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Municipal solid waste management in Phnom Penh, capital city of Cambodia
Abstract
This paper presents an overview of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) for both technical and regulatory arrangements in the municipality of Phnom Penh (MPP), Cambodia. Problems with the current MSWM are identified, and challenges and recommendations for future improvement are also given in this paper. MPP is a small city with a total area of approximately 374 km(2) and an urban population of about 1.3 million in 2008. For the last 14 years, average annual municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in MPP has increased rapidly from 0.136 million tons in 1995 to 0.361 million tons in 2008. The gross generation rate of MSW per capita was 0.74 kg day(-1). However, the per capita household waste generation was 0.487 kg day(- 1). At 63.3%, food waste is the predominant portion of generated waste, followed by plastics (15.5%), grass and wood (6.8%), and paper and cardboard (6.4%). The remaining waste, including metals, glass, rubber/leather, textiles, and ceramic/ stone, accounted for less than 3%. Waste recycling through informal sectors is very active; recycled waste accounted for about 9.3% of all waste generated in 2003. Currently, the overall technical arrangement, including storage and discharge, collection and transport, and disposal, is still in poor condition, which leads to environmental and health risks. These problems should be solved by improving legislation, environmental education, solid waste management facilities, and management of the waste scavengers.
... However, there is no consensus on this classification, and the upto-date data are relatively limited [10]. Municipal solid waste (MSW) combines wastes from households and commercials [11], generated from households, markets, restaurants, shops, hotels, offices, street sweepings, and miscellaneous [12,13]. Rapid urbanization [26], b [24], c [27]. ...
... The Phnom Penh Waste Management Authority (PPWM) has been responsible for MSW management by franchising the collection, transportation, and cleansing service to a private company (CENTRI) for 49 years. CENTRI has a monopoly on the MSW collection service within the municipality and has owned the sole rights to collect service fees to cover its operational and disposal costs since 2002 [13]. However, the service that is provided by the company had not been improved, and many complaints have been made by residents [17]. ...
... The service that is provided by private operators is somehow inefficient and does not comply with the terms of reference set out in the agreement [54]. The reason behind this backdrop is that the private operators face financial challenges due to unclear service fees, a lack of performance benchmarks in the contract, inefficient fee collection, and an unwillingness to pay the service as the private operators themselves collect the fee from waste generators [13,17]. A lack of operation monitoring and enforcement is also a driving factor for poor service provision [54]. ...
Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is one of the utmost challenges for Cambodia’s city and district centers. The unsound management of MSW has detrimentally affected the environment and human health. In the present study, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive insight into the generation and characteristics, policies and legislation frameworks, management arrangement, collection, treatment, and disposal of MSW. The experience of developed and developing countries and the challenges and priorities of MSW management in Cambodia are also highlighted. In Cambodia, about 4.78 million tons of MSW were generated in 2020, with a 0.78 kg/capita/day generation rate. Only 86% of cities and districts have access to MSW collection services. The current practice of MSW management is reliance on landfill (44%). There are 164 landfills operating countrywide, receiving about 5749 tons of MSW per day. Recycling, incineration, and composting share 4%, 4%, and 2% of MSW generation, respectively. In 2021, the total revenue that was recovered from recyclables was USD 56M. The study concludes several major challenges and proposes valuable suggestions, which may be beneficial for the improvement of the current system to support the sustainable management of MSW in Cambodia.
... In developing countries, deficiencies are often observed in municipal waste management (Jin et al., 2006). These deficiencies are associated with institutional factors, including storage and unloading, collection, transport and disposal, and lack of adequate legislation, environmental education and professional training (Abarca-Guerrero et al., 2012;Seng et al., 2011;Chung and Lo, 2008). Thus, littering estimates for Global South countries have room for significant improvement. ...
... Thus, the contributions of this study can be especially useful to Latin American countries. Therefore, understanding urban waste management in this condition is complex (Seng et al., 2011), and represents a challenge in the Global South. ...
Litter pollution is a global concern, and identifying sources and pathways is crucial for proposing preventative actions. Existing models of plastic litter leakage to the environment have provided worldwide estimates at a country-based level, but only a few initiatives address subnational scales. Adding relevant parameters and improving models is needed to reduce the limitations of global estimates. However, availability of information, which varies among countries and is critical in the Global South, may preclude such improvements. To understand the potentialities and limitations of subnational estimates of plastic litter leakage to the environment, we reviewed the parameters used in the literature and addressed data usability, considering Brazil as a case study. We gathered data on parameters identified for all 5570 Brazilian municipalities and evaluated their usability considering reliability and temporal and geographic granularity. We identified 51 parameters that are either currently used in models or could improve estimates, including parameters regarding territory, population density, socioeconomic condition, and solid waste generation, composition, collection, and final destination, selective waste collection, recycling, and hydrology. Only 29.4% of parameters were linked to data sources with good or very good usability, while most of them presented average usability (45.1%) and 7.8% were not linked to any data source. This panorama of low data usability reveals uncertainties and explicit difficulties of estimating plastic litter leakage to the environment, including mobilization from the terrestrial environment to the ocean. The Brazilian scenario reflects current data availability conditions and the difficulties of countries in the Global South to robustly understand plastic litter leakage and face land-based sources of marine litter.
... Desconocimiento del impacto y gestión de RSU por parte del municipio. (Chung & Lo, 2008;Seng, Kaneko, Hirayama & Katayama-Hirayama, 2011). ...
... Regulaciones adecuadas. (Seng, et al, 2011;Asase et al, 2009) [Símbolo] ...
Los residuos sólidos urbanos (RSU) son uno de los mayores problemas ambientales que enfrenta México y su impacto tiene repercusiones sobre la naturaleza y la salud de los individuos en la comunidad. Tamaulipas se encuentra en el sexto lugar de los estados que más generan RSU en México. Y en Tamaulipas, el municipio de Tampico está en el cuarto lugar en la generación residual. El objetivo de este trabajo es, desde el enfoque de las partes interesadas, hacer un análisis de la gestión comunitaria de los RSU en el municipio de Tampico, Tamps. El estudio fue descriptivo exploratorio a partir del levantamiento de 1,208 encuestas en cuatro de las colonias que más generan RSU en el municipio. En los hallazgos se observa que la comunidad del municipio de Tampico se sostiene con bajo nivel en hábitos de desecho, clasificación y reciclaje de los RSU. La mayoría de la población tiene baja conciencia y formación ambiental sobre la selección, separación, y reuso de los RSU, sin embargo, existe una eficiente dinámica comunidad-municipio para la recolección de los residuos.
... Due to the wide variety and complex composition of the waste resources, it has brought out the heavy threats to the environment and human health. Therefore, how to reasonably manage the waste resources has become one of the global concerns [2]. ...
... where i(V) is the current at a potential, v is the scanning rate, and k 1 v and k 2 v 1/2 correspond to the pseudo-capacitive and the diffusion contributions, respectively. Equation (2) can be obtained after dividing Eq. (1) with v 1/2 : ...
In this article, CuCl crystal was extracted from the waste copper etchant via one-step facile electrodeposition and further modified with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) via the electrophoretic deposition. Moreover, the feasibility as the anode in lithium ion battery was also evaluated. As expected, the obtained CuCl crystal particles appeared as the tetrahedron-like morphology, and the surface became rougher after modification of GQDs via the electrophoretic deposition. The reversible specific discharge capacity of GQDs/CuCl/Cu anode was 345.0 mAh·g−1 at 2.0 C for 250 cycles, higher than 284.6 mAh·g−1 of bare CuCl anode possibly owed to higher electric conductivity and Li-storage activity of GQDs. Obviously, such efforts would alleviate the environmental pollution and facilitate the circular economy of the waste copper etchant.
... Phnom Penh, the capital city of Cambodia, has also faced a significant increase in waste generation [2]. The current waste collection system has been neither sufficient nor hygienic and improvements are urgently needed [3,4]. In Phnom Penh, residents often leave their bags of waste in front of their houses, even when collection trucks are not expected [2]. ...
... In Phnom Penh, residents often leave their bags of waste in front of their houses, even when collection trucks are not expected [2]. Some people even dispose of their waste in canals without thinking of the consequences, believing that it will flow away with storm water [4]. This causes hygiene problems, city landscape deterioration, and urban flooding [5]. ...
Waste disposal at undesignated sites in public open spaces causes hygiene problems, city landscape deterioration, and urban flooding in many developing countries. We used different types of norms—subjective norms, perception about government pressure as one injunctive norm, and personal norms—as interventions to promote people’s intentions to avoid disposing of waste in public open spaces. Six different statements focusing on these three norms were designed, and the residents’ tendencies to follow each statement were investigated using 15 pair-wise comparisons in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. In addition, the likely effectiveness of each statement to encourage the residents’ intentions was asked of national and local government officials using the same pair-wise questions. The results showed that residents were most likely to follow an intervention focusing on personal norms, especially when touching on people’s responsibility, and this was also perceived to be the most effective by the government officials. Social pressure from the government, either in a strict way with punishments or in a soft way with recommendations, were the least preferred and thought to be ineffective by both the residents and government officials in avoiding waste disposal in public open spaces. The result suggests that future policy implication should be more focused on bottom-up approaches rather than top-down counterparts. Voluntary civic engagement is more vital in dealing with waste disposal in public open space than government interventions.
... The generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) has increased along with population growth, urbanization, the improvement in living standards, human activity and economic development [1][2][3][4][5]. Dietary habits, level of commercial activity and seasons are just some of the variables that affect the amount and the generation rate of MSW [6,7]. ...
Residual municipal solid waste (RMSW) is a rapidly expanding problem worldwide and a good waste management system could reduce concerns about its correct treatment. The purpose of this study was to characterize RMSW from urban and rural areas with the ultimate goal of estimating the recycling potential of the identified fractions and implementing waste collection and recovery methods according to the type of area that generates them. A direct sampling campaign of RMSW was performed. The results showed that the highest organic waste rate was found in the rural area (11.9%); urban-area-produced RMSW mainly constituted recyclable fractions such as plastic (26.3%), paper (21.8%), glass (3.5%) and metals (3.3%). The physical-chemical characteristics of RMSW showed levels of heavy metals below the detection threshold. The conditions necessary for composting could be met only for the organic fraction coming from rural areas as demonstrated by a pH value of 6.9 and a moisture content of 46.5%. These data will be extended to all the urban and rural areas to design appropriate disposal and/or recovery plants with profitable economic interventions that will lead to a reduction in costs in the planning of the integrated solid waste management.
... Solid waste has become a global environmental issue [55,56] due to rapid economic and population growth [57], and the ZW movement aims to minimize the growing amount of this solid waste. However, according to a 2022 OECD study, only 9% of the world's total plastic waste is recycled [58]. ...
Zero waste (ZW), the concept of reducing waste production, is now becoming a lifestyle trend. Social media is strengthening this by popularizing the movement and connecting related communities. ZW and food are closely related, since food waste is a significant sustainability issue; however, the exact relationship between ZW and food communication on social networks is not clear. This study analyzed user communication on the social networking site Twitter between July 2008 and April 2023 to determine how members communicated and shared topics related to ZW and food; an analysis of hashtag frequency was also conducted. During the study period, a total of 50,650 tweets with both #zerowaste and #food hashtags were recorded, written by 21,271 unique users from all over the world. Topic analysis identified the nine related topics: ZW lifestyle, leftover recipes, ZW events, food rescue, climate change, packaging, ZW stores, composting, and ZW restaurants; visual analysis indicated that these topics were closely connected, suggesting common membership of these communities. Overall, our results provide insight into the ZW and food communities on Twitter, which may be useful for marketers, influencers, and government agencies to create targeted content and facilitate wider adoption of a ZW lifestyle.
... The Plastic Waste Crisis Although plastic waste management is a global challenge, the problem is particularly acute in the Global South where lack of infrastructure, prioritization of economic development over human health, and lack of strong governmental institutions exacerbate the problem (Kalanatarifard and Yang, 2012;Minghua et al., 2009;Moghadam et al., 2009;Mrayyan et al., 2006;Seng et al., 2010;Sujauddin et al., 2008;Troschinetz and Mihelcic, 2009). Most environmental plastic waste clean-up efforts fail where there is no beneficial use identified for the collected environmental plastic waste (Foong, 2022). ...
Although the awareness of the environmental damage caused by plastic pollution has recently increased, few steps have been taken to confront its consequences. These consequences are often most severe in the Global South where countries often lack proper waste management infrastructure. Unless the market value of plastic waste increases, it will simply be discarded, eventually making its way to the environment. It has been established that polyolefin plastic can be converted to a sulfur-free fuel oil by pyrolysis, suitable for use in diesel engines or as a clean cooking fuel. However, carrying out this chemistry in the Global South is challenging. Any process intended for use in the Global South must be safe, robust, efficient, simple to operate, low cost, and most importantly profitable for the operator. When the average daily wage in sub-Saharan Africa is less than 3 USD, an income provided from plastic waste fuel can be significant. The research presented herein focuses on the optimization of a plastic-to-fuel processor that can be built using the principles of appropriate technology. The results of this optimization and profitability assessment will be described. This research has been conducted in collaboration with the NGOs Empowered Solutions for Environmental Sustainability and UpCycle Africa.
... Thanh et al. (2011) reported generation of 17.24 g/capita/day of plastic waste from Southern Vietnam which was comparatively higher than the present report. The generation of plastic waste from Jakarta of 14.02% (Putri et al. 2018), 10.6% from Syria (Noufal et al. 2020), and 15.5% from Phnom Penh (Seng et al. 2011) was also higher than the rate of generation in India as well as the present case study. However, a similar rate of generation of 8% was reported by Monjur et al. (2017) from Bangladesh. ...
Plastic waste in recent years has become a menace owing to population pressure and the high demand for various plastic products in daily use. A study was conducted in Aizawl City in northeast India for a period of 3 years to quantify various types of plastic waste. Our study found that a present plastic consumption of 13.06 g/capita/day although low when compared to developed countries continues; the generation will be doubled after a decade as the population is projected to double especially due to migration from rural areas. The plastic waste was contributed more by the high-income group of the population with a correlation factor of r = 0.97. Among the total plastic waste, packaging plastics contributed the maximum with an average of 52.56%, and carry bags among the packaging contribute a maximum of 32.55% in the three sectors, namely, residential, commercial, and dumping sites. The result leads to a maximum contribution by the LDPE polymer with 27.46% among seven categories of polymers.
... Study by Arezes & Miguel [18] reported that the perception of noise exposure effects plays an important role as predictors. Tinoco et al. [19] also found that the knowledge on noise was effectively affect the workers in the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). A regular training provided among workers regarding noise and hearing protection device at their workplace will encourage them to wear HPD and will increased worker's awareness of issues regarding noise and hearing protection [20]. ...
Noise is unwanted sound that are unpleasant or loud to human's hearing. Risk perception can be known as the predictor towards the safety behavior of an individual. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship of risk perception, knowledge about noise and hearing protection device (HPD) use. A cross-sectional study was used in this study to determine the noise risk perception, knowledge about noise and the use of personal hearing protection. Thirty-one workers who work at the landfill, exposed to noise and provided with hearing protection devices from the management were participated in this study. The result shows that there is significant positive correlation between knowledge about noise and HPD use (r=0.508, p=0.004). Moreover, there is also a significant positive correlation between knowledge about HPD and HPD use (r=0.449, p=0.011) among landfill operation workers. However, there is no significant correlation between risk perception and HPD use (r=0.329, p=0.070). The finding from this study can provide a preliminary data in further continues this research on predicting the variable on the HPD use among landfill workers. Besides, the outcome of this study could assist policy recommendation for waste management service company in improving training programs and knowledges among employees.
... Em parte, o destaque para os resíduos sólidos deve-se ao aumento vertiginoso de sua geração desde a Revolução Industrial e à intensificação da urbanização, bem como à diversificação da composição dos produtos descartados. Isso porque o modo de produção contemporâneo busca desvalorizar aquilo que não é mais produto ou mercadoria (BUSS, 2002;SENG et al., 2010;MESJASZ-LECH, 2014;SILVA et al., 2014;MAVROPOULOS, TSAKONA e ANTHOULI, 2015;MARQUES, 2015). ...
No mundo contemporâneo, a gestão de resíduos sólidos (RS) constitui temática relevante para a sustentabilidade, sendo uma questão interdisciplinar que permeia as ciências ambientais, as engenharias e a saúde pública, entre outras. Assim, este artigo buscou analisar a ocorrência de teses e dissertações na temática de RS em
Programas de Excelência de Pós-Graduação no Brasil, de acordo com a especificidade de áreas de avaliação. A
metodologia baseou-se na revisão bibliográfica sistemática, sendo definidos termos de busca para pesquisa
nos bancos de dados dos programas de pré-definidos. Os resultados evidenciam que, no escopo proposto, as
áreas de engenharia sanitária e civil respondem pela maioria das publicações, geograficamente concentradas
na região Sudeste, caracterizando uma assimetria regional. Portanto, nos programas de excelência, evidenciase a necessidade de pluralizar abordagens, garantindo a interdisciplinaridade que a área demanda. Destaca-se
também a necessidade de articulação dos programas existentes, de forma a garantir a abordagem proposta.
... Similarly, Asase [3] asserts that an adequate legal framework positively contributes to waste management. Furthermore, a lack of environmental policy [47] and weak enforcement of governmental regulations deteriorate solid waste management [48], e.g., weak law enforcement induces illegal dumping [49]. ...
Major economies, such as the United States, European Union (EU), Japan, and China have enacted Circular Economy Promotion Laws (CEPLs) to promote the development of the recycling industry. The Urban Mining Pilot Policy (UMPP) is an essential provision of the CEPL in China, which promotes a circular economy and environmentally friendly industries and society. In China, the Urban Mining Pilot City (UMPC) program facilitates the addressing of the negative environmental impacts of industrial and urban waste, and conservation of scarce primary resources, which are necessary for sustainable industrialization and urban sustainability in developing countries. In the present study, a time-varying difference-in-difference analysis of city-level panel data was conducted to investigate the impact of the UMPC program on pollution reduction in China. The results indicated that the UMPC program has improved municipal waste management efficiency and environmental quality significantly, with robust results across various models and datasets. Additionally, the mediation test showed the positive impacts of the UMPC program are mainly associated with the economy-of-scale effects. Finally, the UMPP had geographical and social-economic heterogeneous effects. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to quantify the impact of the UMPC program on recyclable solid waste management and pollution reduction in urban China, with potential contributions to resource and environmental economics.
... In such a case, and if proper mitigation is not provided, this expense to environmental and public health will drag the nation's development and progress toward sustainability. For the last decade, Cambodia has learned its development course and committed to better municipal solid waste management, for instance, the decentralization of waste collection companies (Seng et al., 2010); even though the innovative approach to waste management is yet to be explored. During the past 30 y, from the concept to implementation, the integrated waste management system from generation sources to disposal has been applied widely and adapted to the prevailing country condition (Nordone et al., 2009). ...
The rapid urbanization in major cities, e.g., Phnom Penh, Cambodia, increases the concern for the integrated
waste management of municipal solid waste and sewage as a social responsibility toward the public welfare.
While high-income countries are gearing toward integrating waste management into the circular economy,
low-to-middle income countries are still facing various challenges ranging from infrastructure investment to
societal acceptance. Despite all barriers, mining the potential opportunity from the circular economy
framework in waste management in terms of nutrient recycling from bio-wastes such as food waste and
human excreta is yet to be explored; the difficulty and complexity in co-managing the urban bio-wastes
anchor in switching from linear to circular thinking. This study aims to understand the barriers to
implementing such co-management of organic waste and human excreta in Phnom Penh, the capital city of
Cambodia, using the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) methodology. The
results show that the lack of regulatory enforcement and implementation to control the illegal disposal of
municipal solid waste and septage waste is the key cause barrier. The highly linked barrier is the lack of
appropriate collection, storage, and treatment system for municipal solid waste and septage waste. Thus,
this study could provide insights into developing actionable policy recommendations to solve the issue of
waste management while achieving SDG goals and exploring the benefit of a circular economy in Cambodia.
... Recycling post-consumer use plastic is a significant challenge due to the heterogeneity of waste streams. This challenge is compounded in developing or infrastructure limited regions [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. As a result, much of the post-consumer waste generated in the developing world ends up in the environment, where breakdown into microplastics and its migration up the food chain pose a potential threat to human health [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. ...
The exponential growth of waste plastic accumulation has had an irreversible and lasting impact on the world. An imminent threat to marine and terrestrial ecosystems of massive proportions, plastic waste accumulation is a global problem that will not only have to be tackled by current generations but for many generations to follow. The scale of current recycling technologies and efforts to reduce consumption by for-profit and non-profit institutions, governments, and consumers will need to be rapidly increased to combat the negative impacts plastic waste has had on the planet since its conception. This is especially the case in areas with limited infrastructure to properly collect, manage, and dispose of plastic waste. Solutions to plastic waste accumulation crisis that are appropriate for the developing world are urgently needed. Conversion of plastic waste to liquid fuel by slow pyrolysis is a technology that is particularly suitable for developing countries due to its ability to convert polyolefin waste plastic into a useful product, thus preventing its eventual accumulation in the ecosystem. However, in developing countries, conversion techniques that do not rely on sophisticated technologies are needed. Since processing time and operating temperature are the simplest variables to control, an analytical study has been conducted to assess how the molecular composition of plastic derived fuel oil (PDFO) is impacted by these parameters. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies of PDFO from high- and low-density polyethylene plastic waste produced using appropriate technology techniques are presented alongside a comparison with traditional diesel fuel and kerosene. This approach is novel in that it differs from previously conducted research, which has studied the use of catalysts, additives, or single operating temperatures to assess the composition of PDFO. Therefore, this research contribution presents a simplistic and inexpensive approach for tuning PDFO composition in appropriate technology settings.
... Landfill and other solid waste disposal techniques like incineration, gasification, and digestion are consistently the most favored waste-management strategies being cost effective and ease of operation. However, these strategies have numerous limitations viz., transmission of disease, emanation of greenhouse gases, soil contamination, and pollution of surface, air and groundwater (Nagavallemma et al., 2004;Seng et al., 2011;. Composting is another technique which involves the aerobic degradation of organic waste by halfway mineralization through digestion by a complex microbial population (Nakasaki et al., 2005). ...
The organic manures contain large proportion of organic matter, small quantities of plant nutrients and play pivotal role in improving the soil physical, chemical and biological properties. The use of FYM and compost in agriculture is an age old practice to improve crop productivity. The inoculations of microorganisms in soil are also beneficial for maintaining soil health though decomposition of organic matter, N fixation, solubilization/mineralization, production of antibiotics and plant growth regulators etc. In the paper, the roles of vermicompost, FYM and biofertilizers on crop productivity and soil health have been discussed in detail. The bioxidation and stabilization of organic material by using earthworms and mesophilic microorganisms is known as vermicomposting. The vermicompost applications in soil stimulate soil microbial activity and mineralization processes. The application of FYM and vermicompost boost the activities of beneficial soil microorganisms and improve the supply of mineral nutrients, soil structure, water retention capability and enzymatic activities. Seed or soil inoculated biofertilizers promotes the nutrient cycling and improves crop productivity with two ways i.e. direct - N fixation, solubilization of nutrients production of phytohormones, indirect – development of resistance in plant against the stress and diseases and heavy metals bioremediation. The use of manures along with biofertilizers in farming ensures the improvement in soil biodiversity and food safety for human consumption. The use of manures in agriculture is essential for sustainable production systems and to keep the soil alive and healthy.
... Landfill and other solid waste disposal techniques like incineration, gasification, and digestion are consistently the most favored waste-management strategies being cost effective and ease of operation. However, these strategies have numerous limitations viz., transmission of disease, emanation of greenhouse gases, soil contamination, and pollution of surface, air and groundwater (Nagavallemma et al., 2004;Seng et al., 2011;. Composting is another technique which involves the aerobic degradation of organic waste by halfway mineralization through digestion by a complex microbial population (Nakasaki et al., 2005). ...
Various human activities like over-utilization of natural resources, mining, deforestation, excessive use of fertilizers and effluents discharged from industries have led to great deterioration of the ecosystems. This degradation has resulted in the reduced productivity of the ecosystems. Various methods have been applied for the restoration of these degraded ecosystems. Application of ecosystem engineers for improving the quality of the environment is one such approach being used widely nowadays. Organisms that control the availability of resources to other organisms in the ecosystem by making physical and chemical changes in it behave as the ecosystem engineers. The process adopted by them for the creation, modification and maintenance of the ecosystem is ecosystem engineering. Among various ecosystem engineers, earthworms are also known as one of the very important engineers. They play a very crucial role in the ecosystem because of their importance in the improvement of the habitat through various types of interactions with other organisms. They maintain the buffering capacity of soil and increase the availability of nutrients in the soil. Formation of soil structure and its stability are also enhanced by them. Earthworms in association with fungi, microbes and biochar help in the improvement of soil properties and thus enhance the process of bioremediation. In this chapter an attempt has been made to gather the information on various roles played by earthworms as ecosystem engineers and their mechanisms for the remediation of heavy metals and pesticides in the soil.
... Solid waste is one of the major global environmental issues (Seng, Kaneko, Hirayama, & Katayama-Hirayama, 2011). Due to exponential population growth and rapid industrialization, solid waste generation has drastically increased in the world (Guerrero, Maas, & Hogland, 2013;). ...
Net zero waste buildings are not as widespread a concept as are net zero energy buildings, but are gaining momentum in urban regions. Municipal authorities and all stakeholders in the construction sector around the globe are adapting to work toward zeroing waste. Although the ultimate target is zero waste, the policies and tools adopted in building construction basically work on the values of 3Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycle), trying to minimize waste in landfills and incinerators for ecological and economic gain, thus compelling the use of a cradle-to-cradle model instead of a cradle-to-grave model. This shifts the paradigm and slowly advances toward zero waste and sustainability. The emerging trends of practices and challenges include source reduction (tops the list of solid waste, EPA), salvaging and reusing (deconstruction), recycling C&D materials, rebuying C&D materials, waste to wealth, and waste to energy (WtW, WtE).
... Solid waste is one of the major global environmental issues (Seng, Kaneko, Hirayama, & Katayama-Hirayama, 2011). Due to exponential population growth and rapid industrialization, solid waste generation has drastically increased in the world (Guerrero, Maas, & Hogland, 2013;). ...
Following the oil industry, fashion manufacturing is the second largest polluting industry of the agricultural land leading to various unfavorable impacts on the environment. Sustainable fashion, also lightly known as eco-fashion, is a part of the rising design reality and trend. The aim is to build an approach that can bear the unlimited load of human impact on the environment and social obligation. Zero waste needs that human activity to only use nature’s assets at a rate that can be restored naturally. Hypothetically, the long-term result of environmental degradation is the incapability to withstand human life. Such dilapidation on a comprehensive scale could entail extinction for the human race. Fashion is a complex business involving long and diverse supply chains of production, textile manufacture, raw material, garment construction, transportation, retail, consumption, and eventually disposal of clothes. The carbon footprint of this industry is tremendous. Obvious pollutants like pesticides that meet the common eye are used in producing natural fabrics. The hazardous dyes are used largely in manufacturing textiles discarding huge amounts of waste.
This chapter offers flexible approaches and easy-to-create zero-waste methods to help develop and create new designs out of discarded fashion. The chapter will include beautifully created illustrations converted into wearable outfits out of waste garments. This exercise of design research rejuvenates the method of eradicating fabric waste by utilizing zero waste pattern cutting to increase conceivable results. This conceptualization of new inventions created by the zero-waste concept may lead to the making of future aesthetics in production and economies. The “wealth from waste” is a new approach in the fashion frontier, developing new innovative sustainable textiles made from agricultural waste, plant fibers, including cactus, mushrooms, coconut, pineapple, banana, Aloe vera, and many more. Further, the life-cycle assessment and involvement of the waste management of fashion and textile industries in contributing the circular economy has also been focused.
... The quality of water from aquifers may be affected by broad range contaminants as a result of industrial pollution or natural processes (Wakida & Lerner, 2005). One source of groundwater contamination in many ASEAN countries is the burning or dumping of municipal solid waste (Seng et al., 2013;Seng et al. 2011;Ngoc & Schnitzer, 2009). In Cambodia, the dangerous practice of the open burning of solid waste in landfills has only relatively recently declined (COMPED, 2016). ...
Groundwater is classified as polluted if it contains sufficient chemical or biological contaminants to cause harm to living organisms. Nitrates are a common groundwater contaminant. In developing countries, a common source of nitrates in aquifers is Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfills, where they are produced from the decomposition of organic wastes. Nitrate pollution may cause groundwater quality surrounding MSW landfills to deteriorate if the issue is not managed. This research aims to investigate the presence and concentration of nitrates in leachate and groundwater samples surrounding the Dangkor landfill in Phnom Penh and recommend an effective approach for effectively monitoring and controlling these levels. Nitrate levels in leachate sampled from the landfill and groundwater sampled from surrounding tube wells was analyzed to assess (i) the seasonal variation in nitrate concentrations; (ii) spatial variation in the nitrate contamination of aquifers surrounding the landfill; and (iii) compliance with WHO standards. Groundwater samples were collected from three different wells at four sampling points located 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 m from a reference point at Dangkor MSW landfill. Each sample was analyzed for the presence of nitrates before the concentration was analyzed. The results had several limitations but they suggest that there is no significant relationship between nitrate concentration in groundwater and distance from the landfill. Recorded nitrate levels were well within WHO guidelines for domestic use (50 mg/L) and as such, landfill leachate is not contributing to unsafe nitrate levels in groundwater aquifers between 500 m and 2000 m from the landfill site.
... About 83% of Phnom Penh had access to solid waste collection in 2015 (Cambodian Ministry of Environment 2019), a 23% increase from 2012 (Denny 2016). The plastic fraction in municipal solid waste increased from 6% in 1999 to 21% in 2015 (Seng et al 2011(Seng et al , 2018. ...
Field data on plastic pollution is extremely limited in Southeast Asian rivers. Here we present the first field measurements of plastic transport in the Mekong, based on a comprehensive monitoring campaign during the monsoon season in the confluence of the Mekong, Tonle Sap, and Bassac rivers around Cambodia’s capital (Phnom Penh). For improved accuracy in the estimation of plastic loads and distribution, we combined Neuston net multipoint cross-sectional water sampling with Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler high resolution measurements. During the wet season, around 2.03 x 105 kg·day^-1 of plastic were released from Phnom Penh into the Mekong, equivalent to 89 g·day^-1 capita^-1, or 42% of all plastic waste generated in the city. Most plastic mass moved downstream at the surface. A smaller portion of plastics is mixed deep into the water column, potentially retained in the rivers, breaking down and resuspending over time. Overall, plastic waste from Phnom Penh and transported by the Mekong is a significant contribution to Southeast Asia’s plastic release into the ocean. This pollution represents a crucial risk to people in the region, as their livelihoods depend on fisheries from these water bodies.
... Em parte, o destaque para os resíduos sólidos deve-se ao aumento vertiginoso de sua geração desde a Revolução Industrial e à intensificação da urbanização, bem como à diversificação da composição dos produtos descartados. Isso porque o modo de produção contemporâneo busca desvalorizar aquilo que não é mais produto ou mercadoria (BUSS, 2002;SENG et al., 2010;MESJASZ-LECH, 2014;SILVA et al., 2014;MAVROPOULOS, TSAKONA e ANTHOULI, 2015;MARQUES, 2015). ...
No mundo contemporâneo, a gestão de resíduos sólidos (RS) constitui temática relevante para a sustentabilidade, sendo uma questão interdisciplinar que permeia as ciências ambientais, as engenharias e a saúde pública, entre outras. Assim, este artigo buscou analisar a ocorrência de teses e dissertações na temática de RS em Programas de Excelência de Pós-Graduação no Brasil, de acordo com a especificidade de áreas de avaliação. A metodologia baseou-se na revisão bibliográfica sistemática, sendo definidos termos de busca para pesquisa nos bancos de dados dos programas de pré-definidos. Os resultados evidenciam que, no escopo proposto, as áreas de engenharia sanitária e civil respondem pela maioria das publicações, geograficamente concentradas na região Sudeste, caracterizando uma assimetria regional. Portanto, nos programas de excelência, evidencia-se a necessidade de pluralizar abordagens, garantindo a interdisciplinaridade que a área demanda. Destaca-se também a necessidade de articulação dos programas existentes, de forma a garantir a abordagem proposta.
... Continuing population growth, booming economy, rapid urbanization and rising standards of community living have greatly accelerated the generation of solid waste worldwide, particularly from developing countries (Guerrero et al., 2013). Solid waste is now a global ecological issue (Seng et al., 2010) as global volume of solid waste is estimated to be around 11 billion tons per year (2.5 tons of trucks can rotate around 300 circles around the equator) in 2011, with solid waste production per capita at about 1.74 tons / year worldwide. The large volume of waste has also created enormous pressure on the waste management authority to be more sustainable way to achieve sustainability (Cheng & Hu, 2010). ...
Zero waste management means the holistic concept of waste management which recognizes waste as a resource produced during the interim phase of the process of resource consumption. Zero waste strategies may be applied to companies, to communities, industrial sectors, to schools, and homes since they include many stakeholders, not only those of the environment, but also technological aspects. Sustainability is also strongly supported by environmental protection, cost reduction, and additional jobs when it comes to waste management and handling back into the industrial cycle. Lowering global resource requirements force us to consider resource management and product management. The management of zero waste is therefore a holistic view of the sustainable avoidance and management of waste and resources. Although there are many null practice approaches and null waste approaches in the modern world, zero waste is a very complex system, and in the future, there are still many works.
... Effective implementation an MSWM program requires long-term planning. The strategic plan for MSWM is driven by the current situation, the experience gained from previous work, and future scenarios ( Seng et al., 2010). SWM is not always a high priority for local and national policy makers and planners (Marshall and Farahbakhsh, 2013). ...
The present study moves beyond the traditional focus of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) of collection and disposal to sustainable MSWM that takes a systems view and addresses issues related to waste prevention, waste reduction, and waste segregation. The empirical study was conducted in large cities in North India that have a very high rate of solid waste generation. The study was conducted in two stages-in the first stage, an empirical study with two major stakeholders, the elected and government officials was conducted. In the second stage, interpretive structural modelling (ISM) is applied to evolve a hierarchy-based relationship among the enablers of sustainable MSWM. According to the results of empirical study, there are disagreements on several issues considered as strategic to implement a sustainable municipal solid waste management. Thus, there is a need to bring all the stakeholders agree on common policy issues of sustainable MSWM. Further, the ISM model shows that there exists a group of variables having a high driving power and low dependence requiring maximum attention and are of strategic importance. others. He has also actively been involved as an academic consultant. He has worked as a developer/reviewer for multiple texts and supplementary materials for business disciplines, including operations management, project management, quality management and supply chain management.
... Brick and concrete are often used for backfilling at other construction sites. Valuable CDW collection also involves such informal actors as scavengers at diverse points of waste flow including construction and demolition sites, open dumping sites, and landfills [61]. Even though these activities indicate initial and positive reuse and recycling application, they are considered an ineffective system [62]. ...
This study conducted a review of a wide array of documents related to construction and demolition waste (CDW) management in Southeast Asia (SEA). CDW definitions, current state of CDW generation and composition, CDW flow and institutional arrangements for CDW management were assessed. CDW generation was estimated in SEA countries where data are unavailable. The review results indicated the inadequacy of existing CDW management in almost all SEA nations, with a dearth of proper data on the amount of CDW generated and proportions of CDW components. Insufficient legal documents designed for CDW and unclear assignment of prime responsibilities for CDW management have also been observed. The SEA’s high ratio of CDW generation to the construction industry’s value added implies a great waste burden that construction activities there are causing compared to their contribution to the regional economy. This study suggested a need for more holistic and aggressive methods of sustainable CDW management, namely: developing legalised systematic approaches to CDW data collection and database establishment; enabling public private partnership models, which involve the private sector in establishing recycling facilities and internalise informal actors in formal CDW management arrangement; applying recycling-favourable policies such as green public procurement, along with disposal fee schemes.
... This also demonstrates that having developed solid waste law does not guarantee that issues of solid waste are tackled if the law is not strictly enforced. Moreover, according to the study conducted by Seng et al. (2010), developing countries like Cambodia have a lack of strong regulation in their solid waste management system due to the absence of strict enforcement. As a result, issues of illegal dump in their city are still unable to be addressed despite having developed relevant laws to address the issues. ...
Despite the importance of the aspect of strong regulation towards a sustainable solid waste management system, there are still few studies focusing on analysing the sustainability of solid waste management from the perspective of strong regulation. Hence, this study aims to analyse the sustainability of the solid waste management system from the perspective of strong regulation. To conduct this study, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah was selected as a case study. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were employed. The quantitative approach was mainly used to support the findings collected from the qualitative approach. Data collected were mainly through interviews, questionnaires and secondary data. Based on the overall findings, the study found that the sustainability of the existing solid waste management system in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah is still considered as unsustainable, as it still has weak regulation. This is reflected when the study found that the elements of strict enforcement and strict regulation in Kota Kinabalu were found to be less strict. Hence, the study suggests that to move towards a sustainable solid waste management system, it is important for the local government in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah to implement stricter enforcement and stricter regulation pertaining to its solid waste management.
... A sociedade contemporânea é majoritariamente urbana, e a migração acelerada para as cidades não foi acompanhada de planejamento adequado, levando a diversos problemas que devem ser enfrentados de maneira inovadora (MESJASZ-LECH, 2014;SENG et al., 2010). ...
A sociedade contemporânea enfrenta desafios na busca da sustentabilidade. Entre eles, destaca-se a gestão de resíduos sólidos, intensificada pelo descarte crescente e acelerado, bem como pela diversidade e complexidade dos resíduos gerados. A fim de enfrentar esta questão, em 2010 foi promulgada a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), Lei 12.305/2010, que trouxe o planejamento como instrumento base da estratégia nacional para enfrentamento da questão. A elaboração do Plano Municipal de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos (PMGIRS) é obrigatória para os municípios brasileiros. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar de que forma se dá o processo de elaboração dos PMGIRS utilizando a matriz SWOT, ferramenta que busca realizar uma avaliação das forças (strenghts), fraquezas (weaknesses), oportunidades (opportunities) e ameaças (threats) de um determinado cenário. Para a condução da análise, foram utilizados quatro estudos de caso em municípios da Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (UGRHI) 13 do Estado de São Paulo. A partir da matriz SWOT elaborada observam-se como fatores externos positivos (oportunidades) a existência de um marco legal que norteia o desenvolvimento da gestão de resíduos no país, a definição de um conteúdo mínimo para o PMGIRS, bem como sua possibilidade de inserção no Plano Municipal de Saneamento Básico. Os fatores externos negativos (ameaças) identificados relacionam-se à vulnerabilidade político-econômica federal e estadual, que pode diminuir ou dificultar os investimentos no setor, bem como a descentralização da gestão de resíduos, por impetrar aos municípios autonomia sem que possuam elementos para efetivar a gestão de resíduos sólidos. Como fatores positivos internos (fortalezas) pode-se destacar a existência de dados municipais, bem como estratégias de gestão já consolidadas no município. Por fim, como fatores internos negativos (fragilidades) destacam-se a falta de corpo técnico, baixa participação social, a vulnerabilidade da gestão por questões políticas e a baixa cultura de cooperação intermunicipal. Desse modo, observa-se que a PNRS é relevante para o enfrentamento da gestão de resíduos sólidos, mas a elaboração do PMGIRS persiste como desafio para os governos locais, que possuem dificuldades internas e externas para realizar seu planejamento e posteriormente cumpri-lo, sendo necessário o desenvolvimento de estratégias que auxiliem os municípios ao longo do processo. Ainda, a matriz SWOT mostrou-se uma ferramenta relevante e consolidada para a análise deste cenário.
... Solid waste has become one of the global environmental issues [10]. Around the world, with rapid population growth and urbanization, 120-130 billion tons of natural resources are annually consumed and produce around 3.4-4 billion tons of municipal solid waste [11]. Iraq is one of the most populous Arab countries with population exceeding 35 million. ...
Abstract. This study aims to provide an overview of the current status of solid waste in Thi-Qar governorate by a case study of five cities in this governorate. The five cities are namely: Al-Nassriya, Al-Shatra, Al-Rifai, Suk Al-Shoyokh, and Al-Chibayish. In general, the results revealed that the average generation rate of domestic solid waste was 0.85 Kg/capita/day in the study area. The organic waste was found the major components of municipal waste and it exceeded 60% of waste composition. All dumping sites in the aforementioned cities are uncontrolled dumpsite, their design not suitable, and do not work according to proper operating standards. There are no landfills or dumping sites specified for disposal the non-municipal waste. The investigations showed the presence of potential health risks and negative environmental aspects of solid waste handling in Thi-Qar governorate due to improper handling of collection, transfer, and disposal of solid waste. Thus, developing a master plan for integrated solid waste management is prerequisite to overcome the difficulties solid waste management sector in Thi-Qar governorate.
Economics and market
of wastes
Anita Tripathia
, Ajai Prakashb,c
, and Jyoti Prakashd
No Brasil, a gestão de resíduos sólidos desenvolveu-se com atraso, se comparada a
alguns países que se adiantaram na busca de soluções nesta temática. O marco
legislativo nacional é a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), Lei nº
12.305/2010, regulamentada pelo Decreto nº 7.404/2010, que descentraliza a gestão de resíduos, seguindo o padrão da Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente. A
descentralização é explicitada pela proposição do instrumento de gestão
denominado Planos Municipais de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos
(PMGIRSs), que tem se apresentado como um desafio para as municipalidades.
Esta pesquisa objetiva analisar de que forma ocorre o processo de elaboração dos
PMGIRSs – cinco anos após a promulgação da PNRS – nos municípios da Unidade
de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (UGRHI) 13, Tietê Jacaré, no Estado de
São Paulo, por meio de questionários e estudos de caso múltiplos. Os resultados
revelam a complexidade e singularidade dos municípios, com destaque para a
ausência de dados, recursos e deficiência na capacitação do corpo técnico como
principais entraves, e a possibilidade de contratação de empresas para elaboração
do PMGIRS como principal facilitador na visão das municipalidades. Outros
aspectos que ainda são embrionários no processo de planejamento municipal são a
busca por soluções consorciadas e a participação social. Dessa forma, observa-se
que a descentralização proposta pela PNRS apresenta dificuldades para a
efetivação, uma vez que os municípios não possuem na atualidade os meios
necessários para desenvolver um planejamento complexo como preconizado pela
Política, sendo necessários esforços dos governos federal e estaduais no sentido de
capacitação e disponibilização de recursos que possibilitem a emancipação
municipal no processo de planejamento. A proposição de alternativas de soluções
compartilhadas também é crucial para a otimização da gestão de resíduos sólidos,
conforme priorizado pela PNRS.
The ability to accurately characterize and collect data on household waste generation and composition is essential for promoting recycling and developing city management plans. However, traditional data collection approaches in developing countries are hampered by jurisdictional and budgetary constraints. Here, we explore whether citizen science projects that collaborate with waste collectors can solve this problem and be a viable tool for addressing household waste generation across temporal and geographic boundaries. In this regard , this first study evaluated recyclable household waste generation by engaging waste collectors both door-to-door individuals and trucks as citizen scientists daily in an urbanized colony (5797 inhabitants and 1747 houses) in Mexico City between September and October 2022. To understand their distribution and consumption patterns on a regional basis, we stratified the colony's households into 2 distinct non-overlapping sub zones and one Wednesday market based on waste collectors' routine using a Geographical Information System. Results show that for seven weeks, household waste constitutes up to 12.19 t of recy-clables, ranging from 99.5 to 480.8 kg/day, with 35 % cardboard, 23 % PET plastics, 21 % hard plastics, 17 % glass, and 4 % aluminum. The average amount of recyclable waste produced was 54 g/person/day, resulting in an annual recycling generation of 114 t. Statistical analysis revealed that recyclable waste generation varied by day and subzone. Furthermore, informal centers rather than municipal waste disposal facilities are in charge of the final disposition of the collected recyclables, suggesting that a substantial waste proportion may go unaccounted for in the local government's annual MSW report and calling for the implementation of formal recycling sectors. Overall, this study show how effective waste collector engagement in science can be and imply that the proposed citizen science approach is vital for future waste projects and the generation of transparent datasets in developing cities.
Disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the significant global issues that is more evident in developing nations. One of the key methods for disposing of the MSW is locating, assessing, and planning for landfill sites. Due to rapidly expanding global urbanization, associated lack of resources, and inadequate urban waste management, MSW issues and management concerns are on the rise. Over a third of total municipal waste out of two billion tons generated remains uncollected worldwide. MSW is collected and disposed of at certain locations or burnt down in most developing nations. Landfill sites for solid waste must be inspected in terms of all requirements to reduce economic and environmental expenses.
Hospitals and other healthcare facilities are very essential for the cure and care of persons suffering from health issues and also to promote health in society. As the health care services are improving and increasing their reach even in underdeveloped countries, so is the problem of health care waste (HCW) as hospitals generate a relatively huge amount of HCW, which consists of general as well as hazardous waste. The persons handling HCW are at immediate risk, followed by persons residing near HCW dumping/processing areas and the general public. Infectious HCW is a major threat to the health of humans and animals as it has the potential to spread various infectious diseases to the human and animal population. Due to the uncontrolled use of disposable nonbiodegradable materials by healthcare systems and their processing or lack of it, the HCW has emerged as one of the major sources of environmental pollution including the emission of the significant amount of greenhouse gases, which stands from 3 to 10% of total emissions of nations. HCW also leads to leaching chemicals, heavy metals like Pb, Cd, Cr, radioactive substances, and even generating carcinogens like dioxin in the environment contaminating air, soil, and water in general and especially in areas surrounding HCW dumping or processing affecting health and quality of life of not only of humans but cohabiting flora and fauna in those areas. Thus, the HCW is becoming one of the major sources of environmental pollution and collectively contributing to the problem of global warming. The HCW needs to be given the desired attention and priority in actions and policy. The chapter focuses on sources, types, and various environmental and health hazards related to HCW, its global environmental impact and management strategies for minimum effects with an eco-friendly and sustainable approach.
Disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the significant global issues that is more evident in developing nations. One of the key methods for disposing of the MSW is locating, assessing, and planning for landfill sites. Faisalabad is one of the largest industrial cities in Pakistan. It has many sustainability challenges and planning problems, including MSW management. This study uses Faisalabad as a case study area and humbly attempts to provide a framework for identifying and ranking landfill sites and addressing MSW concerns in Faisalabad. This method can be extended and applied to similar industrial cities. The landfill sites were identified using remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS). Multiple datasets, including normalized difference vegetation, water, and built-up areas indices (NDVI, NDWI, and NDBI) and physical factors including water bodies, roads, and the population that influence the landfill site selection were used to identify, rank, and select the most suitable site. The target area was distributed into 9 Thiessen polygons and ranked based on their favorability for the development and expansion of landfill sites. 70% of the area was favorable for developing and expanding landfill sites, whereas 30% was deemed unsuitable. Polygon 6, having more vegetation, a smaller population, and built-up areas was declared the best region for developing landfill sites and expansion as per rank mean indices and standard deviation (SD) of RS and vector data. The current study provides a reliable integrated mechanism based on GIS and RS that can be implemented in similar study areas and expanded to other developing countries. Accordingly, urban planning and city management can be improved, and MSW can be managed with dexterity.
This technical report aims to present lessons learned from Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) projects in Cambodia and Lao PDR and Waste to Energy (W2E)i
projects in Vietnam. This report also assesses the market potential, policy frameworks, as well as implementation challenges and risk management with regard to turning the waste issues into an opportunity that will deliver environmental, climate and socioeconomic impacts in the respective countries under discussion. This report also aims to provide guidance and insights to policymakers from countries with similar socioeconomic profiles and international development agencies on unlocking the potential for large waste treatment infrastructure by identifying the most appropriate policy instruments, technology, and financing options.
Solid waste is one of the major global environmental issues. Due to exponential population
growth and rapid industrialization, solid waste generation has drastically increased in the world. Generation of waste may pose several challenges, such as depletion of natural resources, environmental pollution, health issues, etc. However, the waste management strategy has not received much
attention compared to other sectors, such as water or energy. Therefore, there is an urgent need for sustainable systematic waste management, which can prevent further depletion of natural resources. Recently, the concept of “zero waste” has been introduced to address the problems associated with the management of waste in a sustainable manner. This concept is based on the circular economy principle, which focuses on waste prevention and encourages the redesign of resource life cycles, so that all products are reused and no waste can finally reach landfills, incinerators,
or oceans. However, if reuse or repair is
not possible, they can be recycled or recovered from the waste stream and used as inputs, thus substituting the demand for extraction of natural resources. The zero waste concept includes the “5R rule,” that is, “reduce, reuse, recycle, recover, and residual disposal.” It offers several advantages, such as reduced costs, increased profits, and reduced environmental impacts.
The Phnom Penh Capital City of Cambodia has been growing in the last decade due to population growth, geographical boundaries and increased economy. The rapid change has significantly increased waste in the city, thus creating challenges in public health, environmental degradation and increasing competition on scare resource of the city. In this regard, the government adopted the Public-Private Partnership model to mitigate these challenges, although the model is not sufficient in resolving the challenges thus gaps were discovered in the model too.
Full Text: https://rdcu.be/cmgfk
The zero-waste project in Turkey, which was started in 2017, is planned to be implemented until 2023, starting from public institutions and organizations. However, in refectories where high amounts of organic waste are generated, these organic wastes are generally transported to the landfill site by the municipalities and, consequently, they go beyond the scope of the zero-waste project. In this study, the anaerobic treatment of refectory wastes based on the scope of the zero-waste approach in Turkey has been developed as an innovative and holistic approach. As a result of the informing studies in the refectories, the waste of bread could be zero, while the waste of meals could not be zero, but a significant decrease in meal waste was found. In addition, this holistic approach has also strengthened recycling. Anaerobic digestion was selected to complete the zero-waste target for food wastes that are still generated. In the study using the UASB reactor operated in mesophilic conditions (36.5–37 °C), feeding has been done with approximately 21.9 kg VSadded m−3 OLR in 10-day HRT. As a result, it was observed that the production of biogas and organic fertilizers from food waste using anaerobic technologies is an important solution on behalf of realizing the zero-waste application. The results showed that 1 kg of food waste with 62 ± 3.2% solid content could produce 640 L of biogas with approximately 62.2 ± 0.6% methane content. In addition, a 26.2-L bio-fertilizer with an average COD concentration of 3354 ± 106 mg L−1 was produced. This research paper with a successful method at the Adıyaman University in Turkey focuses on the goal of zero waste. This study illustrated how it is possible to implement an effective initiative to reduce food waste with a holistic approach.
Resumo Cada vez mais têm sido estudadas formas de minimizar gastos com energia e/ou de obter formas alternativas de geração, principalmente pela diminuição de oferta hídrica em diversos locais. Nos sistemas de abastecimento de água, são altos os gastos com energia, principalmente nas estações elevatórias. Em sistemas que fazem a distribuição de água por gravidade, não é rara a utilização de válvulas redutoras de pressão em pontos especí- ficos em que é necessária essa redução para garantir condições favoráveis de transporte de água na tubulação. Nesse sentido, ocorre dissipação de energia que poderia ser aproveitada no próprio sistema. Tendo em vista esse aproveitamento energético, esse estudo tem como objetivo determinar de forma teórica a potência gerada por uma bomba funcionando como turbina em locais onde há excedente de pressão, tomando por base dados de um sistema teórico de abastecimento de água de município de pequeno porte. Os resultados mostram que a alternativa é tecnicamente viável, gerando 2,2 KW de potência e 16,4 MW/ano de energia, que poderia ser uti- lizada no próprio sistema, em pontos onde seria necessário bombeamento, seja na captação ou na própria rede de abastecimento, em transição de zonas baixas para altas. Palavras-chave: Eficiência energética. Bomba funcionando como turbina (BFT). Abstract It has increasingly been studied ways to minimize energy costs and to obtain alternative forms of generation, mainly by the reduction of water supply in various locations. In water supply systems, energy costs are high, especially in pumping stations. In systems that make the distribution of water using gravity, it is not uncommon to use pres- sure reducing valves at specific points at which this reduction is necessary to ensure favorable conditions of water transport in the pipe. In this sense, there is dissipation of energy that could be used in the system itself. In view of this energy use, this study aims to determine theoretically the power generated by a pump functioning as turbine in places where there is excess pressure, based on data from a theoretical system of a small town water supply. From the results, the alternative proved to be technically feasible, with power generated at 2.2 KW and energy at 16.4 MW/year, which could be used in the system itself, at points where pumping would be required, either on capture or in the supply network, in transition from low to high areas. Keywords: Energy efficiency. pump functioning as turbine.
Earth's natural life is endangered, which threatens health, kinds of animals and also the economy. There are many reasons for this situation, and waste that affects nature is one of them. Approximately 1.3 billion tons of solid waste is generated every year in the world and this amount is increasing every year. These wastes arise according to the consumption of humanity, waste products and rapid urbanization (Gardner, 2012). To take this responsibility, many countries and many companies had strategies and actions for zero waste. Also in waste is a concept that focuses on waste problems and includes different strategies to manage sustainable waste (Welsh Assembly Govt., 2010). In order to solve the waste problem, 5 R's zero waste was suggested as a sustainable solution. These; Trash is Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Refuse and is also called Zero Waste Hierarchy. In this research, some questions are asked to the users about what they do individually with the 5R approach to zero waste. For each R, a product or case is selected and these R examples are asked about their approach. The purpose of this research is to analyze what users are doing to reduce this waste problem on their own and create a better environment and whether they accept it as a lifestyle or have any reason to fail, and evaluate it within the framework of industrial design and user approach.
The absence of accurate information on the state of waste is a challenge to the solid waste management system in Syria. The local authorities commonly estimate the quantity of waste produced and its characterisation, which is the starting point for solid waste management planning. So, this paper aims to evaluate the generation and composition of household solid waste in Homs city, Syria. Also, the study presents factors influencing the waste generation rate and the waste composition. The study was carried out in 300 families from four zones in Homs city, and three sampling stages were conducted during the study duration, which started in July 2017 and ended in February 2019. The outcomes show that an average of 0.68 kg/per/day solid waste generated was calculated for the entire study area in Homs city. Also, the data analysis presents that organic waste constitutes the largest component in the waste mixture (69.1%) followed by plastic (10.6%), inert materials (8.7%), paper (4.6%), textile (2.5%), metal (1.2%), glass (1.1%), wood (0.6%), and hazardous materials (1.6%). The multiple linear regression results showed that the adjusted R2 value was found to be 0.557, 0.839, and 0.709 for the waste generation per capita, the daily household organic waste generation, and the daily household packaging waste generation, respectively. Also, according to Pearson's coefficient values, a positive correlation was found between household waste generation and monthly income (r = 0.626), household size (r = 0.37), and age of the household head (r = 0.517), whereas a negative correlation was found between household waste generation and the education level of the household head (r = -0.649).
Solid waste management practice is one of the essential and basic service delivery requirements that should exist in all places. The method(s) of handling, storage and
processing solid waste at household is key and plays a significant role in public health,
ensuring a safe environment and efficiency in dealing with municipal solid waste. This
study sought to identify factors influencing waste management practices using an
extensive literature review, field observations and a field study conducted in Joe Slovo
West Township, as a case study. The study revealed that institutional, fiscal/economic,
development, socio-economic and policy are the factors challenging existing solid
waste management practices in Joe Slovo Township. Key recommendations include that
the solid waste management system needs to be improved, that enhancing the ease of
waste recycling as an economic activity and practice should be pursued, and that residents should be educated and encouraged to separate their waste before disposal, while an incentive should be provided for this to stimulate community participation.
Objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade econômica de cenários voltados para o gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU), verificando se é possível reduzir os custos por meio do cumprimento da legislação vigente. A metodologia consistiu na criação de cenários com alternativas de gerenciamento de RSU para o município de Passo Fundo, localizado no sul do Brasil, com característica de médio porte. Foram criados dois cenários, o cenário inercial, que considerou a manutenção das condições atuais do sistema, e o cenário normativo, que propõe a criação de um novo modelo baseado nos preceitos da política nacional de resíduos sólidos, de acordo com a Lei Federal 12.305/2010. As principais características técnicas, econômicas e operacionais desses cenários foram levantadas e foi realizada a análise de viabilidade econômica dos mesmos. O resultado da pesquisa demonstrou que o cenário normativo é mais viável economicamente, reduzindo os custos com o gerenciamento dos RSU em aproximadamente 25%. A pesquisa permitiu avaliar a estimativa de custos necessários para cada cenário e a sua conclusão retrata que é possível seguir os objetivos estabelecidos pela Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos e ao mesmo tempo reduzir os custos com a gestão dos RSU. Palavras-chave: Gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos. Viabilidade econômica. Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos.
Purpose
The Gulf Cooperation Council member countries not only generate the highest quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) per capita when compared globally, but also in most of these countries, such waste is just dumped at different landfill stations. In Oman, the total quantity of MSW stood at 2.0 million tons per year. The emission from this waste is estimated at 2,181,034 tons/year (carbon dioxide equivalent). This article attempts to develop frameworks that considered landfilling, composting and recycling of MSW.
Design/methodology/approach
To know the composition of the municipal solid waste in Oman, a quantitative research method was employed. The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from MSWM in this study focus on three major gases, CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 model is used to calculate GHG emissions from landfills and composting (IPCC, 2006). Four frameworks – baseline F0, framework F1, framework F2 and framework F3 – are outlined in this paper. The F0 represents the current situation of the MSW in which most of the waste goes to landfills and dumpsites. In F1, improved MSW collection service and landfilling are incorporated and open burning is restricted. The F2 considered landfilling and composting, while F3 is based on landfilling, composting and recycling.
Findings
The framework F2, which proposes the composting process for the organic waste which normally goes to landfills, results in the reduction of emissions by 40% as compared to landfill practice. Similarly, the samples of MSW collected in Oman show a good amount of recycling waste. The framework F3, which considers the landfill, composting and recycling, reduced the total GHG emissions from 2,181,034 tons/year to 1,427,998 tons/year (carbon dioxide equivalent), representing a total reduction of 35% in emissions.
Research limitations/implications
Different values such as CH 4 correction factor, the fraction of degradable organic carbon and the fraction of DOC used to determine the GHG emissions from MSW considering landfilling, composting and recycling based on the IPPC model and existing literature review. The actual determination of these values based on the Oman conditions may result in more accurate emissions from MSW in Oman.
Practical implications
Different frameworks suggested in this research have different practical implications; however, the final framework F3, which produces fewer emissions, required a material recovery facility to recycle the MSW in Oman. For framework F3, it is important that the residents in Oman have enough knowledge and willingness to do the waste segregation at the household level. Apparently, such knowledge and willingness need to be determined through a separate study.
Originality/value
The frameworks F2 and F3 are considered to be more suitable solutions compared to the current practices for Oman and other gulf countries to reduce its per capita emissions from MSW and protect its local environment. There is a potential for further work that needs to explore the possible solutions to implement the suggested frameworks.
Major cities in transitional and developing countries are facing the ever-growing challenge of managing solid waste in a sustainable manner. While a variety of treatments exist for solid waste, cities are in need of a sustainable integrated municipal solid waste management (MSWM) system. Such a system is meant to assist them in selecting and investing in an appropriate combination of treatments for the waste they generate, depending on the composition and quantity of this waste. This study presents a systems analysis of the MSWM in Cairo. A constrained non-linear mathematical model is developed to represent an underlying model of a MSWM system, with six waste material flows (cardboard and paper, plastics, metals, glass, organic material, and others). The developed model depicts combinations of five treatment alternatives (composting, anaerobic digestion, mechanical biological treatment, incineration, and landfilling). The treatment methods and their capacity are determined by the model, indicating possible optimal design solutions and recommendations. Starting with an evaluation of the status quo of the MSWM system in Cairo, the paper proposes a staged strategy, involving investigating improvements to the current mixed-waste management system, then exploring the possibility of introducing at-source waste sorting. The environmental and economic implications of different scenarios are analyzed and compared. A material flow analysis, including input data uncertainties, is also conducted by applying substance flow analysis. This analysis shows the difference between the status quo and the proposed improved solutions for diverting waste from landfills and, thus, decreasing carbon dioxide emissions.
There are existing inadequate and ineffective practices that are not only common in Vietnam but also explicit in each municipal area. This study compares the municipal solid waste management attributes of cities in Vietnam under uncertainty. The uncertainties include the interrelationships among the attributes, linguistic preferences and qualitative information on the attributes. This study applies exploratory factor analysis to test the validity and reliability of the proposed attributes. Fuzzy set theory is used to translate the linguistic references into the qualitative attributes of municipal solid waste management. The decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory is used to address the interrelationships among the attributes. This study identifies the causal interrelationships among attributes using qualitative information, and a set of 14 attributes is defined and found to be valid and reliable for measurement. The results show that technical integration and social acceptability are the aspects that drive municipal solid waste management. Treatment innovations, safety and health, economic benefits, and technology functionality and appropriateness are determined to be the linkage criteria. The distinctions between cities are identified, Hanoi focuses on the institutional and organizational administration framework, whereas resource efficiency is an aspect of specific concern in Danang, and Ho Chi Minh City prioritized financial and operational requirements and facilities and infrastructure requirements. The implications for theory and practice are discussed.
This study theorised that the problem of dirty and unsanitary environments that were characteristic in Zambia stemmed from human behaviour. The study found that there was a gap between possession of environmental knowledge, on one hand, and displaying pro-environmental behaviour, on the other hand. The study, therefore, investigated the determinants of pro-environmental behaviour and the tools required for behaviour change among the general public in Zambia. The study concluded that the problem of dirty and unsanitary environments was caused by multiple factors and dealing with it therefore needed a multifarious approach. This conclusion supported the central argument that to encourage behaviour change, there was need for a holistic approach to implementing clean-up programmes, such as the Keep Zambia Clean and Health programme, best facilitated by Environmental Education.
Mexico is faced with serious environmental and administrative challenges with respect to solid waste (SW) management. Just as in other developing countries, the public sanitation system lacks because of inadequate planning, as well as unsustainable SW management. The country is experiencing an urbanization process in which approximately 70% of the population are concentrated in its ten largest cities; the rest are spread throughout 200 000 towns in Mexico's 2 000 000 km2. This has caused a change in the population's consumption patterns, which has resulted in a more heterogeneous composition of SW and an increase in its generation rate. The current situation of the SW management systems in Mexico is analyzed, and the environmental, technical, administrative, economic and social goals with which Mexico's public sanitation systems face, are discussed. The principal goal facing these public sanitation systems is the development of adequate disposal of SW, since the municipalities find themselves unable to administer sanitary landfills according to Mexican legislation because they lack financial means and the technical and human infrastructure. SW collection in Mexico depends heavily on personnel with no technical training and the separation of the waste is carried out by an ever-increasing number of scavengers. The importance of including these groups in the decision-making process in order to assure the success of SW management programs is presented, along with the need to create interdisciplinary work groups that could collaborate in driving forward the agenda.
Basic measures taken in recent years to control waste management in Japan include: (1) Pollution prevention, (2) reuse and recycling, and (3) waste incineration with air pollution control. It is generally agreed that it is appropriate to follow the assigned priority of these options. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is the responsibility of the citizen, the local government and the business sector. The principal strategy to manage MSW is to prevent the discharge of waste and, where waste must be discharged, to recycle as much as possible to reduce the quantity. However, even if effort is made to minimize the amount of waste, a large proportion still requires treatment in view of the activities of modern society. Once waste is generated, it must be incinerated and/or buried in landfills if it cannot be recycled. Incineration plays an important role in Japan where landfill sites are difficult to secure. With these circumstances in mind, the author outlines the origin of MSW in Japan and the recycling process and the present status of thermal recycling with pollution control. Ash regulation and its treatment methods are also discussed.
This research focuses on recycling in developing countries as one form of sustainable municipal solid waste management (MSWM). Twenty-three case studies provided municipal solid waste (MSW) generation and recovery rates and composition for compilation and assessment. The average MSW generation rate was 0.77 kg/person/day, with recovery rates from 5-40%. The waste streams of 19 of these case studies consisted of 0-70% recyclables and 17-80% organics. Qualitative analysis of all 23 case studies identified barriers or incentives to recycling, which resulted in the development of factors influencing recycling of MSW in developing countries. The factors are government policy, government finances, waste characterization, waste collection and segregation, household education, household economics, MSWM (municipal solid waste management) administration, MSWM personnel education, MSWM plan, local recycled-material market, technological and human resources, and land availability. Necessary and beneficial relationships drawn among these factors revealed the collaborative nature of sustainable MSWM. The functionality of the factor relationships greatly influenced the success of sustainable MSWM. A correlation existed between stakeholder involvement and the three dimensions of sustainability: environment, society, and economy. The only factors driven by all three dimensions (waste collection and segregation, MSWM plan, and local recycled-material market) were those requiring the greatest collaboration with other factors.
This paper presents an overview of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Beijing City. Beijing, the capital of China, has a land area of approximately 1368.32 km(2) with an urban population of about 13.33 million in 2006. Over the past three decades, MSW generation in Beijing City has increased tremendously from 1.04 million tons in 1978 to 4.134 million tons in 2006. The average generation rate of MSW in 2006 was 0.85 kg/capita/day. Food waste comprised 63.39%, followed by paper (11.07%), plastics (12.7%) and dust (5.78%). While all other wastes including tiles, textiles, glass, metals and wood accounted for less than 3%. Currently, 90% of MSW generated in Beijing is landfilled, 8% is incinerated and 2% is composted. Source separation collection, as a waste reduction method, has been carried out in a total of 2255 demonstration residential and commercial areas (covering about 4.7 million people) up to the end of 2007. Demonstration districts should be promoted over a wider range instead of demonstration communities. The capacity of transfer stations and treatment plants is an urgent problem as these sites are seriously overloaded. These problems should first be solved by constructing more sites and converting to new treatment technologies. Improvements in legislation, public education and the management of waste pickers are problematic issues which need to be addressed.
This paper presents an overview of the current solid waste management situation in Singapore and provides a brief discussion of the future challenges. Singapore is a small island city-state with a large population, warm climate and high humidity. Over the past two to three decades, rapid industrialization and economic development have caused a tremendous increase in solid waste generation. The yearly disposed solid waste increased from 0.74 million tonnes in 1972 to 2.80 million tonnes in 2000. Solid waste management in Singapore has traditionally been undertaken by the Ministry of Environment (ENV), with the participation of some private sectors in recent years. The hierarchy of solid waste management in Singapore is waste minimization (reduce, reuse and recycle or so-called 3 Rs), followed by incineration and landfill. As land is extremely scarce and only one newly constructed offshore landfill site is available, solid waste incineration has been identified as the most preferred disposal method. Waste minimization, the utilization of incineration ashes, industrial waste management are regarded to be the major challenges in the future.
Though the solid waste management (SWM) system in Phnom Penh city in general has been upgraded since the waste collection service was franchised out to the private sector, the performance of the existing SWM system is still low. Unreliable and irregular collection service still exists. This means that there are shortcomings in the existing SWM system that need correction. This paper is an attempt to identify those shortcomings in order to find ways to improve the existing system. First, the present SWM system is reviewed. Then the system is evaluated to find constraints and shortfalls and finally some appropriate strategies are proposed that may help make SWM in the city more effective and efficient to meet environmentally sound objectives.
Solid waste management in Kathmandu valley of Nepal, especially concerning the siting of landfills, has been a challenge for over a decade. The current practice of the illegal dumping of solid waste on the river banks has created a serious environmental and public health problem. The focus of this study was to carry out an evaluation of solid waste management in Nepal based on published information. The data showed that > or =70% of the solid wastes generated in Nepal are of organic origin. As such, composting of the solid waste and using it on the land is the best way of solid waste disposal. This will reduce the waste volume transported to the landfill and will increase its life.
The rapid economic development and population growth in Macao have resulted in a large increase in refuse generated over the past decade. In 2003, the quantity of solid waste generated reached 249,255 tons, corresponding to 1.52 kg/day per capita. This figure has been gradually increasing. Domestic solid waste is the primary source of solid waste generation. The data showed that a considerable amount of the solid waste generated can be recycled and reutilized. Due to Macao's small geographic area and high cost of land, landfilling has the lowest priority for waste disposal. Solid waste incineration has been given a top priority over other waste disposal methods although it is much more expensive. In the last decade, more than 80% of the total waste in Macao was incinerated. However, the incineration capacity of the Macao Incineration Plant is going to reach its saturation earlier than expected. Waste minimization, the establishment of an effective waste collection and disposal fee system, and alternate ways dealing with the limited capacity of waste treatment facilities are regarded to be major challenges in the future.
This paper describes the problems, issues and challenges faced by Sri Lanka based on the outcome of a recent study conducted in the country's Southern Province. The study consists of a public survey, discussions with local authority staff involved in waste management, discussions with Provincial Council and Government officials, dialogue with local politicians, review of documents and field observations. The study revealed that only 24% of the households have access to waste collection and that in rural areas it was less than 2%. A substantial number of households in areas without waste collection expect local authorities to collect their waste. The study also showed that most sites in the province are under capacity to handle any increased demand. Urgent and immediate improvement of the waste disposal sites is necessary to meet the current demand for improved waste collection. The study also revealed that there is a high willingness of people for home composting.
The move from landfill-based to resource-based waste management systems requires a greater knowledge of the composition of municipal solid waste. This paper draws together the findings of municipal solid waste (MSW) compositional surveys undertaken in the United Kingdom. The results from recent surveys show a good agreement over the composition of household-collected waste, but less agreement over civic amenity site waste composition. There is insufficient data to allow comparisons of the commercial waste element of municipal waste or of the other components, and further work is necessary to produce more reliable estimates of the composition of these streams. The use of questionnaire surveys and analysis of the results suggests that the size and age profile of a household influence the generation of household-collected waste. Some research suggests that the waste container provided by the local authority and the socio-economic classification of a household also influence household-collected waste generation, but other studies failed to find this link. Further research is required to investigate this by surveying all of the waste disposal routes available to specific households.
Delhi is the most densely populated and urbanized city of India. The annual growth rate in population during the last decade (1991-2001) was 3.85%, almost double the national average. Delhi is also a commercial hub, providing employment opportunities and accelerating the pace of urbanization, resulting in a corresponding increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation. Presently the inhabitants of Delhi generate about 7000tonnes/day of MSW, which is projected to rise to 17,000-25,000tonnes/day by the year 2021. MSW management has remained one of the most neglected areas of the municipal system in Delhi. About 70-80% of generated MSW is collected and the rest remains unattended on streets or in small open dumps. Only 9% of the collected MSW is treated through composting, the only treatment option, and rest is disposed in uncontrolled open landfills at the outskirts of the city. The existing composting plants are unable to operate to their intended treatment capacity due to several operational problems. Therefore, along with residue from the composting process, the majority of MSW is disposed in landfills. In absence of leachate and landfill gas collection systems, these landfills are a major source of groundwater contamination and air pollution (including generation of greenhouse gases). This study describes and evaluates the present state of municipal solid waste management in Delhi. The paper also summarizes the proposed policies and initiatives of the Government of Delhi and the Municipal Corporation of Delhi to improve the existing MSW management system.
Pollution and health risks generated by improper solid waste management are important issues concerning environmental management in developing countries. In most cities, the use of open dumps is common for the disposal of wastes, resulting in soil and water resource contamination by leachate in addition to odors and fires. Solid waste management infrastructure and services in developing countries are far from achieving basic standards in terms of hygiene and efficient collection and disposal. This paper presents an overview of current municipal solid waste management in Rasht city, Gilan Province, Iran, and provides recommendations for system improvement. The collected data of different MSW functional elements were based on data from questionnaires, visual observations of the authors, available reports and several interviews and meetings with responsible persons. Due to an increase in population and changes in lifestyle, the quantity and quality of MSW in Rasht city has changed. Lack of resources, infrastructure, suitable planning, leadership, and public awareness are the main challenges of MSW management of Rasht city. However, the present situation of solid waste management in this city, which generates more than 400tons/d, has been improved since the establishment of an organization responsible only for solid waste management. Source separation of wastes and construction of a composting plant are the two main activities of the Rasht Municipality in recent years.
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