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Butterfly Pea ( Clitoria ternatea ): A Nutritive Multipurpose Forage Legume for the Tropics - An Overview
Abstract
Butterfly pea ( Clitoria ternatea ) is a multi-purpose forage legume. It provides bioactive compounds for medicinal use and it is also an ornamental plant and cover crop. It is adaptable to a wide range of temperature, rainfall and altitude. Butterfly pea, a highly palatable forage legume is generally preferred by livestock over other legumes. It has thin stem and large leaves, nil bloat and non toxic which make it ideal for forage and hay making. It`s vigorous growth, tolerance to frost and dry periods and heavy grazing pressures make this suitable for waste land development. Production and utilization of this legume for animal production will provide adequate nutrition and also reduce grazing pressure on natural ranges. This paper reviews distribution, plant description, agronomic characteristics, genetic variation, medicinal use, chemical composition and utilization of butterfly pea in livestock production.
... Clitoria ternatea is esteemed as an essential tropical medicine owing to its abundance of phytochemical compounds . This plant contains phytochemical compounds such as pentacyclic triterpenoids (taraxerol, taraxerone), alkaloids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, resins, glycosides, phenols, and steroids (Chauhan et al., 2012;Manjula et al., 2013;Al-snafi, 2016;Lijon et al., 2017;Lee et al., 2021) associated with pharmacological properties of nootropic, anxiolytic, analgesic, antipyretic, sedatives, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antioxidants, and others (Taranalli & Cheeramkuzhy, 2000;Devi et al., 2003;Gomez & Kalamani, 2003;Jain et al., 2003;Mukherjee et al., 2008). Particularly, pentacyclic triterpenoids such as taraxerol and taraxerone are the dominant phytochemical compounds that exist in C. ternatea (Lijon et al., 2017) which demonstrated a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties, including being anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiacetylcholinesterase activities (Takasaki et al., 1999;Lin et al., 2001;Singh et al., 2002;Jang et al., 2004;Lee et al., 2004;Naik et al., 2004). ...
... These bioactive compounds were linked to memory-enhancing properties and therefore, could serve as a promising alternative to improving learning and memory performance (Kumar et al., 2007;Lee et al., 2021). Apart from serving as a medicinal plant, this plant too functions as an ornamental plant due to its dazzling flower colour (Gomez & Kalamani, 2003). The blue flowers of this plant have been widely used as a natural food colourant in traditional Southeast Asian dishes, desserts and beverages. ...
Clitoria ternatea (Butterfly pea) is a tropical medicinal and fodder legume from the Fabaceae family possessing various beneficial phytochemical compounds linked to the mammalian neuroprotective mechanism. Callus and cell suspension cultures are excellent alternatives for harnessing secondary metabolites from medicinal plants. The current study aims to induce callus from cotyledon and hypocotyl explants of C. ternatea for the establishment of cell suspension cultures. Cotyledon and hypocotyl explants from two-weeks-old seedlings were subjected to half-strength MS medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at different concentrations (0.5 mg/L to 2.5 mg/L) and callus scoring and morphology were assessed at week 8 of culture. Results revealed that the treatment of 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D resulted in the highest percentage of callus induction (100%) and the highest callus scoring for both cotyledon and hypocotyl explants with friable callus morphology. Cotyledon explants exhibited a higher callus scoring with a relative value of 3.03 ± 0.20 compared to hypocotyl explants at 1.80 ± 0.12. This study thereby provides a basis for future studies on callus induction studies and the establishment of cell suspension cultures of C. ternatea for the production of valuable secondary metabolites linked to the memory enhancing properties of the plant.
... Dalam penelitian ini, pengaruh naungan juga dapat menjelaskan bahwa kandungan serat terendah adalah perlakuan PP (penambahan Pueraria phaseoloides) sebesar 27,14 %. PP dan juga CT yang merupakan leguminosa yang menjalar (trilling) sehingga mempunyai efek naungan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan AV (Gomez and Kalamani, 2003). ...
Low quality and quantity of pasture in East Nusa Tengara is the main problem in development of ruminants. The solution offered to this problem is by using mixed pasture of grass and legume, by consider legume’s advantage in nitrogen fixation, and also it’s capability to provide canopy or shades to grass. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of the introduction of various species of herbaceous legumes on herbage production and the chemical composition of Sorghum plumosum and Bothriochloa pertusa. The research was conducted following a Completely Randomized Design (RCD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments tested consisted of Co (Sorghum plumosum and Bothriochloa pertusa), Av (Sorghum plumosum, Bothriochloa pertusa and Alysicarpus vaginalis), Ct (Sorghum plumosum, Bothriochloa pertusa and Clitoria ternatea) and Pp (Sorghum plumosum, Bothriochloa pertusa and Pueraria phaseoloides). The parameters observed were the production of forage, the leaf stem ratio, crude protein, crude fiber, and NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber). The results showed that the introduction of herbaceous legumes did not affect the production, leaf stem ratio and also the crude protein but does affect the chemical composition of Kume and Suket Putihan such as changes of crude fibre and NDF at the age of 60 days.
... Such advantages make clitoria a beneficial forage plant for hay and silage-making process (Abreu et al. 2014). Moreover, it is utilized for covering and green manuring purposes (Gomez and Kalamani 2003). Clitoria roots can fix atmospheric N 2 for improving soil fertility and enhancing succeeding crops productivity (Sánchez et al. 2011). ...
Forage crop productivity has lately reduced in countries located in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide due to intensive consumption and the successive years of drought. This problem is exacerbated by the progress of water scarcity. Thus, the current study is aimed at improving the forage productivity and quality of clitoria as a leguminous fodder crop to be involved in crop rotations under low water supply conditions. As an attempt for facing the drought issue, a two-year (SI and SII) field experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of irrigation pattern (IP) and plant density (PD) on clitoria morpho-physiological attributes, nutritive value, productivity, and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) in two growth cycles (GCI and GCII). Based on the soil water depletion method, three irrigation patterns of 100% (IP 0% , full irrigation), 80% (IP 20% ), and 60% (IP 40% ) were applied. The tested plant densities were 33 (PD 33 ), 22 (PD 22 ), and 17 (PD 17 ) plants m ⁻² . Findings revealed that IP 0% × PD 22 was the efficient treatment for enhancing the physio-biochemical attributes. However, in SI IP 0% × PD 22 statistically at par ( p ≥0.05) with IP 0% × PD 33 , IP 20% × PD 22 , and IP 20% × PD 17 (for chlorophyll content in GCI); IP 0% × PD 17 and IP 20% × PD 22 (for leaf relative water content in GCII); and IP 0% × PD 33 , IP 20% × PD 33 , and IP 20% × PD 22 (for cell membrane stability index in GCII). Along the two seasons, IP 40% × PD 33 was the potent practice for producing the highest leaf: stem ratio in both GCI (2.07 and 1.78) and GCII (1.18 and 0.96). Under IP 40% , PD 33 treatment recorded the greatest protein content in both GCI (24.1–27.0%) and GCII (21.7–19.5%) of SI and SII equaling PD 22 in GCII (21.2–18.9%) of both seasons and PD 17 in both GCI (24.0%) and GCII (21.5%) of SI and GCII (19.3%) of SII. The best aggregate protein yield for SI and SII was obtained under IP 20% × PD 33 interaction (1.36 and 1.40 t ha ⁻¹ ) without significant difference ( p ≥0.05) with IP 0% × PD 33 or IP 40% × PD 33 interactions. The greatest aggregate dry forage yield was observed in SI under IP 0% or IP 20% combined with PD 33 (7.77 and 7.52 t ha ⁻¹ ) which did not differ significantly ( p ≥0.05). It could be concluded that irrigation by 80% water of full irrigation was found to be an efficient water-saving tactic coupled with adjusting the plant density of 33 plants m ⁻² , which improved clitoria forage quantitative and qualitative properties, in addition to enhancing IWUE. Since leaf relative water content and cell membrane stability index decreased and proline increased in plant tissues under deficit water, clitoria is plant considered a moderately drought tolerant. Thus, clitoria is a promising plant could be successfully grown under arid agro-ecosystems.
... Different superscript on the same column shows significant differences (p<0.05 Gomez and Kalamani (2003) stated that the height of the pea flower that is maintained properly can reach 90 to 162 cm. Butterfly peas at different doses of bio-slurry fertilizer showed plant height between 184.76 to 227.42 cm. ...
Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) is leguminous species that contain high nutritional values. This study aimed to determine the effect of the rate of urea fertilizer and harvest age on the productivity of butterfly pea forage. This research used a split-plot design consisting of urea rates (0, 100, and 200 kg/ha) and harvest ages (30, 45, and 60 days after planting or DAP) with three replications. The variables observed were morphological growth (plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and number of branches), and productivity of forage biomass (fresh weight, dry weight, and crude protein). The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA and the means were separated by using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The interaction between fertilizer rates and harvest ages was shown (p<0.05) on stem diameter, number of leaves, number of branches, and fresh weight of butterfly pea. The increased rates of fertilizer and harvest ages significantly affected (p<0.05) in the morphological growth and productivity of butterfly pea biomass. The application of urea fertilizer increased plant length from 10.59 to 17.16%, stem diameter from 12.12 to 24.24%, number of leaves from 15.40 to 28.20%, and number of branches from 81.82 to 190.91% compared to control. It was concluded that the morphological growth and productivity of forage biomass increased with fertilizer rates and harvest ages. Treatment of 200 kg/ha urea and harvest age of 60 DAP produced the highest morphological and productivity.
... The blue color of the Telang ower indicates the presence of anthocyanins [1,2,3]. The anthocyanin content of telang owers amounted to 227.42 mg / kg [4,5]. This plant has different names in each region in Indonesia and it is said that the telang ower is known as the blue ower or clitoris in the Sumatra area. ...
Obesity and cholesterol are very feared problems. In recent years, many people have tried to use alternative treatments by consuming ingredients from plants, one of which is telang flower tea ( Clitoria ternatea ). The purpose of this study was to test and determine the difference in the effect of the frequency of tea drinks ( Clitoria ternatea ) accompanied by aerobic exercise on weight loss (Body Mass Index) and cholesterol. Experimental research design with pre and post-test design methods. Group grouping using matching pairing and data collection took measurements of body mass index, and blood tests in the form of cholesterol tests. The study population was all Military National Indonesian members who had a BMI > 25. The data analysis technique uses a difference test of 2 paired groups to distinguish the pretest and posttest in each group, with a significance level of 5%. The results of the analysis showed that: 1) there was an effect of the frequency of drinking 2 times the tea accompanied by aerobic exercise on the decrease in Body Mass Index (BMI) and cholesterol, 2) There was an effect of the frequency of drinking 5 times the tea accompanied by aerobic exercise on the decrease in Body Mass Index (BMI) and cholesterol, 3) There was a difference in the effect of the frequency of drinking 2 times and 5 times the tea accompanied by aerobic exercise on reducing Body Mass Index (BMI) and cholesterol.
Clitoria ternatea, a perennial, twining herb that is native to tropical Asia, has a long history of usage as a memory booster and anxiolytic. various portions of the plant have various components. The plant is said to include tannins, resins, starch, taraxerol, taraxerone, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, proteins, anthocyanins, and carbohydrates as well as other active chemical components. The plant is used to treat a variety of conditions in traditional medicine, including jaundice, migraine, throat infections, eye infections, skin illnesses, asthma, swollen joints, earaches, eruptions, fever, urinary tract infections, constipation, snakebites, headaches, indigestion, leprosy, and problems of the central nervous system. Clitotia ternatea is a plant that has historically been used for gonorrhoea, stress, infertility, and food colouring. Ayurveda has made extensive use of the plant. Pharmacologically, it has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, and anxiolytic properties.
The main thrust of this study was to determine the profile of Guso (Eucheuma sp.) Ice Cream enhanced with Blue Ternate in terms of ingredients and costing, tools and equipment, procedure, shelf life, nutritive value, sensory qualities, and level of preferences in three different treatments in the aspect of appearance, taste, aroma, and texture. The study utilized experimental design with the aid of a descriptive questionnaire which determined the sensory preferences of the respondents towards the three treatments of the Ice cream in terms of appearance, taste, aroma, and texture. This study was conducted at Bohol Island State University in the six campuses with thirty (30) purposively selected participants who tasted and rated the Ice cream. Samples were sent to the First Analytical Service and Technical Cooperative Laboratories for nutritional content and microbial analysis to obtain the nutritive content. After the data were retrieved, these were tabulated and interpreted using the Average Weighted Mean. The Friedman Test determined the participants' sensory preferences for the three treatments. Findings revealed that the ingredients and tools in making the Guso (Eucheuma sp.) Ice Cream enhanced with Blue ternate were minimal, less expensive, and available in the local market. The nutritive content of the Guso (Eucheuma sp.) is Iron, Sodium, Calcium, Fats, Calories, Dietary fiber, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, and Vitamin D3 within the recommended daily intake for Filipinos. Shelf life ranged from 2 to 3 months stored at the standard temperature of ice cream, which is 0°F (-18°C) or colder. All treatments of Guso (Eucheuma sp.) Ice Cream enhanced with Blue ternate were liked by the participants in all four attributes. Generally, the result of the study showed a significant difference in the respondents' preferences for Guso (Eucheuma sp.) Ice Cream enhanced with Blue ternate in terms of taste and texture. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected. However, data reveals that there is no significant difference in the respondents' preference for Guso (Eucheuma sp.) Ice Cream enhanced with Blue ternate in terms of appearance and aroma. Research findings showed it was a feasible nutritious Ice Cream safe for human consumption. Hence, a proposed technology guide is offered to disseminate the research output.
The objective of this study is to estimate the effect of public investment in the poultry sector on household welfare in Togo. The AIDS (Almost Ideal Demand System) model was used to estimate the consumption of local chickens in Togo and the Friedman and Levinsohn (2002) compensatory variation method was used to estimate the effect of public investment on household welfare using data from the DSID (Directorate of Agricultural Statistics, Informatics and documentation) SAN (Food and Nutritional Security) survey. The double least square method was used on a sample of 5636 rural and urban households to estimate the AIDS model. According to the results, following an increase in the average purchase price of a local chicken by 10% between 2015 and 2021, households lost on average 4636 FCFA of their income, i.e. a welfare loss of 6.5%. Low-income households (the poor) lost 3115 FCFA of their income, a 7.7% welfare loss. High-income households (the rich) lost 7677 FCFA of their income, a welfare loss of 6.4%.
Context Introducing legumes into grass-based forage systems may increase herbage nutritive value while reducing the need for inorganic nitrogen fertilisation. Grass–legume intercrops may also enhance herbage yield stability. Aim We evaluated agronomic and nutritional traits of elephant grass (Cenchrus purpureus Schum.) genotypes grown as monocrops and mixed with butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.). Methods Elephant grass genotypes, two tall (Elephant B and IRI-381) and two dwarf (Mott and Taiwan A-146 2.37), were grown as monocultures or intercropped with butterfly pea in a 2-year trial. Herbage accumulation, yield stability, botanical composition and chemical/bromatological variables were evaluated. Key results Herbage accumulation was highest (P < 0.001) in Elephant B under monocropping (21.9 t/ha.year); however, this treatment revealed the lowest yield stability over harvest times (σi2 5.59). All intercrops were more stable than grass monocrops (mean σi2 0.66 vs 2.55). Higher (P < 0.001) concentrations of herbage crude protein were found in intercrops than monocrops (mean 113 vs 90 g/kg). Intercrop herbage lignin contents (mean 57 g/kg) and protein fraction C (mean 61 g/kg) were higher than those in monocrops. Dwarf Mott had higher (P = 0.001) digestible dry matter concentration than dwarf Taiwan (755 vs 745 g/kg). Conclusions Dwarf Mott genotype has outstanding nutritive value because of its higher leaf:stem ratio. Butterfly pea legume added to elephant grass crop in cut-and-carry systems improves herbage yield stability by reducing seasonal effects. Implications Intercropping butterfly pea in grass-based systems enhances yield stability, allowing herbage harvest with good nutritive value.
An overview is given of three legume pastures with potentials as sources of crude protein and other important nutrients for livestock production in Botswana. This paper reviews distribution, plant description, agronomic characteristics, chemical composition and utilization in livestock production of Lucerne, lablab and L. leucocephala . Production and utilization of these 3 legumes for animal production will provide adequate nutrition and also reduce grazing pressure on natural ranges.