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Pharmacological Basis for the Medicinal Use of Black Pepper and Piperine in Gastrointestinal Disorders
Abstract
Dried fruits of Piper nigrum (black pepper) are commonly used in gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to rationalize the medicinal use of pepper and its principal alkaloid, piperine, in constipation and diarrhea using in vitro and in vivo assays. When tested in isolated guinea pig ileum, the crude extract of pepper (Pn.Cr) (1–10 mg/mL) and piperine (3–300 μM) caused a concentration-dependent and atropine-sensitive stimulant effect. In rabbit jejunum, Pn.Cr (0.01–3.0 mg/mL) and piperine (30–1,000 μM) relaxed spontaneous contractions, similar to loperamide and nifedipine. The relaxant effect of Pn.Cr and piperine was partially inhibited in the presence of naloxone (1 μM) similar to that of loperamide, suggesting the naloxone-sensitive effect in addition to the Ca(2+) channel blocking (CCB)-like activity, which was evident by its relaxant effect on K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions. The CCB activity was confirmed when pretreatment of the tissue with Pn.Cr (0.03–0.3 mg/mL) or piperine (10–100 μM) caused a rightward shift in the concentration–response curves of Ca(2+), similar to loperamide and nifedipine. In mice, Pn.Cr and piperine exhibited a partially atropine-sensitive laxative effect at lower doses, whereas at higher doses it caused antisecretory and antidiarrheal activities that were partially inhibited in mice pretreated with naloxone (1.5 mg/kg), similar to loperamide. This study illustrates the presence of spasmodic (cholinergic) and antispasmodic (opioid agonist and Ca(2+) antagonist) effects, thus providing the possible explanation for the medicinal use of pepper and piperine in gastrointestinal motility disorders.
... The therapeutic effect of piperine in constipation and diarrhoea was investigated by Mehmood et al. [29] using (3-300 µM) of piperine on isolated guinea pig ileum. Thus, piperine holds spasmodic activity mediated via muscarinic receptors along with the antispasmodic activity mediated via calcium channel blocker and opioid receptor activation indicate possible mechanisms for the therapeutic use of piperine in constipation, diarrhea, and indigestion [29]. ...
... The therapeutic effect of piperine in constipation and diarrhoea was investigated by Mehmood et al. [29] using (3-300 µM) of piperine on isolated guinea pig ileum. Thus, piperine holds spasmodic activity mediated via muscarinic receptors along with the antispasmodic activity mediated via calcium channel blocker and opioid receptor activation indicate possible mechanisms for the therapeutic use of piperine in constipation, diarrhea, and indigestion [29]. ...
Background
Piperine is the piperidine alkaloid present in the fruits of Black pepper (Piper nigrum) and long pepper (Piper longum). It is a pungent constituent with remarkable pharmacological properties. Its appropriate use in some pathological conditions of CNS (central nervous system), CVS (cardiovascular system), GIT (gastro intestinal tract) dysfunctions, bone, and various other physiological activities like anti-asthmatic, anti-tumor immunomodulatory, cytoprotective, and hepatoprotective have been reported.
Purpose
The review tries to emphasize the mechanisms that are involved in various physiological activities of piperine along with its toxicity assessment.
Study Design
Different physiological and pharmacological characteristics of piperine were evaluated through a literature search from authorized manuscripts based on piperine studies, with more emphasis given to the dose and parameters assessed.
Results
Literature search of piperine showed remarkable properties like antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and bioavailability enhancing abilities that fit its appropriate use in pathological conditions of CNS (central nervous system), CVS (cardiovascular system), GIT (gastro intestinal tract) dysfunctions, bone, and various other physiological activities like anti-asthmatic, anti-tumor and immunomodulatory, cytoprotective, and hepatoprotective.
Conclusion
The basic properties which are responsible for most of the mechanistic approach of piperine in various diseases are its ‘antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and bio-availability enhancing abilities’ that provide the initial framework in managing and alleviating severe disease conditions.
... Health benefits of Black pepperIt stimulates the secretion of digestive enzymes It aids relieve in stomach gas, latulence and abdominal pain Enhances body's ability to break down and assimilate food It can also relieve peptic ulcers[9,10,11] Effective option for treatment of fat-related issues Constrain fat cell formation[16] ...
Black pepper is known as the King of Spice and is native to South India, South Asia and Indian. It is been used in Asian cooking since 2000 BC. The source of pepper exports to neighboring countries was the Malabar Coast, which is present-day Kerala. Dried fruit of Black pepper is called as peppercorn and is extensively used in culinary. Its extracted oil is used in making ayurveda medicines because it possess anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities.
... The piperine, and pepper extract showed similar effect to that of Ach [569]. Pepper has been utilized for medicinal purpose like constipation [591] Antioxidant Activity Few in vitro investigations proved that reactive oxygen species are retarded by piperine and showed defensive activity against oxidative lesions [244]. In an in vivo study, it has been observed that piperine or black pepper are able to reduce lipid peroxidation and exhibited antioxidant potential. ...
Medicinal or herbal spices are grown in tropical moist evergreen forestland, surrounding most of the tropical and subtropical regions of Eastern Himalayas in India (Sikkim, Darjeeling regions), Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, a few Central Asian countries, Middle East, USA, Europe, South East Asia, Japan, Malaysia, and Indonesia. According to the cultivation region surrounded, economic value, and vogue, these spices can be classified into major, minor, and colored tropical spices. In total, 24 tropical spices and herbs (cardamom, black jeera, fennel, poppy, coriander, fenugreek, bay leaves, clove, chili, cassia bark, black pepper, nutmeg, black mustard, turmeric, saffron, star anise, onion, dill, asafoetida, celery, allspice, kokum, greater galangal, and sweet flag) are described in this review. These spices show many pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, central nervous system, and antioxidant activities. Numerous bioactive compounds are present in these selected spices, such as 1,8-cineole, monoterpene hydrocarbons, γ-terpinene, cuminaldehyde, trans-anethole, fenchone, estragole, benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, piperine, linalool, malabaricone C, safrole, myristicin, elemicin, sinigrin, curcumin, bidemethoxycurcumin, dimethoxycurcumin, crocin, picrocrocin, quercetin, quercetin 4’-O-β-glucoside, apiol, carvone, limonene, α-phellandrene, galactomannan, rosmarinic acid, limonene, capsaicinoids, eugenol, garcinol, and α-asarone. Other than that, various spices are used to synthesize different types of metal-based and polymer-based nanoparticles like zinc oxide, gold, silver, selenium, silica, and chitosan nanoparticles which provide beneficial health effects such as antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, enzyme retardation effect, and antimicrobial activity. The nanoparticles can also be used in environmental pollution management like dye decolorization and in chemical industries to enhance the rate of reaction by the use of catalytic activity of the nanoparticles. The nutritional value, phytochemical properties, health advantages, and both traditional and modern applications of these spices, along with their functions in food fortification, have been thoroughly discussed in this review
... Piperine and pepper extracts in hexane and ethanol have excellent analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.. Piperine is a bio-enhancer because it increases drug bioavailability. A higher apparent permeability coefficient and shorter clearance time may be responsible for piperine's rapid absorption across the intestinal membrane (Gorgani et al., 2017;Mehmood and Gilani, 2010;Srinivasan, 2009) (Table 4). ...
Human respiratory diseases caused by viral infections leads to morbidity. Among infectious diseases, viral infections associated with the respiratory tract remain the primary reason for global deaths due to their transmissibility. Since immemorial, traditional Indian medicinal plants, their extracts, and several phytochemicals can treat various diseases. Sources for this review paper are data derived from a peer-reviewed journal that emphasizes the economic importance of medicinal plants. Several plant-based medicines have been reported to be effective against multiple viral infections, including the Human Adenovirus, Enterovirus, Influenza virus, Hepatitis virus, etc. This review emphasizes use of the Indian medicinal plants like as Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha, Winter Cherry), Moringa oleifera (Drumstick), Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Terminalia chebula (Chebulic Myrobalan), Punica granatum (Pomegranate) and the Indian household spices (ginger, garlic and black pepper). It further describes their secondary phytoconstituents extraction procedure, mode of action and the potential application to improve clinical outcomes of neutraceuticals against various viral infections.
... [134] The methanolic extract of black pepper and piperine showed antispasmodic activity which was mediated via opioid receptor activation and calcium ion channel blocking activities. [135] . The decoction of Saussurea lappa can heal ethylic acid-induced duodenal ulcers in rats, probably because of the enhancement of motility and the increase of motilin and cholecystokinin expression in the duodenum. ...
Introduction: Murakkab drugs of Unani medicine has been an important aspect of disease treatment since antiquity. Physicians prepared different formulations for various diseases. Jawarish Jalinoos is an Unani polyherbal formulation listed under the Majooniath category in the National Formulary of Unani Medicine, Part-I. It has a long history of traditional use for the management of several disorders related to gastrointestinal, cardiac, kidney, metabolism, and general health. The present study examined the effects of Jawarish Jalinoos in gastrointestinal and other disorders. Materials and Methods: Empirical searches were conducted on the medicinal plant via significant search engines such as Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Microsoft academic, and Web of Science from inception up to July 2021. Besides, references from classical Unani literature and books, non-English journals were also included. Results: The ingredients of Jawarish Jalinoos contain, almost all, more or less, essential oils and their essential oil value should give a reliable therapeutic index. Its ingredients contain α- pinene, β- pinene, limonene, jatamansone, α-terpinyl acetate, eugenol, linalool, coumarin, gingerols, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, shogaols, etc., which possesses potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, neuroprotective, and antioxidant properties. Discussion and Conclusion: Till now, not a single study has been done on its pharmacological properties. According to different Unani Qarabadeen’s (Pharmacopoeias) this formulation is used in various ailments such as Zo’f-ī -Azae-Raeesa (weakness of the principle organs such as brain, heart, and liver), Zo’f-ī-mi’da (stomach weakness), Nafakh-ī-Shikam (flatulence), Khafqān (palpitation), Haemorrhoids, Tinea, Niqras (Gout), Sang-ī-Gurdā (Renal calculus), Sang-ī-Mathānā (Vesicular calculus), but scientific studies and clinical trials are needed on this compound formulation to ensure its scientific validation.
... Piperine (1-piperoyl piperidine) is a nitrogen-containing alkaloid present in the fruit of black pepper (Piper nigrum), and other Piper species [40]. Alkaloids over the years have been recognized as important phytoconstituents with interesting biological properties [58]. Hence, it can be hypothesized that piperine has parasite-killing potential as demonstrated by other alkaloids, such as quinine and chloroquine. ...
Malaria remains a public health problem and a leading cause of death worldwide. Consequently, the discovery of novel agents, including substances from medicinal plants, is urgently needed. Piper nigrum has long been used by the community in the treatment of the symptoms of malaria. In a previous study, Piper nigrum was demonstrated to exhibit promising antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and INDO strains. The aim of this study was to further investigate the antimalarial activity (curative and prophylactic) of piperine (a major isolated constituent of Piper nigrum) in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice. Piperine 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg body weight (bw), artesunate 5 mg/kg bw, and DMSO were administered orally for four days to different groups of Swiss Webster mice. Then, mice were monitored for parasitaemia, body weight, rectal temperature, survival rate, and clinical parameters. Piperine 40 mg/kg bw in curative and prophylactic tests had the maximum parasitaemia chemosuppression of 79.21% and 58.8% (p < 0.05), respectively, with a significant effect on the survival rate compared with control animals. In the curative test, piperine 40 mg/kg bw reduced the mean clinical score compared with the control group. Additionally, piperine showed an ability to protect organs (lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys) from some damage in a dose-dependent manner. This study can be used as a basis for further discovery of novel chemotherapeutic or chemoprophylactic compounds.
Use of natural polymer in the development of Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) has greatly increased in recent past because of their biocompatible, non-allergic and biodegradable nature. Natural polymers are usually hydrophilic supports, so in order to be a carrier of a hydrophobic drug their nature needs to be changed. Each developed system behaves differently towards different drugs in terms of loading and sustained release of the drug as well. In the present work we report differential binding of piperine & curcumin with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) modified cellulose, alginate and pectin. Difference in interaction between the piperine and curcumin with supports has been visualized using in-vitro as well as in-silico studies. Initial results obtained after in-silico studies have been validated via time dependent anti-trypsin, serum protein binding, anti-cathepsin, anti-oxidant, and anti-α-amylase activities. FT-IR, SEM, fluorescence and Particle size have been used to characterize the piperine loaded on CTAB-modified polymeric supports.
The aim of this study is to present the benefits and risks associated with the consumption of black pepper and cinnamon, which are very popular spices in Poland. The article presents the current state of knowledge about health properties and possible dangers, such as liver damage, associated with their consumption. The experimental part presents the results of the research on the antioxidant properties against the DPPH radical, which was 80.85 ± 3.84–85.42 ± 2.34% for black pepper, and 55.52 ± 7.56–91.87 ± 2.93% for cinnamon. The total content of polyphenols in black pepper was 10.67 ± 1.30–32.13 ± 0.24 mg GAE/g, and in cinnamon 52.34 ± 0.96–94.71 ± 3.34 mg GAE/g. In addition, the content of piperine and pepper oil in black pepper was determined, as well as the content of coumarin in cinnamon. The content of piperine in the black pepper samples was in the range of 3.92 ± 0.35–9.23 ± 0.05%. The tested black pepper samples contained 0.89 ± 0.08–2.19 ± 0.15 mL/100 g d.m. of essential oil. The coumarin content in the cinnamon samples remained in the range of 1027.67 ± 50.36–4012.00 ± 79.57 mg/kg. Taking into account the content of coumarin in the tested cinnamon samples, it should be assumed that the majority of cinnamon available in Polish retail is Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl.
Aim of this review is to show the most important bioactive compounds in hot spices such
as black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and medicinal plant such AS
garlic (Allium sativum L.), and its modes of action. Piperine is an alkaloid responsible for the
pungency of black pepper, along with chavicine (C17H19NO3) which is an alkaloid found in black
pepper and other species of the genus Piper. It is one of the four geometric isomers of piperine. The
active compound in black pepper is piperine (Bioperine; N-[(E,E)-Piperoyl]piperidine; Piperine
(aliphatic); 1-[(2E,4E)-5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)penta-2,4-dienoyl]piperidine and etc.) which is
responsible for bio enhancing effect. It has been found that piperine bioavailability enhancing
property may be attributed to increased absorption, which may be due to alteration in membrane
lipid dynamics and change in the conformation of enzymes in the intestines. Capsinoids is a family
of compounds that are analogues of capsaicin, which is the pungent component in chilli peppers.
Capsinoids are widely present at low levels in chilli pepper fruit which include capsiate,
dihydrocapsiate, and nordihydrocapsiate. Capsaicin (C18H27NO3 or
8-Methyl-N-vanillyl-trans-6-nonenamide) is the active substance responsible for the irritating and
pungent effects of various species of hot peppers. Allicin (C6H10S2O; allyl 2-propenethiosulfinate or
diallyl thiosulfinate) is an organosulfur compound obtained from garlic, a species in the family
Alliaceae. It was first isolated and studied in year 1944 and it is thought to be the principal bioactive
compound present in aqueous garlic extract or raw garlic homogenate. When garlic is chopped or
crushed, alliinase enzyme, present in garlic, is activated and acts on alliin (C6H11NO3S) to produce
allicin. Other important sulfur containing compounds present in garlic are allyl methyl
thiosulfonate, 1-propenyl allyl thiosulfonate, and γ-l glutamyl-S-alkyl-l-cysteine. These
compounds provide garlic its characteristic odour and flavour. Small amounts of nonvolatile
water-soluble sulfur compounds such as S-allyl cysteine are found in garlic as well. These
biological responses of all this bioactive compounds have been largely attributed to reduction of
risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and cancer, stimulation of immune function, enhanced
detoxification of foreign compound, antihepatotoxicity, cholesterol content reduction,
antimicrobial effect, antifungal effect, antiinflammatory effect and antioxidant effect when
consumed by animals or humans.
The liver controls the body's internal environment via various physiological and metabolic processes, either independently or together with other organs. Liver disease is defined as an injury to the hepatic cells and tissues, mainly caused by viral infections, toxic compounds, high doses of drugs, and excessive alcohol intake. There are an estimated two million hepatic disease–associated deaths recorded annually worldwide with a diverse etiology. Numerous medicinal plants and their phytochemicals have been reported to display hepatoprotective activity. Among those, bioflavonoids, low-molecular-weight phenolics possessing a basic C6–C3–C6 structure, have been reported to have the ability to treat hepatic diseases. In the current study, we aimed to summarize hepatic diseases and strategies to treat them and added a brief note on the bioflavonoids that have been tested against hepatic diseases.
An alkaloid piperine isolated from the Piper Nigrum was found to inhibit lipid droplet accumulation in mouse macrophages, and especially inhibited cholesteryl ester (CE) synthesis (IC50: 25 microM). The metabolism of cholesterol from lysosome to lipid droplet was inhibited with a similar IC50 (18 microM), indicating that the site of inhibition is one of the steps between the lysosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, effects of piperine on acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity in the microsomes prepared from mouse macrophage and liver were studied, to show that the compounds inhibited the activity in both cases (IC50: 9.1, 7.0 microM, respectively). Furthermore, piperine was found to inhibit both ACAT1 and ACAT2 isozymes to a similar extent (IC50: 16, 18 microM, respectively) in cell-based assays using ACAT1- or ACAT2-expressing cells. Thus, it was suggested that piperine inhibited macrophage ACAT to decrease CE synthesis, leading to a reduction of lipid droplets.
The objective of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory, nociceptive, and antiarthritic effects of piperine, the active phenolic component in black pepper extract.
The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of piperine was tested on interleukin 1beta (IL1beta)-stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes derived form patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The levels of IL6, matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were investigated by ELISA and RT-PCR analysis. The analgesic and antiarthritic activities of piperine were investigated on rat models of carrageenan-induced acute paw pain and arthritis. The former were evaluated with a paw pressure test, and the latter by measuring the squeaking score, paw volume, and weight distribution ratio. Piperine was administrated orally to rats at 20 and 100 mg/kg/day for 8 days.
Piperine inhibited the expression of IL6 and MMP13 and reduced the production of PGE2 in a dose dependant manner at concentrations of 10 to 100 microg/ml. In particular, the production of PGE2 was significantly inhibited even at 10 microg/ml of piperine. Piperine inhibited the migration of activator protein 1 (AP-1), but not nuclear factor (NF)kappaB, into the nucleus in IL1beta-treated synoviocytes. In rats, piperine significantly reduced nociceptive and arthritic symptoms at days 8 and 4, respectively. Histological staining showed that piperine significantly reduced the inflammatory area in the ankle joints.
These results suggest that piperine has anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antiarthritic effects in an arthritis animal model. Thus, piperine should be further studied with regard to use either as a pharmaceutical or as a dietary supplement for the treatment of arthritis.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of piperine on airway hyperresponsiveness, pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration, various immune cell phenotypes, Th2 cytokine production, immunoglobulin E and histamine production in a murine model of asthma.
Asthma was induced in Balb/c mice by ovalbumin sensitization and inhalation. Piperine (4.5 and 2.25 mg/kg) was orally administered 5 times a week for 8 weeks. At 1 day after the last ovalbumin exposure, airway hyperresponsiveness was determined and samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lung cells and serum were collected for further analysis.
Piperine-treated groups had suppressed eosinophil infiltration, allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness, and these occurred by suppression of the production of interleukin-4, interleukin-5, immunoglobulin E and histamine. Moreover, polymerase chain reaction products for thymus and activation regulated chemokine from lung cell RNA preparations were decreased in the piperine-treated group compared with control groups, although transforming growth factor-beta products were increased in the piperine-treated group.
The results suggest that the therapeutic mechanism by which piperine effectively treats asthma is based on a reduction of Th2 cytokines (interleukin-4, interleukin-5), eosinophil infiltration, and by marked reduction of thymus and activation regulated chemokine, eotaxin-2 and interleukin-13 mRNA expression (especially transcription of nuclear factor-kappaB dependent genes) in lung tissue, as well as reduced interleukin-4, interleukin-5 and eotaxin levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and histamine and ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin E production in serum.
Ethnopharmacological reports indicate the paradoxical use of the C. papaya roots as a purgative as well as antidysentery recipe. The present study attempts to investigate the gastrointestinal effects of the aqueous extract. In rats, beside increasing the number of wet faeces, the extract increased the propulsive movement of the intestinal contents. On the guinea pig isolated ileum, the extract evoked sustained contractions blocked by atropine. The results suggest a purgative effect mediated via the cholinergic system.
Piperine is a piperidine-ring containing alkaloid and a major constituent of Piper nigrum Linn. and Piper longum Linn. species, belonging to the Piperaceae family. The present study explored their mode of action in gastrointestinal disorders, such as diarrhea and colic. Piperine at the dose of 10 mg/kg provided complete protection from castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice, similar to that of loperamide. In isolated rabbit jejunum preparations, piperine exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of spontaneous contractions with an EC50 value of 149.1 μM (89.26–249.20, 95% CI). When used to treat high K+ (80 mM)-induced sustained contractions, piperine inhibited such contractions with an EC50 value of 80.86 μM (56.10–116.50, 95% CI), which suggested a calcium channel blocking (CCB) effect. The CCB effect was further confirmed when pretreatment of the tissues with piperine (10–100 μM) caused a rightward shift in the Ca++ concentration–response curves (CRCs) in Ca++-free medium, similar to that caused by verapamil. Loperamide also caused the inhibition of spontaneous and high K+-induced contractions as well as shifted the Ca++ CRCs to the right at concentrations of 1–10 μM. These data indicate that piperine exhibits antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities, mediated possibly through calcium channel blockade.
This paper is the twenty-third installment of the annual review of research concerning the opiate system. It summarizes papers published during 2000 that studied the behavioral effects of the opiate peptides and antagonists, excluding the purely analgesic effects, although stress-induced analgesia is included. The specific topics covered this year include stress; tolerance and dependence; learning, memory, and reward; eating and drinking; alcohol and other drugs of abuse; sexual activity, pregnancy, and development; mental illness and mood; seizures and other neurological disorders; electrical-related activity; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic function; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.
Essential oil and oleoresins (ethanol and ethyl acetate) of Piper nigrum were extracted by using Clevenger and Soxhlet apparatus, respectively. GC-MS analysis of pepper essential oil showed the presence of 54 components representing about 96.6% of the total weight. beta-Caryophylline (29.9%) was found as the major component along with limonene (13.2%), beta-pinene (7.9%), sabinene (5.9%), and several other minor components. The major component of both ethanol and ethyl acetate oleoresins was found to contain piperine (63.9 and 39.0%), with many other components in lesser amounts. The antioxidant activities of essential oil and oleoresins were evaluated against mustard oil by peroxide, p-anisidine, and thiobarbituric acid. Both the oil and oleoresins showed strong antioxidant activity in comparison with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) but lower than that of propyl gallate (PG). In addition, their inhibitory action by FTC method, scavenging capacity by DPPH (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical), and reducing power were also determined, proving the strong antioxidant capacity of both the essential oil and oleoresins of pepper.