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Incidence of Avian Influenza in Adamawa State, Nigeria: The Epidemiology, Economic Losses and the Possible Role of Wild Birds in the Transmission of the Disease

Authors:
  • Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria.

Abstract

Reducing the huge economic losses due to diseases in poultry as the second largest industry in Nigeria after oil means improving the protein intake of the majority. Similarly, this will also promotes a steady income for the teeming farmers. This study investigated the incidence of the lethal avian influenza in Adamawa State, Nigeria, with particular emphasis on the socio-economic and cultural activities of the poultry farmers, economic losses and the possible role of wild birds in the transmission of the disease. Data were collected from 316 and 458 direct and indirect respondents, respectively, from 6 affected villages and a town in 2 Local Government Areas (LGAs): Girei and Yola-North. Results revealed that a larger (25.71%) proportion of the respondents fell within the age range of 31-40 years, with majority (54.91%) as females. While the bulk (54.65%) of the respondents were illiterates, 95.47% of the direct respondents derived their incomes from crop production, whereas 59.17% of the indirect respondents from livestock rearing. About 26,049 birds worth N13, 454,800.00 was cumulative economic loss incurred by the poultry farmers, whereas that of the government was put at N1, 119,781.10. Of the mortalities experienced in the wildlife before the outbreak of the disease, Bubulcus ibis (64.29) and Tadarida nigeriae (86.36) were the highest. The study recommends a massive rural extension on Poultry Production with absolute biosecurity, involving all stakeholders (Veterinary Surgeons, Animal Scientists/health workers, wildlife specialists, Agricultural Economists, Information Officers etc.) in a collaborative form for high synergistic effects.
... This finding agreed with the studies of. 22,28,29,35 The regression results on factors influencing the consumption of poultry products among households in the study area during the outbreak were displayed in Table 4. Double-log model (equation (3)) was selected considering values of R 2 , F-value, number of significant variables and a priori expectations. Educational level, awareness of AI and amount spent on food consumption were the significant variables influencing household consumption of With R 2 = 0.858, the independent variables accounted for 85.8% of the total variation in the dependent variable. ...
... It was also in line with the works of. 22,29,35,36,37 The educational level of respondents had a significantly positive influence on the amount spent on the consumption of poultry products(p<0.1). This implied that households with higher education background spent more on poultry products because they understood the health benefits of these products in their diets. ...
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The study examined the effect of Avian Influenza (AI) on the household consumption of poultry products during the first outbreak of the disease in Ogun State, Nigeria. Furthermore, determinants influencing poultry products consumption during the outbreak were identified. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 120 households and a well structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test and regression techniques. Egg consumption reduced significantly dropping from an average of 40 eggs/month to 29 eggs/month (p=0.038) during the AI outbreak. The average chicken expenditure/month dropped significantly from N1116.44 to N991.96 (p=0.019). Awareness of AI, educational level and amount spent on food consumption were the significant factors that contributed to the consumption of poultry products during the AI outbreak. The study therefore recommended that members of the public should be properly sensitized on safety precautions that should be cultivated before the consumption of poultry products especially during outbreaks of diseases. Keywords: Avian Influenza awareness, Poultry products, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, Household consumption pattern, Nigeria
... technology in the feeding and feedstuff for turkeys; meanwhile, research into the use of cheaper agro-industrial byproducts and waste x x x x x x materials at various levels of dietary inclusion for poultry has been intensified in the last few years to determine their efficiency of utilization in terms of growth and production (Adeniji & Balogun, 2002;Oyeagu et al., 2015a;Oyeagu et al., 2016). The study conducted by Ja'afar-Furo, Balla, Tahir, and Haskainu (2008) revealed that chickens are either fed from household food remnants or are allowed to roam about for food. Farmers (x=2.53) ...
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A survey of rural turkey farmers was conducted in three villages in the Eastern part of Nigeria, namely: Amukwa, Amaeze and Nguru. The aim of the study was to assess the prevailing management and production practices of turkey farmers in the area. Information obtained included flock size, reasons for keeping birds, breeding and management practices among others. The multi-stage random sampling method was used to collect information from 180 respondents. Results obtained revealed variability in response among flock sizes (1–20), with most (90%) respondents being part-time farmers. Mean scores, in terms of the level of adoption of standard management practices by turkey farmers, were given as cleaning and disinfection of pen before restocking ( x= 4.60), removal of droppings (x = 4.57), and changing and replacement of litters ( x= 4.4). Beak trimming ( x= 1.27) was the lowest-ranked farm practice by farmers. It was concluded that the management practices and production of turkey in the study area are below standard when compared to those in developed societies. Adequate support for farmers in terms of finance and regular training, among others, by relevant agencies including the government may help improve the production of turkey in the area.
... , the surveillance group visited one hundred and sixtyseven (167) farms around the state and identified infection in 90%ResultAvian Influenza is now a global phenomenon[10]. Surveillances carried out revealed a very high rate of incidences in commercial poultry in 2015, which declined subsequently, occurring from January to May in the three years investigated, perhaps due to strict control of human movement at the different poultry farms,reduced stockings of farms due to monetary restrictions (losses)/ cash scarcity and strict biosecurity measures implemented agreeing with [1] who reported that avian influenza infection occurrences were largely human and trade mediated in Nigeria. Avian Influenza infection in pigeons and other birds apart from the commercial poultry stocks (pullets, Layers and broilers) was reported Discussion Three years retrospective data and records collated by the personnel of the Avian Influenza Desk office located at the Plateau State Veterinary clinic, Jos Plateau State were accessed and studied. ...
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Plateau State, Nigeria. Poultry infection with avian influenza A virus; highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) was first identified in Nigeria in 2006. The methodology used in this study was retrospective survey of avian influenza from the Plateau State avian influenza desk office and p < 0.05 was considered significance. In the records evaluated, during the resurgence in 2015 from January through May of the year, out of 487,233 birds, 95.8% of the birds were depopulated including 0.01% pigeons, 0.03% turkey, 0.006% guinea fowls, 0.009% local chickens and 0.01% domestic waterfowls (ducks) while in 2016, 99.89% of pullet, layers and broilers with 0.13% of geese, turkey and cockerels depopulated. A reduced number of incidences were recorded and reported in 2017, including 72.6% pullets, and 27.4% layers. No reports or record of incidences
... The scare and economic losses caused by avian influenza (Birds flu) in Nigeria has made many livestock farmers to be conscious of any flu or influenza-related diseases. The form and manner in which the news of Birds flu spread made many people to stop poultry production and even the consumption of poultry products (Ja'afar- Furo et al., 2007;Ja'afar-Furo et al., 2008). Here again emerged another form of flu outbreak referred to as Swine flu commonly found in pigs. ...
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A survey was conducted to assess the level of awareness of pig rearers about swine flu and their immediate reactions about anticipated outbreak of the disease in Mubi region. Two hundred and ten (210) pig keepers were purposely sampled. Questionnaires were used as instrument of data collection. Descriptive statistics and market price analysis revealed that 85.56% of the pig keepers were aware of the outbreak of swine flu in foreign countries, with 14.44% showing ignorance. While majority (80%) of the farmers practiced seasonal confinement of pigs, 16.11% semi-intensive, only about 3.89% were involved in intensive management system. Radio set accounted for the highest (71.11%) effective means of information dissemination in the area. Of the total respondents, 90.56% were not properly advised and enlightened on necessary biosecurity measures to take in case of any outbreak. The comparative market price analysis between grower and fattener pigs before and after the news of swine flu outbreak showed insignificant difference. It was therefore, concluded that the immediate reaction of the farmers about anticipated outbreak had no economic consequences on the pig industry in the area. The study recommends the employment of trained personnel in managing the news of disease outbreak of health economic importance like swine flu in order to curb the anticipated economic losses in the event of occurrence.
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Background: In 2019, two Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) outbreaks in poultry establishments in Bulgaria, two of wild birds in Denmark and one low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A(H5N3) in captive birds in the Netherlands were reported. Nigeria recorded the first outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in February 2006 in a commercial poultry farm. Nigerian Pandemic Preparedness and Action Plan for Avian Influenza were then used to respond. Although influenza sentinel surveillance has been established in several African countries including Nigeria, data about the performance of established surveillance systems are limited on the continent. We described the avian influenza (AI) surveillance system in Ogun State, accessed veterinary health workers and farmers knowledge, evaluated all its attributes and made recommendations to improve the AI surveillance system. Methods: We adopted 2001 CDC Updated Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems. We reviewed and analyzed passive surveillance data from Ogun State Ministry of Agric, key informant interviews were conducted for relevant stakeholders at the state level and Local Government divisional veterinary clinics and farms to obtain additional information on the operations of the system.
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Investigations were conducted in 2006 with the primary aim of determining the major factors of improved methods of poultry production in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Purposive and random sampling methods were applied in selecting eight (8) and eighty (80) Local Government Areas and respondents, respectively. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. Results indicated that adult males who produced within the medium-scale were the majority. Major factors that most influenced improved poultry production identified include land, labour, feeds and other investment expenses. Of the constraints that thwart production in the area, absence of poultry farmer education (100%), inadequacy of ready market for poultry and poultry products (98.8%), lack of institutional support (97.5%) and high cost of feeds (96.3%) were most reported. As a matter of policy, agencies that intend to use improved methods of poultry production for rural empowerment should not only address these constraints but also target the large producers in these rural areas, known as the women. This is the only way sustainability would be maintained.
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