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Municipal solid waste management in Phnom Penh, capital city of Cambodia
Abstract
This paper presents an overview of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) for both technical and regulatory arrangements in the municipality of Phnom Penh (MPP), Cambodia. Problems with the current MSWM are identified, and challenges and recommendations for future improvement are also given in this paper. MPP is a small city with a total area of approximately 374 km(2) and an urban population of about 1.3 million in 2008. For the last 14 years, average annual municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in MPP has increased rapidly from 0.136 million tons in 1995 to 0.361 million tons in 2008. The gross generation rate of MSW per capita was 0.74 kg day(-1). However, the per capita household waste generation was 0.487 kg day(- 1). At 63.3%, food waste is the predominant portion of generated waste, followed by plastics (15.5%), grass and wood (6.8%), and paper and cardboard (6.4%). The remaining waste, including metals, glass, rubber/leather, textiles, and ceramic/ stone, accounted for less than 3%. Waste recycling through informal sectors is very active; recycled waste accounted for about 9.3% of all waste generated in 2003. Currently, the overall technical arrangement, including storage and discharge, collection and transport, and disposal, is still in poor condition, which leads to environmental and health risks. These problems should be solved by improving legislation, environmental education, solid waste management facilities, and management of the waste scavengers.
... However, there is no consensus on this classification, and the upto-date data are relatively limited [10]. Municipal solid waste (MSW) combines wastes from households and commercials [11], generated from households, markets, restaurants, shops, hotels, offices, street sweepings, and miscellaneous [12,13]. Rapid urbanization [26], b [24], c [27]. ...
... The Phnom Penh Waste Management Authority (PPWM) has been responsible for MSW management by franchising the collection, transportation, and cleansing service to a private company (CENTRI) for 49 years. CENTRI has a monopoly on the MSW collection service within the municipality and has owned the sole rights to collect service fees to cover its operational and disposal costs since 2002 [13]. However, the service that is provided by the company had not been improved, and many complaints have been made by residents [17]. ...
... The service that is provided by private operators is somehow inefficient and does not comply with the terms of reference set out in the agreement [54]. The reason behind this backdrop is that the private operators face financial challenges due to unclear service fees, a lack of performance benchmarks in the contract, inefficient fee collection, and an unwillingness to pay the service as the private operators themselves collect the fee from waste generators [13,17]. A lack of operation monitoring and enforcement is also a driving factor for poor service provision [54]. ...
Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is one of the utmost challenges for Cambodia’s city and district centers. The unsound management of MSW has detrimentally affected the environment and human health. In the present study, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive insight into the generation and characteristics, policies and legislation frameworks, management arrangement, collection, treatment, and disposal of MSW. The experience of developed and developing countries and the challenges and priorities of MSW management in Cambodia are also highlighted. In Cambodia, about 4.78 million tons of MSW were generated in 2020, with a 0.78 kg/capita/day generation rate. Only 86% of cities and districts have access to MSW collection services. The current practice of MSW management is reliance on landfill (44%). There are 164 landfills operating countrywide, receiving about 5749 tons of MSW per day. Recycling, incineration, and composting share 4%, 4%, and 2% of MSW generation, respectively. In 2021, the total revenue that was recovered from recyclables was USD 56M. The study concludes several major challenges and proposes valuable suggestions, which may be beneficial for the improvement of the current system to support the sustainable management of MSW in Cambodia.
... In developing countries, deficiencies are often observed in municipal waste management (Jin et al., 2006). These deficiencies are associated with institutional factors, including storage and unloading, collection, transport and disposal, and lack of adequate legislation, environmental education and professional training (Abarca-Guerrero et al., 2012;Seng et al., 2011;Chung and Lo, 2008). Thus, littering estimates for Global South countries have room for significant improvement. ...
... Thus, the contributions of this study can be especially useful to Latin American countries. Therefore, understanding urban waste management in this condition is complex (Seng et al., 2011), and represents a challenge in the Global South. ...
Litter pollution is a global concern, and identifying sources and pathways is crucial for proposing preventative actions. Existing models of plastic litter leakage to the environment have provided worldwide estimates at a country-based level, but only a few initiatives address subnational scales. Adding relevant parameters and improving models is needed to reduce the limitations of global estimates. However, availability of information, which varies among countries and is critical in the Global South, may preclude such improvements. To understand the potentialities and limitations of subnational estimates of plastic litter leakage to the environment, we reviewed the parameters used in the literature and addressed data usability, considering Brazil as a case study. We gathered data on parameters identified for all 5570 Brazilian municipalities and evaluated their usability considering reliability and temporal and geographic granularity. We identified 51 parameters that are either currently used in models or could improve estimates, including parameters regarding territory, population density, socioeconomic condition, and solid waste generation, composition, collection, and final destination, selective waste collection, recycling, and hydrology. Only 29.4% of parameters were linked to data sources with good or very good usability, while most of them presented average usability (45.1%) and 7.8% were not linked to any data source. This panorama of low data usability reveals uncertainties and explicit difficulties of estimating plastic litter leakage to the environment, including mobilization from the terrestrial environment to the ocean. The Brazilian scenario reflects current data availability conditions and the difficulties of countries in the Global South to robustly understand plastic litter leakage and face land-based sources of marine litter.
... Desconocimiento del impacto y gestión de RSU por parte del municipio. (Chung & Lo, 2008;Seng, Kaneko, Hirayama & Katayama-Hirayama, 2011). ...
... Regulaciones adecuadas. (Seng, et al, 2011;Asase et al, 2009) [Símbolo] ...
Los residuos sólidos urbanos (RSU) son uno de los mayores problemas ambientales que enfrenta México y su impacto tiene repercusiones sobre la naturaleza y la salud de los individuos en la comunidad. Tamaulipas se encuentra en el sexto lugar de los estados que más generan RSU en México. Y en Tamaulipas, el municipio de Tampico está en el cuarto lugar en la generación residual. El objetivo de este trabajo es, desde el enfoque de las partes interesadas, hacer un análisis de la gestión comunitaria de los RSU en el municipio de Tampico, Tamps. El estudio fue descriptivo exploratorio a partir del levantamiento de 1,208 encuestas en cuatro de las colonias que más generan RSU en el municipio. En los hallazgos se observa que la comunidad del municipio de Tampico se sostiene con bajo nivel en hábitos de desecho, clasificación y reciclaje de los RSU. La mayoría de la población tiene baja conciencia y formación ambiental sobre la selección, separación, y reuso de los RSU, sin embargo, existe una eficiente dinámica comunidad-municipio para la recolección de los residuos.
... Due to the wide variety and complex composition of the waste resources, it has brought out the heavy threats to the environment and human health. Therefore, how to reasonably manage the waste resources has become one of the global concerns [2]. ...
... where i(V) is the current at a potential, v is the scanning rate, and k 1 v and k 2 v 1/2 correspond to the pseudo-capacitive and the diffusion contributions, respectively. Equation (2) can be obtained after dividing Eq. (1) with v 1/2 : ...
In this article, CuCl crystal was extracted from the waste copper etchant via one-step facile electrodeposition and further modified with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) via the electrophoretic deposition. Moreover, the feasibility as the anode in lithium ion battery was also evaluated. As expected, the obtained CuCl crystal particles appeared as the tetrahedron-like morphology, and the surface became rougher after modification of GQDs via the electrophoretic deposition. The reversible specific discharge capacity of GQDs/CuCl/Cu anode was 345.0 mAh·g−1 at 2.0 C for 250 cycles, higher than 284.6 mAh·g−1 of bare CuCl anode possibly owed to higher electric conductivity and Li-storage activity of GQDs. Obviously, such efforts would alleviate the environmental pollution and facilitate the circular economy of the waste copper etchant.
... When examining waste reduction behavior within the framework of DfSB, it is important to consider user behaviors at various stages. However, it is not possible to examine a user's approach to waste reduction from a single perspective (Seng et al. 2011). In this context, the 5R stages of zero waste (refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle, rot) can be useful in categorizing behaviors (Johnson 2013). ...
The role of designers in developing a sustainable society is not limited to creating sustainable products but also includes envisioning products, processes, and services that promote sustainability and will be accepted by the wider society. Design for sustainable behavior, the literature that has grown in this context, aims to encourage the adoption of desirable sustainable behaviors and discourage undesirable, unsustainable behaviors. In this context, this paper aims to propose a guide for designers to use the data from this study to incorporate into their design process by assessing the behaviors and motivations of users who exhibit waste reduction behavior in designing for sustainable behavior. For this purpose, users’ waste reduction behaviors were examined within the framework of the zero-waste approach using the 5Rs (reject, reduce, reuse, recycle and rot) proposed by Johnson. The findings were categorized according to the drivers of changing consumer behavior described in the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NAS) study to create a data set that designers can use. The study used qualitative analysis to gain insight into user behaviors and motivations related to waste reduction. The participants in the study were selected using a purposive sampling method among consumers who are aware of waste reduction. A total of 50 participants, randomly selected among the followers of ‘Zero Waste’ themed pages on social media, took part in the research voluntarily.
... Today in developing countries, waste management operations such as waste collection, transportation, and disposal activities, are being delivered through different PPP models.Two major variants are identified in the literature (i) solid waste management activities conducted by private companies in contract with the municipal authorities, often regarded as public-led, Private-Public Partnership (PPP), and (ii) waste management activities conducted by private companies in contract with the service users often known as Private Sector Participants (PSP)(Cointreau-Levine, 1994;Spoann et al., 2018;Wilson et al., 2017). In the second variant as practiced in some developing locations, the contractor can recover the operational and disposal costs through a monthly fee collection(Seng et al., 2010). Two major disadvantages were identified for PPP concerning developing countries which include (i) developing nations often lacked well-developed market forces, transparent procurement practices, and well-established ethical frameworks for conducting business(Cointreau & Hornig, 2003); (ii) due to improper cost-revenue analysis, the deficit in the revenue for private waste collectors could cause delay or service breakdown(Lohri et al., 2014;Obirih-Opareh & Co-financing is another type of PPP in waste management identified in the literature, where funds from different sources (public sources, private sources, and donor agencies) can be used to finance a single waste management project. ...
The operations that underpin efficient municipal solid waste management delivery require economic funds. These funds are needed for both capital and recurrent expenditures. Municipalities (local governments) often being the main entities responsible for waste management in cities across the globe, have implemented several funding methods. Yet not all attempts at raising funds for waste management operations have been successful due to the existence of barriers preventing their sustainability in the long term. As such, municipal authorities and decision‐makers are frequently confronted with the dilemma of understanding different methods of financing waste management operations and making the appropriate choices among the available options for maximum operational flexibility. Based on locations, convenience, requirements, technical possibilities, institutional arrangement, and regulatory framework, several waste management financing methods have been adopted and applied with varying degrees of outcomes. However, this information is fragmented and scattered both in the academic and grey literature. In this work, we first collate and categorize the operating procedures of various municipal solid waste management finance strategies in a typology. We base our actions on several policy frameworks and areas of focus for waste management finance that have been implemented in many nations. Second, we provide a classification system by combining several strands of information on reported combinations of waste finance strategies, possibilities, and restrictions in the context of urban waste management. Finally, we discuss other essential elements related to financial sustainability and the implications on the circular economy. Therefore, this article presents a comprehensive review of the pros and cons of various municipal solid waste management financing methods.
... Besides, solid waste has been indicated as one of the global environmental issues (Seng et al., 2011). The creation of solid waste depletes natural resources, utilizes water and energy, causes pollution to the environment and generates high economic costs for waste management (Song et al., 2015). ...
Purpose
Stakeholder interests are complex, sensitive and highly uncertain and may influence the development of net zero carbon building (NZCB). However, this study aims to conduct a systematic literature review to explore the stakeholder interests towards achieving NZCB.
Design/methodology/approach
A total of 62 articles were identified from the Scopus database and thoroughly reviewed to extract relevant information on stakeholders' interest towards achieving NZCB.
Findings
A total of 28 stakeholder interests influencing the development of NZCB were identified from the literature and were classified into six major groups according to their uniqueness (economic, social, environmental, technological, political, regulatory and legal).
Research limitations/implications
The findings of this study provide insight into the specific stakeholder interests towards achieving NZCB. Thus, the findings of this study could serve as a guide for future research, policy formulation and implementation to expedite the practice of building towards net zero carbon (NZC). Empirical studies are suggested in future studies to test and consolidate the theoretical claims of this study.
Originality/value
This paper undertakes a comprehensive systematic review of studies on stakeholder interests towards achieving NZCB, which is the least investigated in the literature.
... MSW management has become a widespread challenge, especially in fast-growing cities like Warri, Delta State [5]. This waste is generated because of increasing human populations and the necessity for industrialization, urbanization as well as growing human consumption [6]. A total volume of 66,721 metric tons of solid waste is reported to have been sent directly to landfills every month in Nigeria; among these are organic waste, plastic, paper, glass, and tin [7]- [9]. ...
The increasing generation and indiscriminate dumping of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Sub-Sahara Africa has reached a record high. The MSW collection poses a significant health risk to the workers both physically and health-wise. The workers of MSW collectors are constantly subjected to cycles of physical labour such as pushing, pulling, hauling, and lifting. This article sought to evaluate potential health risks, symptoms, and the efficiency of using personal protective equipment (PPE). The respondents of this study are workers in the metropolis of Warri, who work for small and micro businesses. The response of the respondents was collected by utilizing a structured questionnaire. A total of 150 questionnaires were distributed to MSW workers (n = 150). The study's findings revealed that just a small percentage (12%) of waste collectors are routinely equipped with personal protective equipment. Furthermore, 92% of the respondents are reported to have encountered sharp objects during waste evacuation. About 85.3% and 89.3% of respondents have encountered mosquitoes and bacteria/fungal growth in MSW waste, respectively (disease-carrying insects). The study found that the MSW collectors are highly at risk of developing respiratory-associated symptoms with about 67.3% reported to have shown symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and asphyxiation. Approximately 70%, 91%, and 91.6% of the respondents experienced headaches, musculoskeletal, and dermatological symptoms respectively. In addition, about 56% were reported to have shown gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and nausea. This paper concludes that MSW personnel should be completely equipped with PPE due to the various health hazards outlined in this study.
... Recycled waste accounted for about 9.3% of all waste generated in 2003. The overall technical arrangement, including storage and discharge, collection and transport, and disposal, still needs to be in better condition, leading to environmental and health risks (Seng et al., 2011). According to the Cambodian Ministry of Environment, 3R concepts (i.e., Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) were proposed and drafted in 2009 to establish an efficient solid waste management system through an increased waste collection service, promotion of waste separation for recycling, enhancement of organic waste composting, and improvement of disposal sites. ...
In the present era, plastic bags have emerged as the predominant catalyst for global warming due to their protracted decomposition process. Although it has adverse environmental impacts, it is a frequently used commodity by customers. Furthermore, Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia, is steadily increasing the quantity of plastics consumed daily. This study aims to examine consumer attitudes towards anti-plastic bag behavior in Cambodia, considering the significant number of plastic bags used on a daily basis. The study employed seven factors, including environmental knowledge, environmental concern, attitude towards using plastic bags, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intention, and anti-plastic bag behavior, to examine consumer behavior about plastic consumption. Furthermore, this study employed quantitative research methodologies, specifically utilizing a cross-sectional study design to gather the data. We conducted this study with a sample size of 206 participants who responded to an online and paper survey. This study's findings suggest that environmental concern, attitude towards using plastic bags, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control influence behavioral intention. However, it is worth noting that there is a negative association between environmental knowledge and behavioral intention. Environmental knowledge, behavioral intention, and perceived behavioral control all have a significant impact on people's behavior in avoiding plastic bags.
... Cambodia, like many other agricultural countries, generates a significant amount of agricultural residue or waste. Without appropriate management, these residues can potentially become toxic or emit unpleasant odours, impacting the surrounding communities (Seng et al., 2011). However, some agricultural residues or waste can be repurposed as compost or growing media for planting crops, particularly organic ones. ...
Cambodia is an agricultural country that consistently generates substantial agricultural waste or residue, including spent mushroom, rice husk, rice straw, and animal manure. Effectively managing these waste materials could prove to be the optimal choice for farmers, enabling them to reduce production costs and increase income. Spent oyster mushroom compost, among these wastes which contains valuable nutrients and also beneficial microorganisms. Therefore, investigating its use as a growing medium for Pak Choi, combined with other agricultural waste materials, is worth exploring. This experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five growing media formulations (G1-G5), with G5 designated as the control, utilizing soil only. After the harvesting, the results demonstrated that all growing media incorporating spent oyster mushroom spawn mixed with other agricultural residues led to increased Pak Choi yields. However, G2, consisting of chicken manure, rice husk ash, spent oyster mushroom compost, and soil in equal proportions (1:1:1:1), emerged as the most effective growing medium formulation, as it consistently yielded higher Pak Choi yields.
... Moreover, the knowledge and attitudes of the residents towards solid waste management are crucial in shaping their practices and participation in waste management initiatives [1,11]. A lack of awareness about the importance of proper waste disposal, the consequences of poor management, and individual responsibilities can lead to apathetic attitudes and suboptimal waste management behaviors [13,14]. Understanding the factors that influence household solid waste management in Ishaka Division is essential for developing effective and sustainable waste management strategies. ...
Effective household solid waste management is a critical challenge facing many urban centers in developing countries like Uganda. The rapid urbanization, population growth, and changing consumption patterns have led to a significant increase in solid waste generation, outpacing the capacity of local authorities to manage it properly. In Ishaka Division, Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, the problem of solid waste management is particularly acute, characterized by poor access for waste collection, congestion, and land tenure issues that hinder proper waste handling by residents. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting household solid waste management in Ishaka Division. A cross-sectional study was conducted using quantitative methods of data collection. The study population comprised heads of selected households, and a semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics, types of waste generated, waste management practices, and attitudes towards solid waste management. The findings revealed that the major categories of waste generated were food remains (41%), plastics (28%), and paper (20%). However, proper waste segregation and storage practices were largely unsatisfactory, with the majority of households (60%) storing waste in polythene bags and sacs, and only 36% practicing any form of waste separation. Crude dumping (32%) and burning (24%) were the most common waste disposal methods, while organized collection by trucks was practiced by only 26% of households. The study also found that women were primarily responsible for household waste management (59%), and residents expressed concerns about the health and environmental impacts of poor solid waste practices, particularly the presence of disease vectors and associated health risks. Nevertheless, the respondents generally had a positive attitude towards improving waste management, with most acknowledging the importance of public education and their role as community members in addressing the problem. The findings suggest that improving household solid waste management in Ishaka Division requires a multifaceted approach that addresses the socio-demographic factors, waste generation patterns, and the knowledge and attitudes of the residents. Recommendations include strengthening waste collection and disposal infrastructure, promoting waste segregation and recycling, and engaging the community through awareness campaigns and educational programs. By implementing such measures, local authorities can work towards developing sustainable solid waste management practices and mitigating the environmental and public health risks associated with poor waste management in the division and similar urban settings in Uganda.
... Other issues include gaps in data provision, low transparency, the activities performed by informal entities that are not fully captured in official data, and many entities lack adequate infrastructure, technical expertise, and funds for data collection and management [21,44]. These problems result in the lack of reliable waste data, making it difficult to compile consistent datasets, mainly at a national level [45][46][47], and limiting the application of sustainability indicators to the waste sector [29,48]. For example, due to the unavailability of waste data in three Brazilian cities, Silva et al. [48] only applied 11 indicators from a total of 49 initially identified. ...
Municipal solid waste is a chronic problem in many developing countries like Brazil. Addressing the challenges of waste management requires robust frameworks for assessing the policies’ impacts. In this context, sustainability indicators may help decision-makers in adopting more efficient waste policies. The main goal of this study is to propose a framework for identifying and classifying indicators related to waste management within Brazilian public policies. This evaluation was based on extensive legislative surveys aimed at identifying goals, targets, and obligations outlined in these policies. A comprehensive Driving Force–Pressure–State–Impact–Response (DPSIR) framework was employed to identify and classify the usefulness of these indicators in the context of waste management. A total of 151 indicators were identified, alongside 283 waste goals, targets, and obligations, which were primarily related to municipal waste and were mostly sourced from plans, laws, presidential decrees, and collegiate resolutions. Within the framework, 66 indicators, mostly related to waste collection and recycling, were deemed useful, comprising 34 classified as Responses, 14 as Pressures, six as Driving Forces, four as States, two as Impacts, and six as Pressure/Responses. The challenges associated with the DPSIR framework and strategies to enhance the efficiency of public waste policies in Brazil are also discussed.
... The quality of water from aquifers may be affected by broad range contaminants as a result of industrial pollution or natural processes (Wakida & Lerner, 2005). One source of groundwater contamination in many ASEAN countries is the burning or dumping of municipal solid waste (Seng et al., 2013;Seng et al. 2011;Ngoc & Schnitzer, 2009). In Cambodia, the dangerous practice of the open burning of solid waste in landfills has only relatively recently declined (COMPED, 2016). ...
Groundwater is classified as polluted if it contains sufficient chemical or biological contaminants to cause harm to living organisms. Nitrates are a common groundwater contaminant. In developing countries, a common source of nitrates in aquifers is Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfills, where they are produced from the decomposition of organic wastes. Nitrate pollution may cause groundwater quality surrounding MSW landfills to deteriorate if the issue is not managed. This research aims to investigate the presence and concentration of nitrates in leachate and groundwater samples surrounding the Dangkor landfill in Phnom Penh and recommend an effective approach for effectively monitoring and controlling these levels. Nitrate levels in leachate sampled from the landfill and groundwater sampled from surrounding tube wells was analyzed to assess (i) the seasonal variation in nitrate concentrations; (ii) spatial variation in the nitrate contamination of aquifers surrounding the landfill; and (iii) compliance with WHO standards. Groundwater samples were collected from three different wells at four sampling points located 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 m from a reference point at Dangkor MSW landfill. Each sample was analyzed for the presence of nitrates before the concentration was analyzed. The results had several limitations but they suggest that there is no significant relationship between nitrate concentration in groundwater and distance from the landfill. Recorded nitrate levels were well within WHO guidelines for domestic use (50 mg/L) and as such, landfill leachate is not contributing to unsafe nitrate levels in groundwater aquifers between 500 m and 2000 m from the landfill site.
... The generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) has increased along with population growth, urbanization, the improvement in living standards, human activity and economic development [1][2][3][4][5]. Dietary habits, level of commercial activity and seasons are just some of the variables that affect the amount and the generation rate of MSW [6,7]. ...
Residual municipal solid waste (RMSW) is a rapidly expanding problem worldwide and a good waste management system could reduce concerns about its correct treatment. The purpose of this study was to characterize RMSW from urban and rural areas with the ultimate goal of estimating the recycling potential of the identified fractions and implementing waste collection and recovery methods according to the type of area that generates them. A direct sampling campaign of RMSW was performed. The results showed that the highest organic waste rate was found in the rural area (11.9%); urban-area-produced RMSW mainly constituted recyclable fractions such as plastic (26.3%), paper (21.8%), glass (3.5%) and metals (3.3%). The physical-chemical characteristics of RMSW showed levels of heavy metals below the detection threshold. The conditions necessary for composting could be met only for the organic fraction coming from rural areas as demonstrated by a pH value of 6.9 and a moisture content of 46.5%. These data will be extended to all the urban and rural areas to design appropriate disposal and/or recovery plants with profitable economic interventions that will lead to a reduction in costs in the planning of the integrated solid waste management.
... Solid waste has become a global environmental issue [55,56] due to rapid economic and population growth [57], and the ZW movement aims to minimize the growing amount of this solid waste. However, according to a 2022 OECD study, only 9% of the world's total plastic waste is recycled [58]. ...
Zero waste (ZW), the concept of reducing waste production, is now becoming a lifestyle trend. Social media is strengthening this by popularizing the movement and connecting related communities. ZW and food are closely related, since food waste is a significant sustainability issue; however, the exact relationship between ZW and food communication on social networks is not clear. This study analyzed user communication on the social networking site Twitter between July 2008 and April 2023 to determine how members communicated and shared topics related to ZW and food; an analysis of hashtag frequency was also conducted. During the study period, a total of 50,650 tweets with both #zerowaste and #food hashtags were recorded, written by 21,271 unique users from all over the world. Topic analysis identified the nine related topics: ZW lifestyle, leftover recipes, ZW events, food rescue, climate change, packaging, ZW stores, composting, and ZW restaurants; visual analysis indicated that these topics were closely connected, suggesting common membership of these communities. Overall, our results provide insight into the ZW and food communities on Twitter, which may be useful for marketers, influencers, and government agencies to create targeted content and facilitate wider adoption of a ZW lifestyle.
... The plastic waste crisis Although plastic waste management is a global challenge, the problem is particularly acute in the Global South where lack of infrastructure, prioritization of economic development over human health, and lack of strong governmental institutions exacerbate the problem (Mrayyan and Hamdi, 2006;Sujauddin et al., 2008;Minghua et al., 2009;Moghadam et al., 2009;Troschinetz and Mihelcic, 2009;Seng et al., 2010;Kalanatarifard and Yang, 2012). Most environmental plastic waste clean-up efforts fail where there is no beneficial use identified for the collected environmental plastic waste (Foong et al., 2022). ...
Although the awareness of the environmental damage caused by plastic pollution has recently increased, few steps have been taken to confront its consequences. These consequences are often most severe in the Global South where countries often lack proper waste management infrastructure. Unless the market value of plastic waste increases, it will simply be discarded, eventually making its way to the environment. It has been established that polyolefin plastic can be converted to a sulfur-free fuel oil by pyrolysis, suitable for use in diesel engines or as a clean cooking fuel. However, carrying out this chemistry in the Global South is challenging. Any process intended for use in the Global South must be safe, robust, efficient, simple to operate, low cost, and most importantly profitable for the operator. When the average daily wage in sub-Saharan Africa is less than 3 USD, an income provided from plastic waste fuel can be significant. The research presented herein focuses on the optimization of a plastic-to-fuel processor that can be built using the principles of appropriate technology. The results of this optimization and profitability assessment will be described. This research has been conducted in collaboration with the NGOs Empowered Solutions for Environmental Sustainability and UpCycle Africa.
... Thanh et al. (2011) reported generation of 17.24 g/capita/day of plastic waste from Southern Vietnam which was comparatively higher than the present report. The generation of plastic waste from Jakarta of 14.02% (Putri et al. 2018), 10.6% from Syria (Noufal et al. 2020), and 15.5% from Phnom Penh (Seng et al. 2011) was also higher than the rate of generation in India as well as the present case study. However, a similar rate of generation of 8% was reported by Monjur et al. (2017) from Bangladesh. ...
Plastic waste in recent years has become a menace owing to population pressure and the high demand for various plastic products in daily use. A study was conducted in Aizawl City in northeast India for a period of 3 years to quantify various types of plastic waste. Our study found that a present plastic consumption of 13.06 g/capita/day although low when compared to developed countries continues; the generation will be doubled after a decade as the population is projected to double especially due to migration from rural areas. The plastic waste was contributed more by the high-income group of the population with a correlation factor of r = 0.97. Among the total plastic waste, packaging plastics contributed the maximum with an average of 52.56%, and carry bags among the packaging contribute a maximum of 32.55% in the three sectors, namely, residential, commercial, and dumping sites. The result leads to a maximum contribution by the LDPE polymer with 27.46% among seven categories of polymers.
... Study by Arezes & Miguel [18] reported that the perception of noise exposure effects plays an important role as predictors. Tinoco et al. [19] also found that the knowledge on noise was effectively affect the workers in the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). A regular training provided among workers regarding noise and hearing protection device at their workplace will encourage them to wear HPD and will increased worker's awareness of issues regarding noise and hearing protection [20]. ...
Noise is unwanted sound that are unpleasant or loud to human's hearing. Risk perception can be known as the predictor towards the safety behavior of an individual. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship of risk perception, knowledge about noise and hearing protection device (HPD) use. A cross-sectional study was used in this study to determine the noise risk perception, knowledge about noise and the use of personal hearing protection. Thirty-one workers who work at the landfill, exposed to noise and provided with hearing protection devices from the management were participated in this study. The result shows that there is significant positive correlation between knowledge about noise and HPD use (r=0.508, p=0.004). Moreover, there is also a significant positive correlation between knowledge about HPD and HPD use (r=0.449, p=0.011) among landfill operation workers. However, there is no significant correlation between risk perception and HPD use (r=0.329, p=0.070). The finding from this study can provide a preliminary data in further continues this research on predicting the variable on the HPD use among landfill workers. Besides, the outcome of this study could assist policy recommendation for waste management service company in improving training programs and knowledges among employees.
... Em parte, o destaque para os resíduos sólidos deve-se ao aumento vertiginoso de sua geração desde a Revolução Industrial e à intensificação da urbanização, bem como à diversificação da composição dos produtos descartados. Isso porque o modo de produção contemporâneo busca desvalorizar aquilo que não é mais produto ou mercadoria (BUSS, 2002;SENG et al., 2010;MESJASZ-LECH, 2014;SILVA et al., 2014;MAVROPOULOS, TSAKONA e ANTHOULI, 2015;MARQUES, 2015). ...
No mundo contemporâneo, a gestão de resíduos sólidos (RS) constitui temática relevante para a sustentabilidade, sendo uma questão interdisciplinar que permeia as ciências ambientais, as engenharias e a saúde pública, entre outras. Assim, este artigo buscou analisar a ocorrência de teses e dissertações na temática de RS em
Programas de Excelência de Pós-Graduação no Brasil, de acordo com a especificidade de áreas de avaliação. A
metodologia baseou-se na revisão bibliográfica sistemática, sendo definidos termos de busca para pesquisa
nos bancos de dados dos programas de pré-definidos. Os resultados evidenciam que, no escopo proposto, as
áreas de engenharia sanitária e civil respondem pela maioria das publicações, geograficamente concentradas
na região Sudeste, caracterizando uma assimetria regional. Portanto, nos programas de excelência, evidenciase a necessidade de pluralizar abordagens, garantindo a interdisciplinaridade que a área demanda. Destaca-se
também a necessidade de articulação dos programas existentes, de forma a garantir a abordagem proposta.
... Similarly, Asase [3] asserts that an adequate legal framework positively contributes to waste management. Furthermore, a lack of environmental policy [47] and weak enforcement of governmental regulations deteriorate solid waste management [48], e.g., weak law enforcement induces illegal dumping [49]. ...
Major economies, such as the United States, European Union (EU), Japan, and China have enacted Circular Economy Promotion Laws (CEPLs) to promote the development of the recycling industry. The Urban Mining Pilot Policy (UMPP) is an essential provision of the CEPL in China, which promotes a circular economy and environmentally friendly industries and society. In China, the Urban Mining Pilot City (UMPC) program facilitates the addressing of the negative environmental impacts of industrial and urban waste, and conservation of scarce primary resources, which are necessary for sustainable industrialization and urban sustainability in developing countries. In the present study, a time-varying difference-in-difference analysis of city-level panel data was conducted to investigate the impact of the UMPC program on pollution reduction in China. The results indicated that the UMPC program has improved municipal waste management efficiency and environmental quality significantly, with robust results across various models and datasets. Additionally, the mediation test showed the positive impacts of the UMPC program are mainly associated with the economy-of-scale effects. Finally, the UMPP had geographical and social-economic heterogeneous effects. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to quantify the impact of the UMPC program on recyclable solid waste management and pollution reduction in urban China, with potential contributions to resource and environmental economics.
... In such a case, and if proper mitigation is not provided, this expense to environmental and public health will drag the nation's development and progress toward sustainability. For the last decade, Cambodia has learned its development course and committed to better municipal solid waste management, for instance, the decentralization of waste collection companies (Seng et al., 2010); even though the innovative approach to waste management is yet to be explored. During the past 30 y, from the concept to implementation, the integrated waste management system from generation sources to disposal has been applied widely and adapted to the prevailing country condition (Nordone et al., 2009). ...
The rapid urbanization in major cities, e.g., Phnom Penh, Cambodia, increases the concern for the integrated
waste management of municipal solid waste and sewage as a social responsibility toward the public welfare.
While high-income countries are gearing toward integrating waste management into the circular economy,
low-to-middle income countries are still facing various challenges ranging from infrastructure investment to
societal acceptance. Despite all barriers, mining the potential opportunity from the circular economy
framework in waste management in terms of nutrient recycling from bio-wastes such as food waste and
human excreta is yet to be explored; the difficulty and complexity in co-managing the urban bio-wastes
anchor in switching from linear to circular thinking. This study aims to understand the barriers to
implementing such co-management of organic waste and human excreta in Phnom Penh, the capital city of
Cambodia, using the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) methodology. The
results show that the lack of regulatory enforcement and implementation to control the illegal disposal of
municipal solid waste and septage waste is the key cause barrier. The highly linked barrier is the lack of
appropriate collection, storage, and treatment system for municipal solid waste and septage waste. Thus,
this study could provide insights into developing actionable policy recommendations to solve the issue of
waste management while achieving SDG goals and exploring the benefit of a circular economy in Cambodia.
... Recycling post-consumer use plastic is a significant challenge due to the heterogeneity of waste streams. This challenge is compounded in developing or infrastructure limited regions [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. As a result, much of the post-consumer waste generated in the developing world ends up in the environment, where breakdown into microplastics and its migration up the food chain pose a potential threat to human health [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. ...
The exponential growth of waste plastic accumulation has had an irreversible and lasting impact on the world. An imminent threat to marine and terrestrial ecosystems of massive proportions, plastic waste accumulation is a global problem that will not only have to be tackled by current generations but for many generations to follow. The scale of current recycling technologies and efforts to reduce consumption by for-profit and non-profit institutions, governments, and consumers will need to be rapidly increased to combat the negative impacts plastic waste has had on the planet since its conception. This is especially the case in areas with limited infrastructure to properly collect, manage, and dispose of plastic waste. Solutions to plastic waste accumulation crisis that are appropriate for the developing world are urgently needed. Conversion of plastic waste to liquid fuel by slow pyrolysis is a technology that is particularly suitable for developing countries due to its ability to convert polyolefin waste plastic into a useful product, thus preventing its eventual accumulation in the ecosystem. However, in developing countries, conversion techniques that do not rely on sophisticated technologies are needed. Since processing time and operating temperature are the simplest variables to control, an analytical study has been conducted to assess how the molecular composition of plastic derived fuel oil (PDFO) is impacted by these parameters. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies of PDFO from high- and low-density polyethylene plastic waste produced using appropriate technology techniques are presented alongside a comparison with traditional diesel fuel and kerosene. This approach is novel in that it differs from previously conducted research, which has studied the use of catalysts, additives, or single operating temperatures to assess the composition of PDFO. Therefore, this research contribution presents a simplistic and inexpensive approach for tuning PDFO composition in appropriate technology settings.
... Landfill and other solid waste disposal techniques like incineration, gasification, and digestion are consistently the most favored waste-management strategies being cost effective and ease of operation. However, these strategies have numerous limitations viz., transmission of disease, emanation of greenhouse gases, soil contamination, and pollution of surface, air and groundwater (Nagavallemma et al., 2004;Seng et al., 2011;. Composting is another technique which involves the aerobic degradation of organic waste by halfway mineralization through digestion by a complex microbial population (Nakasaki et al., 2005). ...
The organic manures contain large proportion of organic matter, small quantities of plant nutrients and play pivotal role in improving the soil physical, chemical and biological properties. The use of FYM and compost in agriculture is an age old practice to improve crop productivity. The inoculations of microorganisms in soil are also beneficial for maintaining soil health though decomposition of organic matter, N fixation, solubilization/mineralization, production of antibiotics and plant growth regulators etc. In the paper, the roles of vermicompost, FYM and biofertilizers on crop productivity and soil health have been discussed in detail. The bioxidation and stabilization of organic material by using earthworms and mesophilic microorganisms is known as vermicomposting. The vermicompost applications in soil stimulate soil microbial activity and mineralization processes. The application of FYM and vermicompost boost the activities of beneficial soil microorganisms and improve the supply of mineral nutrients, soil structure, water retention capability and enzymatic activities. Seed or soil inoculated biofertilizers promotes the nutrient cycling and improves crop productivity with two ways i.e. direct - N fixation, solubilization of nutrients production of phytohormones, indirect – development of resistance in plant against the stress and diseases and heavy metals bioremediation. The use of manures along with biofertilizers in farming ensures the improvement in soil biodiversity and food safety for human consumption. The use of manures in agriculture is essential for sustainable production systems and to keep the soil alive and healthy.
... Landfill and other solid waste disposal techniques like incineration, gasification, and digestion are consistently the most favored waste-management strategies being cost effective and ease of operation. However, these strategies have numerous limitations viz., transmission of disease, emanation of greenhouse gases, soil contamination, and pollution of surface, air and groundwater (Nagavallemma et al., 2004;Seng et al., 2011;. Composting is another technique which involves the aerobic degradation of organic waste by halfway mineralization through digestion by a complex microbial population (Nakasaki et al., 2005). ...
Various human activities like over-utilization of natural resources, mining, deforestation, excessive use of fertilizers and effluents discharged from industries have led to great deterioration of the ecosystems. This degradation has resulted in the reduced productivity of the ecosystems. Various methods have been applied for the restoration of these degraded ecosystems. Application of ecosystem engineers for improving the quality of the environment is one such approach being used widely nowadays. Organisms that control the availability of resources to other organisms in the ecosystem by making physical and chemical changes in it behave as the ecosystem engineers. The process adopted by them for the creation, modification and maintenance of the ecosystem is ecosystem engineering. Among various ecosystem engineers, earthworms are also known as one of the very important engineers. They play a very crucial role in the ecosystem because of their importance in the improvement of the habitat through various types of interactions with other organisms. They maintain the buffering capacity of soil and increase the availability of nutrients in the soil. Formation of soil structure and its stability are also enhanced by them. Earthworms in association with fungi, microbes and biochar help in the improvement of soil properties and thus enhance the process of bioremediation. In this chapter an attempt has been made to gather the information on various roles played by earthworms as ecosystem engineers and their mechanisms for the remediation of heavy metals and pesticides in the soil.
... Solid waste is one of the major global environmental issues (Seng, Kaneko, Hirayama, & Katayama-Hirayama, 2011). Due to exponential population growth and rapid industrialization, solid waste generation has drastically increased in the world (Guerrero, Maas, & Hogland, 2013;). ...
Net zero waste buildings are not as widespread a concept as are net zero energy buildings, but are gaining momentum in urban regions. Municipal authorities and all stakeholders in the construction sector around the globe are adapting to work toward zeroing waste. Although the ultimate target is zero waste, the policies and tools adopted in building construction basically work on the values of 3Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycle), trying to minimize waste in landfills and incinerators for ecological and economic gain, thus compelling the use of a cradle-to-cradle model instead of a cradle-to-grave model. This shifts the paradigm and slowly advances toward zero waste and sustainability. The emerging trends of practices and challenges include source reduction (tops the list of solid waste, EPA), salvaging and reusing (deconstruction), recycling C&D materials, rebuying C&D materials, waste to wealth, and waste to energy (WtW, WtE).
... Solid waste is one of the major global environmental issues (Seng, Kaneko, Hirayama, & Katayama-Hirayama, 2011). Due to exponential population growth and rapid industrialization, solid waste generation has drastically increased in the world (Guerrero, Maas, & Hogland, 2013;). ...
Following the oil industry, fashion manufacturing is the second largest polluting industry of the agricultural land leading to various unfavorable impacts on the environment. Sustainable fashion, also lightly known as eco-fashion, is a part of the rising design reality and trend. The aim is to build an approach that can bear the unlimited load of human impact on the environment and social obligation. Zero waste needs that human activity to only use nature’s assets at a rate that can be restored naturally. Hypothetically, the long-term result of environmental degradation is the incapability to withstand human life. Such dilapidation on a comprehensive scale could entail extinction for the human race. Fashion is a complex business involving long and diverse supply chains of production, textile manufacture, raw material, garment construction, transportation, retail, consumption, and eventually disposal of clothes. The carbon footprint of this industry is tremendous. Obvious pollutants like pesticides that meet the common eye are used in producing natural fabrics. The hazardous dyes are used largely in manufacturing textiles discarding huge amounts of waste.
This chapter offers flexible approaches and easy-to-create zero-waste methods to help develop and create new designs out of discarded fashion. The chapter will include beautifully created illustrations converted into wearable outfits out of waste garments. This exercise of design research rejuvenates the method of eradicating fabric waste by utilizing zero waste pattern cutting to increase conceivable results. This conceptualization of new inventions created by the zero-waste concept may lead to the making of future aesthetics in production and economies. The “wealth from waste” is a new approach in the fashion frontier, developing new innovative sustainable textiles made from agricultural waste, plant fibers, including cactus, mushrooms, coconut, pineapple, banana, Aloe vera, and many more. Further, the life-cycle assessment and involvement of the waste management of fashion and textile industries in contributing the circular economy has also been focused.
... The quality of water from aquifers may be affected by broad range contaminants as a result of industrial pollution or natural processes (Wakida & Lerner, 2005). One source of groundwater contamination in many ASEAN countries is the burning or dumping of municipal solid waste (Seng et al., 2013;Seng et al. 2011;Ngoc & Schnitzer, 2009). In Cambodia, the dangerous practice of the open burning of solid waste in landfills has only relatively recently declined (COMPED, 2016). ...
Groundwater is classified as polluted if it contains sufficient chemical or biological contaminants to cause harm to living organisms. Nitrates are a common groundwater contaminant. In developing countries, a common source of nitrates in aquifers is Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfills, where they are produced from the decomposition of organic wastes. Nitrate pollution may cause groundwater quality surrounding MSW landfills to deteriorate if the issue is not managed. This research aims to investigate the presence and concentration of nitrates in leachate and groundwater samples surrounding the Dangkor landfill in Phnom Penh and recommend an effective approach for effectively monitoring and controlling these levels. Nitrate levels in leachate sampled from the landfill and groundwater sampled from surrounding tube wells was analyzed to assess (i) the seasonal variation in nitrate concentrations; (ii) spatial variation in the nitrate contamination of aquifers surrounding the landfill; and (iii) compliance with WHO standards. Groundwater samples were collected from three different wells at four sampling points located 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 m from a reference point at Dangkor MSW landfill. Each sample was analyzed for the presence of nitrates before the concentration was analyzed. The results had several limitations but they suggest that there is no significant relationship between nitrate concentration in groundwater and distance from the landfill. Recorded nitrate levels were well within WHO guidelines for domestic use (50 mg/L) and as such, landfill leachate is not contributing to unsafe nitrate levels in groundwater aquifers between 500 m and 2000 m from the landfill site.
... About 83% of Phnom Penh had access to solid waste collection in 2015 (Cambodian Ministry of Environment 2019), a 23% increase from 2012 (Denny 2016). The plastic fraction in municipal solid waste increased from 6% in 1999 to 21% in 2015 (Seng et al 2011(Seng et al , 2018. ...
Field data on plastic pollution is extremely limited in Southeast Asian rivers. Here we present the first field measurements of plastic transport in the Mekong, based on a comprehensive monitoring campaign during the monsoon season in the confluence of the Mekong, Tonle Sap, and Bassac rivers around Cambodia’s capital (Phnom Penh). For improved accuracy in the estimation of plastic loads and distribution, we combined Neuston net multipoint cross-sectional water sampling with Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler high resolution measurements. During the wet season, around 2.03 x 105 kg·day^-1 of plastic were released from Phnom Penh into the Mekong, equivalent to 89 g·day^-1 capita^-1, or 42% of all plastic waste generated in the city. Most plastic mass moved downstream at the surface. A smaller portion of plastics is mixed deep into the water column, potentially retained in the rivers, breaking down and resuspending over time. Overall, plastic waste from Phnom Penh and transported by the Mekong is a significant contribution to Southeast Asia’s plastic release into the ocean. This pollution represents a crucial risk to people in the region, as their livelihoods depend on fisheries from these water bodies.
This study attempts to identify sources and distributional pattern of solid waste generation in Burdwan Municipality. The paper investigates major source of waste generation in terms of locations (residential and non-residential premises, administrative area like ward). This study examines the classification of solid waste and identifies the largest contributor in solid waste generation in Burdwan Municipality. This study observes biodegradable waste is the maximum among all municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in Burdwan town. Commercial places generate more MSW than institutions while the top contributors from residential premises are low-income group (LIG) households. The paper examines distributional pattern of solid waste generation in household levels at wards. The paper also observes the distributional pattern of basic municipal infrastructure related to MSW management. There is mismatch between MSW generation and available infrastructure due to uneven distribution of resources and poor management practices.
For the sake of public health and environmental sustainability, Food waste management is crucial, and it affects both urban and destination area equally. Due to their large population densities and concentrated trash output, metropolitan areas have received a lot of attention when it comes to Food waste management; yet, destination area have unique problems that call for particular attention and customized solutions. Food waste management in destination area includes the gathering, moving, disposing of, and recycling of solid food waste produced by small enterprises, farms, and families. Destination area frequently lacks the infrastructure and resources necessary for efficient Food waste management, in contrast to urban settings with well-established infrastructure and centralized services
Os resíduos sólidos gerados nos centros urbanos possui relação com a renda dos habitantes e tamanho da população. É preciso encontrar maneiras eficazes para gerenciar o tratamento destes resíduos. Um dos objetivos deste gerenciamento é a reciclagem. Em países em desenvolvimento, são os trabalhadores do setor informal que atuam nas atividades de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos. Assim, o presente trabalho tem o objetivo de verificar como têm sido estudadas as experiências do setor informal nas atividades de reciclagem de resíduos sólidos. Como metodologia, foi realizada uma pesquisa na base Web of Science, abrangendo artigos publicados entre os anos de 2007 a 2020, utilizando os termos “urban recycling” e “informal sector”. Como resultados, foram econtrados 38 artigos. Mais de 70% deles estão classificados, segundo classificação Qualis-CAPES, em A1 ou A2. Identificou-se que os artigos tratam de 20 temas diferentes. Os temas mais recorrentes foram “Descrição do funcionamento do setor informal e seu papel na coleta de recicláveis” (24%), “Integração do setor informal da reciclagem nas atividades de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos” (16%) e “Descrição das tecnologias de reciclagem de resíduos eletrônicos e seus impactos” (8%). Observou-se que as atividades de reciclagem no setor informal não só contribuem positivamente para as condições ambientais do meio urbano mas também possuem um papel social. Porém, notou-se a necessidade de transpor barreiras para integrar este setor no gerenciamento municipal de resíduos sólidos. A formalização do setor é importante para o fortalecer e também para melhorar e valorizar o trabalho dos catadores de materiais recicláveis.
Zero waste management is the holistic approach which utilizes waste as a resource produced in the intermediate steps in the process of consumption of resource. It reduces the cost of product formation, protects the environment and creates additional job opportunities. This idea is being utilized in several sectors including management of waste and its treatment, manufacturing and urban development. Zero waste index is known to substitute energy, greenhouse gases, water by the resources recovered from the waste. In this chapter, challenges of industrial solid waste, e-waste, food waste, waste packaging and zero construction waste have been discussed to transform the traditional waste toward zero waste vision. Zero waste management so far has been used to form biodegradable plastic, clothes in sustainable fashion, production of biogas from organic waste. This can be achieved by using 7R strategy—reduce the amount of waste, reuse the resources, recycle resources, refuse to receive unnecessary objects, repair things for their prolonged use, rethink and refuse to think judiciously about the resources to be used and refuse to waste them. Such strategy is very useful as it does not utilize the processes like incineration that emit more toxins and pollutants thus degrading the quality of air. Zero waste management at home includes use of disposables, reusing the bottles, handmade cleaning tools, using ceramic dishes, cloth napkins, downloading music and videos instead of purchasing CDs and DVDs, using refillable pens, refillable whiteboard markers and many more. It is important to increase the awareness among the stakeholders by organizing campaigns. Moreover, sorting of the waste properly using temporary disposing sites, proper time management and improved waste logistics will improve the technical operations used in zero waste management. This strategy needs to be developed sustainably to minimize the environmental damage and protect natural resources.
An unorganized solid waste management (SWM) disposal system stresses ecosystems, messes up different natural cycles, and is bad for human health. In developing nations like Chhattisgarh, managing solid waste is seen as a big concern by civil authorities everywhere. Several elements, including social, cultural, economic, political, environmental, physical, and institutional ones, influence the proper management of solid waste. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the key elements that influence the management of solid waste among rural areas of Chhattisgarh as well as to explore their perception toward SWM in Chhattisgarh. Additionally, a measurement model was used to analyze the data, which was gathered from 365 respondents who were polled from every home in Chhattisgarh's rural regions using a basic random sample technique. A quantitative research approach has been used to evaluate the variables influencing successful solid waste management and a confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the reliability as well as validity of the scale of measurement for each construct. The outcome indicated that socioeconomic ( p < 0.000), cultural ( p < 0.021), physical and technical ( p > 0.096), institutional ( p < 0.012), and environmental factors ( p < 0.017) have a significant influence on the management of solid waste in rural areas of Chhattisgarh. Future studies may take into account a wide range of additional characteristics linked to domestic logistical capabilities, such as garbage collection, task completion time, utilization of cold structures, and product freshness notifications, among others.
This is an explorative study on the solid waste management system in Burdwan Municipality (BM). The paper investigates the municipal solid waste (MSW) generation practice in Burdwan Municipality and identifies the socioeconomic factor associated with it. This study is based on field survey data which are collected from Burdwan Municipality during 2021-22. Basic statistical tools and techniques are applied for the study. The paper also investigates the primary source of waste generation and examines the classification, identified sources and current status of solid waste generation in Burdwan Municipality. This study observes that biodegradable waste is the maximum among all municipal solid waste generation compared to non-biodegradable waste in Burdwan Municipality. This study observes that waste per day per household is more in low-income household level compared to others. Daily wage earners generate more waste compared to others. The primary level of education of households generates maximum biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste compared to others. Considering per capita waste per day, results remain the same, which may suggest that family size does not affect it, while the education level of gender affects it much. Low-educated male households generate more waste than female households, which is the reverse in higher education. Results show that low-educated female households generate less waste than higher-educated female households. However, education (specific gender) has a significant role in controlling solid waste generation in urban life. JEL Codes: Q530, R21, R22
Economics and market
of wastes
Anita Tripathia
, Ajai Prakashb,c
, and Jyoti Prakashd
No Brasil, a gestão de resíduos sólidos desenvolveu-se com atraso, se comparada a
alguns países que se adiantaram na busca de soluções nesta temática. O marco
legislativo nacional é a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), Lei nº
12.305/2010, regulamentada pelo Decreto nº 7.404/2010, que descentraliza a gestão de resíduos, seguindo o padrão da Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente. A
descentralização é explicitada pela proposição do instrumento de gestão
denominado Planos Municipais de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos
(PMGIRSs), que tem se apresentado como um desafio para as municipalidades.
Esta pesquisa objetiva analisar de que forma ocorre o processo de elaboração dos
PMGIRSs – cinco anos após a promulgação da PNRS – nos municípios da Unidade
de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (UGRHI) 13, Tietê Jacaré, no Estado de
São Paulo, por meio de questionários e estudos de caso múltiplos. Os resultados
revelam a complexidade e singularidade dos municípios, com destaque para a
ausência de dados, recursos e deficiência na capacitação do corpo técnico como
principais entraves, e a possibilidade de contratação de empresas para elaboração
do PMGIRS como principal facilitador na visão das municipalidades. Outros
aspectos que ainda são embrionários no processo de planejamento municipal são a
busca por soluções consorciadas e a participação social. Dessa forma, observa-se
que a descentralização proposta pela PNRS apresenta dificuldades para a
efetivação, uma vez que os municípios não possuem na atualidade os meios
necessários para desenvolver um planejamento complexo como preconizado pela
Política, sendo necessários esforços dos governos federal e estaduais no sentido de
capacitação e disponibilização de recursos que possibilitem a emancipação
municipal no processo de planejamento. A proposição de alternativas de soluções
compartilhadas também é crucial para a otimização da gestão de resíduos sólidos,
conforme priorizado pela PNRS.
The ability to accurately characterize and collect data on household waste generation and composition is essential for promoting recycling and developing city management plans. However, traditional data collection approaches in developing countries are hampered by jurisdictional and budgetary constraints. Here, we explore whether citizen science projects that collaborate with waste collectors can solve this problem and be a viable tool for addressing household waste generation across temporal and geographic boundaries. In this regard , this first study evaluated recyclable household waste generation by engaging waste collectors both door-to-door individuals and trucks as citizen scientists daily in an urbanized colony (5797 inhabitants and 1747 houses) in Mexico City between September and October 2022. To understand their distribution and consumption patterns on a regional basis, we stratified the colony's households into 2 distinct non-overlapping sub zones and one Wednesday market based on waste collectors' routine using a Geographical Information System. Results show that for seven weeks, household waste constitutes up to 12.19 t of recy-clables, ranging from 99.5 to 480.8 kg/day, with 35 % cardboard, 23 % PET plastics, 21 % hard plastics, 17 % glass, and 4 % aluminum. The average amount of recyclable waste produced was 54 g/person/day, resulting in an annual recycling generation of 114 t. Statistical analysis revealed that recyclable waste generation varied by day and subzone. Furthermore, informal centers rather than municipal waste disposal facilities are in charge of the final disposition of the collected recyclables, suggesting that a substantial waste proportion may go unaccounted for in the local government's annual MSW report and calling for the implementation of formal recycling sectors. Overall, this study show how effective waste collector engagement in science can be and imply that the proposed citizen science approach is vital for future waste projects and the generation of transparent datasets in developing cities.
Disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the significant global issues that is more evident in developing nations. One of the key methods for disposing of the MSW is locating, assessing, and planning for landfill sites. Due to rapidly expanding global urbanization, associated lack of resources, and inadequate urban waste management, MSW issues and management concerns are on the rise. Over a third of total municipal waste out of two billion tons generated remains uncollected worldwide. MSW is collected and disposed of at certain locations or burnt down in most developing nations. Landfill sites for solid waste must be inspected in terms of all requirements to reduce economic and environmental expenses.
Hospitals and other healthcare facilities are very essential for the cure and care of persons suffering from health issues and also to promote health in society. As the health care services are improving and increasing their reach even in underdeveloped countries, so is the problem of health care waste (HCW) as hospitals generate a relatively huge amount of HCW, which consists of general as well as hazardous waste. The persons handling HCW are at immediate risk, followed by persons residing near HCW dumping/processing areas and the general public. Infectious HCW is a major threat to the health of humans and animals as it has the potential to spread various infectious diseases to the human and animal population. Due to the uncontrolled use of disposable nonbiodegradable materials by healthcare systems and their processing or lack of it, the HCW has emerged as one of the major sources of environmental pollution including the emission of the significant amount of greenhouse gases, which stands from 3 to 10% of total emissions of nations. HCW also leads to leaching chemicals, heavy metals like Pb, Cd, Cr, radioactive substances, and even generating carcinogens like dioxin in the environment contaminating air, soil, and water in general and especially in areas surrounding HCW dumping or processing affecting health and quality of life of not only of humans but cohabiting flora and fauna in those areas. Thus, the HCW is becoming one of the major sources of environmental pollution and collectively contributing to the problem of global warming. The HCW needs to be given the desired attention and priority in actions and policy. The chapter focuses on sources, types, and various environmental and health hazards related to HCW, its global environmental impact and management strategies for minimum effects with an eco-friendly and sustainable approach.
Disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the significant global issues that is more evident in developing nations. One of the key methods for disposing of the MSW is locating, assessing, and planning for landfill sites. Faisalabad is one of the largest industrial cities in Pakistan. It has many sustainability challenges and planning problems, including MSW management. This study uses Faisalabad as a case study area and humbly attempts to provide a framework for identifying and ranking landfill sites and addressing MSW concerns in Faisalabad. This method can be extended and applied to similar industrial cities. The landfill sites were identified using remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS). Multiple datasets, including normalized difference vegetation, water, and built-up areas indices (NDVI, NDWI, and NDBI) and physical factors including water bodies, roads, and the population that influence the landfill site selection were used to identify, rank, and select the most suitable site. The target area was distributed into 9 Thiessen polygons and ranked based on their favorability for the development and expansion of landfill sites. 70% of the area was favorable for developing and expanding landfill sites, whereas 30% was deemed unsuitable. Polygon 6, having more vegetation, a smaller population, and built-up areas was declared the best region for developing landfill sites and expansion as per rank mean indices and standard deviation (SD) of RS and vector data. The current study provides a reliable integrated mechanism based on GIS and RS that can be implemented in similar study areas and expanded to other developing countries. Accordingly, urban planning and city management can be improved, and MSW can be managed with dexterity.
This technical report aims to present lessons learned from Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) projects in Cambodia and Lao PDR and Waste to Energy (W2E)i
projects in Vietnam. This report also assesses the market potential, policy frameworks, as well as implementation challenges and risk management with regard to turning the waste issues into an opportunity that will deliver environmental, climate and socioeconomic impacts in the respective countries under discussion. This report also aims to provide guidance and insights to policymakers from countries with similar socioeconomic profiles and international development agencies on unlocking the potential for large waste treatment infrastructure by identifying the most appropriate policy instruments, technology, and financing options.
With explicit consideration of the market and economics of waste, there is a huge prospect of turning waste into a zero-effect resource. Nevertheless, it requires a hard-hitting structural and cultural shift from the current world order to a sustainable world. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the micro and macro industry of waste, which has exclusive economic, social, cultural, and environmental dimensions. The market of waste unswervingly facilitates the expansion of eco-entrepreneurship and an interdependent web of small startups via material processing and reuse in the regional landscape of an economy. It also opens the door for the macro industry of waste processing and recycling through cross-border trades. All this requires robust policy interventions and bilateral treaties between governments and stakeholders to establish a connection between waste-generating and processing sectors, which are still a part of the current business world. To make it self-contained, this chapter will combine visions provided by the scenario analysis with a wider economy, which would help in shaping the future direction of the waste policy.
Solid waste is one of the major global environmental issues. Due to exponential population
growth and rapid industrialization, solid waste generation has drastically increased in the world. Generation of waste may pose several challenges, such as depletion of natural resources, environmental pollution, health issues, etc. However, the waste management strategy has not received much
attention compared to other sectors, such as water or energy. Therefore, there is an urgent need for sustainable systematic waste management, which can prevent further depletion of natural resources. Recently, the concept of “zero waste” has been introduced to address the problems associated with the management of waste in a sustainable manner. This concept is based on the circular economy principle, which focuses on waste prevention and encourages the redesign of resource life cycles, so that all products are reused and no waste can finally reach landfills, incinerators,
or oceans. However, if reuse or repair is
not possible, they can be recycled or recovered from the waste stream and used as inputs, thus substituting the demand for extraction of natural resources. The zero waste concept includes the “5R rule,” that is, “reduce, reuse, recycle, recover, and residual disposal.” It offers several advantages, such as reduced costs, increased profits, and reduced environmental impacts.
The Phnom Penh Capital City of Cambodia has been growing in the last decade due to population growth, geographical boundaries and increased economy. The rapid change has significantly increased waste in the city, thus creating challenges in public health, environmental degradation and increasing competition on scare resource of the city. In this regard, the government adopted the Public-Private Partnership model to mitigate these challenges, although the model is not sufficient in resolving the challenges thus gaps were discovered in the model too.
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The zero-waste project in Turkey, which was started in 2017, is planned to be implemented until 2023, starting from public institutions and organizations. However, in refectories where high amounts of organic waste are generated, these organic wastes are generally transported to the landfill site by the municipalities and, consequently, they go beyond the scope of the zero-waste project. In this study, the anaerobic treatment of refectory wastes based on the scope of the zero-waste approach in Turkey has been developed as an innovative and holistic approach. As a result of the informing studies in the refectories, the waste of bread could be zero, while the waste of meals could not be zero, but a significant decrease in meal waste was found. In addition, this holistic approach has also strengthened recycling. Anaerobic digestion was selected to complete the zero-waste target for food wastes that are still generated. In the study using the UASB reactor operated in mesophilic conditions (36.5–37 °C), feeding has been done with approximately 21.9 kg VSadded m−3 OLR in 10-day HRT. As a result, it was observed that the production of biogas and organic fertilizers from food waste using anaerobic technologies is an important solution on behalf of realizing the zero-waste application. The results showed that 1 kg of food waste with 62 ± 3.2% solid content could produce 640 L of biogas with approximately 62.2 ± 0.6% methane content. In addition, a 26.2-L bio-fertilizer with an average COD concentration of 3354 ± 106 mg L−1 was produced. This research paper with a successful method at the Adıyaman University in Turkey focuses on the goal of zero waste. This study illustrated how it is possible to implement an effective initiative to reduce food waste with a holistic approach.
Resumo Cada vez mais têm sido estudadas formas de minimizar gastos com energia e/ou de obter formas alternativas de geração, principalmente pela diminuição de oferta hídrica em diversos locais. Nos sistemas de abastecimento de água, são altos os gastos com energia, principalmente nas estações elevatórias. Em sistemas que fazem a distribuição de água por gravidade, não é rara a utilização de válvulas redutoras de pressão em pontos especí- ficos em que é necessária essa redução para garantir condições favoráveis de transporte de água na tubulação. Nesse sentido, ocorre dissipação de energia que poderia ser aproveitada no próprio sistema. Tendo em vista esse aproveitamento energético, esse estudo tem como objetivo determinar de forma teórica a potência gerada por uma bomba funcionando como turbina em locais onde há excedente de pressão, tomando por base dados de um sistema teórico de abastecimento de água de município de pequeno porte. Os resultados mostram que a alternativa é tecnicamente viável, gerando 2,2 KW de potência e 16,4 MW/ano de energia, que poderia ser uti- lizada no próprio sistema, em pontos onde seria necessário bombeamento, seja na captação ou na própria rede de abastecimento, em transição de zonas baixas para altas. Palavras-chave: Eficiência energética. Bomba funcionando como turbina (BFT). Abstract It has increasingly been studied ways to minimize energy costs and to obtain alternative forms of generation, mainly by the reduction of water supply in various locations. In water supply systems, energy costs are high, especially in pumping stations. In systems that make the distribution of water using gravity, it is not uncommon to use pres- sure reducing valves at specific points at which this reduction is necessary to ensure favorable conditions of water transport in the pipe. In this sense, there is dissipation of energy that could be used in the system itself. In view of this energy use, this study aims to determine theoretically the power generated by a pump functioning as turbine in places where there is excess pressure, based on data from a theoretical system of a small town water supply. From the results, the alternative proved to be technically feasible, with power generated at 2.2 KW and energy at 16.4 MW/year, which could be used in the system itself, at points where pumping would be required, either on capture or in the supply network, in transition from low to high areas. Keywords: Energy efficiency. pump functioning as turbine.
Earth's natural life is endangered, which threatens health, kinds of animals and also the economy. There are many reasons for this situation, and waste that affects nature is one of them. Approximately 1.3 billion tons of solid waste is generated every year in the world and this amount is increasing every year. These wastes arise according to the consumption of humanity, waste products and rapid urbanization (Gardner, 2012). To take this responsibility, many countries and many companies had strategies and actions for zero waste. Also in waste is a concept that focuses on waste problems and includes different strategies to manage sustainable waste (Welsh Assembly Govt., 2010). In order to solve the waste problem, 5 R's zero waste was suggested as a sustainable solution. These; Trash is Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Refuse and is also called Zero Waste Hierarchy. In this research, some questions are asked to the users about what they do individually with the 5R approach to zero waste. For each R, a product or case is selected and these R examples are asked about their approach. The purpose of this research is to analyze what users are doing to reduce this waste problem on their own and create a better environment and whether they accept it as a lifestyle or have any reason to fail, and evaluate it within the framework of industrial design and user approach.
Mexico is faced with serious environmental and administrative challenges with respect to solid waste (SW) management. Just as in other developing countries, the public sanitation system lacks because of inadequate planning, as well as unsustainable SW management. The country is experiencing an urbanization process in which approximately 70% of the population are concentrated in its ten largest cities; the rest are spread throughout 200 000 towns in Mexico's 2 000 000 km2. This has caused a change in the population's consumption patterns, which has resulted in a more heterogeneous composition of SW and an increase in its generation rate. The current situation of the SW management systems in Mexico is analyzed, and the environmental, technical, administrative, economic and social goals with which Mexico's public sanitation systems face, are discussed. The principal goal facing these public sanitation systems is the development of adequate disposal of SW, since the municipalities find themselves unable to administer sanitary landfills according to Mexican legislation because they lack financial means and the technical and human infrastructure. SW collection in Mexico depends heavily on personnel with no technical training and the separation of the waste is carried out by an ever-increasing number of scavengers. The importance of including these groups in the decision-making process in order to assure the success of SW management programs is presented, along with the need to create interdisciplinary work groups that could collaborate in driving forward the agenda.
Basic measures taken in recent years to control waste management in Japan include: (1) Pollution prevention, (2) reuse and recycling, and (3) waste incineration with air pollution control. It is generally agreed that it is appropriate to follow the assigned priority of these options. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is the responsibility of the citizen, the local government and the business sector. The principal strategy to manage MSW is to prevent the discharge of waste and, where waste must be discharged, to recycle as much as possible to reduce the quantity. However, even if effort is made to minimize the amount of waste, a large proportion still requires treatment in view of the activities of modern society. Once waste is generated, it must be incinerated and/or buried in landfills if it cannot be recycled. Incineration plays an important role in Japan where landfill sites are difficult to secure. With these circumstances in mind, the author outlines the origin of MSW in Japan and the recycling process and the present status of thermal recycling with pollution control. Ash regulation and its treatment methods are also discussed.
This research focuses on recycling in developing countries as one form of sustainable municipal solid waste management (MSWM). Twenty-three case studies provided municipal solid waste (MSW) generation and recovery rates and composition for compilation and assessment. The average MSW generation rate was 0.77 kg/person/day, with recovery rates from 5-40%. The waste streams of 19 of these case studies consisted of 0-70% recyclables and 17-80% organics. Qualitative analysis of all 23 case studies identified barriers or incentives to recycling, which resulted in the development of factors influencing recycling of MSW in developing countries. The factors are government policy, government finances, waste characterization, waste collection and segregation, household education, household economics, MSWM (municipal solid waste management) administration, MSWM personnel education, MSWM plan, local recycled-material market, technological and human resources, and land availability. Necessary and beneficial relationships drawn among these factors revealed the collaborative nature of sustainable MSWM. The functionality of the factor relationships greatly influenced the success of sustainable MSWM. A correlation existed between stakeholder involvement and the three dimensions of sustainability: environment, society, and economy. The only factors driven by all three dimensions (waste collection and segregation, MSWM plan, and local recycled-material market) were those requiring the greatest collaboration with other factors.
This paper presents an overview of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Beijing City. Beijing, the capital of China, has a land area of approximately 1368.32 km(2) with an urban population of about 13.33 million in 2006. Over the past three decades, MSW generation in Beijing City has increased tremendously from 1.04 million tons in 1978 to 4.134 million tons in 2006. The average generation rate of MSW in 2006 was 0.85 kg/capita/day. Food waste comprised 63.39%, followed by paper (11.07%), plastics (12.7%) and dust (5.78%). While all other wastes including tiles, textiles, glass, metals and wood accounted for less than 3%. Currently, 90% of MSW generated in Beijing is landfilled, 8% is incinerated and 2% is composted. Source separation collection, as a waste reduction method, has been carried out in a total of 2255 demonstration residential and commercial areas (covering about 4.7 million people) up to the end of 2007. Demonstration districts should be promoted over a wider range instead of demonstration communities. The capacity of transfer stations and treatment plants is an urgent problem as these sites are seriously overloaded. These problems should first be solved by constructing more sites and converting to new treatment technologies. Improvements in legislation, public education and the management of waste pickers are problematic issues which need to be addressed.
This paper presents an overview of the current solid waste management situation in Singapore and provides a brief discussion of the future challenges. Singapore is a small island city-state with a large population, warm climate and high humidity. Over the past two to three decades, rapid industrialization and economic development have caused a tremendous increase in solid waste generation. The yearly disposed solid waste increased from 0.74 million tonnes in 1972 to 2.80 million tonnes in 2000. Solid waste management in Singapore has traditionally been undertaken by the Ministry of Environment (ENV), with the participation of some private sectors in recent years. The hierarchy of solid waste management in Singapore is waste minimization (reduce, reuse and recycle or so-called 3 Rs), followed by incineration and landfill. As land is extremely scarce and only one newly constructed offshore landfill site is available, solid waste incineration has been identified as the most preferred disposal method. Waste minimization, the utilization of incineration ashes, industrial waste management are regarded to be the major challenges in the future.
Though the solid waste management (SWM) system in Phnom Penh city in general has been upgraded since the waste collection service was franchised out to the private sector, the performance of the existing SWM system is still low. Unreliable and irregular collection service still exists. This means that there are shortcomings in the existing SWM system that need correction. This paper is an attempt to identify those shortcomings in order to find ways to improve the existing system. First, the present SWM system is reviewed. Then the system is evaluated to find constraints and shortfalls and finally some appropriate strategies are proposed that may help make SWM in the city more effective and efficient to meet environmentally sound objectives.
Solid waste management in Kathmandu valley of Nepal, especially concerning the siting of landfills, has been a challenge for over a decade. The current practice of the illegal dumping of solid waste on the river banks has created a serious environmental and public health problem. The focus of this study was to carry out an evaluation of solid waste management in Nepal based on published information. The data showed that > or =70% of the solid wastes generated in Nepal are of organic origin. As such, composting of the solid waste and using it on the land is the best way of solid waste disposal. This will reduce the waste volume transported to the landfill and will increase its life.
The rapid economic development and population growth in Macao have resulted in a large increase in refuse generated over the past decade. In 2003, the quantity of solid waste generated reached 249,255 tons, corresponding to 1.52 kg/day per capita. This figure has been gradually increasing. Domestic solid waste is the primary source of solid waste generation. The data showed that a considerable amount of the solid waste generated can be recycled and reutilized. Due to Macao's small geographic area and high cost of land, landfilling has the lowest priority for waste disposal. Solid waste incineration has been given a top priority over other waste disposal methods although it is much more expensive. In the last decade, more than 80% of the total waste in Macao was incinerated. However, the incineration capacity of the Macao Incineration Plant is going to reach its saturation earlier than expected. Waste minimization, the establishment of an effective waste collection and disposal fee system, and alternate ways dealing with the limited capacity of waste treatment facilities are regarded to be major challenges in the future.
This paper describes the problems, issues and challenges faced by Sri Lanka based on the outcome of a recent study conducted in the country's Southern Province. The study consists of a public survey, discussions with local authority staff involved in waste management, discussions with Provincial Council and Government officials, dialogue with local politicians, review of documents and field observations. The study revealed that only 24% of the households have access to waste collection and that in rural areas it was less than 2%. A substantial number of households in areas without waste collection expect local authorities to collect their waste. The study also showed that most sites in the province are under capacity to handle any increased demand. Urgent and immediate improvement of the waste disposal sites is necessary to meet the current demand for improved waste collection. The study also revealed that there is a high willingness of people for home composting.
The move from landfill-based to resource-based waste management systems requires a greater knowledge of the composition of municipal solid waste. This paper draws together the findings of municipal solid waste (MSW) compositional surveys undertaken in the United Kingdom. The results from recent surveys show a good agreement over the composition of household-collected waste, but less agreement over civic amenity site waste composition. There is insufficient data to allow comparisons of the commercial waste element of municipal waste or of the other components, and further work is necessary to produce more reliable estimates of the composition of these streams. The use of questionnaire surveys and analysis of the results suggests that the size and age profile of a household influence the generation of household-collected waste. Some research suggests that the waste container provided by the local authority and the socio-economic classification of a household also influence household-collected waste generation, but other studies failed to find this link. Further research is required to investigate this by surveying all of the waste disposal routes available to specific households.
Delhi is the most densely populated and urbanized city of India. The annual growth rate in population during the last decade (1991-2001) was 3.85%, almost double the national average. Delhi is also a commercial hub, providing employment opportunities and accelerating the pace of urbanization, resulting in a corresponding increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation. Presently the inhabitants of Delhi generate about 7000tonnes/day of MSW, which is projected to rise to 17,000-25,000tonnes/day by the year 2021. MSW management has remained one of the most neglected areas of the municipal system in Delhi. About 70-80% of generated MSW is collected and the rest remains unattended on streets or in small open dumps. Only 9% of the collected MSW is treated through composting, the only treatment option, and rest is disposed in uncontrolled open landfills at the outskirts of the city. The existing composting plants are unable to operate to their intended treatment capacity due to several operational problems. Therefore, along with residue from the composting process, the majority of MSW is disposed in landfills. In absence of leachate and landfill gas collection systems, these landfills are a major source of groundwater contamination and air pollution (including generation of greenhouse gases). This study describes and evaluates the present state of municipal solid waste management in Delhi. The paper also summarizes the proposed policies and initiatives of the Government of Delhi and the Municipal Corporation of Delhi to improve the existing MSW management system.
Pollution and health risks generated by improper solid waste management are important issues concerning environmental management in developing countries. In most cities, the use of open dumps is common for the disposal of wastes, resulting in soil and water resource contamination by leachate in addition to odors and fires. Solid waste management infrastructure and services in developing countries are far from achieving basic standards in terms of hygiene and efficient collection and disposal. This paper presents an overview of current municipal solid waste management in Rasht city, Gilan Province, Iran, and provides recommendations for system improvement. The collected data of different MSW functional elements were based on data from questionnaires, visual observations of the authors, available reports and several interviews and meetings with responsible persons. Due to an increase in population and changes in lifestyle, the quantity and quality of MSW in Rasht city has changed. Lack of resources, infrastructure, suitable planning, leadership, and public awareness are the main challenges of MSW management of Rasht city. However, the present situation of solid waste management in this city, which generates more than 400tons/d, has been improved since the establishment of an organization responsible only for solid waste management. Source separation of wastes and construction of a composting plant are the two main activities of the Rasht Municipality in recent years.
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