergarten teachers' mindsets toward children and motivation for teacher empathy. However, this effect was not observed in the negative relationship between kindergarten teachers' mindsets toward children and compassion fatigue.
Conclusion:
The proposed moderated mediation model was found to be valid. Furthermore, the study findings have practical implications for developing evidence-based interventions for addressing kindergarten teachers' compassion fatigue.
... Compassion satisfaction is the sense of pleasure that comes from helping others (15)(16)(17). In previous research, a caring nurse-patient relationship emerged as one of the most important predictors of not only patient satisfaction with hospitals, but also patients' global outcomes and patient safety in healthcare systems (18,19). High compassion satisfaction allows nurses to form close relationships with patients. ...
... Thus, it is necessary to reduce compassion fatigue and improve compassion satisfaction among nurses. Studies have consistently investigated the factors affecting nurses' engagement in nursing activities related to patient safety (18)(19)(20). However, research is lacking on the relationship of compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction on engagement in nursing activities related to patient safety. ...
Background:
We examined the relationships of compassion satisfaction and fatigue among shift nurses on nursing engagement activities related to patient safety with the aim of improving shift nurses' physical and psychological aspects in order to use the findings as a basis to enhance nurses' engagement in activities related to patient safety.
Methods:
The data collection period for this cross-sectional study was from Nov 21, 2019, to Jan 3, 2020. A convenience sample of 280 shift nurses who were working for more than six months at three tertiary hospitals in Korea was used. Collected data comprised general and job-related characteristics of subjects, compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and patient safety nursing activities. SPSS was used for statistical analysis, and multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between shift nurses' compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and patient safety nursing activities.
Results:
Compassion satisfaction had the greatest impact on engagement in nursing activities related to patient safety (β= .32, P<.001), followed by compassion fatigue. Higher compassion satisfaction and lower compassion fatigue indicates a higher engagement in patient safety-related nursing activities (β= -.15, P<.008).
Conclusion:
In order to maximize compassion satisfaction and reduce compassion fatigue among shift nurses, it is important for health policymakers to improve their welfare system and create a supportive environment where negative emotions can be expressed freely and accepted positively.
... The timeframe in the ProQOL survey is also appropriate in that it allows us to assess recent experiences of peer responders; Given the unpredictability of peer work, we felt that a 7-day period, which several other tools assess, would be too short to get a complete picture on the work-related stressors and benefits of peer work (Bride et al., 2007). ProQOL is also commonly used by several studies aimed at quantifying these measures among front line workers including nurses, doctors, etc., which allows for comparison of scores across professions (Hooper et al., 2010;Keidel, 2002;Nicola et al., 2020;Sheppard, 2015). ...
... Many studies have shown STS among doctors, nurses and other frontline workers (Alharbi et al., 2020;Gustafsson & Hemberg, 2021;Hooper et al., 2010;Keidel, 2002;Ruiz-Fernández et al., 2020;Xie et al., 2021). A study by Ruiz-Fernández et al. (2020) revealed that the mean STS score of their sample of healthcare workers was 19.9 whereas the mean of our sample was 23 (Ruiz-Fernández et al., 2020). ...
Background: The drug toxicity crisis has had dramatic impacts on people who use drugs. Peer overdose response workers (peer responders), i.e., individuals with lived/living experience of drug use who work in overdose response settings, are particularly susceptible to negative physical and mental health impacts of the crisis. Despite that, the mental health impacts on peer responders have yet to be studied and measured. Methods: The Professional Quality of Life survey (Version 5) was completed by 47 peer responders at two organizations in British Columbia between September 2020 and March 2021 to assess compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue. The Likert scale responses were converted into numerical values and scores were calculated for each sub-scale. The mean score was calculated for each sub-scale and categorized as low, medium, or high, based on the instructions for Version 5 of the instrument. Results: Our study uncovered a high mean score for compassion satisfaction, low mean score for burnout, and medium mean score for secondary traumatic stress among peer responders. These results may be due to the participants’ strong feelings of pride and recognition from their work, as well as the low number of participants that felt they had too much to do at work. Conclusion: Although peer responders derive pleasure and fulfillment from their jobs, i.e., compassion satisfaction, they also sometimes face burnout and stress due to continuous exposure to the trauma of the people they support. These results shed light on the areas that need to be targeted when creating supports for peer responders.
... In the literature, nurses who care for patients and display an empathetic approach during the pandemic experience burnout (Arpacıoglu et al., 2021;Chen et al., 2021) and CF (Labrague & Santos, 2021). These changes in the mental health of nurses can negatively affect their professional and moral values (Hooper et al., 2010). Job dissatisfaction, inappropriate decision making, loss of empathy, decrease in helping capacity (Hooper et al., 2010), not showing the necessary attention to the patient, and an increase in the tendency to make medical mistakes can be seen in nurses (Nantsupawat et al., 2016). ...
... These changes in the mental health of nurses can negatively affect their professional and moral values (Hooper et al., 2010). Job dissatisfaction, inappropriate decision making, loss of empathy, decrease in helping capacity (Hooper et al., 2010), not showing the necessary attention to the patient, and an increase in the tendency to make medical mistakes can be seen in nurses (Nantsupawat et al., 2016). ...
Purpose
This study was conducted to determine compassion fatigue and burnout in nurses working in the pediatric emergency department (PED) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey.
Design and methods
This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 164 nurses working in the PED and following the social media platforms of the Emergency Nurses Association between September 1, 2020, and January 1, 2021. Data were collected using the online survey method with the Descriptive Data Form, Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and Compassion Fatigue-Short Scale (CF-SS).
Results
Pediatric emergency nurses reported that they experienced high emotional exhaustion (28.25 ± 6.05) and depersonalization (11.89 ± 2.39), low personal accomplishment (17.98 ± 3.12), and moderate compassion fatigue (4.99 ± 1.43).
Conclusion
Pediatric emergency nurses had high levels of burnout and moderate levels of compassion fatigue during the pandemic in Turkey. To prevent any long-term negative effects of the pandemic, addressing the physiological, psychological, and psychosocial needs of nurses should be prioritized.
Practical implications
Compassion fatigue and burnout can affect the quality of care provided by nurses, but also negatively affect their well-being and quality of life during the pandemic. Therefore, the development of interventions to reduce compassion fatigue and burnout can help manage these symptoms.
... Compassion fatigue has two components: burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Burnout comprises emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, a negative attitude, a lack of personal fulfilment and frustration, whereas secondary traumatic stress is the negative feeling driven by fear and work-related trauma (Hinderer et al., 2014;Hooper et al., 2010;Hunsaker et al., 2015;Peters, 2018). Compassion satisfaction is a protective mechanism that stems from the satisfaction of helping others, from fulfilment and from reward because of caring for patients (Hinderer et al., 2014;Hooper et al., 2010). ...
... Burnout comprises emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, a negative attitude, a lack of personal fulfilment and frustration, whereas secondary traumatic stress is the negative feeling driven by fear and work-related trauma (Hinderer et al., 2014;Hooper et al., 2010;Hunsaker et al., 2015;Peters, 2018). Compassion satisfaction is a protective mechanism that stems from the satisfaction of helping others, from fulfilment and from reward because of caring for patients (Hinderer et al., 2014;Hooper et al., 2010). ...
Aim:
To explore the associations between Coping Strategies (Social Support, Avoidance Strategies, Positive Attitude, Problem Orientation, and Transcendent Orientation) and Professional Quality of Life (Compassion Satisfaction, Burnout, and Secondary Traumatic Stress) in nurses and physicians during COVID-19.
Background:
Little is known about the association between the way healthcare workers cope with stress and their professional quality of life during the unusual circumstances that the COVID-19 pandemic imposed.
Methods:
A single-centre cross-sectional observational study was conducted with healthcare professionals (n=143). The Professional Quality of Life scale and the Italian Version of the Coping Orientations to the Problems Experienced measured professional quality of life and Coping strategies, respectively.
Results:
Avoidance, Problem Orientation, and Social Support coping worsened Professional Quality of Life, while Positive Attitude improved it.
Conclusions:
This study on the relationship between Coping Strategies and Professional Quality of Life during health emergencies like COVID-19 pandemic can inform interventions aiming to foster functional coping strategies in healthcare personnel to sustain their professional quality of life.
Implications for nursing management:
Identifying people at greater risk of Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress can guide tailored interventions to improve healthcare workers' wellbeing. Increased Professional Quality of Life might turn in improved quality of care and reduced absenteeism and intention to leave.
... Instances of compassion fatigue amongst nurses are well documented, particularly in emergency departments, intensive care units and oncology centres (Hooper et al., 2010). These fields represent some of the most emotive areas in healthcare due to the life and death scenarios they give rise to and intensity of emotions involved. ...
... These circumstances can leave them vulnerable to developing vicarious traumatisation which impacts upon their physical and mental wellbeing. Nurses suffering from vicarious traumatisation can struggle to provide the best care to their patients due to decreased compassion reserves, anxiety and depression (Hooper et al., 2010). Nurses are known to be integral to the healthcare system, without them normal functioning is impossible, and patient outcomes and care are compromised (Gatchel, 2018). ...
Background
There are an estimated 25.9 million refugees worldwide, who require health services while living in host countries. To effectively treat refugee patients, nurses must document their history which requires hearing about their traumatic journeys. Listening to trauma has been shown to cause vicarious traumatisation.
Aims
To identify the risk and protective factors involved in the development of vicarious traumatisation.
Methods
After searching four databases, nine studies were selected for review. Key words ‘vicarious trauma’, ‘refugee’ and ‘nurse’ formed the search. Articles were appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program and Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool.
Results
Vicarious traumatisation is common amongst nurses working with refugees. Aspects of culture formed the principal risk and protective factors. Differences between cultures made for strained communication while similarities created better understanding. Some cultures provided more resilience than others. Vicarious resilience, a feeling of personal growth resulting from hearing about and helping patients overcome trauma, was also highlighted. The development of vicarious resilience was a protective factor.
Conclusions
Further investigation into how to minimise risk and establish protective factors is required. Some coping recommendations include personal reflection, comprehensive training and better access to counselling.
... Stresines ir kritines situacijas galima apibrėžti kaip įvykius, kurie sukelia stiprias emocines asmens reakcijas [27]. Daugumai slaugytojų tenka susidurti su potencialiai psichologiškai traumuojančiomis situacijomis, tačiau skubios pagalbos slaugytojai nuolat susiduria su kritiniais ir sunkiais sužalojimais, mirtimi ar pacientų gaivinimu, įskaitant vaikų gaivinimą, savižudybes bei pacientų kančias [28]. Adrienssens J. su bendraautoriais [29] atlikto tyrimo, kuriame dalyvavo 248 skubios medicinos pagalbos slaugytojai iš 15-os Flandrijos (Belgija) ligoninių, rezultatai rodo, kad jie dažnai susiduria su psichologiškai traumuojančiais įvykiais, susijusiais su darbu, o vaiko (paauglio) mirtis ar sunkus sužalojimas suvokiamas kaip labiausiai traumuojantis įvykis. ...
The work of emergency nurses involves long working hours, providing assistance in the event of life-threatening conditions, accidents, trauma patients, and anxious family members of patients. These are all stressful factors at work. Intensive and stressful work can have an impact on their physical and emotional health over time. The aim of the study is to select and analyse scientific articles on key stressors in the work of emergency care nurses. The research method is a literature review. The search for scientific publications was carried out using the PubMed search engine in the electronic database. Used keywords in English: stress at work, emergency nurses, the causes of stress. violence, bullying. The selected 31 articles are written in English. The results showed that emergency care workers face a range of situations every day, some of which can be life-threatening and require emergency care and intensive care. This dynamic environment, which also affects factors such as violence and bullying, stressful situations and high workload, puts emergency care workers under severe stress at work.
... This finding indicates that caring for special needs children at school could lead to a feeling of exhaustion, frustration and a sense of sharing in the challenges faced by the children. Similar findings were made among primary school educators in West Virginia (Robinson, 2005); crisis counsellors after the Oklahoma City bombing (Wee & Myers, 2003), hospice nurses (Abendroth & Flannery, 2006), emergency nurses (Hooper et al., 2010), and oncology nurses (Black, Deignan & Potter, 2014). This current finding highlights the need for timely formulation and implementation of policies and programmes targeted at creating awareness, concerning compassion fatigue among special teachers and equipping them with adequate management and coping strategies. ...
The study was carried out to assess the level of compassion fatigue and psychological well-being of special needs educators. It adopted a cross-sectional survey design. The sample for the study was 416 special needs educators. The compassion fatigue subscale of the Professional Quality of Life scale (ProQOL) was used to assess compassion fatigue in the dimensions of burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Psychological well-being was measured using Ryff's Psychological Well-being scale in the dimensions of autonomy, environmental mastery, positive relationship with others, purpose in life, personal growth and self-acceptance. Frequency and percentage were used to analyse the descriptive data while Pearson's correlation was used to determine the relationship between variables. From the result, the majority (87.7%) of the respondents were females and 81.5% were between the age of 20-40 years. The majority (97.3%) of the respondents had moderate level compassion fatigue in both dimensions of burnout and secondary traumatic stress. About a quarter (24.7%) of the respondents reported a low level of psychological well-being. Psychological well-being dimensions of positive relationships with others and purpose in life were found to negatively correlate with secondary traumatic stress, while environmental mastery and purpose in life had a positive relationship with burnout among the special educators. Therefore, the study concludes that special needs educators experience compassion fatigue at a moderate level. The study recommends that there should be an increase in the social support rendered to special needs educators as this could encourage them more in executing their duties.
... Nurses working in critical care and emergency setups are the most vulnerable group to suffer burnout. 16 NICU nurses may feel compassion fatigue, which heightens stress and leads to burnout, according to Braithwaite 17 and Ayetkin et al. 15 Stress is a complicated and dynamic phenomenon that involves interactions between organizational factors and employee personal attributes. 18 Numerous variables, such as the nurses' sociodemographic profile (such as age, marital status, education level, 19 years of work experience, 20 gender) and work-related variables (such as night shifts, duty hours, lights and sounds in NICU, etc.), contribute to their stress levels. ...
Objective
To estimate the levels of perceived stress and determine the professional quality of life domains namely, compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary trauma and their associated factors in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses.
Methods
A multicenter cross-sectional study was carried out across a number of NICUs in North India from May to June 2022. A total of 223 nurses included in the study were given a self-administered questionnaire consisting of their sociodemographic profile, work profile, PSS 14 scale, and ProQol 5 scale. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient, and multiple regression.
Results
Based on PSS 14, 52(23.3%), 132(59.2%), and 39(17.5%) nurses experienced mild, moderate, and severe stress, respectively. Burnout and secondary trauma were found to be average in the majority of nurses (178[79.8%] and 175 [78.5%], respectively) in regard to professional quality of life domains. A sizable portion of the nurses was found to have average to high compassion satisfaction. Factors such as more number of night duties, alarms and lights in NICU, lesser professional experience, high workload, being unmarried, and having no children were found to be significant in association with perceived stress and professional quality of life.
Conclusion
According to this study, the majority of nurses who work in NICUs experience moderate levels of stress, which negatively impacts their professional quality of life. Therefore, it is important to consider various stress management programs based on the stressors.
... Merhamet yorgunluğunun belirtileri; fiziksel, duygusal, sosyal, manevi ve zihinsel etkiler olarak sınıflandırmaktadır [15,17,18] Covid-19 pandemisinde özellikle yoğun bakım ünitelerinde ve acil servislerde çalışan hemşirelerin hastaların acı çekmesine ve ölümüne daha sık tanık olmalarının merhamet yorgunluğunu artırdığı bildirilmektedir [7,11,19]. Literatürde, pediatri, acil servis, yoğun bakım, onkoloji ve palyatif bakım kliniklerinde çalışan hemşirelerde merhamet yorgunluğunun daha sık görüldüğü belirtilmektedir [17,[20][21][22][23][24][25]. Bunun nedeni ölümle sık karşılaşmak, durumu kritik hastalara bakım vermek, ekip içinde yaşanan çatışmalar, zaman baskısı, yoğun iş yükü, eleman azlığı, hiyerarşik düzen, hasta ailelerinin duygusal beklentileri gibi hem bireysel hem mesleki hem de çalışma koşullarından kaynaklanan stresörlerin fazlalığıdır [17]. ...
Z Covid-19 pandemisinde hastaların iyileşme sürecinde hemşirelik bakımının çok önemli bir yeri bulunmaktadır. Bu süreçte hemşireler, hastalığın tedavisinin bilinmemesi, bulaş riskinin fazla olması, çalışma sistemlerinin değişmesi, iş yüklerinin artması, koruyucu ekipman ile çalışmak zorunda kalmaları gibi nedenlerle yoğun duygu yükü yaşamalarına rağmen hastaların bakım gereksinimlerini karşılamaya çalışmaktadırlar. Pandemi sürecinde hemşireler uzun bir süre yoğun ve sürekli olarak hasta ile yakın temasta bulunarak, sürekli fedakârlık etmekte ve stres altında çalışmaktadırlar. Tüm bu çabalarının sonucunda bir süre sonra farkına varmadan merhamet yorgunluğu yaşayabilmektedir."Bakım vericileri etkileyen benzersiz bir tükenmişlik biçimi" olarak bilinen, merhamet yorgunluğunun kişisel, mesleki profesyonellik ve sağlık kurumları açısından olumsuz ve önemli sonuçları bulunmaktadır. Dolayısıyla özellikle pandemi sırasında hemşirelerin merhamet yorgunluğundan korunması açısından merhamet yorgunluğunun belirtilerinin bilinmesi ve erken tanınmasının oldukça önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Hemşireleri merhamet yorgunluğundan korumak, etkilerini azaltmak veya önlemek amacıyla kriz yönetimiyle ilgili kılavuzlar oluşturulması, hemşirelerin yönetim ve ekip arkadaşları tarafından desteklenmesi ve kendi öz bakımını sağlaması önemli görülmektedir.
... In this study, no significant difference was found in CF risk according to the gender of the nurses. However, in a study conducted by Hooper et al. 18 , a meaningful relationship between gender and CF scores was found. The difference in study results may have arisen from the low (17.1%) ...
The aim of this study is to research the prevalence of compassion fatigue among intensive care nurses in a public hospital located in northwestern Turkey. The sample of the study consisted of 111 nurses who worked at adult intensive care units and volunteered for the study. In the collection of research data, demographic questionnaire which includes socio-demographic features and compassion fatigue (CF) sub-scale of Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOLR-IV) were used. In the examination, numbers, percentages, mean values, and standard deviations from among descriptive statistics, the Mann Whitney U test, the Kruskal Wallis test, and the Binary logistic regression model were used. In this study, 60.1% of the nurses were found to be in the high risk category with regard to compassion fatigue. Additionally, nurses with high education levels, less occupational experience, and excessive weekly working hours who were single were found to experience higher compassion fatigue risk (p < 0.05). Nurses being supported against the risk of compassion fatigue and coping strategies for this situation being taught to nurses will reflect in their life and work quality positively. Further studies in different specialist fields and areas should be performed in order to incentivize the generalisation of our results and discover other potential predictors.
... 11 CF is the psycho-emotional distress that occurs as sequela to long-term self-sacrifice and prolonged exposure to difficult situations. 12 Research has determined that, although the relationship between CS and CF is weak, there's an inverse relationship between CS and burnout. 13 There's a correlation between high levels of nurse caring and compassion to patient satisfaction and intent to stay. 14,15 When viewed linearly, CS and CF serve as conceptual anchors. ...
A descriptive study of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on non-direct care nurses
... Our study confirms previous findings (Beck, 2001;Fahrenwald et al., 2005;Nelms, Jones, & Gray, 1993) that students can learn and experience the caring process through presenting, introspection, sharing, supporting, competence, assignment, and role modeling. However, the (Hooper, Craig, Janvrin, Wetsel, & Reimels, 2010) study, which used a cross-sectional survey design comparing the correlation between nurses" characteristics and caring behaviors, did not find significant correlations between caring education and caring behaviors. According to (Beck, 2001), caring is a process of reciprocal connection. ...
Background: The patient record is an essential patient data where the nursing
documentation part is fundamental. Competent nursing care is based on correct and
complete records, and keeping records is an essential skill that needs to be developed by
each and every health staff. The present study is conducted in order to develop nursing
care record tool in Accident and Emergency Hospital of Sulaimani and their effects and
outcomes. The main aim of this study is to measure the efficiency of a documentation
program and the acceptability of a new documentation tool and its effect on outcome,
which is carried out between June 2016 and September 2019.
Methods:Quantitative design (quazi experimental study) ,a total of 65 nurses in the
study group consisted of those working in the Accident and Emergency Hospital
participated in the documentation program, and another 65 nurses working at the
maternity, surgical, medical, and oncology hospitals comprised the control groups. Pre
and post program selected 100 patients and were admitted in Accident and Emergency
Hospital. All data were analysed by using (Statistical Package of Social Science,
version 22).
Results:The findings of the present study show that the face sheet was completely
recorded in %95, which means satisfactory, other items such as chief complaint and
history of present illness, radiology, laboratory, medication intervention report and
physical examination were inadequate. Other items such as medications, administration
record and a graphic sheet of vital signs were insufficient and the results were almost
75.29% and 24.71% respectively. The shortcomings remain undocumented due to the
barriers and there were significant differences for performing nursing activities between
those who involve in the documentation program and those who did not involve.
Regarding interventional group there was highly significant differences in the
achievement of the performance and nursing caring behavior between two groups at (Pvalue
˂0.005) in Accident and Emergency Hospital.
Conclusion: The documentation of patient medical records is unsatisfactory in general,
as the majority of the patient records items were undocumented and were below the
standard. The implementation of improved program had a positive impact on nursing
documentation and understanding of the nursing duties by the introduction of the
documentation program to the nurse’s record tool, poor nursing performance, and
nursing care behaviour in Accident and Emergency Hospital.
... The key difference is that the occupations in which CF appears involve interactions; there is a relationship between the caregiver and care receiver [2]. CF occurs in individuals with occupations that involve caring for individuals that have experienced trauma or extreme suffering and spans a variety of helping professions including educators [5], social workers [6], mental health therapists [7], physicians, nurses including ICU and oncology [8], and emergency room workers [9]. These are occupations that involve interactions with and care for individuals who potentially have experienced trauma. ...
Compassion fatigue is defined as “traumatization of helpers through their efforts at helping others”. It has negative effects on clinicians including reduced satisfaction with work, fatigue, irritability, dread of going to work, and lack of joy in life. It is correlated with patients’ decreased satisfaction with care. Compassion fatigue occurs in a variety of helping professions including educators, social workers, mental health clinicians, and it also appears in nonhuman animal care workers. This study surveyed caregivers of chimpanzees using the ProQOL-V to assess the prevalence of compassion fatigue among this group. Compassion satisfaction is higher than many other types of animal care workers. Conversely, this group shows moderate levels of burnout and secondary traumatic stress; higher levels than other types of animal care workers and many medical professions. While compassion fatigue has an effect on the caregiver’s experience, it has potential to affect animal welfare. Caregivers are an integral part of the chimpanzee social network. Compassion fatigue affects the caregiver’s attitude, this could in turn affect the relationship and degrade the experience of care for captive chimpanzees. Compassion fatigue can be mitigated with professional development, mindfulness training, interrelationships among staff, and specialized training. This preliminary assessment indicates the work ahead is educating caregivers about compassion fatigue and implementing procedures in sanctuaries to mitigate burnout and secondary traumatic stress.
... [10][11][12] Reduced sleep quality is tied to fatigue, sleep, cognitive disorders, mental disorders, increased likelihood of medical errors, and declined job satisfaction in emergency nurses. [12][13][14][15] Decreased sleep quality and its subsequent problems can also affect the married lives of nurses, including decreased sleep quality of their spouses. ...
Background and aims:
Due to the heavy working shifts, emergency nurses may have to sleep at unusual times of the day, affecting their spouse's sleep. This study proposed to detect the relationship between the woman emergency nurse's sleep quality and the sleep quality of their spouses.
Methods:
This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study has lasted for 4 months since June 21, 2020. The study population was all women nurses working at a hospital emergency department. The data was collected by a demographic questionnaire and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) for nurses and their spouses. The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results:
The prevalence of sleep quality disorder among female emergency department nurses and their husbands was 82.7% and 80.6%, respectively. The mean sleep quality score of female nurses and their husbands was 8.46 ± 4.43 and 6.50 ± 2.52, respectively. A strong and positive correlation was found between the PSQI score of female nurses and their husbands (p < 0.001). The regression model showed that increasing the body mass index (BMI) of female emergency nurses can decrease their sleep quality. However, increasing the BMI of female emergency nurses' spouses and their work experience in the emergency department can improve their sleep quality.
Conclusion:
The sleep quality of female emergency department nurses was directly correlated with their husbands' sleep quality. Therefore, the sleep quality of nurses working in the emergency departments and their spouses should be examined periodically.
... Research on compassion fatigue has also defined its opposite or inverse effect, i.e. compassion satisfaction. Compassion satisfaction takes place when exposure to traumatic events produces a sense of gratification due to the joy of helping others and provides a means to alleviate suffering that results in feelings of satisfaction (Hooper et al., 2010). Indeed, when helping individuals and changing their lives is properly managed, professionals and caregivers can experience pleasure and satisfaction rather than compassion fatigue and burnout (Figley & Stamm, 1996). ...
Healthcare workers’ professional quality of life has been increasingly under the spotlight, even more so during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has posed a genuine challenge for them. This study aims to describe the professional quality of life profiles of a sample of Spanish palliative care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic, encompassing aspects such as work satisfaction, burnout, compassion fatigue, and compassion satisfaction; while studying the relationships between these profiles and sociodemographic variables, clinical situations experienced during the pandemic, protectors of professional quality of life, the quality of care delivered, and the professionals’ wellbeing. Data from a survey of Spanish palliative care professionals were used. The variables measured were professional quality of life, sociodemographic characteristics, COVID-19-related experiences, protectors of professional quality of life, wellbeing, and quality of care. Our research included latent profile analyses, along with chi-squared and t-tests. The results suggested two profiles of professional quality of life, namely low (32.78%) and high (67.22%). The following profile displayed a higher likelihood of having a low professional quality of life: younger professionals, registered nurses, with a decrease in their teamwork, without specific training in palliative care, in coping with death and stress or emotional training and with lower levels of self-care and self-compassion, whose patients were unable to die a dignified death. Similarly, a low professional quality of life profile was associated with reduced wellbeing and poorer quality of care offered. In conclusion, providing professionals with education and training to improve their ability to handle end-of-life care and stress, maintaining cohesive teams and promoting self-care and self-compassion are pivotal to maintaining the quality of life and wellbeing of palliative care professionals and the quality of care that they provide.
... One reason which could respond to the variability in findings about satisfaction, and which is applicable to the rest of outcomes, is the context where studies were developed. It is logical to think that both the pressure on healthcare personnel and the target response time vary among hospital departments, [40] so the SPC insertion technique is not carried out on equal terms. For example, in the treatment of cardiac arrests in pediatric population the European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021 recommend getting a vascular access in 5 min at most and suggest the use of US to guide cannulation in competent providers [41]. ...
Background
Short peripheral catheters (SPC) insertion technique has a high failure rate, one of the reasons why the ultrasound (US)-guided method has been proposed as a valid alternative to traditional technique in SPC insertion. This umbrella review aims to synthesize the available evidence comparing the US-guided method with the traditional method on SPC insertion in terms of effectiveness, safety and patient satisfaction.
Methods
An umbrella review addressing the comparison between US-guided versus traditional method for SPC insertion in which only systematic reviews of all comparative study designs were eligible was carried out. Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses were systematically searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. Methodological quality was assessed with AMSTAR-2 tool. The quality of evidence per association was assessed using the GRADE criteria and was stablished as high, moderate, low and very low.
Results
Twelve systematic reviews with a range of 75–1860 patients were included. Moderate certainty evidence supports the positive effect of US-guided method on first-attempt success rate and number of attempts. There is moderate certainty evidence that US-guided method does not reduce the time spent in SPC insertion. Low certainty evidence supports that US-guided method improves both overall success rates and patient satisfaction. Emergency department was the main hospital department where these findings were reported.
Conclusions
The best current evidence indicates that US-guided method for SPC insertion is postulated as a valid alternative for both adult and pediatric population, especially in patients with difficult venous access and in hospital departments where optimal vascular access in the shortest time possible is critical.
Trial registration
PROSPERO: CRD42021290824.
... Burnout effects on empathy and compassion The participants' reference to burnout may not be unexpected; other researchers have identified burnout as a potential reason that health care workers feel exhausted with specific patient presentations. The 'emotional slippage' (34) typical of burnout can affect the performance of health care workers (35). As noted in the model of care, perceived burnout, especially in those in metropolitan areas, influenced paramedic practice. ...
Introduction
Mental health presentations are a rapidly growing proportion of cases seen by paramedics, often at the frontline of care delivery. How paramedics perceive persons with mental illness is vital, as their experiences in providing care can significantly impact decision-making. This article investigates these experiences and how they may influence patient care.
Methods
This qualitative descriptive research was conducted with two focus groups of six operational paramedics, and the data recorded and transcribed. The team closely examined the data using thematic analysis through a symbolic interactionist lens to identify, analyse, and interpret patterns of meaning within transcribed data. After thematic analysis, a model for future practice was generated, which pictorially demonstrates the overlap of common themes.
Results
Five themes ultimately were identified that were profoundly important to the paramedics within the focus groups. Paramedics have varying experiences when caring for people with mental illness. They are empathetic towards the circumstances of the person with mental illness. They perceive that the Stigmatisation of persons with mental illness occurs in some cases. Paramedics are also affected in their clinical decision-making by their training and education and by the profession's cultural influences.
Conclusion
The Stigmatisation of people with mental illness is apparent in paramedic practice. Despite mental illness being a common presenting problem, paramedics feel underprepared and have difficulty treating those who need help. The patients’ behaviour can often be reflected in the conduct of paramedics. The impact of burnout due to high exposure to people with mental illness, especially in metropolitan areas, may lead to decreased levels of empathy and compassion.
... In different areas and departments, empathy fatigue in nurses is very common, and the incidence rate is also very high, which is having a great impact on the nursing profession (14,15). Zhou's research (16) explored nurse stressors and mediating factors that affect nurses' stress. ...
Objective
The purpose of this meta-analysis is to systematically assess the effects of psychological intervention on empathy fatigue among nursing staff.
Method
Five electronic databases are searched separately from their establishment to April 8th, 2022. The research team independently performs paper selection, quality assessment, data extraction and analysis for all included studies. PRISMA guidelines are used to report this meta-analysis.
Results
A total of seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) covering 513 nursing staff are included. The meta-analysis results show that the empathy fatigue score (SMD = −0.22, 95% CI: −0.42~−0.02, P = 0.03) and burnout (SMD = −0.37, 95% CI: −0.56~−0.19, P < 0.001) are lower than the control group. The empathy satisfaction score of the psychological intervention group is higher than that of the control group (SMD = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.27–0.63, P < 0.001). The differences are statistically significant ( P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis finds significant heterogeneity in the impact of different departments on psychological intervention at ≥6 weeks ( I ² = 71%, P = 0.01) and <6 weeks ( I ² = 0%, P = 0.75) ( P = 0.05). Different departments also show significant heterogeneity in the effects of psychological intervention: ICU ( I ² = 73%, P = 0.02), pediatric ( I ² = 53%, P = 0.14) and other departments ( I ² = 0%, P = 0.63). The differences are statistically significant ( P = 0.0007). Besides, the results show that both mindfulness intervention (SMD = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.24–0.77, P = 0.0002) and other interventions (SMD = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.16–0.65, P = 0.001) are statistically significant difference in the level of empathy satisfaction between the psychological intervention group and the control group.
Conclusion
Psychological intervention has a coordinated improvement effect on empathy fatigue, empathy satisfaction and burnout, and can also improve the quality of life of nursing staff.
... In this study, there was no statistically significant relationship between STS score and demographic characteristics such as gender and level of education and work shift which is consistent with the results of the studies of Babaei et al. (36) Zakeri et al. (37) and Hooper et al. (38). In contrast to the present study, a study by Griffith et al. showed the relationship of education level and the score of stress in nurses (39). ...
Background: Nurses are front-line health-care workers for patients with severe Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine the resiliency of nurses and its relationship with secondary traumatic stress (STS) in pandemic conditions. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 233 nurses working in a medical center providing services to patients with COVID-19 in southeast Iran from May to August 2020. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and The Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between variables and data were analyzed through SPSS22. Results: The mean STS score of nurses was 40.82 ± 11.7. The results showed a significant relationship between STS score and Job satisfaction. The mean score of resilience was 60.91± 17.1 in nurses. The resiliency score showed significant difference based on work experience and exposure to COVID-19 disease. The results of correlation test showed that the overall stress score was significantly related to all aspects of resilience except trust (p < 0.05). Also, based on the multiple regression model, positive acceptance (one of the dimensions of resilience) and exposure to COVID-19 disease were the predictors of STS. Conclusion: The results showed that there is a significant and inverse relationship between resiliency score and STS. Therefore, according to the present conditions, it is recommended to design programs to improve resilience and reduce stress of nurses during COVID-19 pandemic.
... Following guidelines used by Hooper et al. (2010), at baseline, 77.5% of HCWs met the minimum cutoff score (≥ 23) for burnout (n = 62) as defined by the Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL). On the depression subscale of DASS-21, more than half of the sample (n = 50; 62.5%) scored in the normal range of depressive symptoms, with 27.5% scoring in the mild to moderate range, and 5% scoring in the severe range. ...
Objectives
Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers (HCWs) may be at greater risk of suffering from psychological distress compared to the general population. This study aimed to investigate the effects of mindfulness practice as delivered using Headspace on psychological and cognitive outcomes among HCWs in Singapore.
Methods
A total of 80 HCWs were recruited and randomly assigned to engage in either 3 weeks (10 min/day) of mindfulness practice using Headspace or an active control condition (Lumosity; involving playing cognitive games). Participants were administered several self-report measures and two working memory (digit span) tasks at pre- and post-intervention, and one-month follow-up.
Results
There were no significant between-condition changes on any outcome variables from pre- to post-intervention. From pre-intervention to 1-month follow-up, there were significantly greater improvements among Headspace participants on fear of COVID-19 (p = .005), compassion satisfaction (p = .007), trait mindfulness (p = .002), self-compassion (p = .005), sleep quality (p = .002), and the forward digit span task (p < .001). Several outcomes were mediated by increases in trait mindfulness or self-compassion.
Conclusions
Use of Headspace may lead to downstream benefits in reducing distress and improving psychological health outcomes among HCWs. The findings have implications for improving psychological support resources for HCWs amidst a pandemic.
Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT04936893).
... Other studies have suggested the possibility of contamination of the surfaces and air of different parts of the hospital with the virus and the resulting work stress [30][31][32].In general, it should be argued that the stress and difficulty of working in a particular ward vary in different cities and are affected by many factors such as the variety of hospitalized cases, lack of workforce, forced overtime hours, and ward management. It does not seem appropriate to comment on the association between the type of ward and the quality of life without considering other factors. ...
... From some researchers' point of view, the individual will manage effectively and adapt to workplace stressors when resilience is developed. Thus, the development of resilience can assist nurses in continuing to deliver highquality care and succeed professionally despite the demanding work environments (Hooper et al., 2010;O'Callaghan et al., 2020). Likewise, resilience helps promote well-being, survive healthily, prevent stress, and prevent turnover and compassion fatigue (Brennan, 2017;Cameron & Brownie, 2010;Patricia Potter et al., 2013). ...
This research study aimed to identify the level of Compassion Fatigue components, compassion satisfaction among ICU nurses, identify resilience levels and characteristics among ICU nurses. And to determine the association between resilience, Compassion Fatigue components, and compassion satisfaction. The results showed that nurses had a moderate\ average level of compassion satisfaction, a moderate\average level of burnout, and a moderate/average level of secondary traumatic stress. Also, a very low level of resilience, Self-reliance were the most characteristics of resilience. There was an association between the level of compassion satisfaction and income levels and the workplace. Also, there was an association between the level of burnout with income level and marital status. Resilience was associated with the level of resilience in the workplace. The study's results provided awareness about Compassion Fatigue and resilience in ICU nurses and provided practical implications for the need for education, assessment, prevention, and health promotion interventions addressing Compassion Fatigue and burnout among ICU nurses.
... Furthermore, the study results revealed a relationship between the type of ward and CS. In contrast to this finding, a study found no relationship between the ward and ProQol (Hooper et al., 2010). This discrepancy could be due to the questionnaire's self-reporting nature and cultural differences. ...
Background
In the pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease, various factors, such as workplace factors, and psychological variables, can affect the occupational status of nurses. This study aimed to assess the relationship between nurses’ professional quality of life, mindfulness, and hardiness during the outbreak of COVID-19.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 239 nurses from two medical centers in Rafsanjan, Iran. Quota sampling was performed from August to November 2020. A demographic form, the Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL), the Freiburg Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form (FMI-SF), and the Occupational Hardiness Questionnaire (OHQ) were used to collect data.
Results
The mean age of the participants was 33.20 ± 6.85 years. The majority of the participants were female, married, and employed. Compassion Satisfaction (CS), Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS), and Burnout (BO) were all moderate among nurses. Hardiness was the best predictor of compassion satisfaction. Mindfulness was the best predictor of both secondary traumatic stress and burnout. Psychological hardiness and mindfulness had the greatest impact on nurses’ quality of professional life during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Conclusion
Caring for COVID-19 patients may lead to BO, CF , and STS; identifying predictors of these can inform the development of interventions to mitigate or minimize BO, CF , and STS in nurses caring for these patients. Furthermore, in order to improve nurses’ quality of professional life, psychological hardiness, and mindfulness, necessary psychological programs and interventions should be designed and implemented.
The role of compassion in healthcare has become increasingly important, especially since it is now considered one of the six “Core Values” in the United Kingdom’s National Health Service [1]. This chapter will present a psychological theory and approach which places building compassion (for self and others) at the heart of its aims: Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) [2, 3]. The role of building compassion for people living with HIV and health professionals working in this field will be explored.KeywordsHIVCompassionPsychological distressHealth outcomesStaff self-careCompassion fatigueShame
Background: Compassion Fatigue is common among nurses and can have devastating consequences if not detected early. The impact may be more prevalent where nurses work in emotionally challenging environments, such as high-acuity clinical areas. Studies about compassion fatigue (CF) are plenteous in the western world. Yet, there is a paucity of research attributed to these issues in the gulf region , particularly in UAE. Our study explores the prevalence of Compassion Fatigue among Nurses working in Dubai Health Authority (DHA) hospitals. Methods: Our study used a Descriptive, Cross-sectional design. The Professional Quality of Life Scale version 5 (ProQOL 5) was used for data collection from nurses working in high-acuity clinical areas, in all the DHA hospitals. Results: A total of 525 Nurses returned the completed survey forms. 61% of the participants reported moderate compassion satisfaction while 38.1% reported high levels of compassion satisfaction. 67.6% of participants reported moderate levels of burnout with 54.7% seeming to be having secondary traumatic stress. Conclusion: the study strongly recommends initiating interventions and strategies aimed at combating compassion fatigue.
Compassion is central to the aim of improving patient care and staff well‐being within healthcare systems. To inform service development, explorations of experiences and meanings of compassion are needed. This study explored cognitive behavioural therapists' understandings of compassion within their work environment. A qualitative study was conducted using semistructured interviews and interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Data were obtained from five practicing cognitive behavioural therapists. Two superordinate themes were developed, each with two subordinate themes. CBT therapists reported entering the profession with intrinsic motivation to care for others. They further developed an interest in compassion with exposure to clients and ongoing professional development in compassion‐focused therapy (CFT). Compassionate work environments helped to facilitate compassionate practice; however, for many, workplaces were perceived to lack compassion. Challenges were encountered when negative workplace interactions left therapists feeling fatigued, distressed and demoralised. There was a desire for recognition and to be seen as more than a “work machine,” the experience of which was a threat to retaining therapists within the profession. Current recruitment and training processes are producing staff with skills and motivation to deliver compassionate care. However, lack of compassion within workplaces can be a barrier to actioning these skills and motivations. Research needs to focus on how to effectively implement and run systems that are compassionate for both staff and clients. To provide compassionate care, staff need work environments that show compassion to them. These findings provide some insights into and practical suggestions regarding how this can be achieved.
Ağız Diş ve Çene Radyolojisi alanında yapay zeka
Background
Nursing staff, especially in violence-prone emergency departments (ED), are at high risk of burnout. Frequently experienced violence is expected to have a strong impact on the nursing staff's burnout. This study aimed to examine the differences in the level of burnout between nursing staff who work in the ED and nursing staff who work in other inpatient departments, and its relationship with violence in various hospitals in Israel.
Method
A cross-sectional study that utilized a three-part questionnaire: demographic data, degree of burnout, and frequency occurrence of violence events against nurses.
Results
150 nurses in EDs (N = 75) and inpatient departments (N = 75) were sampled. Significant differences were found between the two groups: Nurses in EDs experienced a higher degree of burnout than nurses in other hospital departments, and the degree of burnout was found to have a positive relationship with exposure to both verbal and physical workplace violence.
Conclusions
Nursing staff in EDs could develop a high degree of burnout, and exposure to workplace violence could exacerbate it. The physical and emotional safety of the staff is an important aspect in preventing burnout, and creating a secure work environment.
Bu çalışma, bir devlet hastanesi Covid 19 servisinde çalışan hemşirelerin salgın sürecindeki merhamet yorgunluğuna
odaklanarak bir durum tespitinde bulunmayı hedeflemiştir. Çalışma, konuyu Covid 19 ve çalışma ortamı gibi değişkenler
üzerinden ele almaktadır. Araştırmada, Covid 19 olgusu ile tedavi sürecine fiili olarak katılan hemşirelerin merhamet yorgunluğu
arasındaki ilişkiyi anlamak ve çözümlemek üzere nitel araştırma yönteminin içerik analizi perspektifinden yararlanılmıştır. Bu
kapsamda Covid 19 servisinde çalışan 18 hemşire ile görüşme yapılmıştır. Merhamet yorgunluğu ile ilgili yarı yapılandırılmış
form hazırlanarak örneklem kapsamına giren hemşirelere 16 soru yöneltilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmada, Covid 19 salgınıyla birlikte
Covid 19 servisinde çalışan hemşirelerin merhamet yorgunluğunun artış eğiliminde olduğu ve görüşme yapılan hemşirelerin
yarısından fazlasının ileri düzeyde merhamet yorgunluğu yaşadığı tespit edilmiştir. Hemşirelerin Covid 19 salgın sürecinde bakım
ve tedavi uyguladığı hastalar ile aşırı empati kurması, hastaların çok acı çekmesi, tedavi görenlerin bakım gereksinimlerinin ileri düzeyde olması, genç hasta ölümleri, hemşirelerin hastaların son anlarına tanıklık etmesi, hastaların tedavi sürecindeki belirsizlikler, bazı hastaların iyileşememesi, hastaların duygu durumu, ölüm korkusu gibi nedenlerin hemşirelerin merhamet yorgunluğunu yaşamasında etkili olduğu izlenmiştir.
Objective
To understand the perspectives of emergency nurses’ perception of psychological trauma during COVID 19 and protective mechanisms used to build resilience.
Method
The primary method was qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews, with survey data on general resilience, moral resilience, and traumatic stress used to triangulate and understand qualitative findings. Analyses and theme development were guided by Social Identity Theory and informed by the Mid-Range Theory of Nurses’ Psychological Trauma.
Results
A total of 14 emergency department (ED) nurses were interviewed, 11 from one site and 3 from the other. Almost all nurses described working in an ED throughout the pandemic as extraordinarily stressful, morally injurious, and exhausting at multiple levels. While the source of stressors changed throughout the pandemic, the culmination of continued stress, moral injury, and emotional and physical exhaustion almost always exceeded their ability to adapt to the ever-changing landscape in healthcare created by the pandemic. Two primary themes were identified: Losing Identity as a Nurse and Hopelessness and Self-Preservation.
Conclusion
The consequences of the pandemic on nurses are likely to be long-lasting. Nurses need to mend and rebuild their identity as a nurse. The solutions are not quick fixes but rather will require fundamental changes in the profession, healthcare organizations and society. These changes will require a strategic vision, sustained commitment, and leadership to accomplish.
Bu çalışma, bir devlet hastanesi Covid 19 servisinde çalışan hemşirelerin salgın sürecindeki merhamet yorgunluğuna odaklanarak bir durum tespitinde bulunmayı hedeflemiştir. Çalışma, konuyu Covid 19 ve çalışma ortamı gibi değişkenler üzerinden ele almaktadır. Araştırmada, Covid 19 olgusu ile tedavi sürecine fiili olarak katılan hemşirelerin merhamet yorgunluğu arasındaki ilişkiyi anlamak ve çözümlemek üzere nitel araştırma yönteminin içerik analizi perspektifinden yararlanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda Covid 19 servisinde çalışan 18 hemşire ile görüşme yapılmıştır. Merhamet yorgunluğu ile ilgili yarı yapılandırılmış form hazırlanarak örneklem kapsamına giren hemşirelere 16 soru yöneltilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmada, Covid 19 salgınıyla birlikte Covid 19 servisinde çalışan hemşirelerin merhamet yorgunluğunun artış eğiliminde olduğu ve görüşme yapılan hemşirelerin yarısından fazlasının ileri düzeyde merhamet yorgunluğu yaşadığı tespit edilmiştir. Hemşirelerin Covid 19 salgın sürecinde bakım ve tedavi uyguladığı hastalar ile aşırı empati kurması, hastaların çok acı çekmesi, tedavi görenlerin bakım gereksinimlerinin ileri düzeyde olması, genç hasta ölümleri, hemşirelerin hastaların son anlarına tanıklık etmesi, hastaların tedavi sürecindeki belirsizlikler, bazı hastaların iyileşememesi, hastaların duygu durumu, ölüm korkusu gibi nedenlerin hemşirelerin merhamet yorgunluğunu yaşamasında etkili olduğu izlenmiştir.
Compassionate work can be greatly rewarding yet also costly. It can incur a cost, “the cost of caring,” commonly known as compassion fatigue. Over the last two decades, compassion fatigue has increasingly come to be recognized as a significant stress-related occupational hazard for those in the animal care community, including those who work in animal health, animal welfare, and biomedical research. Compassion fatigue arises from the duality of providing care and being exposed to trauma as a part of the work. The symptoms and consequences – personal, professional, and organizational – vary from person to person and within different contexts. In order to address compassion fatigue, it needs to be recognized. Although it cannot be prevented, it can be mitigated, transformed, and treated. This is centered in the concept of resilience, which starts with awareness of compassion fatigue, and grows with implementing personal and organizational approaches, strategies, and practices. Importantly, resilience in the animal care community can be built on the back of veterinary social work. By attending to the causes, signs, and consequences of compassion fatigue, veterinary social workers can support the health and well-being of those who work in animal care and promote personal, interpersonal, and organizational resilience.KeywordsAnimal healthAnimal welfareBiomedical researchCompassion fatigueEuthanasiaSelf-careSocial support
Introduction
The misuse of and addiction to opioids are a national public health crisis. The complexity of delivering patient care in emergency departments exposes nurses to stressful work situations with complex patient loads and increasing levels of compassion fatigue. Emergency nurses were asked about their feelings of compassion fatigue while caring for patients with opioid use and/or substance use disorders.
Methods
Twenty-four focus groups with emergency nurses (N = 53) at a level I trauma center were conducted in late 2019 and early 2020 are used in this qualitative study using thematic analysis that identified 1 main theme of compassion fatigue with 3 subthemes (nurse frustration with addicted patients, emotional responses, and job satisfaction).
Results
Findings highlight that emergency nurses working with patients with opioid use and/or substance use disorders are dealing with a number of negative emotional stressors and frustrations, which in turn has increased their levels of compassion fatigue. These nurses repeatedly expressed feelings of increasing frustration with addicted patients, negative emotional responses, and decreasing levels of job satisfaction as components of their compassion fatigue.
Discussion
These emergency nurses identified 3 areas to improve their compassion: improved management support with encouragement across all work shifts, debriefing opportunities, and more education. Fostering a high level of self-awareness and understanding of how the work environment influences personal well-being are necessary strategies to avoid the frustrations and negative emotional responses associated with compassion fatigue.
Background: ProQOL is the quality of life related to professional attributes. It has a direct impact not only on mental wellness of the healthcare worker but can affect day to day decision making required in his services. Objectives of current study was to determine ProQOL of health care providers and to assess the association between ProQOL and demographic variables of interest.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 153 health care providers of Bishnupur district, Manipur selected by random sampling during August-September, 2021 using ProQOL-5 questionnaire. Univariate analysis was done, followed by Chi-square test and Pearson Correlation for assessing association.Results: Mean age was 37.54±9.1 years and 64.1% were females. 46.4% were from District Hospital, 27.5% from CHC and 26.1% from PHC. 32.7% were nurses followed by physicians (25.5%). Mean values for compassion satisfaction (CS), secondary traumatic stress (STS), burnout (BO) was 36.84±5.2, 23.2±4.5 and 23.3±5.6 respectively. Majority had moderate CS (79.1%), BO (54.9%) and STS (52.3%). BO and STS were positively correlated (r=0.552, p=0.000). 63.6% working both day and night shifts had more BO (p=0.05). Those working for ≥8 hrs more often felt trapped as their job as a helper (p=0.031).Conclusions: Majority had moderate CS, STS and BO level. Stress management and coping skills training can be considered as a measure to decrease significant BO, STS and increase CS.
Nurses working in oncology clinics, where terminal patients are frequently cared for, face the risk of compassion fatigue, and, therefore, it is important to understand their experiences of this condition. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify compassion fatigue among nurses working in oncology clinics. The findings led to the identification of 5 themes: empathy, sadness, despair, depersonalization, and not suffering from death.
Kecepatan memberikan pertolongan (respon time) merupakan indikator penanggulangan penderita gawat darurat. Keterlambatan penanganan dapat berakibat fatal, dimana salah satu faktor penyebabnya adalah beban kerja tinggi yang menimbulkan fatigue. Fatigue secara fisik ditandai dengan menurunnya kualitas reflex gerak yang berakibat pada turunnya kecepatan penanganan kegawatdaruratan (respon time). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi efek fatigue terhadap respon time penanganan penderita gawat darurat. Desain penelitian adalah korelasi dengan pendekatan cross sectional pada 21 petugas Instalasi gawat darurat yang dipilih melalui teknik total sampling. Instrumen untuk mengukur fatigue adalah Fatigue Severity Scale versi bahasa Indonesia dan untuk mengukur respon time adalah lembar observasi dan stopwatch. Hasil menunjukkan 52,4% responden mengalami derajat fatigue ringan, 100% respon time penanganan penderita gawat darurat sesuai dengan kategori Australasian Triage Scale (ATS) 1,2,3,4,5 dengan nilai median 57 detik, dan waktu kecepatan respon 52,4% responden kurang dari 57 detik. Analisis uji Spearman Rank mendapatkan nilai r 0,121, menunjukkan secara statistik tidak ada kolerasi antara derajat fatigue dengan respon time. Lemahnya hasil uji statistik tetap menunjukkan nilai bahwa fatigue menyebabkan turunnya kemampuan analisis pemecahan masalah, reflek dan kualitas gerak yang berakibat pada penurunan respon time. Perlu adanya penanganan fatigue dengan manajemen stress, pengaturan jam kerja, dan pengelolaan waktu istirahat yang cukup.
Résumé
Objectif
L’objectif de cette revue est de faire le point sur les sources de données existantes et d’identifier l’impact que les postes en 12 h ont sur les infirmiers hospitaliers et par voie de conséquence sur les patients.
Méthode
La recherche a été effectuée sur les bases de données PubMed, Embase et LiSSa et complétée par une analyse attentive des références bibliographiques pour une période allant de 2000 à 2022. Les études incluses explorent les effets du travail en 12 heures sur les infirmiers hospitaliers et sur les patients. Les études explorant les conséquences sur le système de gestion hospitalière ont été également retenues.
Résultats
Au total, 26 études ont été sélectionnés. Vingt ont exploré les effets du travail en 12 heures sur les infirmiers ; les résultats montrent que ce type d’aménagement horaire peut avoir un impact négatif sur le sommeil et la vigilance, ainsi que sur la satisfaction, le bien-être psychophysique et le système musculosquelettiques. Les 9 études explorant les effets des 12 heures sur la prise en charge des patients ne montrent pas une véritable augmentation des erreurs et des évènements indésirables ; toutefois, les infirmiers rapportent une mauvaise perception de la qualité de leurs soins. Deux études ont exploré les répercussions sur le système de gestion hospitalière, avec des résultats contradictoires.
Conclusions
Le travail en 12 heures peut avoir des effets négatifs sur la santé des infirmiers, avec des possibles répercussions sur la prise en charge des patients. Les agents qui travaillent selon cette modalité devraient bénéficier d’un suivi médical adapté.
Aims and objectives:
This integrative review aimed to synthesise current evidence on the factors that precede and contribute to the occupational distress of emergency nurses.
Background:
Emergency nurses practice within an environment challenged by demand exceeding capacity, an inability of staffing to meet this demand in addition to limited resources which contribute to form a unique risk to clinician and patient safety. The risk of occupational distress, while demonstrated across specialties, is noted to be highest in emergency nurses with subsequent impacts for clinicians, organisations and patients being explored. While previous studies have examined singular outcomes or elements, a comprehensive review that considers the factors and components of the overarching occupational distress is not evident in the current published literature.
Design:
Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review methodology enabled a structured format for synthesis and analysis of literature.
Methods:
A review of CINAHL, MEDLINE, Psych INFO, Embase, Australian Digital Thesis Network, University Microfilm International and Google Scholar between 2014 and 2021 was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. Search terms explored the contributions of compassion fatigue, burnout, acute and post-traumatic stress disorder, and secondary traumatic stress/vicarious trauma to occupational distress. This search resulted in sixteen publications included for synthesis.
Results:
Literature for inclusion was identified as quantitative (seven), qualitative (six) and mixed-methods (three) studies. Factors identified as contributing to the development of occupational distress arise from the characteristics and situations of individual nurses, local organisational governance and the inherent nature of the emergency nurse role. Consequentially, there are negative impacts on patients, clinicians and healthcare organisations.
Conclusion:
Emergency nurses experience exposure to several unique factors contributing to occupational distress which may originate from individual, organisational, occupational sources or a combination of these. Future research and strategies to address these factors could strengthen clinicians and organisations in the delivery of safe, holistic, high-quality nursing care.
Relevance to clinical practice:
Emergency nurses practice in unique and challenging environments which place them at higher risk of occupational distress with subsequent negative impacts for the clinician, healthcare organisation and patients. Through the investigation and development of strategies such as the facilitation of knowledge of patient disposition, emergency nurses may experience an increase in their well-being, retention, job satisfaction and resiliency.
Background and Aims
Compassion fatigue can negatively affect not only healthcare professionals’ physical and mental health but also the quality of care they provide and organizational outcomes. However, little is known about compassion fatigue among Chinese midwives working in the delivery room. This study aimed to examine compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction levels among Chinese midwives working in the delivery room and correlate their compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction.
Methods
A multisite cross-sectional study with a convenience sampling approach was conducted at 62 hospitals in Henan Province, central China, from May to July 2020. The participants were recruited through an online survey. A self-designed sociodemographic and work-related data sheet, the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), and the Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQoL) were used to measure the participants'basic information, level of social support, compassion fatigue(consists of burnout and secondary traumatic stress) and compassion satisfaction. Descriptive analysis was used to describe the characteristics of the participants’ social support, compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to identify associations with the participants’ sociodemographic and professional characteristics, compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction.
Results
A total of 213 questionnaires were completed, 206 of which were valid (96.71%). The majority of the participants reported moderate risks for compassion satisfaction (75.24%) and burnout (59.71%) and low risks for secondary traumatic stress (61.65%). Higher job satisfaction as a midwife, lower average working hours per week in the past year, higher social support, extroverted personality, and work recognition in the past month were positively associated with compassion satisfaction, explaining 48.7% of the total variance. Always considering giving up a midwifery career, lower social support, working a day-night shift, poor health condition, more exposure to traumatic birth events per month on average in recent years, and lower job satisfaction as a midwife were negative factors for burnout, explaining 35.3% of the total variance. Four factors, including more exposure to traumatic birth events per month on average in recent years, always considering giving up a midwifery career, working a day-night shift and poor sleep quality, were negatively related to secondary traumatic stress, explaining 14.2% of the variance.
Conclusions
In this study, midwives showed moderate levels of compassion satisfaction and burnout and low levels of secondary traumatic stress which should attract the attention of health institutions. A healthy and supportive work environment is crucial to midwives’ health, well-being and job satisfaction. Tailored strategies such as trauma management, emotional literacy, peer and social support networks should be implemented to support midwives’ compassion satisfaction, while prevent and lower midwives’ burnout and secondary traumatic stress.
Background:
Emergency and intensive care health care professionals are experiencing exhaustion and helplessness, which may cause compassion fatigue. Unaddressed compassion fatigue impacts staff morale and patient safety. Structured debriefing sessions may reduce compassion fatigue by providing social support and increasing job satisfaction.
Objective:
To investigate the feasibility of a 12-week pilot of structured debriefing sessions and its impact on compassion fatigue experienced by emergency and intensive care health care professionals after patient death.
Methods:
In this 12-week pilot study (March 2021 to May 2021), we used a preintervention/postintervention design to determine the feasibility of structured debriefing among trauma health care professionals experiencing patient death in an urban, academic, 300-bed, Midwest, Level II trauma center. Compassion fatigue was measured using the Professional Quality of Life Measure survey. Univariate descriptive statistics, independent unpaired t tests, and χ2 tests examined the intervention impact.
Results:
Fifty-six health care professionals participated in 20 debriefing sessions during the 12-week intervention: 37 (80%) registered nurses, 10 (5.6%) respiratory therapists, and 5 (11.2%) nursing assistants or emergency medical technicians. The debriefings covered nearly half of all patient deaths (38%). No significant differences were seen in burnout (M = 25.5, SD = 5.4, p = .47), secondary traumatic stress (M = 23.9, SD = 5.6, p = .99), or compassion satisfaction (M = 36.8, SD = 6.4, p = .61).
Conclusions:
Structured debriefings to address compassion fatigue among trauma health care professionals are feasible, but further research on effectiveness is needed. Administration-provided emotional support strategies may assist health care professionals in processing work-related stress.
This is the book that started an are of research and practice of compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress and stress reactions, vicarious trauma, and most recently compassion fatigue resilience
This brief book brings together researchers and practitioners from medicine, nursing, psychiatry, psychology, social work, marriage and the family and others to explain, measure, prevent, and treat compassion fatigue. This the introduction and other front matter for the book.
Amid a national nurse shortage, there is growing concern that high levels of nurse burnout could adversely affect patient outcomes.
This study examines the effect of the nurse work environment on nurse burnout, and the effects of the nurse work environment and nurse burnout on patients' satisfaction with their nursing care. RESEARCH DESIGN/SUBJECTS: We conducted cross-sectional surveys of nurses (N=820) and patients (N=621) from 40 units in 20 urban hospitals across the United States.
Nurse surveys included measures of nurses' practice environments derived from the revised Nursing Work Index (NWI-R) and nurse outcomes measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and intentions to leave. Patients were interviewed about their satisfaction with nursing care using the La Monica-Oberst Patient Satisfaction Scale (LOPSS).
Patients cared for on units that nurses characterized as having adequate staff, good administrative support for nursing care, and good relations between doctors and nurses were more than twice likely as other patients to report high satisfaction with their care, and their nurses reported significantly lower burnout. The overall level of nurse burnout on hospital units also affected patient satisfaction.
Improvements in nurses' work environments in hospitals have the potential to simultaneously reduce nurses' high levels of job burnout and risk of turnover and increase patients' satisfaction with their care.
As emergency department (ED) patient volumes increase throughout the United States, are patients waiting longer to see an ED physician? We evaluated the change in wait time to see an ED physician from 1997 to 2004 for all adult ED patients, patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and patients whom triage personnel designated as needing "emergent" attention. Increases in wait times of 4.1 percent per year occurred for all patients but were especially pronounced for patients with AMI, for whom waits increased 11.2 percent per year. Blacks, Hispanics, women, and patients seen in urban EDs waited longer than other patients did.
Health care individuals such as emergency preparedness teams, clergy, nurses, and physicians are first responders during times of disaster. These types of responders are at risk to develop compassion stress, compassion fatigue, or even burnout.
Compassion stress is a result of the cumulative demands of experiencing and helping the suffering; compassion fatigue is defined as “a state of exhaustion and dysfunction, biologically, physiologically, and emotionally, as a result of prolonged exposure to compassion stress” (Figley, 1995). Burnout is a gradual process that occurs over time as the accumulation of fatigue leads to a state of exhaustion; “being physically and emotionally fed up with the job as a result of general dissatisfactions as a worker” (Figley, 2005). The symptoms of burnout include “depression, cynicism, boredom, loss of compassion and discouragement” (Figley, 1995).
This purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and effects of compassion fatigue in Emergency Department nurses following a natural disaster. The study was a descriptive exploratory study asking nurses to examine their perceptions, feelings and experiences after caring for hurricane disaster victims following the 2005 hurricane season. A total of 28 registered nurse respondents met the eligibility inclusion criteria. The instrument utilized for the study was the PROFESSIONAL QUALITY OF LIFE SCALE Compassion Satisfaction and Fatigue Subscales—Revision IV (ProQOL) developed by Figley (1996) and revised by Stamm (1997-2005).
The prevalence of compassion stress, compassion fatigue and/or burnout experienced by registered nurses was analyzed using a Spearman’s rho, and Kendall’s tau b test was conducted. Emergency department nurses in this study showed low risk for compassion fatigue. The nurses demonstrated compassion satisfaction in the care they had provided during the aftermath of the hurricane season of 2005. Analysis showed no significant correlations between age, gender, marital status, employments status, number of years as a nurse, education level and/or previous disaster experience. There was a positive correlation between number of years as a nurse and age. This relationship demonstrated as the age went up in number of years, the level of compassion satisfaction also increased. A T-test and a Levene Test for Equality of Variances with assumed equal variance was conducted to determine if gender differences existed between male and
v i
female found no specific correlations between genders. Older more experienced nurses demonstrated higher levels of compassion satisfaction.
Future research should be aimed at hard hit disaster areas, as this study examined an outlying region and may have underrepresented true risk to disaster areas. The risk for compassion stress/fatigue may have been attenuated due to the retrospective design and the year-long time span from disaster to the completion of data collection. Future evaluation of compassion stress/fatigue should examine the personal coping mechanisms, level of expertise, age, and experience of the nurse. Research should be aimed at discovering the link between these variables, focusing on nurses’ ability to continue delivering care during times of unusually high demand. Employer programs should be developed for prevention of compassion stress/fatigue in those nurses who are most at
Job burnout is a prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job and is defined here by the three dimensions of exhaustion, cynicism, and sense of inefficacy. Its presence as a social problem in many human services professions was the impetus for the research that is now taking place in many countries. That research has established the complexity of the problem and has examined the individual stress experience within a larger social and organizational context of people's response to their work. The framework, which focuses attention on the interpersonal dynamics between the worker and other people in the workplace, has yielded new insights into the sources of stress, but effective interventions have yet to be developed and evaluated.
The profession of nursing is in the midst of a crisis brought on by a nursing shortage. Many are choosing to leave the profession of nursing coupled with fewer numbers choosing nursing as a profession. As a result, nurses are challenged with increased acuity of patient care in the face of short staffing. Compassion fatigue can result from these highly stressful situations. Much has been written in the healthcare literature about the negative effects of compassion fatigue and work-related stress on healthcare workers. However, the population of Emergency Department nurses has been virtually ignored.
This inquiry utilized a qualitative approach with a phenomenological design in order to capture and describe the lived experience of Emergency Department nurses with compassion fatigue and work-related stress. The study revealed that the work-related stressors in which Emergency Department nurses encounter are numerous as a result of the hectic and chaotic environment in which they work. The main work stressors included the large number and continuous influx of patients, the increased patient acuity, and the lack of skilled nursing staff. Those nurses included in the study were resourceful in coping with work-related stressors by relying on support systems, using internal coping measures, or simply trying to persevere or overcome through firm resolve. When these nurses were successful in coping with their work stress, they often felt a sense of accomplishment in terms of the patient care delivered. If the encounters with work stress were especially negative, many often felt abandoned and exhausted. However, by witnessing improvements in patient status or by feeling that their care giving efforts were effective in relieving the pain and suffering of those in their care, these nurses were often able to overcome their negative feelings caused by the chaotic work environment.
Generally speaking, the encounters with work stress had a negative impact on the nurses’ ability to provide care. They described feeling angry and displaying uncaring attitudes toward the patients. However, many described feeling a sense of accomplishment if they had been successful in coping with the work stress or if they felt that the nursing care provided had a positive impact on patient outcomes.
This study provided a glimpse into the experience of Emergency Department nurses with compassion fatigue and work-related stress. However, gaps within the literature still exist. Other areas need to be investigated including the prevalence and risk of compassion fatigue as well as the comparison of larger groups of Emergency Department nurses’ experiences with compassion fatigue.
Beginning with the assumption that caring for people who have experienced highly stressful events puts the caregiver at risk for developing similar stress-related symptoms, this book brings together some of the best thinkers in the trauma field to write about the prevention and treatment of Secondary Traumatic Stress.
This . . . material not only reflects the current state of knowledge about secondary traumatization, but in a personal way explores our ethical obligations to each other, to our communities, and to future trauma research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
There is a growing interest in the clinical phenomenon of compassion fatigue and its impact on healthcare providers; however, its impact on hospice nurses is basically unknown. This study investigated the prevalence and the relationships between nurse characteristics and compassion fatigue risk. It also provided a model for predicting compassion fatigue risk. A non-experimental descriptive design using cross-sectional data and descriptive and inferential statistics was used. Nurses (N = 216) from 22 hospices across the state of Florida participated in the study. Findings revealed that 78% of the sample was at moderate to high risk for compassion fatigue, with approximately 26% in the high-risk category. Trauma, anxiety, life demands, and excessive empathy (leading to blurred professional boundaries) were key determinants of compassion fatigue risk in the multiple regression model that accounted for 91% (P < .001) of the variance in compassion fatigue risk. Knowledge of these variables may help organizations identify nurses at risk and provide interventions and preventions to maintain optimal nursing care.
A correlational study examined patients' (n = 335) reports of nurse caring and satisfaction with nursing care, using the Caring Behaviors Inventory and Patient Satisfaction Instrument. A strong, positive correlation (r = 0.78, p < .001, R2 = 61.46%) was found. The outcomes of this study have important implications for adult health nurses.
Compassion fatigue is described as the emotional burden that health care providers may experience as a result of overexposure to a traumatic event that has befallen victims. Perioperative nurses are experiencing increased exposure to major traumatic events within their practice, especially those nurses who work in level 1 trauma centers. This article helps nurses identify risks for compassion fatigue and symptoms associated with this form of stress.
With the current and ever-growing shortage of nurses in the United States, it is imperative that nurses find ways to prevent burnout and effectively manage compassion fatigue that can result from working with traumatized populations. The aim of this study is to identify the triggers and coping strategies that nurses who work with children with chronic conditions use to manage compassion fatigue and prevent burnout.
In this descriptive qualitative pilot project, 20 experienced nurses who work with children with chronic conditions were interviewed about their experiences with compassion fatigue and burnout.
Findings indicate that compassion fatigue is commonly and episodically experienced by nurses working with children with chronic conditions and their families. Participants reported that insight and experience helped them develop short- and long-term coping strategies to minimize and manage compassion fatigue episodes and prevent burnout.
Nurses need to be able to identify signs of compassion fatigue and develop a range of coping strategies and a support system to revitalize their compassion and minimize the risk of burnout.
Secondary traumatic stress (STS) represents a disorder that has the same symptoms as post traumatic stress disorder, but results from vicariously experiencing trauma through association with those directly encountering the traumatic event(s). This exploratory study examined STS in 21 oncology social workers who were members of the Association of Oncology Social Workers. The results of this study revealed that oncology social workers experienced compassion fatigue and burnout and that these variables were inversely related to compassion satisfaction. Other relationships between emotional involvement, ability to separate work from home, level of licensure, personal loss, and empathetic responsiveness were also examined.
The ProQOL Manual Available at: www.isu
- Bh Stamm
Stamm BH. The ProQOL Manual. Available at: www.isu.edu/~bhstamm. Accessed May 1, 2007.
Patient satisfaction and caring behaviors of the ED nurse. Poster session at: Annual Meeting of the International Association for Human Caring
- Mc Stallins
Stallins MC. Patient satisfaction and caring behaviors of the ED nurse. Poster session at: Annual Meeting of the International Association for Human Caring; 1996; Rochester, Minn.
Overcoming Secondary Stress in Medical and Nursing Practice.
- Wicks RJ
Wicks RJ. Overcoming Secondary Stress in Medical and Nursing Practice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2006. Hooper et al/RESEARCH September 2010 VOLUME 36 @BULLET ISSUE 5 WWW.JENONLINE.ORG
HCAHPS hospital care quality information from the consumer perspective: facts.
- Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems