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Assessment of acute toxicity and histopathology of the fungicide captan in rainbow trout
Abstract
Acute toxicity of the fungicide, captan, to juvenile rainbow trout was evaluated under static-renewal test condition. Actual concentrations of captan ranged from 0.05 to 1.00 mg/L. The concentrations of captan that killed 50% of the rainbow trout (3.11±0.8 g) within 24 (24 h; LC(50)), 48, 72 and 96 h were 0.57±0.09, 0.49±0.10, 0.44±0.11 and 0.38±0.13 mg/L (95% confidence limits), respectively. None of the unexposed control fish died and the first fish died 6 h after exposure to captan (≥0.65 mg/L). Hypertrophy, separation of epithelium from lamellae, lamellar fusion, and epithelial cell necrosis were observed on captan exposed fish. Gills also had scattered areas of focal lamellar hyperplasia. Fish exposed to fungicide had inflammation and necrosis in liver, trunk kidney and spleen. In order, the most affected organs were gill, trunk kidney and liver.
... It also has a broader industrial application for control of mould in paints, lacquers and wallpaper pastes (AAFC, 1997). The reaction of captan with sulphydryl groups is the principal mode of action in fungal cells (Boran et al., 2012). Captan inhibits the process of respiration and metabolism of fungus through a thiol reactant (Barreda et al., 2006). ...
... Captan inhibits the process of respiration and metabolism of fungus through a thiol reactant (Barreda et al., 2006). It also results in the decrease of fungal spore germination, oxygen uptake and growth (Boran et al., 2012). Earlier studies also indicate that captan has cytotoxic effects on Drosophila melanogaster (Nazir et al., 2003). ...
... Captan enters the natural water bodies through agricultural run-off, municipal sewage and industrial discharges. Captan is highly toxic to fish and aquatic species (Boran et al., 2012). Acute toxic effects include the death of fish and other animals and are seen after 2-4 days exposure to captan (Boran et al., 2012). ...
In the present study, acute toxicity of the fungicide, captan, was evaluated under experimental condition to adult Heteropneustes fossilis. The 96 h LC50 with 95% confidence limits of Heteropneustes fossilis is 6.26 (5.80-6.64) mg/l. None of the unexposed control fish died and the first fish died 18 h after exposure to captan (9.50 mg/l and 10.5 mg/l). Mortality rate between each dose and mortality rate between 24-96 h depending on time was correlated. In the fish, significant relationship (p<0.05) was recorded between mortality rate and exposure times (24, 48, 72 and 96 h) at all concentrations. Similarly, significant variation was observed between mortality rate of fish at all the exposure concentrations at all the exposure times (p<0.01). The exposed fish showed abnormal behavior depending on dose of captan and duration of exposure.
... 4 Captan is a nonsystemic fungicide of the phthalimide class and has been marketed since 1952, 5 employed in the prevention and control of fungal diseases in seeds, fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. 6,7 It is also found in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, oil-based paints, resins, wallpaper glue, polyethylene, vinyl, rubber stabilizers, and textiles. 8,9 Captan can be absorbed by ingestion or inhalation, and it is then metabolized to tetrahydrophthalimide (THPI), thiophosphorus, and others. ...
... In a similar study using Captan in rainbow trout fish, cytoplasmic vacuolization, intercellular edema, and necrosis of hepatocytes were observed. 6 In an experiment on mice receiving Captan (6,000 ppm and 12,000 ppm), Thompson et al observed hyperplasia and hypertrophy in enterocytes in the duodenum (proximal, middle, and distal) at 28 days of exposure, and these changes regressed in the recovery stage; these findings were considered to be an adverse outcome pathway. 43 This morphological pattern is very similar to our results, considering that we used approximately 9% of the dose and about 20 days longer exposure. ...
... 49 In contrast, signs of erratic swimming, dark pigmentation, seizures, increased respiratory rates, and loss of balance, as well as a mortality rate of 50%, were found in rainbow trout fish exposed to the fungicide Captan. 6 Likewise, the researchers observed a 100% mortality rate of amphibian larvae exposed to Captan. 5 Thus, the results of our research demonstrated toxic effects in mammals (pigs) which were less severe than those reported in fish and amphibians, which should be considered when extrapolating such toxic effects to humans. ...
Objective: To analyze the morphological characteristics of hepatocyte nuclei and to employ stereoscopic parameters to evaluate the exposure to the fungicide Captan.
Study Design: A clinical trial with 2 groups: G1 (n=7, diet+500 ppm of Captan/kg of feed) and G2 (n=7, diet+500 ppm of kaolin [placebo]/kg of feed). The experimental period was 49 days, all events were individually recorded, procedures were masked, and after that period the animals were sacrificed. Samples were analyzed microscopically, qualitatively, and quantitatively using the following staining: hematoxylin/eosin, periodic acid–Schiff, Prussian blue, and Picro-Sirius. All analyses were evaluated in ImageJ. The relationship between histological grading and related parameters was statistically analyzed.
Results: The results demonstrated changes in the size, shape, and position of the hepatocyte nucleus in G1 as compared to G2 (p<0.05); this morphological change is called anisonucleosis.
Conclusion: Morphological and stereological characteristics demonstrated hepatic anisonucleosis, an initial pathological alteration demonstrating one of the first effects of Captan on the liver of pigs.
Keywords: agricultural chemistry; agrochemicals; captan; fungicides; hepatic anisonucleosis; industrial fungicides; N-Trichloromethylthio-4-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboximide; nucleometry; pesticides; pig; stereological parameters; Vancide 89
... Inflammation and necrosis were seen in Oncorhynchus mykiss as a result of the same fungicide (H. Boran,et al., 2012) [23] . In Oreochromis niloticus, a deformed nucleus was identified in renal cells, along with ovulation in renal tissue owing to exposure to Smithian (S. ...
... Inflammation and necrosis were seen in Oncorhynchus mykiss as a result of the same fungicide (H. Boran,et al., 2012) [23] . In Oreochromis niloticus, a deformed nucleus was identified in renal cells, along with ovulation in renal tissue owing to exposure to Smithian (S. ...
... Shortening and fusion of gill lamellae, as well as epithelial hyperplasia, reduced the surface area available for gas and ion exchange. Histopathological lesions such as epithelial hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and lifting have been described in various fish species exposed to nanoparticles, including AgNPs [94], aluminum (Al 2 O 3 ), and zinc (ZnO) [16], as well as other aquatic pollutants [17]. In this study, co-exposure to silver and copper nanoparticles caused lamellar blood vessel dilation and blood cell aggregation. ...
The growing use of silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles (NPs) for their antimicrobial properties has raised environmental health concerns due to their coexistence in aquatic ecosystems. This study assessed the combined physiological and molecular toxicity of AgNPs and CuNPs in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the NP mixture for 21 days. Fish were exposed to varying concentrations of co-exposure of AgNPs and CuNPs (T1 group 0.2 AgNPs + 0.2 mg/L CuNPs, T2 group 0.8 AgNPs + 0.6 mg/L CuNPs, and T3 group 1.4 AgNPs + 1.0 mg/L CuNPs). Behavioral alterations were evident, accompanied by a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in hemoglobin, red blood cell count, and hematocrit levels, while white blood cell counts increased, indicating immune activation. Serum biochemical analyses revealed metabolic disturbances linked to oxidative stress and physiological imbalance. Enzymatic activities in gills and liver showed a dynamic response, with elevated catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels at T2 and T3 after 14 days, followed by a decline by day 21. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity increased in gills at T2 and T3 after 7 days and in the liver at T3 after 14 days, while lipid peroxidation (LPO) significantly increased in gills at T3 after 7 days and in the liver at T2 and T3 after 14 days. Molecular analysis confirmed upregulation of oxidative stress genes (SOD1, CAT) and inflammatory markers (HSP70, IL- 1β). Histopathological examination revealed gill damage, including lamellar fusion and hyperplasia, and liver degeneration, such as hepatocyte vacuolation and necrosis, with the most severe effects observed at T3. These findings highlight dose-dependent toxicity and oxidative damage caused by the AgNPs-CuONPs mixture, emphasizing its potential physiological and molecular impacts on aquatic organisms.
... Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) Hypertrophy and necrosis and inflammation was found in liver, trunk kidney and spleen Boran et al. (2012) documented often. A study of Egyptian farmers who used organophosphates, including monocrotophos, 50% of them were found experiencing neurological symptoms such as reflex loss (Amr 1995). ...
Synthetic pesticides have significantly benefitted both agriculture and health care, enhancing crop yields by effectively controlling pest’s species and reducing disease vectors that threaten public health. Improper application of these insecticides may create a toxic environment due to the accumulation of their residues and bring harms to the non-target species as well as the entire ecosystem. When consumed by humans, it leads to biomagnification and causes fatal diseases like diabetes, kidney and liver failure, cancer, dermatitis, neurological damage, cardiovascular disease, and more. In this regard, biopesticides have been introduced as an alternative substitute in terms of human health and a sustainable eco-friendly environment, thus needs to be integrated into the pest management strategies. However, biopesticides have to overcome loads of challenges to capture the present pesticide market like meeting supply demand, available at a reasonable cost and with an increased shelf life and consistent performance against specific pest species. Therefore, there is an urgent need for deeper research and analysis to enhance the effectiveness, affordability, and accessibility of biopesticides, contributing to a more sustainable environment. This chapter addresses the benefits and drawbacks of biopesticides against synthetic pesticides.
... Controversial findings have resulted in Captan being classified as a carcinogen in the European Union, but not in the United States [8]. However, Captan exposure has been associated to statistically significant higher risk of multiple myeloma in humans [9], inducing the development of intestinal tumors in mice [10], inducing changes in the shape and size of liver cells in swine [11], and inducing lesions in the gills, liver, spleen, and kidneys of fish which can lead to higher mortality [12]. ...
... In order to inhibit the effect of pollutants on organisms, gills can achieve resistance to pollutants by preventing pollutants from entering the body or by compensating [69][70][71]. As such, gills are extremely vulnerable to contaminants and frequently display the early signs of unfavorable environmental circumstances [72,73]. Within 21 days of single or combined exposure, the gill tissue demonstrated the earliest and most significant damage, potentially indicating impaired regulatory capacity, leading to the negative gene expression patterns observed in this experiment. ...
Triphenyltin (TPT) is a commonly encountered organotin compound known for its endocrine-disrupting properties; it frequently interacts with antibiotics in aquatic environments. In this study, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (17.43 ± 4.34 g, 11.84 ± 0.88 cm) were chosen as the experimental organisms. According to the environmental concentration in the heavily polluted area, the control group and the experimental groups were exposed for 21 days to the following treatments: 1 μg/L TPT, 1 mg/L NOR, and a combination of 1 μg/L TPT plus 1 mg/L NOR. The investigation examined the individual and combined toxicities of TPT and norfloxacin (NOR) on the gill, liver, and gut tissues of common carp in highly polluted areas. The findings revealed tissue-specific variations in 1L-1β enzyme activity; specifically, 1L-1β enzyme activity exhibited a significant reduction in liver tissue under both NOR exposure and combined exposure, indicating that high concentrations of NOR had the most pronounced impact on the immune system of liver tissue. Furthermore, the gene expression levels of IL-1β, Lysozyme-C, NKA, and CPT1 in the liver, intestinal, and gill tissues showed differences after exposure. In addition, TPT exerted the most significant effect on intestinal tissue, followed by the liver and gill tissues. Interestingly, when TPT and NOR were exposed together, the toxic effects on all tissues were reduced, suggesting the existence of antagonistic effects.
... It is necessary to assess the biosafety of the medicinal plants given to C. gariepinus cultures. The histology investigation has been widely utilized to ascertain the harmful effects of various hazardous chemicals since it is a quick way to discover pollutants' impacts on different fish tissues (Boran et al., 2012). In both lab and field investigations, histopathological changes have been extensively employed as bio-monitoring instruments for fish exposed to toxins (Shah and Parveen, 2022). ...
Histopathological studies have been established as effectual and sensitive tools for monitoring fish health. This study evaluated histopathological changes in African catfish fed with herbal additives. African Catfish juveniles (210) with an average weight of 117.3g and average length of 26.7cm were randomized into ten sub-groups and fed diets containing Allium sativum, Chromoleana odorata, and Talinum triangulare; 0.5%, 1.0%, and 3% concentrations, each of the herbal plants and 0% (control) for 42 days and changes in the visceral organs were investigated. Fish were sacrificed on the 43rd day and their visceral organs were collected and fixed in bouin’s fluid for 24h, washed with 10% formalin, and dehydrated through a graded series of ethanol. Collected organs were embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 4-5um thickness, stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, and scanned with a light microscope. The intestine, gill, liver, and kidney of control and fish fed with 0.5% Allium sativum showed no damage. However, effects ranging from slight lamellae hyperplasia to noticeable lamellae hyperplasia were detected in the gills of the fish nurtured with 3.0% inclusion rates of C. odorata and T. triangulare. Epithelial necrosis and atrophy of tubules in the kidney at a 3.0 % inclusion rate of C. odorata were detected. In conclusion, Allium sativum, Chromoleana odorata, and Talinum triangulare could be included at lower inclusion rates of 0.5 – 1% into Clarias gariepinus feed for prime performance.
... Hematoxylin and Eosin stain, magnification: 400X. and lumen atrophy were seen in the kidneys of treated fish as like decreased nephron count, glomerular lesions and decreased glomerular filtration rate were observed in the kidneys of Salmo salar [101], rainbow trout [102], Labeo rohita [16] and Aristichthys nobilis [59] exposed to different toxicants. Similar findings observed in other fish like Heteropneustes fossilis [103], tilapia [104,105] and Catla catla [59] exposed to toxins were necrosis, vacuolation, accumulation of melano-macrophages, ossification, blood congestion, cellular rupture, nuclear hypertrophy degeneration, pyknotic nucleus and lumen reduction. ...
Lindane is a broad-spectrum insecticide widely used on fruits, vegetables, crops, livestock and on animal premises to control the insects and pests. The extensive use of pesticides and their residues in the soil and water typically join the food chain and thus accumulate in the body tissues of human and animals causing severe health effects. The study was designed to determine the toxicity effects of sub-lethal concentrations of lindane on hemato-biochemical profile and histo-pathological changes in Rohu (Labeo rohita). A significant increase in the absolute (p<0.05) and relative (p<0.05) weights was observed along with severe histo-pathological alterations in liver, kidneys, gills, heart and brain at 30μg/L and 45μg/L concentration of lindane. A significant (p<0.05) decrease in RBCs count, PCV and Hb concentration while a significant (p<0.05) increased leukocytes were observed by 30μg/L and 45μg/L concentrations of lindane at 45 and 60 days of the experiment. Serum total protein and albumin were significantly (p<0.05) decreased while hepatic and renal enzymes were significantly (p<0.05) increased due to 30μg/L and 45μg/L concentrations of lindane at days-45 and 60 of experiment compared to control group. The observations of thin blood smear indicated significantly increased number of erythrocytes having nuclear abnormalities in the fish exposed at 30μg/L and 45μg/L concentrations of lindane. ROS and TBARS were found to be significantly increased while CAT, SOD, POD and GSH were significantly decreased with an increase in the concentration and exposure time of lindane. The results showed that lindane causes oxidative stress and severe hematological, serum biochemical and histo-pathological alterations in the fish even at sub-lethal concentrations.
... The xenobiotic or chemical toxicants from the environment affect the health indices of aquatic organisms, especially the hepatic tissue of fishes [27,28]. Due to xenobiotics, increased levels of reactive oxygen species modify the biomolecules' structure, especially lipids in the outer cell membrane. ...
Introduction
Anacyclus pyrethrum is used in Ayurveda to treat various ailments, ranging from toothache to female infertility. However, the molecular mechanisms of its medicinal properties are obscure and need exploratory studies.
Method
We aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms associated with the medicinal properties of A. pyrethrum using zebrafish as an in vivo model. We have employed in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches to elucidate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytoprotective functions of the methanolic extracts of A. pyrethrum. In silico analyses were carried out using Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS), Molecular Inspiration, Swiss Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity - ADME (SWISSADME), Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity - Structure-Activity Relationship(ADMETSar) and molecular docking tools to prove the anti-inflammatory effects of the bioactive components of A. pyrethrum.
Results
Our results indicate that the bioactive components of A. pyrethrum have pharmaceutical properties with high intestinal absorption and greater bioavailability. Further, in vitro and in vivo results support the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitoxic effects of methanolic extract of A. pyrethrum via suppressing the levels of the inflammatory and Reactive oxygen species biomarkers, including Lactate Dehydrogenase, Myeloperoxidase, Nitric Oxide, and Lipid peroxidase respectively.
Conclusion
The results obtained from three different approaches in this study highlight the potential anti-inflammatory, antitoxic, and antioxidant effects of A. pyrethrum.
... The deformed, curve and congestion of secondary gill lamellae was probably due to increased capillary permeability Bamidele A, et al. [9]. Histological alterations observed in the gill tissues of C. gariepinus exposed to DDforce in the study are similar to reports in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to dimethoate Elezaby MM, et al. [24], Puntius gonionotus exposed to paraquat Cengiz EI, et al. [26] Oncorhynchus mykiss exposed to the fungicide captan [27]. Damages observed in the gill architecture in this study may have been responsible for impairment of the respiratory and regulatory functions of the gills and hence resulted in death. ...
In order to assess the acute toxicity of organophosphate pesticide (DD-force) on Clarias gariepinus, 180 fish of mean weight 18.23g and mean length of 11.45cm were divided into six groups of ten fish each. The range-finding tests of 0, 1.0mg, 1.2mg, 1.4mg, 1.6mg and 2.0mg of organophosphate pesticides (DD-force) per litre of water was used to determine the concentrations of the test solution for the definitive test (0, 0.10mg, 0.15mg, 0.20mg, 0.25mg and 0.30mg). The 96h LC50 value was found to be 0.171 mg/l with lower and upper confidence limit of 0.152 and 0.189 respectively. Water quality variables were within acceptable limits. Standard histological procedures were adopted in the assessment of the tissues. Fish exposed to different concentrations of DD-force showed general body weakness, hyperventilation, skin discoloration, loss of reflex, hyperactive, erratic swimming, which are behavioral changes. Histological alterations observed in the gill include congestion of secondary gill lamellae, hypertrophy, haemorrhages and lifting of the epithelia. Liver alterations include degeneration of hepatocytes, necrosis, severe vacuolar degeneration, congestion of central tubular and sinusoids. These results suggest that DD-force is toxic and have the disruptive effect on the tissues of fish.
... Al-Otaibi et al. [154] reported that diazinon exposure caused hypertrophy in glomerulus and hemorrhages in renal tissues of C. gariepinus. Inflammation and necrosis were observed in the renal tissues of O. mykiss exposed to fungicides, captan [155]. O. niloticus exposed to sumithion resulted in deshaped and pyknotic nucleus, vacuolation in kidney tissues [156]. ...
... In a different study by Boran et al. (2012), there was a contrasting report in toxicity study using the static technique. This may be attributed to the fact that the fish were in direct contact with the water containing the test substance. ...
Despite the use of Terminalia catappa (TC) leaf by traditional fish farmers around the world to improve the health status of cultured fish, there is a paucity of information on comprehensive metabolite profile and the maximum safe dose of the plant. This study aims at profiling the methanol leaf extract of T. catappa, quantifying total phenolic content (TPC) as well as the total flavonoid content (TFC) and evaluating its acute toxicity on blood, plasma biochemical parameters and histopathology of some vital organs in red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). The experimental fish were acclimatised for 2 weeks and divided into six groups. Group (1) served as a control group and was administered 0.2 ml,g⁻¹ of phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Groups 2–6 were orally administered T. catappa leaf extracts (0.2 ml.50 g⁻¹) in the following sequence; 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg.kg⁻¹ body weight. The metabolites identified in T. catappa using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass electrospray ionisation spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐MS/MS) revealed the presence of organic acids, hydrolysable tannins, phenolic acids and flavonoids. Phenolic quantification revealed reasonable quantity of phenolic compounds (217.48 μg GAEmg⁻¹ for TPC and 91.90 μg. QCEmg⁻¹ for TFC). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in all the tested doses in terms of blood parameters and plasma biochemical analysis except for the packed cell volume (PCV) at 500 mg.kg⁻¹ when compared to the control. Significant histopathological changes were observed in groups administered with the extract at 125, 250 and 500 mg.kg⁻¹ doses. To a very large extent it is therefore safe to administer the extract at 31.25 and 62.5 mg.kg⁻¹ in tilapia.
... The physiological status of metal exposed fish described in terms of the determination of hematological indices such as red blood cells (RBCs), haematocrit (Hct), haemoglobin (Hb) and white blood cells (WBCs) [3]. Besides, the histopathological changes have been used as biomonitoring tools for knowing the structural and functional changes in the xenobiotics exposed fishes [4,5]. In various fish species, the histopathological and haematological alterations used as well established biomarkers [6]. ...
The aquatic ecosystem was especially faced with the threat of fish biodiversity loss due to indiscriminate use of pesticides in agriculture fields. The pesticides were entered into the aquatic regimes and affected their non-target animals like fishes. The present study aims the analysis of deleterious effects like haematological and histopathological alterations in type II synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin exposed fish Channa punctatus. In experiment, the acclimatized fishes were exposed to sub-lethal concentration, 0.026 ppm (10% of 96 h-LC50 of deltamethrin) along with a control. The blood, gills and muscle tissues of fish were sampled out after 7, 14 and 28 days of exposure intervals. The significant (p < 0.05) decrement in red blood corpuscles count, hemoglobin and hematocrit, while, augmentation in white blood corpuscles count were found in deltamethrin exposed blood of fish. The noticeable histopathological abnormalities were observed in the gills and muscle of fish Channa punctatus. The control fish showed no histological alterations. In exposed fishes, the breakdown of the epithelial cell framework with numerous changes such as epithelial lifting (EL), congestion (C) and bulging (B) observed in fish gills. Also, the anomalies like fragmentation (FS) and bursting (Br) were found in the fish muscle. The findings illustrated the prominent haematological and histopathological perturbations in deltamethrin exposed blood, gills and muscle tissues of fish. These changes can be used as indicators for monitoring the aquatic pollution and helpful in the conservation of aquatic biodiversity including fishes.
... carpio) exposed to deltamethrin [64], and rainbow trout (O. mykiss) exposed to maneb and carbaryl [66,67]. Significant increases due to pesticide exposures in the levels of RBC (Abamectin, Chlorpyrifos, Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Dichlorvos, Dimethoate, Fipronil, Lambda-cyhalothrin, Paraquat), HGB (Abamectin, Cypermethrin, Fipronil, λ-cyhalothrin, Paraquat), and HCT (Abamectin, Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, λ-cyhalothrin, Paraquat) differ from findings of some earlier investigations using comparable pesticides, indicating the specific level of contradictions in hematological responses [68]. ...
Hematological parameters and changes in stress-induced functionalities of cellular enzymes have been recognized as valuable tools for monitoring fish health and determining the toxic effects of pesticides. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of selected pesticides viz., Ekalux (EC-25%), Impala (EC-55%), and Neemstar (EC-15%) on freshwater catfish Mystus keletius. Fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (mg/L) of the selected pesticide for a period of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Hematological parameters viz., total erythrocyte (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht) packed cell volume values decreased with an increase in exposure time to pesticides, whereas the values for parameters viz., leucocytes (WBC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) increased significantly. A decrease in packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin values coupled with decreased and deformed erythrocytes as signs of anemia were also observed. The effect of pesticides on RBC content was 1.43 (million/mm³) on day 7 and reduced to 1.18 (million/mm³) on days 14 and 21. A similar trend was found for Impala on RBC, which had an initial value of 1.36 (million/mm³) on day 7 and reached a value of 1.10 (million/mm³) on day 28. In contrast, the value of Neemstar decreased from 1.59 (million/mm³) on day 7 in control to 1.02 (million/mm³) on day 28. Data indicates that the order of toxic effect of pesticides recorded a maximum for Impala followed by Ekalux and Neemstar in the selected fish model. Likewise, the overall pattern of pesticidal activity on cellular enzymes (GDH, MDH, and SDH) recorded a maximum toxic effect for Impala followed by Ekalux and Neemstar. Results indicate that Chlorpyrifos pesticide-Impala evoked maximum toxic effect on selected tissues compared to the other two pesticides tested. Statistical analysis of the summative data using two way ANOVA was statistically significant (p-value < 0.001). The differences in the hematological parameters analyzed are attributed to the physiological acclimatization of the fish to the local conditions, which influences the energy metabolism and consequently determines the health status of the fish. Overall, Impala exhibited the highest pesticidal activity on cellular enzyme, followed by Ekalux and Neemstar. Results suggest that natural pesticides may be preferable for rice field application in terms of environmental safety.
... According to Marchand et al. (2009), a wide range of pollutants can cause histological changes in the livers of aquatic organisms. Histological alterations in the liver are widely explored as an indicator of toxicant and carcinogen exposure in fish due to the involvement of the liver in multiple metabolic pathways (Benli et al., 2008;Sepici-Dinçel et al., 2009;Boran et al., 2012;Munoz et al., 2015). In the present study, LTE resulted in histopathological alterations in the liver of both L. thermalis and I. evezardi (Fig. 4A, B). ...
Sustainable plastic-waste management is becoming increasingly challenging as enormous loads of plastic debris regularly accumulate in susceptible ecosystems. The microplastic (MP) particles generated from these plastic wastes are imposing additional threats to these ecosystems due to their small size as well as their ability to adsorb and carry toxic chemicals. The current investigation deals with one such MP-originated toxicant, diethyl phthalate (DEP), and its impact on two species of freshwater loaches from the Western Ghats of India, Lepidocephalichthys thermalis and Indoreonectes evezardi. The MP samples were collected from the sediments of the Mula River and characterized using spectroscopic methods and scanning electron microscopy. Polymers, such as polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene, were identified in the collected MPs. GC-MS analysis of the MP extracts revealed the presence of DEP, confirming the MP waste as a potential source of DEP pollution. Further, to evaluate the effect of DEP on survival of selected loaches, L. thermalis and I. evezardi were exposed to DEP concentrations (18.75-300 mg L-1) and the lethal DEP dose (LC50) was estimated to be 44.53 mg L-1 for L. thermalis and 34.64 mg L-1 for I. evezardi. Fishes were further exposed to sub-lethal DEP concentration for one day (Short term exposure: STE) or eight days (Long term exposure: LTE) to analyze the histological condition and oxidative status of the liver in response to DEP treatment. Histology revealed congestion of sinusoids and vacuolization after the LTE. Higher lipid peroxidation levels were also measured in the livers of both species treated with DEP, which indicated DEP-mediated oxidative damage. The antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase displayed elevated activities in response to STE and LTE of DEP. Collectively, the results demonstrate that MPs in the Mula River are a potential source of DEP. The findings also show that DEP exposure can be fatal to freshwater fishes such as loaches, possibly by causing increased oxidative damage to the hepatic system.
... carpio) exposed to deltamethrin [64], and rainbow trout (O. mykiss) exposed to maneb and carbaryl [66,67]. Significant increases due to pesticide exposures in the levels of RBC (Abamectin, Chlorpyrifos, Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Dichlorvos, Dimethoate, Fipronil, Lambda-cyhalothrin, Paraquat), HGB (Abamectin, Cypermethrin, Fipronil, λ-cyhalothrin, Paraquat), and HCT (Abamectin, Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, λ-cyhalothrin, Paraquat) differ from findings of some earlier investigations using comparable pesticides, indicating the specific level of contradictions in hematological responses [68]. ...
Revitalization of local health traditions (RLHT) has become an inevitable aspect of human wellbeing in the post COVID era. An ethnobotanical survey was carried out to collect information on local health traditions and cultural reflections associate with the age old use of wild edible fruits (WEFs) from common plants in Melur Region of Madurai district, TamilNadu, India as the habit of consuming WEFs is quite common among people in this region and has not been completely abandoned in particular among the age old people. Information presented in this paper has been gathered from local people using an integrated approach of botanical collections, group discussions and interviews with questionnaires during the period from Apr 2021 to Mar 2022. As much as 29 informants were interviewed, among the informants 6 were local health-care practitioners (Vidiyars). Studies on the use of WEFs from common plants in Melur resulted in collection and documentation of information on a total of 34 ethnomedicinal plant species distributed across 20 families. Medicinal plants used by local people are listed with scientific name, family, local name, plant part(s) used, mode of consumption and preparation and medicinal uses. Data collected during the study clearly indicates that fresh parts of the plant (Fruit (Ripe/ Unripe)) were more preferred in general for the preparation of medicinal formulations by the local health practitioners. Documented ethnomedicinal plants were mostly used to cure long term complications associated with diabetics, gastrointestinal disorders, skin diseases, poison bites and nervous disorders. Howsoever, results of this study is clear record to the claim that the local people still depend on medicinal plants to overcome situations like COVID pandemic as fruits from most of the plants documented serve as natural source of immune boosters. Further, in-depth studies (both In-silico and Pre Clinical trials) are expected to bring to limelight the hidden quantum of bioactive compounds in the fruits these medicinal plants and their therapeutic potential. Keywords: RLHT; Medicinal Plants; Folklore Medicine; Wild Edible Fruits (WEFs); Ethnobotany
... Despite this, the effects of TBZ on this organ in fish have been the subject of a relatively limited number of studies (Ferreira et al. 2010;Toni et al. 2011aToni et al. , 2011bFerreira et al. 2012;Li et al. 2019;Chang et al. 2020;Li et al. 2020) which, moreover, evaluate hepatotoxic damage mainly based on biochemical tests. The morphological liver injuries induced by TBZ remain largely overlooked (Ferreira et al. 2010;Boran et al. 2012;Tabassum et al. 2016;Bonomo et al. 2021), and literature data are limited to an overall histological evaluation in only two species (Ferreira et al. 2010;Li et al. 2020). It must be stressed that all literature data on fish refer to chronic trials or exposures to high TBZ concentrations. ...
Due to its high toxicity and bioaccumulation tendency, tebuconazole (TBZ) is one of the ten substances posing the highest risk of harmful effects in aquatic ecosystems. The liver, a key compartment for xenobiotics detoxification, is also the organ in which TBZ mainly accumulates in fish. Herein, we investigated for the first time the morpho-functional changes induced in zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver after a short-term exposure (48, 96, and 192 hours) to a low, environmentally relevant concentration of TBZ (5 µg/L) to disclose the early effects under a realistic exposure scenario. We revealed that pathological alterations with varying degrees of severity could be detected in all the examined samples. The injuries become intense and irreversible with increased exposure time involving both hepatocytes and vascular components based on the degree of tissue changes. The main morphological alterations were: parenchyma dyschromia, macrophages infiltration, congestion of blood vessels, and sinusoids. TBZ exposure also resulted in a significant decrease in glycogen contents and hepatocyte dimensions, and the modulation of superoxide dismutase, an early indicator of oxidative stress. We demonstrated that even a very low dose of TBZ affects hepatic morphology and function, disrupting liver homeostasis and physiology.
... As a result of fungicide exposure, increased aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase levels, which are biochemically markers of liver dysfunction [30]. In the present study, similar symptoms were observed by previous studies for the damage of the liver in fish treated with fungicides [5,12,31]. At the same time, the antioxidant enzymes increased as a result of the increase in liver toxicity after exposure to TEB [12]. ...
Tebuconazole (TEB) is one of the most commonly used fungicides in the Lake Van Basin in the Eastern Anatolia Region, Turkey, which is one of the largest alkaline lakes in the world. In this study, the effects of TEB on the Van fish, the only vertebrate species living in Lake Van were investigated. The TEB was administered at a dose of 2.5 mg/L to the Van fish, which were examined histologically via the gill, liver, and kidney tissues after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure to TEB. Normal histological structure was observed in the gill, liver, and kidney tissues in the control group. Epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial necrosis, epithelial lifting, lamellar fusion, and an increase in mucus cell counts were observed in the gill tissues of the fish exposed to TEB. Dilatation and congestion of the sinusoids, melano-macrophages aggregation, and, focal necrosis were detected in the liver tissues of the fish exposed to TEB. Bleeding in the kidney tissues, hyaline droplet degeneration, contraction of the glomerulus and enlargement of the space within the Bowman’s capsule were observed. The findings of the present study indicated that sublethal concentrations of TEB result in histopathologic changes in the gill, liver, and kidney.
... It has a broad industrial application for control of mould in paints, lacquers and wallpaper pastes (AAFC, 1997). Captan reacts with sulphydryl groups, and this is the principal mode of action in fungal cells (Boran et al., 2012). It inhibits the process of respiration and metabolism of the fungus through a thiol reactant (Barreda et al., 2006). ...
Toxicity of fungicide Captan to a benthic worm, Branchiura sowerbyi (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Archioligochaeta: Tubificidae) along with their behavioural alterations was studied in the present investigation. The 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50 values of Captan to B. sowerbyi were 10.19, 9.51, 8.97 and 8.63 mg/l respectively. The rate of mortality of B. sowerbyi also varied significantly (p<0.05) with the increasing concentration for the organisms at all the exposure concentrations except 7.00, 10.00, 10.50, 11.00, 11.50, 12.00, 12.50 and 13.00 mg/l (p>0.05) at all the exposure times. The relationship between the rate of mortality and exposure times (24, 48 and 72 and 96h) was found to be significant (p<0.01). A decrease in movement and clumping tendency along with excess mucous secretion were recorded in B. sowerbyi at higher concentrations.
... It has a broad industrial application for control of mould in paints, lacquers and wallpaper pastes (AAFC, 1997). Captan reacts with sulphydryl groups, and this is the principal mode of action in fungal cells (Boran et al., 2012). It inhibits the process of respiration and metabolism of the fungus through a thiol reactant (Barreda et al., 2006). ...
The Journal publishes invited review articles, special issues and original contributions dealing with all aspects of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, and appreciates multidisciplinary research papers on emerging and frontier areas of research in Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. The contributions can be in the form of original research papers and short communications relevant to freshwater, brackishwater and marine environments.
... Epithelial lifting is characterized by the detachment of epithelial cells due to the outflow of serous fluids into the interstices of gill tissue ). This alteration has been observed in various other studies (Schmidt et al., 1999;Fanta et al., 2003;Monteiro et al., 2008 andBoran et al., 2010). Telangiectasis of the secondary lamellae was noted in both (L. ...
Histological studies in organs like gill, liver and muscle of Lethrinus harak and Terapon jarbua were made to assess tissue damage due to concentration of heavy metals and organic compound on the polluted site (Al-Kumrah) compared with the unpolluted site (Al-Shoaibah). The histopathological investigations showed that heavy metals and organic compounds due to the discharge of sewage affected the vital organs and caused clear and marked damage in the gills, liver and muscles in fishes, collected from Al-Kumrah site, and considered as a biomarker to the low quality of water in this region compared with Al-Shoaibah area. Thus, a conclusion of the present study is that histopathological biomarkers can be valuable indicators of impaired health of fish and can reflect the effects of exposure to untreated and treated sewage. Therefore, the continue to discharge untreated sewage into Al-Kumrah site should be limited and water resources should be treated to eliminated the pollutants as well as improving the water quality for improving fisheries in this area to maintain human health.
... An inflammatory response characterized by the mononuclear cell infiltration was identified with high prevalence in the fish examined. Fish liver is the main organ of several metabolic pathways and changes in liver histology and is currently widely used as biomarkers of toxicant and carcinogen exposure damage (Benli et al. 2008;Sepici-Dinçel et al. 2009;Boran et al. 2012;Munoz et al. 2015;Erkmen et al. 2017). Hepatic degeneration evidenced by the observed cytoplasmic vacuolations within hepatocytes and hepatopancreatic cells was a common response of fish to toxicant exposures (Agamy 2013). ...
Imidacloprid (1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine (CAS No: 138261–41-3), neonicotinoid insecticide, and agricultural plant protectants were applied as seed and soil treatments. The aim of the present study is to determine the effects of sub-lethal imidacloprid concentrations on the histopathology and oxidative stress parameters with lipid peroxidation (LPO) to standard non-target test organism, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). 50 and 100 mgL⁻¹ imidacloprid concentrations were chosen for experimental groups with control group. Fish were stocked in 60 L glass aquaria, maintained in aerated and dechlorinated tap water. The mean weight and length of tilapia were 37.78 ± 2.19 g and 12.98 ± 0.22 cm, respectively. After 24 and 96 h exposure to sub-lethal imidacloprid concentrations, the fish were sacrificed; tissue samples of gill and liver were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen for oxidative stress parameters and LPO assays, fixed (buffered 10% formalin) for histopathology. After exposure to sub-lethal imidacloprid, LPO was induced in both tissues. MDA levels were increased in both tissues, while GSH levels were reduced at the high concentration of imidacloprid in the gill tissues after 96 h and both concentrations in the liver tissues (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences for antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD and GPx between exposed and control groups (P > 0.05). Gill tissues revealed hyperaemia, epithelial lifting, fusion of secondary lamellae and telangiectasia, whereas hyperaemia, mononuclear cell infiltration vacuolization of hepatocytes and hydropic degeneration were observed in liver tissues. Imidacloprid is very toxic to the non-target species in the aquatic ecosystem even at sub-lethal concentrations.
... Cytopathological/histopathological alterations have been widely used for bio-monitoring of health status of the fish exposed to chemicals (Boran et al., 2012). ...
Fish being in direct and continuous contact with water serve as ecologically relevant indicator of health of aquatic environment. Cypermethrin (CYP) 2 , a pyrethroid pesticide is a potent neurotoxicant which induces adverse effects on non-target organisms, particularly fish. Present study was designed to evaluate in vivo effects of CYP on acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activity, histopathology and ultra structure in brain of Catla catla. Fish was exposed to two sub-lethal concentrations of the pesticide (0.124 µg/L and 0.41 µg/L) for 45 days. Analysis of the brain tissue was done at an interval of 15, 30 and 45 days. Significant concentration and time dependent inhibition of AChE activity, and degree of tissue change (DTC 3) with respect to control was observed in brain after the toxicant treatment. Light microscopy revealed several histoarchitectural lesions such as necrosis, oe-dema, vacuolization, spongiosis and gliosis. Transmission electron microscographs of the control fish depicted neurons surrounded by supporting neuroglial tissue. Mild to moderate cellular changes such as shrinkage of axoplasm, irregular nucleus and fragmented rough endoplasmic reticulum was observed after 15 days of exposure to the pesticide. Most severe cytological alterations noticed after prolonged exposure to the toxicant at higher concentration were degeneration and decompaction of myelin sheath, swollen, vacuolated mitochondria with fragmented cristae, and neuroglia featuring degenerated cells. Necrotic changes such as neuronal shrinkage, disintegration of plasma membrane and condensed chromatin, suggested apoptosis induction. The prevalence of partial or complete cristolysis in mitochondria indicates that oxidative phosphorylation was severely compromised. The observed biochemical & cellular changes reflect the neurotoxic potential of cyper-methrin at environmentally relevant sub-lethal concentration to Catla catla.
... Sediment samples taken from the lake have confirmed the presence of deltamethrine (Balint et al., 1995). Histopathological investigations have long been recognized to be reliable biomarkers of stress in fish during lab experiment (van der Oost et al., 2003;Boran et al., 2012). Gills are the first target of water borne pollutants due to the constant contact with the external environment (Perry and Laurent, 1993). ...
Pesticides not only brought great economic benefits but also cause serious ecological harms like non-target toxicity of organism. Synthetic pyrethroid (deltamethrine) is widely used due to its less toxicity and easy degradation in soil. In this study, fresh water fish Hypophthalmicthyes molitrix were exposed to sub lethal concentrations of deltamethrine. Fish were divided into 4 groups and each group contains six fish. Experimental groups viz. A, B and C were exposed to 25, 50 and 75% of LC50, respectively for four days. Blood samples for biochemical analysis (blood glucose, cholesterol and total protein) and gills for histology were taken after 96 hrs. After acute exposure to pesticide, significant changes were observed in serum biochemistry and histology. Serum glucose and cholesterol were increased while total protein was decreased. Histopathological result reveled that gills of experimental fish was damage severely resulting Necrosis, Damaged nuclei, rupturing of epithelial cells, Mucous cells and severe lamellar fusion. It was concluded that, deltamethrine is highly toxic for non-target aquatic organisms like silver carp (Hypophthalmicthyes molitrix).
... Histological studies made on the gills of fish exposed to chlorpyrifos depicted epithelial lifting from the basal lamina. It is a defensive response of the fish resulting in greater diffusion distance, thus impairing gaseous exchange (Boran et al. 2012). Present findings are in concurrence with the findings of Kaur et al. (2005) and Marutirao (2012), who also noticed curling of secondary lamellae in H. fossilis and P. ticto exposed to different pesticides. ...
Present investigation aimed to assess the alterations in branchial architecture of Ctenopharyngodon idellus exposed to chlorpyrifos. 96 h LC50 of chlorpyrifos to C. idellus was found to be 7.24 µg/L. Fish were exposed chronically to 2.41 and 1.44 µg/L sublethal concentrations (ecologically relevant concentrations) of chlorpyrifos for 15, 30 and 60 days. The gills of the CPF exposed fish showed partially affected secondary lamellae with shortening and curling, increased inter-lamellar space, sloughed off epithelium, hyperplasia and necrosis of pavement cells. On 60 days exposure, more pronounced degenerative changes, including severe necrosis, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of pavement cells, eroded and uplifted lamellar epithelium were noticed. Ultrastructural alterations include distorted nucleus and mitochondria in pavement cells, marked contraction in cisternae of golgi complex. Particularly in chloride cells, abundant mitochondria with distorted shape and size, dilation in between their cristae and tubular network were observed. The severity of damage was more profound at 60 days exposure. Thus, the observed cytopathological lesions of fish gills can be used as sensitive biomarkers for pesticide contamination.
... The deformed, curve and congestion of secondary gill lamellae was probably due to increased capillary permeability [29]. Histological alterations observed in the gill tissues of C. gariepinus exposed to Chlorpyrifos and DDforce in the study are similar to reports in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to dimethoate [12], Puntius gonionotus exposed to paraquat [11], Oncorhynchus mykiss exposed to the fungicide captan [7] and C. carpio [6] exposed to atrazine. ...
The necessity to produce food in large quantities to provide for the ever-increasing human population in the developing parts of the world has led to increasing in the use of agrochemicals (fertilizer and pesticides). Attempt was made in assessing the histological alterations in the gill, liver and kidney of Clarias gariepinus juveniles exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of Chlorpyrifos and DDforce. The range-finding tests for Chlorpyrifos (0.40, 0.55, 0.70 and 0.85mg/l) and DDforce (0.15, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30mg/l) was carried-out to determine the concentrations of the test solution for the definitive test. The 96h LC 50 value was found to be 0.30mg/l and 0.18mg/l respectively. Subsequently, 1/10th and 1/100th of LC 50 was determined and the experiment was continued for four weeks (28days). Standard histological procedures were adopted in the assessment of the tissues. The pH and dissolved oxygen monitored decreased significantly (p<0.05) from lowest concentration to the highest concentration while the temperature value increased with an increase in concentrations as compared to the control. Fish exposed to different concentrations of Chlorpyrifos and DDforce observed showed general body weakness, hyperventilation, skin discoloration, loss of reflex, hyperactive, erratic swimming, which are behavioural changes. Histological alterations observed in the gill include congestion of secondary gill lamellae, hypertrophy, haemorrhage and lifting of the epithelia. Liver alterations include degeneration of hepatocytes, necrosis, severe vacuolar degeneration, congestion of central tubular and sinusoids. Kidney alterations include haemorrhage, necrosis, degeneration of kidney tubule and collapsing of the glomeruli. These results suggest that Chlorpyrifos and DDforce are toxic and have the disruptive effect on the tissues of fish.
... Research on aquatic organisms Handy et al., 2011) revealed that NPs are toxic in both high and low concentrations. In fish, signs of chronic toxicity were observed, along with histopathological changes, similar to those caused by other xenobiotics (e.g., heavy metals and pesticides) (Poleksic et al., 2010;Boran, Capkin, Altinok & Terzi, 2012). The organs most endangered by waterborne NPs are gills, intestine, and liver (Al-Bairuty, Shaw, Randy & Henry, 2013;Handy et al., 2011;Ostaszewska, Chojnacki, Kamaszewski & Sawosz-Chwalibóg, 2016), however the epidermis or muscles (Zhou, Wang, Gu & Li, 2009;Ashouri, Keyvanshokooh, Salati, Johari & Pasha-Zanoosi, 2015) which have major effect on swim efficiency, may also be affected. ...
Nanotechnology has been developing rapidly for the last 20 years. Silver and copper nanoparticles are commonly used in various industries. Popularization of nanoparticles (NPs) led to increase of their concentration in the aquatic environment. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effects of nanoparticle contamination on fish growth. In this study, to define nanoparticles impact on juvenile freshwater fish survivalability and growth, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) were treated with silver (AgNPs) or copper (CuNPs) nanoparticles suspended in water. During the experiment body weight and length were measured. After the treatment trunk muscle tissue was sampled for histological and genetic analysis. The highest mortality and the lowest body weight was observed in juvenile rainbow trout treated CuNPs. Histologic al analysis showed disruptions in muscle structure in both experimental groups. Differences between AgNPs and CuNPs were observed in expression of genes associated with the growth of muscle tissue. These results indicate that metallic nanoparticles can affect growth and survivability of juvenile freshwater fish. © Published by Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI) Trabzon, Turkey.
... In the present study PFF lead to prominent hepatic tissue alterations that includes pyknotic nucleus, vacuolation, nuclear degeneration and cellular edema. Our results are corroborated by Mishra and Mohanty (2008) in Channa punctatus exposed to hexavalent chromium, Matos et al. (2007) and Singh and Shrivastava (1998) in fish exposed to the pesticide carbaryl and Boran et al. (2012) in fish exposed to the pesticide captan. ...
Organophosphate pesticide profenofos (PFF) is widely used pesticides in agricultural practices throughout the world. Using of various group of pesticide create toxicological and environmental problems, such as impacts on many non-target aquatic species, including fish. This study evaluated the sublethal effects of PFF on the antioxidant enzymes, histopathological alteration and DNA damage in Labeo rohita. The lethal concentration (LC50) value of profenofos was 0.1 mg/L for 96 h of exposure. Fingerlings were exposed to two sublethal concentrations 0.02 mg/L (1/5th) and 0.01 mg/L (1/10th) of PFF for a period of 21 days. After profenofos exposure increased SOD and CAT activity was noted only at 7th day but in 14th and 21st day both enzyme activities were significantly decreased. However, GST and LPO activity in liver of exposed group was significantly (p>0.05) increased throughout the study period. In the comet assay, DNA damage in peripheral erythrocytes was enhanced in a concentration and time dependent manner. In addition, histopathological examination in the organs showed significant changes like epithelial lifting, lamellar fusion, epithelial necrosis, in the gill tissue, pyknotic nucleus, vacuolation, nuclear degeneration, cellular edema in the liver tissue and tubular necrosis, shrinkage of glomeruli, hyaline droplets degeneration, vacuolation of renal tubles, pyknotic nucleus in the kidney. The overall results of the present investigation indicated that PFF could potentially induce antioxidant enzyme, DNA damage and histopathological alterations in fish.
Histopathological changes are widely used as biomarkers of the health status of fish exposed to chemical compounds. Individuals of the common kilka Clupeonella caspia Svetovidov, 1941 caught from the Middle Caspian Sea exhibited significant changes in the cellular structure of the liver. The more common were signs of hyperemia: an edema of the liver parenchyma, vascular congestion, lympho-macrophage infiltration, small hemorrhages, and a narrowing of the bile duct lumen.
Azoxystrobin is a globally used strobilurin fungicide, which contaminates waterbodies through surface run-off. Its bioaccumulation in aquatic animals via food chains can induce serious pathophysiological disturbances. Therefore, histopathological and neuronal effects of azoxystrobin have been assessed in the fish, Pethia conchonius in the laboratory condition. Azoxystrobin-treated fish showed slow movement, crowding at the bottom, loss of equilibrium, and excess mucus secretion at all concentrations (0.025mg/L, 0.0514 mg/L, and 0.103mg/L) at 48 hours of exposure compared to the control. A significant dose and time-dependent inhibition in acetylcholinesterase activity was observed (p<0.05). The highest acetylcholinesterase inhibition (45.45 ± 1.07) was noted for the highest concentration at 96 hours of exposure than the control groups (88.35 ± 0.71). In contrast to the control, different histopathological changes in gill tissues have been observed like, epithelial lifting, lamellar fusion, epithelial hyperplasia, and the curling of secondary lamellae in the azoxystrobin-exposed groups after 24 hours of treatment. The results of this study indicated that azoxystrobin is neurotoxic as well as damaging to gills.
Profenofos, an organophosphate, is a major pollutant that pollutes freshwater bodies, causing significant impacts on fish health. Objective: Present study was performed to assess the toxicological impacts of pesticide profenofos on hematological, biochemical and histological alterations in different organs of Labeo rohita. Methods: Fish were divided in three groups. Group one was treated as control while second and third groups were exposed to 0.6 mg/L and 1.2 mg/L profenofos respectively for 28 days. Results: Results revealed that MCV, MCHC, MCH, RDW-SD, PCT, PDW, HGB, RBC and HCT levels were significantly reduced. WBC, RDW, PLT, MPV, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils were increased as compared to pesticide free group. Biochemical results showed significant increase in cholesterol, triglycerides, AST, albumin, A/G ratio, HDL T3, T4, blood glucose, creatinine and urea levels were documented while levels of LDL, VLDL, ALT, total proteins, globulin, TSH and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) decreased significantly in exposed fish. Furthermore, histological changes in kidney, gills and liver of fish showed degenerative effects after exposure to profenofos in both concentrations. Conclusions: The present study concluded that profenofos resulted in widespread toxic effects on aquatic organisms specially fish.
Strobilurins represent the most widely used class of fungicides nowadays andare considered relatively non-toxic to mammals and birds but highly toxic to aquatic biota. Dimoxystrobin is one of the novel strobilurins, recently included in the 3rd Watch List of the European Commission as available data indicate that it could pose a significant risk to aquatic species. As yet, the number of studies explicitly assessing the impact of this fungicide on terrestrial and aquatic species is extremely low, and the toxic effects of dimoxystrobin on fish have not been reported. Here we investigate for the first time the alterations induced by two environmentally relevant and very low concentrations of dimoxystrobin (6.56 and 13.13 μg/L) in the fish gills. morphological, morphometric, ultrastructural, and functional alterations have been evaluated using zebrafish as a model species. We demonstrated that even short-term exposure (96 h) to dimoxystrobin alters fish gills reducing the surface available for gas exchange and inducing severe alterations encompassing three reaction patterns: circulatory disturbance and both regressive and progressive changes. Furthermore, we revealed that this fungicide impairs the expression of key enzymes involved in osmotic and acid-base regulation (Na+/K+-ATPase and AQP3) and the defensive response against oxidative stress (SOD and CAT). The information presented here highlights the importance of combining data from different analytical methods for evaluating the toxic potential of currently used and new agrochemical compounds. Our results will also contribute to the discussion on the suitability of mandatory ecotoxicological tests on vertebrates before the introduction on the market of new compounds.
This study determined the LC50-24 h value of sodium pyrithione (NaPT) on Cyprinus carpio at 102.7643 µg/L. Then, 60 healthy fish were randomly allocated into 6 exposure groups, each receiving varying levels of NaPT for different durations (control goup = 0% µg/L NaPT for 24 and 96 h; NaPT-10 = 10% of the LC50-24 h dose of NaPT for 24 and 96 h; NaPT-20 = 20% of the LC50-24 h dose of NaPT for 24 and 96 h). As a result, the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the decrease in catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the gill and liver tissue in both duration and dose groups were found to be statistically significant. In addition, NaPT increased serum tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in both dose groups for both durations. The results revealed that NaPT exposure caused shortening of gill tissue lamellae and vacuolisation (separation) of the secondary lamellar epithelium. Likewise, NaPT exposure was responsible for vacuolisation and hepatocellular degeneration in liver tissue in hepatocytes. In conclusion, the toxicity study, antioxidant enzyme activities, cytokine immune response, and histopathological results indicate that NaPT has a toxic effect on the carp.
The purpose of this study was to determine the lethal concentration (LC50-96 h) of malachite green on rainbow trout and also the histology
effects of this substance on the liver, gills and kidney. With increasing concentrations of malachite green, rainbow trout mortality increased during the period of 24 to 96 hours. Twenty four hour lethal concentration (LC50-24 h) of malachite green on O. mykiss is 32.28 mg L-1. Forty eight hour lethal concentration (LC50-48 h) of malachite green is 16.32 mg L-1, and 72-hour lethal concentration (LC50-72 h) of malachite green is 2.52 mg L-1. All lethal concentrations at 72 hours showed a clear reduction compared to 24 and 48 hours. The median lethal concentration of malachite green (LC50-96 h) of rainbow trout was 0.83 mg L-1
during four consecutive days (96 hours).On the other hand, malachite green showed destructive effects on liver, gills and kidney tissue of rainbow trout, and these changes were more intense with increasing concentration of malachite green. Therefore, due to the grading of toxicity is determined by the amount of LC50-96 h and also observing tissue effects exposed to this substance, the malachite green
is considered highly toxic to rainbow trout. For this reason, there are always concerns about the possibility of its transmission to consumers or humans; therefore, regarding to this matter that using this substance in the fish farms has been prohibited by Iran Veterinary Organization, it is necessary to remove malachite green from the list of drugs used in fish breeding and provide the other safe drugs.
Triphenyltin (TPT) has attracted considerable attention owing to its vitality, bioaccumulation, and lurking damage. TPT widely exists in complex salinity areas such as estuaries and coastal regions. However, there are few studies on the toxicological behavior of TPT under different salinity. In the study, juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were utilized as model animals to investigate the effects of environmental relevant TPT exposure on the osmoregulation and energy metabolism in gill under different salinity. The results showed that salinity and TPT single or combined exposure affected the morphology of the gill tissue. After TPT exposure, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase (NKA) activity significantly decreased at 0 ppt, while NKA and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase (CMA) activities significantly increased at 15 ppt. In addition, significantly higher succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were found in the control fish compared to the TPT-exposed ones at 15 ppt. Quantitative real-time PCR results showed that TPT exposure affected the expression of osmoregulation and energy metabolism-related genes under different salinity. Overall, TPT exposure interfered with osmoregulation and energy metabolism under different salinity. The study will provide reference data for assessing the toxicity of organotin compounds in complex-salinity areas.
Fluorene-9-bisphenol (BPFL) is used as an alternative compound for bisphenol A, an endocrine disruptor compound which is present in various materials including plastic bottles and packaging. Although it is used extensively in products that are labelled BPA-free, its effect on wildlife and humans have not been fully studied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of BPFL in adult zebrafish. In the preliminary experiments of the study, the median lethal concentration value (LC50) of BPFL was 0.25 mg/L (95 % confidence interval 0.15–0.41) for 96 h. Following exposure to three different sublethal concentrations of BPFL after 96 h and 15 days, T4 hormone levels, expression levels of genes involved in thyroid metabolism and histopathological alterations were assessed. T4 hormone levels were found to be significantly higher in females at the lowest BPFL concentration following 96 h exposure (P < 0.05). Expression levels of trh, tshba and trhrb genes were upregulated following 96 h exposure at 0.025 mg/L concentration and crh was upregulated following 15 days exposure at 0.025 mg/L concentration in female zebrafish (P < 0.05). The most prominent histopathological findings in zebrafish exposed to 0.025 and 0.125 mg/L of BPFL were observed in the gill, liver, kidney and testis tissues. The gill tissues showed some hyperemia, lamellar fusion, hyperplasia, epithelial lifting, and telangiectasis, while passive hyperemia, hydropic degeneration, and necrosis were observed in the liver tissues. The BPFL is highly toxic to zebrafish even in sublethal concentrations according to the molecular and histopathological responses.
In this work, an enzyme-responsive nanovehicle for improving captan (CAP) contact fungicide bioactivity and translocation in plant tissues was synthesized (CAP-MSNs-β-glucan) by attaching β-glucan to the outer surface of mesoporous silica nanoparticles. CAP-MSNs-β-glucan properties were tested by FTIR, ζ-potential, DLS, XRD, TGA, FE-SEM, and HR-TEM. Cargo protection ability of CAP-MSNs-β-glucan from photolysis and hydrolysis was examined in comparison to CAP commercial formulation (CAP-CF). CAP-MSNs-β-glucan distribution in plant tissues, bioactivity against Fusarium graminearum, and biotoxicity toward zebrafish (Danio rerio) were tested and compared with that of CAP-CF. CAP-MSNs-β-glucan results showed good loading efficacy reaching 18.39% and enzymatic-release dependency up to 83.8% of the total cargo after 20 days of β-glucan unsealing. CAP-MSNs-β-glucan showed significant release protection under pH changes. MSNs-β-glucan showed excellent CAP protection from UV. CAP-MSNs-β-glucan showed better distribution in corn tissues and 1.28 more inhibiting potency to Fusarium graminearum than CAP-CF. CAP-MSNs-β-glucan showed 1.88 times lower toxicity than CAP-CF to zebrafish after 96 h of treatment. We recommend using such formulations to overcome shortcomings of contact fungicides and achieve better and sustainable farming.
Pyraclostrobin (Pyra) is a fungicide in the strobilurin class and has proven to be very toxic to aquatic species. Resveratrol (Res) is a phytoalexin that exhibits multiple bioactivities as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular protective, and anti-aging in animals and is found in plant species such as mulberry, peanut, and grape. This study aimed to determine the protective effect of Res against Pyra-induced oxidative stress in rats. For this purpose, a total of 48 male rats divided into 6 groups - 8 in each group - were exposed to 30 mg/kg Pyra by oral gavage once a day for 4 weeks and to 3 different concentrations of Res (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) together with Pyra. It was observed that, in groups administered with Pyra, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased whereas glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels decreased. It was observed that, in the group administered with Pyra, expression levels of CYP2E1 gene, which is associated with increased cancer risk, pro-apoptotic BAX gene, apoptotic caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 genes, NFκB gene, which is a pro-inflammatory transcription factor, and p53 gene, which plays a regulatory role in the cell, increased whereas expression level of anti-apoptotic bcl-2 gene decreased. It was determined that Res administrations improved Pyra-induced oxidative damage, histopathological changes and expression levels of various genes. According to the ssDNA analysis obtained from the DNA isolated from the blood; when DNA damage and histopathological damage in tissues were examined, it was observed that the highest damage was in the group administered with Pyra and the damage decreased depending on the increase in dose of Res. Consequently, it was observed that Res, known for its antioxidant protective properties, exhibited a protective effect against oxidative stress caused by Pyra.
The sub-lethal toxicity of Captan® on selected haematological (Hemoglobin, Haematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin) growth (Condition factor, Hepatosomatic Index, Specific Growth Rate), biochemical (serum glucose, protein), and endocrine parameters (growth hormone, T3 and T4) in Clarias batrachus was examined under chronic exposures. Captan® was administered at predetermined exposure concentrations (0.53 and 1.06 mg/L) and monitored on days 15, 30, and 45 of the experimental periods. The experimental groups showed significantly lower values (p < 0.05) of haemoglobin content, hematocrit, MCH in Captan® exposed fish compared to control. Serum protein, k-factor and SGR were significantly lower in exposed fish. Endocrine responses (T3 and T4) emerged as the most sensitive biomarker category, depicting modulated responses between sub-chronic exposure at day-15 and chronic responses at day-45. In general, biomarker depictions indicate that Captan® exposures are capable of inducing stress-specific effects at the biochemical and physiological levels negatively impacting the overall health and longevity of such animals.
Pyraclostrobin (Pyra) is a fungicide in the strobilurin class and has proven to be very toxic to aquatic species. Resveratrol (Res) is a phytoalexin that exhibits multiple bioactivities as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular protective, and anti-aging in animals and is found in plant species such as mulberry, peanut, and grape. This study aimed to determine the protective effect of Res against Pyra-induced oxidative stress in rats. For this purpose, a total of 48 male rats divided into 6 groups − 8 in each group - were exposed to 30 mg/kg Pyra by oral gavage once a day for 4 weeks and to 3 different concentrations of Res (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) together with Pyra. It was observed that, in groups administered with Pyra, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased whereas glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels decreased. It was observed that, in the group administered with Pyra, expression levels of CYP2E1 gene, which is associated with increased cancer risk, pro-apoptotic BAX gene, apoptotic caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 genes, NFκB gene, which is a pro-inflammatory transcription factor, and p53 gene, which plays a regulatory role in the cell, increased whereas expression level of anti-apoptotic bcl-2 gene decreased. It was determined that Res administrations improved Pyra-induced oxidative damage, histopathological changes and expression levels of various genes. According to the ssDNA analysis obtained from the DNA isolated from the blood; when DNA damage and histopathological damage in tissues were examined, it was observed that the highest damage was in the group administered with Pyra and the damage decreased depending on the increase in dose of Res. Consequently, it was observed that Res, known for its antioxidant protective properties, exhibited a protective effect against oxidative stress caused by Pyra.
This study was conducted to determine the sub-lethal toxicity of Captan® on selected hematological (Hb, HCT, MCH) growth (K-factor, HSI, SGR), biochemical (serum glucose, protein), and endocrine parameters (growth hormone, T 3 and T 4 ) in Clarias batrachus under chronic exposures. Captan® was administered at predetermined exposure concentrations (0.53 and 1.06 mg/L) and monitored at day 15, 30 and 45 of the experimental periods. The experimental groups showed significantly lower values (p < 0.05) of haemoglobin content, haematocrit, MCH in Captan® exposed fish compared to control. Serum glucose was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in treated fish compared to the control group; reverse was the case for serum protein concentrations (p < 0.05). Assessment of growth parameters revealed significantly higher k-factor and SGR in control fish. HSI was however higher in treated fish which highlights the possibility of liver hypertrophy and hyperplasia of liver cells due to higher exposure and uptake of the herbicide. Endocrine responses (T 3 and T 4 ) emerged as the most sensitive biomarker category, depicting modulated responses between sub-chronic exposure at day-15 and chronic responses at day-45. In general, the study findings using these biomarkers indicate that Captan® exposures are capable of inducing stress-specific effects at the biochemical and physiological levels negatively impacting the overall health and longevity of such animals. The use of the IBR index provided a visual and easily comprehensible depiction of toxicity effects and biomarker responses in laboratory exposed fish and we anticipate a greater applicability in biomarker data from the wild which are largely heterogenous.
The synthetic pyrethroid, cypermethrin toxicity was studied in fresh water fish 'Heteropneustes fossilis and the tissues like gill and liver were chosen for Histopathological effects by light microscopy, for 4 days and 7 days under sublethal concentrations. No Histopathological effects were observed in control group and 4 days group. Hence 7 days group was selected for the present study. Significant changes in Hepatic cells of liver were observed like cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, vacuolour degeneration, and dilation of sinusoids, Hepatic lesions, and Karyo Lexis. In Gill, oedema, Epithelial lining, curling of lamellae were observed. This study demonstrates the potential of electron microscopy in particular SEM, as a tool for detecting cypermethrin induced damage to liver and surface of gill lamellae.
Organophosphate pesticides are used in the agricultural field due to their rapid biodegradability and non-persistent nature to control the pest but their broad spectrum of harmful effects extends far beyond the pest. An experiment was conducted to investigate the sub-lethal effects of profenofos (50 EC) on haematological parameters viz. red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), glucose and haemoglobin of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus). Besides, the micronucleus (MN) formation was examined within the blood erythrocytes. The LC50 value of profenofos was calculated by probit analysis and the LC50 value for 96 hours was found 1614 µg/L. The sub-lethal doses 0, 212, 423, 847 and 1270 µg/L that were 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 75% respectively of the 96-hrs LC50 of Profenofos. Each of the concentrations and control groups was maintained in triplicates to minimize error. It was found that the total alkalinity, free CO2, water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen ranged from 154-238 mg/L, 8.31-28.9 mg/L, 28.3-31ºC, 8.17-8.95 and 5.15-9.81 mg/L respectively during the experimental period. For haematological parameters, fishes were sacrificed after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of exposure to profenofos. The blood glucose levels were significantly increased in the concentrations (212 µg/L, 423 µg/L, 847 µg/L and 1270 µg/L) compared to control (0 µg/L). On the other hand, blood Hb was decreased initially in the 212 µg/L and 423 µg/L but increased in 847 µg/L and 1270 µg/L. The number of WBC was decreased significantly with increasing concentrations (212 µg/L, 423 µg/L, 847 µg/L and 1270 µg/L) compared to control and exposure time. RBC cell numbers also decreased with increasing concentration of 212 µg/L, 423 µg/L, 847 µg/L and 1270 µg/L and compared to control 0 µg/L. Various erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENA) such as binucleated, notched nuclei, blebbed, nuclear bridge, and nuclear bud were found. Besides those, erythrocytic cellular abnormalities (ECA) such as echinocytic, fusion, elongated shaped, tear-drop shaped, and twin were found in giemsa stained blood smears of fish treated with different concentrations. The frequencies of MN formation increased significantly in different concentrations of the toxicant compared to the control. The present investigation sufficiently emphasized that profenofos has adverse effects on the haematology of Nile tilapia. Thus, the use of profenofos in agriculture must be carefully evaluated.
Fish are constantly exposed to pesticide residues, this study's overall assessment patho-biological changes in gills and livers of Capoeta capoeta gracilis during exposure to butachlor pollutant. So the effect of different concentrations of butachlor was studied on the liver and gills of fish. The 96-hour lethal concentration of the toxin was 46.2 mg per liter. Then, 96 fish were divided into four groups: one control group and three experimental groups (with concentrations of 0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg per liter) and were treated by specified treatments for 2 weeks. In the end pint, histological changes were studied by hematoxylin and eosin staining method in light microscopy. There were many histological changes in the gills of fish treated with butachlor include: hyperplasia, shortening the secondary lamella, edema, fusion, hemorrhage and atrophy compared to the control group. Treatment with liver butachlor cause obstruction, dark granules, necrosis, and bile stagnation and sinusoid dilution in studied fish.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and developmental effects of captan on different life stages (embryo and adult) of zebrafish (Danio rerio). The results showed that the 96-h lethal concentration 50 (LC 50 ) values of embryo and adult zebrafish (exposed to captan) were 0.81(0.75−0.87) mg/L and 0.65(0.62−0.68) mg/L, respectively. The results of developmental effect experiment showed that captan can significantly decrease the heartbeats and inhibit the hatching rate and growth of zebrafish embryos. Moreover, captan exposure can induce a series of deformities, including pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, spine curvature, and tail bending, in zebrafish embryos during the developmental period. Among these, the most significant were tail bending and spine curvature.
Two N-trihalomethylthio fungicides were detected in the atmosphere in the Lower Fraser Valley agricultural region of Canada. Captan was detected in both the particle and gas phase with a dominant particle phase fraction observed in both 2005 and 2006 (only total captan atmospheric concentrations were available for 2004). This provides the first evidence of particle transport as a significant atmospheric transport pathway for captan in an agricultural region in Canada. Weekly captan air concentrations reached maximum levels of 13.2 ng m-3 in June 2006, while for folpet total atmospheric levels were lower with maximum reaching 1.7 ng m-3 in August 2004 and generally <1 ng m3 in 2005 and 2006. Folpet is detected in the atmosphere although not previously reported in usage inventories. In the three years examined (2004–2006) captan concentrations observed a seasonal maximum in atmospheric concentrations during spring to early summer coinciding with expected peak usage period on crops in the Lower Fraser Valley agricultural region located in British Columbia, Canada. No usage data is available in Canada beyond 2003 but these seasonal trends show that captan remains a dominant pesticide used in this agricultural region with no decline in atmospheric concentrations during 2004–2006.
Liver, spleen, trunk kidney, gills, and brain of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined histologically after exposure to different concentrations of methiocarb (2.5 and 3.75 mg/L) or endosulfan (0.6 and 1.3 micro g/L) for 21 days. Histological recovery was also studied by maintaining the pesticide-exposed fish in a freshwater system for an additional 30 d. Lesions were not evident in liver, kidney, spleen, or brain of fish exposed to either concentration of methiocarb for 21 d. Lesions were observed in gills, liver, spleen, and trunk kidney (but not brain) of rainbow trout exposed to either concentration of endosulfan. There was no concentration-related effect observed on the histopathological lesions. After 30 days of recovery, fish had no histological lesions in gills, kidney, spleen, liver, or brain. Therefore all the changes observed during exposure were reversible.
The Esmoriz-Paramos lagoon is one important ecosystem located in the Northwest coast of Portugal. This study is concerned with the assessment of pollution of the lagoon contributed by urban, industrial and agricultural activities. The parameters selected for this aim were the occurrence of hepatic histological alterations and plasma blood biochemistry in Liza saliens, the dominant fish in this lagoon. Blood parameters were compared between mullets collected from the lagoon and from the sea and included plasma enzyme activities (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)), glucose (GLU) and total protein (TP). A positive relationship between hepatocyte vacuolization index and hepatosomatic index was found, suggesting that lipid accumulation could have contributed to the increase of liver weight. The hepatic alterations recorded included general diagnostic categories and additionally large areas of heterogeneous parenchyma, composed of hepatocytes with different spectrum of vacuolization. Liver histopathological evaluation revealed a sample prevalence of 34% for heterogeneous parenchyma, 31% for foci of necrosis and 9% for non-neoplastic lesions. No neoplastic lesions were found. Livers with heterogeneous parenchyma showed higher Cu and Zn content than livers without this category of lesion, suggesting that metals accumulated could trigger this hepatic alteration. AST was higher in mullets from the lagoon than in mullets from the sea, but no differences in ALP and ALT were found, suggesting a change in protein metabolism as an adaptive response to metals exposure. The higher glucose and protein contents observed in fish caught in the lagoon are consistent with a stress response and the measurement of plasma AST activity could be a sensitive indicator of lagoon fish stress. In conclusion, Esmoriz-Paramos lagoon biomonitorization, using indicator species will proceed to assess the impact of the restoration program under development by the Portuguese government.
The tissue damage induced by various organic pollutants in aquatic animals is well-documented, but there is a dearth of information relating to the histological alterations induced by pesticides in freshwater prawns of the genus Macrobrachium. In the present study intermoult juveniles of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii (total length. 4.5-5.0 cm; weight, 1.0-1.25 g) were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of the organochlorine pesticide, endosulfan (10.6, 16.0 and 32.0 ng/l) for a period of 21 days. The hepatopancreas and gills of the prawns were then dissected out and processed for light microscopic studies. Exposure to endosulfan was found to result in several alterations in the histoarchitecture of the hepatopancreas and gills of M. malcolmsonii. The alterations included: hemocytic infiltration in the interstitial sinuses, thickening of basal laminae and necrosis of the tubules of the hepatopancreas: accumulation of hemocytes in the hemocoelic space. swelling and fusion of lamellae, abnormal gill tips, hyperplastic, necrotic, and clavate-globate lamellae of the gills. The results obtained suggest that the hepatopancreas and gills of prawns exposed to endosulfan were structurally altered. Such alterations-could affect vital physiological functions, such as absorption, storage and secretion of the hepatopancreas, and respiration, osmotic and ionic regulations of the gills, which in turn could ultimately affect the survival and growth of,21. malcolmsonii. Thus, all possible remedial measures should be adopted to prevent the occurrence of pesticide contamination in the aquatic environment.
All acute toxicity data developed by the Columbia National Fisheries Research Laboratory, US Fish and Wildlife Service, since 1965 were evaluated for quality, and a data base was established for 4901 tests with 410 chemicals (mainly pesticides) and 66 species of aquatic animals. The data were also analyzed by various statistical approaches to make taxonomic comparisons, and to assess the degree to which various factors affect toxicity, including aged test solutions, temperature, pH, formulation of chemicals, and diet. Insects were the most sensitive group, followed by crustaceans, fishes, and amphibians. -from Authors
Juveniles of Macrobrachium malcolmsonii were exposed to a median lethal concentration (96 hr LC50: 12.589 μg/L) of dichlorvos for a duration of 96 hr. Sampling was performed on the gills, hepatopancreas and muscle of the prawns at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr. Decline in concentrations of total glycogen, protein and lipid were noted in test prawns in comparison to controls. The activity of acetylcholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase were found to be lower in test prawns in comparison to controls. The level of acid phosphatase was found to be elevated in test prawns. Significant alterations in concentrations of inorganic electrolytes, such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl- were also noted in test prawns when compared with controls. The decline observed in major biochemical constituents, such as glycogen, protein and lipid indicates the operation of mechanisms to overcome the required energy demand due to dichlorvos toxicity. The decline noted in acetylcholinesterase level indicates the fact that the neural transmission was impaired in test prawns due to toxic action of dichlorvos. The alterations observed in phosphatases activity is a reflection of metabolic disruption in test prawns. The alterations noted in inorganic electrolytes, such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl- suggest that osmotic and ionic regulations were severely disrupted in test prawns. In the present study, various physiological disruptions due to dichlorvos toxicity observed in M. malcolmsonii pose a potential threat to its survival.
48 hour exposure of sublethal dose of malathion caused 1.25 times increase in gill area of Cirrhinus mrigala but 5 times increase in water blood diffusion thickness leading to 4 times lesser diffusing capacity. The observed inflammatory alterations of lamellar epithelium and hyperplasia due to short term exposure under light and scanning electron microscope led to proliferative loss of epithelium in long term exposure. Gill morphometry may be used in biomonitoring the aquatic system.
“The standard method for the evaluation of acute toxicity of pesticides to fish” and “A method for the evaluation of acute toxicity of pesticides to daphnids” were established to give 48h TLm values for carp and 3h TLm values for Daphnia pulex or Moina macrocopa. With these and some modified methods, acute toxicity of all the already registered pesticides to carp and daphnids were evaluated, and factors influencing the toxicity of pesticides or sensitivity of test organisms to pesticides were investigated. The results are summarized as follows: (1) Rotenone and organochlorine insecticides, organomercurial, organotin, dimethyl dithiocarbamate and phthalimide fungicides, dinitrophenol and pentachlorphenol herbicides have high toxicity to carp, while organophosphorus and phenylcarbamate insecticides are extremely toxic to daphnids. (2) In general, emulsifiable concentrates, technical products, wettable powders, dust and granules are toxic to carp, in this order. (3) The majority of pesticides are more toxic to carp and daphnids at higher temperatures, but some, including folpet and DDT, are less toxic to carp and daphnids, respectively, at higher temperatures. (4) The majority of pesticides are less toxic at higher pH. (5) No apparent synergism or antagonism is observed to occur between 6 pairs of organophosphorus and phenyl carbamate insecticides with carp. (6) No remarkable change in sensitivity of carp is observed with growth to 6 pesticides, including organophosphorus insecticides and pentachlorphenol herbicide, although sensitivity to endosulfan insecticide is extremely high at earlier developmental stages after floating. (7) Dietary pesticides are in general less toxic to carp than pesticides in bath exposure systems. In addition, sensitivity of other aquatic organisms to pesticides was evaluated by the recently developed method. Results are summarized as follows: (1) Gold fish, tanago; Rhodeus moriokae, dojo; Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, and medata; Oryzias latipes, have sensitivity similar to carp. (2) Larvae of dragonfly; Orthetrum albistylum speciosum, and mayfly; Cloëon dipterum, are found to have lower sensitivity than daphnids, but the correlations of TLm values among them are comparatively high. (3) The molluscean animals, Indoplanorbis exustus, Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata, Semisulcospira libertine and Physa acuta have low sensitivity to pesticides in general. (4) Tadpoles of Bufo bufo japonicas, Rana brevipoda and Rana catesbeiana have low sensitivity to pesticides in general.
Determinations have been made by amperometric titration with silver nitrate of the total sulphydryl (SH) content of intact spores of Alternuria tenuis, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis allii, B. fabae, Coleosporium senecionis, Neurospora crassa, Penicillium expansum, P. italicum, Podosphaera leucotricha, and Rhizopus nigricans, and of yeast cells. When titrated in alcohol‐ammonia buffer the cells were generally first denatured by heating with sodium dodecylsulphate; for confirmatory titrations in tris buffer on A. niger and N. crassa this pre‐treatment was essential. The fungistatic activity of captan to eight of these species and the captan uptake, on an equivalent fresh weight basis, by all the fungi has also been determined: conidia of Venturia inaequalis were included in these tests. The spore dimensions, fresh and dry weights of all the fungal species are given. There was no evidence of a relationship between captan uptake and toxicity, captan uptake and spore surface area, or captan toxicity and SH content. However, captan uptake has been found to be broadly related to cell SH content; increasing SH content giving increased captan uptake. This is in agreement with our previous hypothesis that most of the captan uptake required to completely inhibit spore germination is decomposed by cell thiols before it reaches vital receptor sites. When toxic doses of captan were taken up by N. crassa spores the SH content was reduced by 35% and the molar proportions for the captan: thiol reaction were approximately 1:1.
The toxic effects of captan on survival, growth, and reproduction of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and on survival of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were determined in a flow-through system. In a 45-week exposure of fathead minnows, survival and growth were adversely affected at 39.5 μg/liter. Adverse effects on spawning were suspected but not statistically demonstrated at 39.5 and 16.5 μg/liter. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC), based on survival and growth, lies between 39.5 and 16.5 μg/liter. The lethal threshold concentration (LTC) derived from acute exposures was 64 μg/liter, resulting in an application factor (MATC/LTC) between 0.26 and 0.62. LTC values for the bluegill and brook trout were 72 and 29 μg/liter, respectively. The estimated MATC is between 44.6 and 18.7 μg/liter for the bluegill and between 18.0 and 7.5 μg/liter for the brook trout.The half-life of captan in Lake Superior water with a pH of 7.6 is about 7 hr at 12 C and about 1 hr at 25 C. Breakdown products from an initial 550 μg/liter of captan were not lethal to 3-month-old fathead minnows.
Relationships between hepatic lesions and chemical contaminant concentrations in sediments, stomach contents, and tissues were examined in winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) collected from 22 sites in eight major embayments on the Northeast Coast (i.e., Salem Harbor, Boston Harbor, Plymouth Bay, Buzzards Bay, New Bedford Harbor, Narragansett Bay, Long Island Sound, and Raritan Bay). Prevalences of a number of pathological conditions, including neoplasms, preneoplastic lesions, hydropic vacuolation, and other necrotic and proliferative lesions, were significantly elevated in fish from contaminated urban embayments such as Boston Harbor and Raritan Bay. Results of logistic regression analyses indicated that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, DDTs, or chlordanes in sediments, stomach contents, liver, or bile of winter flounder were significant risk factors for the development of several lesion types, including hydropic vacuolation and proliferative and necrotic lesions. However, concentrations of PCBs in sediments and tissue were not significant risk factors for any of the lesions observed. In addition to chemical contaminants, fish age and sampling season had a significant influence on disease occurrence. The risk of hepatic disease increased with age, and lesion prevalences were higher in animals collected during the spring than in winter when spawning migration was taking place. The relationships observed in this study strongly suggest an association between exposure to certain chemical contaminants and the development of particular liver lesions in winter flounder.
To evaluate the toxic effects of sublethal concentrations of the fungicide triphenyltinacetate (TPTAc), a prolonged toxicity study was made on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were exposed to TPTAc concentrations ranging from 1 to 6 g TPTAc/L for 28 and 18 days, respectively, using a flow-through exposure system. Hematological findings included an increase of the total number of erythrocytes and an elevated incidence of erythrocyte degradation stages at 4 g TPTAc/L and higher. The hemoglobin content and the packed-cell volume increased as well at 4 and 1 g TPTAc/L. Whereas the total number of leucocytes increased in fish exposed to 1 g TPTAc/L, the number of leucocytes tended to decrease at higher concentrations. The percentage of lymphocytes within the differential blood cell count decreased. The histopathological examination of TPTAc-exposed fish showed a dose-related lymphocytic depletion of the spleen, accompanied by a proliferation of reticuloendothelial cells and an increased erythrophagia even at the lowest TPTAc concentration. In severe cases, cell necrosis was evident. In liver tissue, a depletion of the glycogen deposits within the hepatocytes could be detected in fish exposed to 4 and 6 g TPTAc/L. The analysis of the phenyltin compounds within various organs of fish by HRGC-FPD revealed remarkable concentrations of triphenyltin of up to 16.1 g/g with the following order of residue levels: liver > kidney > spleen > gills > muscle. Di- and monophenyltin were found only in traces of 1–109 ng/g in these organs. The present study indicates that TPTAc negatively affects rainbow trout in a concentration range that might be present in aquatic environments.
In an experiment extending over approx. 3 months, brown trout (Salmo trutta) were exposed to dilutions of biologically-treated wastewater (13, 24 and 42%) from a large sewage plant. The two higher concentrations caused a sequence of histological changes in the kidney and, after some delay, in the liver as well. No effects were detectable in the gills however. In all dilutions of the biologically-treated sewage, external injury of the fish was rapidly followed by fungal infection. Furthermore, kidney changes similar to those seen in the experiment were also observed in brown trout and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) caught downstream of the point at which the treated effluents from the sewage plant entered the River Inn. The pathogenic effects of ammonia and nitrite in the treated sewage are discussed.
The acute toxicity of methiocarb in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, 3.25±0.79g) was evaluated in glass aquaria under static conditions. Nominal concentrations of methiocarb in the toxicity test ranged from 1.25 to 7.50mgL(-1). The concentrations of methiocarb that killed 50% of the rainbow trout within 24-h (24-h LC(50)), 48-h LC(50), 72-h LC(50), and 96-h LC(50) were 5.43±0.19, 5.04±0.18, 4.95±0.19, and 4.82±0.21mgL(-1) (95% confidence limits), respectively. Mortality of fish increased with increasing water temperature. Increasing alkalinity from 19mgL(-1) as CaCO(3) to 40, 60, or 90mgL(-1) as CaCO(3) significantly decreased mortality of fish. Total hardness ranging from 50mgL(-1) as CaCO(3) to 147mgL(-1) as CaCO(3) did not affect mortality of fish exposed to methiocarb. Fish exposed to methiocarb had histological alterations such as lamellar edema, separation of epidermis from lamellae, and lamellar fusion. Methiocarb exposed fish had necrosis between molecular and granular layer of cerebellum where Purkinje cells present. Results indicate that alkalinity, temperature, and fish size affect methiocarb toxicity of rainbow trout.
Subchronic toxicity of composite inorganic fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate [fertilizer A; (NH(4))(2)SO(4); 21% NH(4)-N)], composite fertilizer 15-15-15 (fertilizer B; commercial formulation: 15% NH(4)-N, 15% phosphorus, and 15% potassium oxide), and composite fertilizer 25-5-10 (fertilizer C; commercial formulation: 25% NH(4)-N, 5% phosphorus, and 10% potassium oxide) on the skin, liver, kidney, pancreas, and gills of the juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was studied in two-week toxicity tests under static-renewal test conditions. Fish exposed to sublethal concentrations of fertilizers did not show any behavioral abnormality compared to control groups. Histological lesions were observed in skin, gills, liver, pancreas, and trunk kidney of the fish. In the epidermis, degenerated/vacuolated epithelial cells, microcystic dilatations, and intracellular edema of mucus cell were observed. Liver had swollen and degenerated hepatocytes without losing adenoid structure. Hematopoietic tissues had necrosis and vacuolar degeneration on proximal tubules of the kidney. In order, the most affected organs were skin, liver, and kidney.
Channa gachua were exposed to acute and subacute levels of endosulfan and rogor for a maximum period of 32 days after acclimation at 24±5°C in the laboratory. Histological changes induced by pesticide exposure were observed in the gills. Most conspicuous changes on acute exposure were the separation of respiratory gill epithelium from the basement membrane, pronounced hyperemia, necrosis, fusion of adjacent gill lamellae, errosion at the distal end of gill filaments and loss of cell membrane. On subacute exposure to pesticides, the damage to the gills was not so severe after 8 days but damage has been found to become progressively severe with the increase in exposure time.
The tissue damage induced by various organic pollutants in aquatic animals is well-documented, but there is a dearth of information relating to the histological alterations induced by pesticides in freshwater prawns of the genus Macrobrachium. In the present study intermoult juveniles of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii (total length, 4.5-5.0 cm; weight, 1.0-1.25 g) were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of the organochlorine pesticide, endosulfan (10.6, 16.0 and 32.0 ng/l) for a period of 21 days. The hepatopancreas and gills of the prawns were then dissected out and processed for light microscopic studies. Exposure to endosulfan was found to result in several alterations in the histoarchitecture of the hepatopancreas and gills of M. malcolmsonii. The alterations included: hemocytic infiltration in the interstitial sinuses, thickening of basal laminae and necrosis of the tubules of the hepatopancreas; accumulation of hemocytes in the hemocoelic space, swelling and fusion of lamellae, abnormal gill tips, hyperplastic, necrotic, and clavate-globate lamellae of the gills. The results obtained suggest that the hepatopancreas and gills of prawns exposed to endosulfan were structurally altered. Such alterations-could affect vital physiological functions, such as absorption, storage and secretion of the hepatopancreas, and respiration, osmotic and ionic regulations of the gills, which in turn could ultimately affect the survival and growth of M. malcolmsonii. Thus, all possible remedial measures should be adopted to prevent the occurrence of pesticide contamination in the aquatic environment.
The acute toxicity of endosulfan in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, 10.61+/-1.69 g) was evaluated in glass aquaria under static conditions. Nominal concentrations of endosulfan in the toxicity test ranged from 1.3 microg l(-1) to 29 microg l(-1). The concentrations of endosulfan that killed 50% of the rainbow trout within 24-h (24-h LC50), 48-h LC50, 72-h LC50, and 96-h LC50 were 19.78, 8.89, 5.28, and 1.75 microg l(-1), respectively. None of the unexposed control fish died, and the first fish died 4 h after exposure to 26.3 microg l(-1) of endosulfan. Survival of fish was significantly increased with increasing fish size and decreased with decreased fish size at the same temperature (p<0.001). Temperature also had a significant effect on survival of fish. Alkalinity at levels above 20 mg l(-1) as CaCO3 significantly increased survival of fish at 19.78 microg l(-1) of endosulfan. Increasing alkalinity from 20 mg l(-1) as CaCO3 to 42 or higher concentrations tested in this study (121 mg l(-1) as CaCO3) significantly increased survival of fish (p<0.01). Total hardness ranging from 55 mg l(-1) as CaCO3 to 126 mg l(-1) as CaCO3 did not affect survival of fish exposed to endosulfan. Endosulfan toxicity was found to be irreversible when fish were exposed to minimum concentrations of endosulfan tested. Histologically, fish gills had lamellar edema, separation of epithelium from lamellae, lamellar fusion, and swelling of the epithelial cells. Melanomacrophage centers were scattered throughout the trunk kidney, head kidney, and spleen. The liver of endosulfan-exposed fish had severe focal necrosis. None of these lesions were seen in unexposed control fish. Results indicate that alkalinity, temperature, and fish size affect endosulfan toxicity of rainbow trout.
A gas chromatography/negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (GC/NCI-MS) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of the fungicides captan and folpet in khaki (persimmon; flesh and peel) and cauliflower. Samples were extracted with acetone in the presence of 0.1 M zinc acetate solution in order to avoid degradation of fungicides and were purified using solid-phase extraction with divinylbenzene polymeric cartridges. Purified extracts were evaporated and dissolved in hexane prior to injection into the GC/NCI-MS system. Isotope-labeled captan and folpet were used as surrogate/internal standards, and quantification was performed using matrix-matched calibration. The method showed linear response in the concentration range tested (50-2500 ng/mL). The method was fully validated with untreated blank samples of khaki (flesh and peel) and cauliflower spiked at 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg. Satisfactory recoveries between 82 and 106% and relative standard deviations lower than 11% in all cases (n = 5) were obtained. The limit of detection for both compounds were estimated to be 0.01 mg/kg. The developed method has been applied to treated and untreated samples collected from residue trials.
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